LAO PDR

Lao National Commission for Drug Control and Supervision

Illicit Crop Monitoring Opium Survey 2002 Programme

Country Office Lao PDR August 2002 Abbreviations

GOL Government of Lao PDR ICMP Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme LCDC Lao National Commission for Drug Control and Supervision NSC National Statistics Centre PFU Programme Facilitation Unit UNDCP United Nations International Drug Control Programme

Acknowledgements

The following organisation and individuals contributed to the implementation of the 2002 opium survey in Lao PDR and the preparation of the present report:

Government of Lao PDR:

Lao National Commission for Drug Control and Supervision National Statistics Centre Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

The implementation of the survey would not have been possible without the support from the local administrations and the dedicated work of the 87 field surveyors.

UNDCP:

Samia Azar-Humouda, Secretary (Research Section) Alan Boatman, Consultant Sandeep Chawla, Chief (Research Section) Denis Destrebecq, Survey technical supervision (Research Section) Halvor Kolshus, Representative (Field Office) Thibault le Pichon, Management of Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (Research Section)

The implementation of the survey was made possible thanks to a financial contribution of the US Government.

NOTE: This publication has not been formally edited. Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

Table of Content

1 SUMMARY...... 4

2 INTRODUCTION...... 5

3 METHODOLOGY...... 6

3.1 Organisation and Staff...... 6

3.2 Opium Poppy Cultivation Estimates...... 9

3.3 Opium Yield Estimates ...... 9

3.4 Survey Constraints ...... 10

4 FINDINGS ...... 11

4.1 Opium Poppy Cultivation ...... 11

4.2 Yield and Production ...... 16

4.3 Agricultural Practices...... 17

4.4 Opium Prices...... 21

4.5 Addiction ...... 24

4.6 Field Damage ...... 26

5 ANNEXES...... 27

MAPS

Map of 2002 District Opium Poppy Cultivation ...... 15

Map of 2002 Village Baseline...... see Annex 3

3 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

1 Summary

The 2002 opium poppy survey was the third consecutive annual survey since 2000. It was implemented by the Lao National Commission for Drug Control and Supervision, with technical support from the UNDCP Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme. The survey benefited from financial assistance provided bilaterally by the US Government.

Like in previous surveys, the 2002 opium survey used a sampling methodology. A total of 421 villages (out of 6008) were surveyed in the 11 provinces of northern Laos, through interviews of village headmen and opium poppy farmers, as well as physical measuring of opium poppy fields and capsules.

Nationally, the survey estimated that there were 14,052 hectares of opium poppy under cultivation for the 2002 season. This represented a reduction in total opium poppy area of 18.6% compared with the 2001 estimate of 17,255 hectares. This confirmed the downward trend of opium poppy cultivation in Laos since 1998 when the cultivation of opium poppy was estimated at 26,800 hectares.

The survey confirmed that opium poppy cultivation mainly took place in the 6 provinces targeted by the Opium Elimination Programme launched in 1998. The cultivation in these 6 provinces accounted for 88 % of the total area under cultivation.

The total potential opium production was estimated at about 112 tons, representing a 16% decrease compared to last year. The national average yield was estimated at 8 kg/ha. This figure should be understood as a potential yield.

The estimate for opium addiction indicated similar patterns as previous surveys. The total number of opium addicts was estimated at 52,613 persons, against 58,175 persons in 2001, representing an encouraging 9.6% decrease.

At the country level, the farm gate price of opium was estimated at 1,160,000 KIP/kg (or 122 USD/kg) for February 2002. The estimated farm gate price for the previous year was 1,400,00 KIP/kg (or 165 USD/kg) for March 2001.

4 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

2 Introduction

The objectives of the UNDCP’s Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme are to establish methodologies for data collection and analysis, to increase governments’ capacity to monitor illicit crops and to assist the international community in monitoring the extent and evolution of illicit crops in the context of the elimination strategy adopted by the member-states at the General Assembly Special Session on Drugs in June 1998.

The information provided by the surveys constituted an invaluable tool for planning activities to tackle the supply and demand sides of opium use. It constitute a unique and rich picture of the opium producing region and its people. It is a good basis for planning and monitoring and is used in the selection of the Programme area of the “Balanced Approach to Opium Elimination in Lao PDR”.

The first comprehensive survey to produce national estimates took place in 1992. The Government of Lao PDR and UNDCP jointly undertook this survey that was based on a inventory of all known opium-producing villages and data from a sample of opium producing villages. Similar surveys were conducted in 1996, 1998 and then annually since 2000.

The 2002 survey, providing estimates for the 2001-2002 opium-growing season, followed the methodology used in the previous surveys.

Through the Programme Facilitation Unit, the National Commission for Drug Control and Supervision (LCDC) supervised the overall implementation of the survey. The National Statistics Centre provided methodological guidance, tools and staff from survey inception to analysis. The UNDCP Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme provided technical support, as well as hiring the services of an International Survey Supervisor to provide assistance in the execution of the survey. The US government provided bilaterally the financial support to cover the national staff per diem and travel costs during the implementation of the survey.

5 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

3 Methodology

The main objective of the survey was to provide information on the extent of area planted with opium poppy and its location. The secondary objectives were to provide information regarding the yield, from which the production was estimated, the farm gate price of opium and the addiction rate.

