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Effect of Solar Pv on Voltage Management in New Zealand December 2017

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Effect of Solar Pv on Voltage Management in New Zealand December 2017 EFFECT OF SOLAR PV ON VOLTAGE MANAGEMENT IN NEW ZEALAND DECEMBER 2017 TECHNICAL REPORT Table of Contents Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... VIII 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Programme Overview ...............................................................................................................1 1.2 The PV Generation Investigation Project ..................................................................................2 1.3 The New Zealand power system...............................................................................................3 1.4 Impacts of PV generation on voltage management ..................................................................4 2 EXISTING VOLTAGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES .........................................................................6 2.1 System Operation Principle Performance Obligation (PPO) in voltage management ..............7 2.2 Voltage management ................................................................................................................7 2.3 Voltage Ride Through ............................................................................................................ 10 3 STUDY CASE PREPARATION AND ASSUMPTIONS .................................................................... 13 3.1 Power-flow preparation .......................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Study scenarios ...................................................................................................................... 14 3.3 Study generation assumptions ............................................................................................... 15 3.4 Other study assumptions ....................................................................................................... 16 4 LIGHT LOAD HIGH VOLTAGE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................. 18 4.1 Background - Lightly loaded lines generate MVAr in the system .......................................... 18 4.2 Study methodology ................................................................................................................ 19 4.3 Study results........................................................................................................................... 20 5 VOLTAGE RIDE THROUGH CAPABILITY OF SOLAR PV INVERTERS ....................................... 34 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 34 5.2 Definitions ............................................................................................................................... 34 5.3 Impact on fault levels and step-voltage management ........................................................... 36 5.4 Effect of transmission faults on inverter ride through capability ............................................. 42 6 THE EFFECT ON VOLTAGE STABILITY ........................................................................................ 51 6.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ 51 6.2 Study methodology ................................................................................................................ 51 6.3 Study results........................................................................................................................... 52 7 KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 61 7.1 Voltage management during light load .................................................................................. 61 7.2 Effect on fault levels ............................................................................................................... 62 7.3 PV generation voltage ride through capability ....................................................................... 62 7.4 Effect on voltage stability ....................................................................................................... 63 7.5 Study limitations ..................................................................................................................... 63 8 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................... 65 8.1 Voltage management strategy ............................................................................................... 65 8.2 Inverter standard .................................................................................................................... 65 8.3 Collaboration with distribution network operators .................................................................. 65 8.4 Long term planning ................................................................................................................ 66 A1 POWER-FLOW SUMMARY BY GRID ZONE .................................................................................. 67 Effect of Solar PV on Voltage Management in New Zealand © Transpower New Zealand Limited. All rights reserved. iii Table of Contents A2 FAULT LEVEL AND VOLTAGE STEP INFORMATION .................................................................. 70 A2.1 System strength and equivalent system impedance ............................................................. 70 A2.2 Short-circuit current and equivalent system impedance ........................................................ 70 A2.3 Technical background – fault level analysis ........................................................................... 71 A2.4 Technical background – voltage step analysis ...................................................................... 72 A2.5 Generator dispatch status table ............................................................................................. 72 A2.6 Fault current change maps .................................................................................................... 73 A3 INVERTER MODELS ....................................................................................................................... 78 A3.1 Active power/frequency control .............................................................................................. 79 A3.2 Reactive power/voltage control .............................................................................................. 81 A3.3 Voltage/Frequency ride through ............................................................................................. 85 A3.4 Reconnect characteristics ...................................................................................................... 87 A3.5 Inverter type distribution ......................................................................................................... 87 A4 VOLTAGE STABILITY STUDY RESULTS....................................................................................... 88 A4.1 Voltage stability explained ...................................................................................................... 88 A4.2 Interface MW transfer and voltage stability load limit results tabulation ................................ 94 A4.3 Contingency set used for voltage stability studies ................................................................. 96 A4.4 Effect of PV generation on voltage stability for summer scenario ......................................... 97 A4.5 Effect of PV generation on transmission line loading for the summer scenario .................... 99 A4.6 PV curves under pre-contingent conditions for winter and summer power-flow scenarios . 100 A4.7 QV curves of winter and summer power-flow scenarios ...................................................... 109 A5 EMERGING ENERGY PROGRAMME: PLAN AND OUTCOME STRATEGY .............................. 111 A5.1 Emerging Energy Technologies – Outcome Strategy Map .................................................. 112 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................................ 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................... 118 Effect of Solar PV on Voltage Management in New Zealand © Transpower New Zealand Limited. All rights reserved. iv Table of Figures Table of Figures Figure 1: North Island no-trip zone during 110 kV or 220 kV faults [3] ........................................................... 10 Figure 2: South Island no-trip zone during 110 kV or 220 kV faults. [3] ......................................................... 11 Figure 3: Inverter LVRT/Passive Anti-Islanding AS/NZS 4777.2 requirements [4] ......................................... 12 Figure 4: Flow diagram for creating power-flow files from GXP PV generation profiles ................................. 14 Figure 5: winter Tuesday 28/07/2015 sunny day scenarios ............................................................................ 15 Figure 6: summer Sunday 10/01/2016 sunny day scenarios .......................................................................... 15 Figure 7: Transmission line reactive power production ..................................................................................
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