The 2002 survey, like the previous 5 surveys, was ground based and carried out in a sample of villages in the 10 northern provinces of Lao PDR and the Xaysombun Special Region. As there is no evidence of poppy cultivation in the southern provinces of the country, these provinces are not covered by the opium surveys.

A random sample of 421 villages was surveyed. This required as the initial step of building a baseline (or a population) from which the sample was drawn.

3.1 Organisation and Staff

The survey was initiated and supervised by the Lao National Commission for Drug Control and Supervision (LCDC), through the Programme Facilitation Unit. The National Statistics Centre, in close collaboration with the provincial and district authorities, carried out the survey implementation. The UNDCP Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme provided technical support through the survey. An International Survey Supervisor was hired from January to April 2002 to provide assistance during the implementation of the field work as well as during the data entry and analysis stages of the survey.

Twenty-nine surveyors were recruited from the provincial administration and the National Statistics Centre and participated in a one-week training organised in December 2001 at the National Statistics Centre in Vientiane. The training covered interview techniques, description of the survey process, description of the questionnaires, the field measurement techniques, the capsule measurement techniques and the random selection of villages and opium farmers. The training also incorporated a one-day field practice.

In the fields, the surveyors could rely on an “instruction manual” that described all steps of the survey, including the interviews, the field measurement and the random sampling methods.

After the training, the surveyors were assigned the districts they had to survey and were provided with baseline forms, survey forms and equipment.

After introducing the purpose of the survey to the district authorities, the surveyors were instructed to fill in the baseline data and to carry out the random sampling of villages to survey. The surveyors were accompanied in their field work by 2 district technicians to facilitate the location of the village and to introduce the survey to the village headmen.

At the village level, the village headman was interviewed to fill in the first part of the survey. This included collecting data on the village population and ethnicity, data on addiction by gender and age, as well as building a list of households cultivating opium.

6 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

The list of households cultivating opium poppy was used to draw the random sample of opium farmers to be interviewed. After the survey, this list was left with the village headman.

After the opium farmer interview, the field measurements took place. All the fields of the interviewed farmers were measured.

In the UNDCP-funded alternative development projects in Nonghed District in Xiengkhouang and Long District, Luang Namtha, the survey was conducted by project staff.

Table 1: 2002 Survey Meta-Data 2002 National Opium Survey Provinces 11 Districts 82 Villages 6,008 Villages surveyed 421 Opium fields for area measurement 2,140 Opium fields for yield measurement 691 Capsules measured 19,691 Survey teams 29 Total persons (3 persons/team) 87 Field activities started 02/01/02 Field activities ended 28/03/02

The Baseline The baseline questionnaires were filled in by the district authorities and included basic information for every village on the village demography, opium growing status and the estimated number of households growing opium poppy.

The baseline questionnaires were pre-filled with the official codes and village names provided by the National Statistics Centre. The surveyors, upon their arrival in the district, presented the baseline questionnaires to the district authorities.

Since the district baseline was the basis for the random sampling, it had to be completed before the survey fieldwork could actually proceed.

From the baseline survey, a random sample of villages was drawn. A table of random numbers was used for the village selection.

The random sample

A total of 421 villages were surveyed, out of the 6,008 villages considered for the survey, i.e. about 7% of the villages in northern Laos. A distinction was made between opium growing and non opium growing villages. The number of villages growing and non growing to survey by district was based on last year results.

The sample broke down as follows:

298 villages growing out of 1,429 reported growing by the district authorities (or 20.9%)

7 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

106 villages not growing out of 3,087 reported not growing by the district authorities (or 3.4%)

17 villages out of 250 for which the district authorities did not know whether or not these villages were growing opium poppy (or 6.8%).

The Interviews and Field Measurement

A ground based approach means that the data were collected by interviews with key informants and by physical measurement of the opium fields. The interviews were structured according to the questionnaire and were made up of the following 3 parts: the village leader interview; the opium growing farmer interview; the field measurement. The questionnaires are presented in annex.

The Village Leader Interview

The main purpose of the village headman interview was to obtain first hand information on the village demography and the number of households growing opium poppy. This information was then used to cross-check or complement the data provided by the district authorities.

Information on the number of opium addicts by gender and age was gathered at this stage.

Further to this, information was collected concerning the walking time to the opium fields, the opium farm gate price and for some villages, the geographical co-ordinates were measured with GPS1 instruments.

The Opium Growing Farmers Interview

From the village headman’s list of households a table of random numbers was used to draw a random sample of farmers growing opium poppy. Approximately 6 to 10 poppy farmers were interviewed in each village.

The main purpose of this interview was to collect data on the number of opium poppy fields cultivated by farmers and the opium farm gate prices.

The Field Measurement

Once the farmer’s interview was completed, the opium farmer led the surveyors to the opium fields. A number of data were gathered directly from the surveyor’s inspection of the field, as well as by additional questions to the farmer regarding the field being surveyed.

The surveyors measured the opium fields, using the same equipment2 and method as for the Lao Agricultural Census (98/99). All the fields cultivated by the farmers were measured.

When the opium fields were matured i.e. when the plants were ready for harvest or being harvested, the surveyors also measured the capsule diameter and height. These data were used for the yield estimations.

1 Global Positioning System 2 Calculators, compasses and measuring tapes rented from the National Statistics Center

8 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

Data processing

The database and the data entry programme was designed in MS Access by the Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme and installed on the computers of the National Statistic Centre. 5 technicians from the National Statistic Centre did the data entry. The data entry was supervised and checked by the International Survey Supervisor and took one month (total of 6 men-months).

The data analysis was initiated at the National Statistics Centre in collaboration with ICMP and preliminary results were available in June 2002 and were confirmed in the same month. A breakdown of key sample information may be seen in Table 1 below.

3.2 Opium Poppy Cultivation Estimates

The estimated area cultivated with opium poppy was based on the field measurements made by the surveyors.

The following steps were used to estimate the area cultivated per province:

(1) The village survey data were grouped at the provincial level; (2) The provincial household average plot size was calculated; (3) The provincial average number of households cultivating poppy was calculated; (4) The provincial household average plot size (2) was multiplied by the provincial average number of households cultivating poppy (3) to obtain the provincial average village poppy area; (5) The provincial average village poppy area (4) was multiplied by the number of villages reported cultivating opium poppy by district.

In the districts of Beng and Nonghed, given the largest sample size, the estimates obtained by the UNDCP project surveys were used instead of the initial national survey findings.

3.3 Opium Yield Estimates

Practical field procedures used to collect data (number, and height and diameter of poppy capsules) to estimate opium gum yield are based on the “Guidelines for Yield Assessment of Opium Gum and Coca Leaf from Brief Field Visits”3 prepared by the UNDCP Scientific Section and the Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme. These guidelines were the outcome of a Consultative Meeting on Methodologies for Yield Assessment of Illicit Narcotic Crops, held in Vienna from 30 October to 3 November 2000, to which Laos sent one participant.

The guidelines provide for practical field procedures and for options to calculate yield from capsule volume using different formulae.

Opium gum yield for Laos in 2002 was calculated using a linear correlation between capsule volume per one square metre (cm³/m²) and oven dry gum yield (kg/ha):

Y= 1.89 + 0.0412*VC where Y = dry gum weight (kg/ha) VC = projected mature capsule volume per square metre (cm³/m²)

3 ST/NAR/33, United Nations, New York, 2001.

9 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

During the 2002 opium survey, 691 fields were randomly selected and surveyed. Yield estimates were calculated at the square metre-plot level, based on the above formula, and at the field level, district, province and national levels. Yields at field level are simple averages of the figures for individual square-metre plots (five per field). At district, province and the national level, yield figures were weighted against surveyed area. If at least 40 fields were surveyed in one district, the data from these 40 fields were used to estimate the yield for that district. If less than 40 fields were surveyed at the district level, then the provincial yield estimate was applied. In provinces where less than 40 fields were surveyed, the average yield obtained at the national level was used.

While it may be convenient to use an existing formula, it should be understood that any correlation formula has to be tested to establish whether it is applicable to the locally obtained data. It is for this reason that the PFU in cooperation with UNDCP decided to initiate a yield assessment method development exercise, which eventually would enable yield assessment formula to be developed specifically for Laos. In 2002, a pilot experiment was conducted in 2 opium fields in Long District, Luang Namtha by a technician from the UNDCP Project executed by Norwegian Church Aid. In the future, similar experiments would need to be conducted in more fields and in different provinces before a specific yield formula for Laos can be used.

3.4 Survey Constraints

While for the sake of clarity, single figures have been presented for various aspects of the survey findings (area, yield, production, addiction etc.), they should be viewed as estimates of centre points within ranges. Based on the 2001 data, UNDCP carried out a statistical analysis of the findings and calculated that the 95% confidence interval of the mean figure for the total area under poppy cultivation in Laos lay within a range of +/- 20%. This is a large confidence interval and in broad terms applicable to this year’s area figures as the methodology remains unchanged.

One weakness of this type of survey is its susceptibility to biased reporting from respondents. However, by relying on the same methodology from year to year, the assessment of the trend remains a solid finding.

For security reasons, the district of Morkmay in Xieng Kouang Province was not considered for the village survey.

10 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

4 Findings

4.1 Opium Poppy Cultivation

At the country level, the survey estimates that there were 14,052 hectares of poppy under cultivation in the 2001-2002 season. It was the lowest national estimate since 1992 and represented a reduction of 3,203 hectares (or 18%) compared with the 2000- 2001 season (17,255 ha). It confirmed the downward trend of opium poppy cultivation in Laos since 1998 when the cultivation of opium poppy reached 26,800 hectares.

Table 2: Estimated Areas Under Poppy Cultivation by Province Average Average Villages Average Total Field Village Village Village Province Growing Household Area* Measured Household Area Growing Surveyed Area (ha) (ha) Growing (ha) Luang Prabang 38 271 0.50 26.87 13.55 197 3,400 Huapanh 44 340 0.37 21.72 8.08 363 2,934 Udomxay 51 413 0.35 25.73 9.01 211 1,901 Phongsaly 51 304 0.32 16.94 5.45 299 1,703 Luang Namtha 48 485 0.26 31.92 8.26 142 1,355 Xieng Khouang 28 114 0.29 22.74 6.57 236 1,078 Xayabouri 15 143 0.36 23.89 8.57 100 857 Bokeo 9 32 0.40 23.89 9.48 35 332 Xaisombun 2 8 0.45 23.89 10.65 3 240 Vientiane 10 22 0.42 23.89 9.98 21 210 Bolikhamxay 2 8 0.16 23.89 3.80 11 42 298 2,140 1,618 14,052 * including project estimates for the districts of Beng and Nonghed

The large decrease in the area under poppy cultivation is due mainly to the significant reduction in the average number of households growing opium poppy and a reduction in the number of villages growing in most provinces. This is especially the case in four of the six provinces targeted for the Opium Elimination Programme. They were Phongsaly, Udomxay, Xiengkhouang and Luang Namtha, with decreases of 48%, 39%, 24% and 20% respectively. These are all provinces where there are vigorous alternative development projects, and supply and demand reduction programmes in operation, benefiting from a cooperation between local communities, provincial and district authorities, and bi-lateral, multilateral and non-governmental agencies. In Huaphan where such projects are just getting started there was only a very small increase of cultivated poppy area of 31ha or 1%. Changes in Field sizes, average number of households growing per village, the number of villages growing and provincial area estimates can be seen below in Table 3.

Significant increases in poppy cultivation could be observed at a provincial level, in Luang Prabang where cultivated area rose by 15% to 3,400ha. This increases can be explained by expansions in the average size of household’s fields and increases in the number of villages growing in individual districts. This accounted for an important increase in Viengkham District in Luang Prabang where average field sizes increased from 0.19ha to 0.21ha combined with a 117% increase in the number of villages growing resulting in an expansion of the area under poppy cultivation of 76% from 259ha to 457ha. Furthermore Luang Prabang has not yet benefited from a significant

11 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002 alternative development or supply and demand reduction programme operating within the province. Favourable weather for opium poppy cultivation in 2002 has also meant that production levels have also increased considerably in Luang Prabang.

Xayabouri Province has experienced a noteworthy increase in the area under cultivation, particularly in Ngeun, Hongsa, Xayabouri and Phieng Districts where the number of villages growing poppy has increased 9%, 53%, 43% and 13% respectively. Some farmers in these districts, being adjacent to the Thailand border, seem to have taken advantage of the very high prices paid there for raw opium. Their proximity and access to the Thai market is also a key factor (see the section on prices for a more detailed examination of the price structure in Xayabouri).

The total number of inhabitants of the 11 northern provinces increased from 2001 to 2002 by 2.6% from about 2,354,000 in 2001 to about 2,415,000 2002. The number of villages also increased with 62 new villages, from 5,946 to 6008.

Whilst the largest decreases in areas under opium poppy cultivation occurred within the six provinces targeted by the Opium Elimination Programme, down 19.4% as compared with the other five provinces which have reduced cultivated area by 11.5%, the survey confirmed that cultivation still mainly took place in these provinces and accounted for 88% of the total area under cultivation. The figure below, illustrates the how the area under poppy cultivation is distributed throughout the northern provinces.

Table 3: Changes in Key Factors Determining Area Under Opium Poppy Cultivation in Each Province Average Average Village Number of Province Household Field Area (ha) HH Growing Village Growing Area (ha) 2001 2002 ∆ 2001 2002 ∆ 2001 2002 ∆ 2001 2002 ∆ Phongsaly 0.11 0.12 0.01 30.54 16.94 -13.6 390 299 -91 3,278 1,703 -1,575 Luang Namtha 0.10 0.11 0.01 26.73 31.92 5.19 244 142 -102 1,687 1,355 -332 Udomxay 0.18 0.13 -0.05 29.49 25.73 -3.76 233 211 -22 3,112 1,901 -1,211 Bokeo 0.15 0.16 0.01 28.43 23.89 -4.54 45 35 -10 427 332 -95 Luang Prabang 0.19 0.19 0.00 29.04 26.87 -2.17 194 197 3 2,950 3,400 450 Huapanh 0.08 0.13 0.05 23.71 21.72 -1.99 417 363 -54 2,903 2,934 31 Xayabouri 0.14 0.14 0.00 24.72 23.89 -0.83 104 100 -4 729 857 128 Xieng Khouang 0.11 0.10 -0.10 24.72 22.74 -1.98 234 236 2 1,426 1,078 -348 Vientiane 0.14 0.16 0.02 24.72 23.89 -0.83 30 21 -9 117 210 93 Bolikhamxay 0.06 0.06 0.00 24.72 23.89 -0.83 25 11 -14 105 42 -63 Xaisombun 0.14 0.16 0.02 24.72 23.89 -0.83 54 3 -51 521 240 -281 1,970 1,618 -352 17,255 14,052 -3,203

12 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

Figure 1: 2002 Poppy Cultivation: Provincial Shares

The table below shows the estimated area of poppy cultivation for each province for present and past surveys, while the figure illustrates these changes at provincial and national levels. A more comprehensive summary of the trends of the key indicators of opium cultivation and production in Laos is presented in annex.

Table 4: Lao National Survey Estimated Areas Under Poppy Cultivation between 1992 and 2002 1992 1996 1998 2000 2001 2002 Phongsaly 2,840 3,558 5,778 3,872 3,278 1,703 UdomXay 1,860 2,416 5,597 4,061 3,112 1,901 Luang Prabang 3,510 3,550 2,786 3,036 2,950 3,400 Huapanh 3,770 3,817 3,450 3,921 2,903 2,934 Luang Namtha 1,730 2,197 3,593 1,514 1,687 1,355 Xieng Khuang 2,880 2,916 2,902 1,376 1,426 1,078 Xayabouri 400 754 1,014 508 729 857 Xaisombun N/a n/a n/a 224 521** 240 Bokeo 620 785 428 448 427 332 Vientiane 880* 900* 672* 19 117** 210** Bolikhamsay 700 708 617 73 105 42 19,190 21,601 26,837 19,052 17,255 14,052 * include Xaisombun ** Previously within Xaisombun, the districts of Hom and Longxan are part of Vientiane Province since 2001.

13 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

Figure 2: Estimated National Areas Under Poppy Cultivation Between 1989-2002

UNDCP estimates from other sources

Lao National Survey estimates

The estimated area, broken down by district, is in annex. The map illustrating the estimated district area is presented on the next page.

Out of the 82 districts in the northern provinces, opium poppy cultivation was reported in 62 districts. Opium poppy cultivation disappeared in the 2 districts of:

Khamkheuth in Bolikhamsay Province;

Thathom in Xaisomboun Special Zone.

Poppy cultivation continues to be highly concentrated within a few districts. The top ten districts account for 36% of the total national area, while 80% of the cultivation takes place in the top 34 districts.

The top 5 decreases in absolute number compare to last year survey are presented in the table below.

Table 5: Top 5 District Decrease Province District ha for 2002 decrease (ha) % UdomXay Namor 369 -432 -54% Phongsaly Samphan 387 -319 -45% Phongsaly Nhot Ou 327 -287 -47% Phongsaly Khua 207 -280 -57% Huapanh Xamtay 622 -248 -28%

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IS Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

The 5 highest increases in absolute number compare to last year survey are reported in the table 6 below.

Table 6: Top 5 District Increase Province District ha for 2002 increase (ha) % Huapanh Xamneua 816 524 180% Luang Prabang Viengkham 457 198 76% Xayabouri Xayabury 257 70 37% Luang Namtha Long 661 67 11% Vientiane Longxan 110 65 146%

4.2 Yield and Production

The yield applied for every district is presented in Annex 2. The district yield was multiplied with the district area, giving the estimated district production. Summing up all the district productions, the total potential opium production for Laos was estimated at around 112 tons. This production estimate, divided by 14,052ha, the total poppy cultivation area in Laos, resulted in a weighted national average yield figure of 8kg/ha. Additional farmers interviews carried out by the international survey supervisor confirmed that opium yield ranged between 6 and 10 kg/ha.

The estimates of opium production between 1992 and 2002 are shown in Table 7.

Table 7: Production Estimates over the Years (in kilo) Province 1992 1996 1998 2000 2001 2002 Phongsali 19,000 27,500 26,580 31,824 31,747 13,475 Huapanh 22,500 17,300 15,870 33,705 25,384 23,225 UdomXay 12,300 19,600 25,747 36,536 22,269 10,216 Luang Prabang 22,400 17,200 12,816 36,007 20,906 35,437 Xieng Khuaong 20,300 15,600 13,350 8,205 11,169 8,532 Luang Namtha 11,500 16,900 16,526 12,211 10,428 9,498 Xayabouri 2,500 6,900 4,666 4,068 3,688 5,199 Bokeo 4,400 6,700 1,969 2,761 3,160 2,626 Bolikhamxai 4,800 5,800 2,838 213 776 331 Xaisombun n/a n/a n/a 1,400 3,854** 1,900** Vientiane 7,000* 6,900* 3,091* 167 870** 1,664** 126,700 140,400 123,453 167,097 134,253 112,104 * including Xaisombun * Previously in Xaysombun special region, Hom and Langxan districts are now part of Vientiane Province

16 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

Field Production by Ethnic Group

The importance of opium cultivation to farmers of different ethnic backgrounds and the degree to which it constitutes part of their production system and income generation activities can be gauged by examining the average field production for a farmer of a given ethnic group.

It can be seen from the figure below that farmers from 4 ethnic groups (Lao, Phutai, Tay and Hmong) are the most productive, on average producing over 1.5kg per farmer, with Phutai and Hmong farmers producing over 2kg.

Figure 3: Average Field Production for Farmers of Different Ethnic Groups

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 kg/farmers

1.00

0.50

0.00 Tay Lao Leu Lahu Akha Phutai Phong Lamed Hmong Keummu

4.3 Agricultural Practices

In addition to the data collected to estimate the yield, some information regarding the agricultural practices of opium production was also gathered. This information is very useful when interpreted with yield data to explain Laos’ low yield in comparison to other opium poppy growing areas.

Distance of Fields from Village

The time taken to walk from the village centre to all fields surveyed was measured and recorded by the surveyors. Analysis shows that 70% of all fields were within 2 hours of the village with the average being 1.35 walking hours. This finding is reasonable considering the labour intensity of opium farming methods, especially immediately after germination (when weeding and thinning are necessary) and of course during harvest when every field must be visited early in the morning everyday. For fields farther away farmers/labourers will often sleep at the field in small field shelters during the harvest period. See the table below for a breakdown of field distances from the village centre.

17 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

Table 8: Distance from the Village Centre in Walking Time of All Fields Surveyed Distance to Village Number of % of Fields (hours walking) Fields Surveyed >=4 hours 90 4% >=3 and <4 hours 91 4% >=2 and <3 hours 242 11% >=1 and <2 hours 771 36% <1 hour 931 44% no data 15 1% Total No. of Fields Visited 2,140

Field Slope

During field visits surveyors categorised fields to be on sloping land, flat land or terraced. Most fields (64%) were on sloping hill land, with only 34% on flat land. This is due to several factors. Most opium farmers live in the higher lands, remote and with difficult access. Most of the flat land suitable for agriculture in Laos is on the valley floor and is utilised for rice cultivation which requires greater amounts of moisture and hence slower drainage. This is one of the reasons that yields are so low in Laos, there is less moisture available to the plants due to the inclination of the land on which it is cultivated. An indication of the lack of agriculture intensification is that almost no opium poppy fields are terrace (less than 1 %).

Table 9: Slope of Fields Surveyed by Category No. of Slope % of Total Fields Flat 719 34% Terraced 13 1% Hill 1,372 64% No Data 36 2% Total No. of Fields Visited 2,140

Irrigation

Nearly all opium fields in Laos are rainfed. The only irrigation or manual waterering of fields reported during this survey was found in one village in Pek District in Xieng Khouang. Again this is further evidence of the lack of agricultural intensification of opium poppy cultivation and contributing factor to the low yields.

Table 10: Crop Watering Regimes for Fields Surveyed No. of Irrigation % of Total Fields Rainfed 2,097 98% Manual 15 1% Irrigated 1 0% No Response 27 1% Total No. of Fields Visited 2,140

18 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

Fertiliser

Fertiliser, like irrigation, is an indicator of agricultural intensification, and again is found almost nowhere in Laos with regard to opium poppy cultivation. Over 97% of farmers use nothing at all on their fields. Those that did report using animal manure, were again located in the single same village in Xieng Khouang that reported manual watering of their fields. Many farmers do however inter-crop with Chinese mustard (Brassica juncea) which they believe stimulates growth and increases yield

Table 11: Nutrient Inputs for Fields Surveyed Fertiliser No % of total Answers Manure 17 1% Artificial 1 0% none 2,075 97% Don't Know 16 1% No Response 31 1% Total No. of Fields Visited 2,140

Crops Before Poppy

Opium poppy farmers in Laos rarely leave their fields fallow for any length of time and very often double-crop (succession crop) their fields with other crops (only 9% of respondents reported not double-cropping). The opium poppy’s growing season, being from September until March, and requiring less moisture than other crops leads some farmers to choose opium as their dry season crop, with more water demanding crops such as maize being planted during the wet season. Fields may well be double- cropped for as long as 30 years until the soil is exhausted and farmers are forced to make new fields. Since the poppy is cultivated in this manner in the dry season, at high altitude and under poor soil conditions (better land being reserved for rice), Laos experiences the lowest yield of all opium growing countries.

Maize is by far the most popular second crop with 49% of farmers cultivating during the wet season. Chinese mustard (Brassica juncea) (Lao: Pak Ghat) is also a very popular crop with 9% of farmers growing during the rains. As mentioned above, many opium farmers will inter-crop poppy with Chinese mustard, which they believe stimulates growth of the poppy and increases yield. Only 2% of farmers reported growing rice on the same land. Other crops reported to be cultivated before opium poppy include beans & pulses, cotton, sesame, banana, and various root crops such as ginger, taro and potato, but all of these account for less than 2% of responses. The following table and figure show the crops cultivated before opium poppy.

19 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

Table 12: Crops Grown on the Same Land Previous to Opium Poppy Cultivation Crop Responses % Maize 1,041 48.6% Chinese mustard 192 9.0% Other Vegetables 119 5.6% Rice 53 2.5% Banana 1 0.0% Beans 5 0.2% cotton 23 1.1% Sesame 1 0.0% Roots Crops 6 0.3% Field Preparation 2 0.1% Nothing Grown 195 9.1% Don't Know/No Response 502 23.5% Total Number of Respondents 2,140

Figure 4: Crops Grown on the Same Land Prior to the Opium Crop

Nothing Grown Rice 9.1% 2.5% Sesame 0.0% Other Vegetables Don't Know/No Response Roots Crops 5.6% 23.5% 0.3% Chinese Cabbage Field Preparation 9.0% 0.1% Other cotton Banana 1.8% 1.1% 0.0% Beans 0.2%

Maize 48.6%

General observations on yields

Average yields of the fields varied strongly (0.8kg/ha to 31kg/ha for individual fields), and no single factor (e.g., distance to village centre, or slope, etc.) appeared to have a significant impact on yield.

It is possible however to identify several factors that together contribute to determine the overall low yields experienced in Laos. Some are environmental in nature but most are due to agricultural management and the low levels of intensification practised by opium farmers. Yield impacting factors include;

• Land selection (farmers prefer to reserve flatter, more fertile land for the cultivation of food crops, food security being an important concern to most rural farmers)

• Inputs (almost no fertilisers or pesticides used)

• Irrigation (nearly all opium poppy fields are entirely rainfed)

20 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

• Land improvement (fields are rarely terraced, or indeed cleared of tree stumps or boulders)

• Rotation (farmers usually double crop their fields with maize in the wet season, and will not leave fields fallow, preferring to cultivate until the soil is exhausted)

• Soil Quality (upland soils in Laos are usually thin oxisols, with richer alluvial soils only occurring in the valley floors)

• Climate Regime (opium grows during the dry season in Laos and the localised unpredictability of precipitation leads to risk at germination and harvest timing)

Plant Breeding and Selection (little attention is paid to seed selection, hybridisation, or selective planting. At the thinning stage however more robust plants are retained) These factors contribute to the low yields experienced in Laos in comparison to other opium growing regions and demonstrates that opium production in Laos is not sophisticated.

4.4 Opium Prices

The farm gates prices for opium vary by location and time. Typically, the prices are lower just after the harvest but gradually increase as the opium gets drier and the stock available get smaller. The farmers don’t sell their opium all at once after the harvest, nor is all of it sold to traders. Most farmers keep part of the harvest for their own consumption or for sale to other people either in the same village or to nearby villages for local consumption.

The average price of February 2002 of 1,161,000 KIP/kg (or 122 USD/kg4) is used as the best estimate for the opium farm gate price for the 2002 opium season.

During the 2002 survey, the village headman provided information on the farm gate prices from April 2001 to February 2002 and the expected price for the 2002 harvest. At the country level, after harvest in the 2002 season, in April 2001 opium was estimated to be sold for 1,267,000KIP/kg or 149 USD/kg5. Prices continued to fall until July 2001 reaching an annual low of 1,108,000 KIP (or 125 USD6). From then on the price rose, as stocks were depleted until the first harvests started to come in in January 2002. The December 2001 price reached 1,473,000KIP (or 156 USD7). As harvest continued the price fell steadily until February 2002 where it was 1,161,000KIP (or 122USD8). At the time of survey the farmers were expecting to be able to sell their product in March 2002 for 1,547,000 KIP (or 163 USD9). This is very similar to the previous year and indeed the annual price fluctuations show almost identical characteristics to those of the 2000/2001 growing season. The price fluctuations throughout the year are illustrated in Figure 7 below.

4 at February 2002 exchange rates of 9,502KIP/USD 5 at the April 2001 exchange rate of 8,484KIP/USD 6 at the July 2001 exchange rate of 8,892 KIP/USD 7 at December 2001 exchange rates of 9,467KIP/USD 8 at February 2002 exchange rates of 9,502KIP/USD 9 at March 2002 exchange rates of 9,471KIP/USD

21 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

Figure 5: Weighted Prices Received by Farmers for Opium in 2001-2002 (in KIP/kg)

1,600,000 1,423,060 1,472,697 1,400,000 1,266,594 1,214,065 1,395,872 1,258,654 1,200,000 1,149,382 1,108,142 1,215,586 1,160,913 1,000,000 1,089,984 800,000 600,000 400,000 149 USD/Kg Price (Kip/kg) Price 200,000 122 USD/Kg -

Month Jul-01 Apr-01 Oct-01 Jan-02 Jun-01 Feb-02 Aug-01 Sep-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 May-01

It is interesting to note which currencies the farmers quoted as being paid for their product as this is an indication of the market destination. In Ngeun, Hongsa, Xayabouri and Phieng Districts of Xayabouri, for example, farmers were paid in predominantly in Thai Baht. These districts lie adjacent to each other along a stretch of the Laos - Thailand border and hence have excellent access to international markets. The increase of opium production is thought to be due to the very high prices being offered by traders for the Thai market, possibly due to diminishing supply in and around the Thai-Myanmar-Laos border region. This is borne out by the price analysis in this survey which found that in these districts farmers were paid at levels 25-85% higher than the national average for the same time of year. Instances have been reported of farmers in Phieng being paid 303USD or 140% more than the national average in June 2001.

It is also interesting to note that, while market prices in the rest of Laos start to fall immediately after harvest (between April and August), traders in Xayabouri start to pay premium prices. This is possibly an attempt to stimulate farmers into selling in a period which has traditionally been a time when farmers hold on to their stock.

The diminishing supply in the Thai-Laos-Myanmar border region is very well highlighted by the extremely high prices expected by farmers in Bokeo (6,464,000KIP or 778USD) in March 2001. All responding farmers quoted the price in Baht, also indicating Thailand as the destination market. Luang Namtha, adjacent to Bokeo showed prices similar to the national average, but farmers were selling their product for both Baht and Kip.

The Chinese Yuan was sometime paid for opium in Phongsaly, indicating that China may well be the destination of part of the produce from that province, but prices remain at about the national average level except immediately after harvest when they are as low as 33% below the national average. Similarly, in Huaphan farmers received payment in Vietnamese Dong, indicating Vietnam as the destination market. The prices were very high immediately after harvest, farmers receiving double the national average and remain higher than average through to October where the prices drop well below average.

Vientiane farmers are expecting up to 3,200,000KIP (or 339USD) this year for their product. This is double the national average for this time of year (1,547,000KIP or 163USD). This may be explained by the extremely low productivity of opium in Vientiane Province (low supply) and the high demand, especially due to the excellent access to markets, both domestic and international.

22 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

Opium Sales

The figure above, shows the price fluctuations over the year and indicate a fluctuation in supply and demand. The figure below illustrates the number of responses for price at a given time of year. This shows when farmers are selling their product.

Most farmers are selling their product immediately after harvest in March and then there is a steady decline throughout the year until February, immediately before harvest, when the fewest farmers sell their product. 20% of farmers sell their product immediately after harvest in March and April, the rest may hold their stock speculatively through the year only selling when income is needed or when the market price is conducive (see Figure 7 below).

Figure 6: Time of Year when Farmers Sell Opium Product

250

200

150

100

50 Number of Respondents 0 Jul-01 Jan-02 Jun-01 Oct-01 Sep-01 Feb-02 Apr-01 Dec-01 Mar-01 Aug-01 Nov-01 May-01 Month

23 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

4.5 Addiction

Data on opium addiction, with a breakdown by gender and age, were collected during the interview of the village headman. The addicts themselves were not interviewed during the 2002 survey and no data on their level of consumption were collected.

Although it is possible to provide some estimates on the number of addicts, it should be noted that the opium survey is primarily an agricultural survey and that addiction level would be better estimated through more in-depth sociological surveys.

For the 11 northern provinces, the number of addicts was estimated at 52,613 persons, a decrease of 9.6% compared to last year. It was determined that the rate of addiction for the overall population in the northern 11 provinces of Laos is 2.18%.

Through informal discussion with several opium addicts in Laos, it can be assumed that an average opium addict will consume approximately 1.1kg (dry opium) per year. As the survey suggests there are 52,613 addicts nation-wide, then approximately 57,874 tonnes of dry opium were consumed this year domestically. This accounts for 52% of national production, the rest being sold to traders for the international market. When asked, 51% of farmers responded that they would not sell their produce while 49% said they would (indicating that 51% of production is kept for local consumption and 49% sold to the international market). The similarity of these two figures is a very good indication of the integrity of this years survey results as well as the figure for opium consumption of an average opium addict.

Addiction by gender and age

Out of the 4,464 addicts counted during the survey, 3,600 were men (or 81%) and 864 were women (or 19%). The previous surveys indicated comparable ratios.

Also comparable to previous survey, the frequency distribution by age classes, showed that the highest number of addicts was to be found among people between 40 and 50 years old, and this for both men and women. The table and figure below show the demographic distribution of addict by age and gender.

Table 14. Demographic Distribution of Opium Addicts by 10 Year Age Class and Gender Age Man Woman Total % of Total 0-10 1 0 1 0.02% 10-20 46 5 51 1.14% 20-30 347 65 412 9.23% 30-40 835 153 988 22.13% 40-50 850 170 1,020 22.85% 50-60 727 231 958 21.46% 60-70 579 167 746 16.71% 70-80 176 55 231 5.17% 80-90 30 17 47 1.05% 90-100 9 1 10 0.22% 3,600 864 4,464 81% 19%

24 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

Figure 7: Demographic Distribution of Opium Addiction by Age and Gender

1200

1000 Woman 800 Man

600

400

Number of Addicts in Survey 200

0 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 Age Range

The following two frequency distribution charts illustrate that the mean age for a male addict is 49 years old while the mean age for a female addict is 53 years old.

Figure 8: Frequency Distribution of Male Addicts in 10 Year Age Classes

1000

800

600

400

200 Std. Dev = 14.56 Mean = 49

0 N = 3603.00 Frequency 0 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 4 5 60 - 70 70 - 80 8 9 1 - 0 0 0 0 0 1 - 5 - - 9 - 0 0 6 1 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Age (years)

25 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

Figure 9: Frequency Distribution of Female Addicts in 10 Year Age Classes

300

200

100

Std. Dev = 14.22 Mean = 53 0 N = 864.00 Frequency 0 10 - 20 20 3 4 50 60 7 80 90 1 - 0 - 40 0 - 50 0 - 80 00 1 - - 6 - - 9 - 0 3 7 1 - 0 0 0 0 0 110 0

Age (years)

4.6 Field Damage

Out of the 2,140 farmers interviewed, 1,994 farmers answered whether there had been any damage to their crop this year. 645 reported some kind of damage, 1,349 reported no damage.

The main reasons for damage as stated by the farmers can be grouped as seen below:

Table 13: Damage to Opium Poppy Crop Grouped by Cause No. of Damage Type % Responses Dryness 381 60% Rain/Dew 70 11% Pest (insect) 28 4% Pest(large animal) 56 9% Bad Seed 32 5% Natural Hazard (storm/flood/fire) 69 11% Total No. of Fields 636

26 Lao Opium Poppy Survey 2002

5 Annexes

Annex 1 Survey Questionnaire Annex 2 2002 Opium Poppy Cultivation and Production Annex 3 Map of 2002 Village Growing Opium Poppy Cultivation Annex 4 Trends in Key Indicators of Opium Production in Laos between 1992 and 2002

27

Annex 1 : Survey Questionnaires

Lao National Opium Survey 2002 VILLAGE ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEE

Surveyor Identification 1) Surveyor Name: 2) Date of interview: / / 2002

Village Identification 3) Province: Code: 4) District: Code: 5) Village: Code:

Village Position 6) GPS Number: 7) Waypoint: 8) Latitude: N 9) Longitude: E 10) Altitude: mt 11) PDOB:

12) Approximate number of kilometers from an access road: kilometer

13) Remark:

From the Village Administration Committee

14) Total inhabitants: 15) Total households:

16) What are the main ethnic groups represented in the village? For each ethnic group, indicate the number of households.

Main Ethnic Group Ethnic Number of Group Code households

Annex01a Lao 2002 Village Administration Form English.doc 1/4 Lao National Opium Survey 2002 VILLAGE ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEE

On opium cultivation in the village:

18) What is the total number of households cultivating opium:

19) Within the village boundaries, what is the total number of opium fields cultivated by these households?

20) Within the village boundaries, is there opium fields rented to or occupied by people not living in the village? Yes No

21) If " Yes", approximately how many fields? fields

From the list of households cultivating opium:

18) Total number of households cultivating opium

Annex01a Lao 2002 Village Administration Form English.doc 2/4 Lao National Opium Survey 2002 VILLAGE ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEE OPIUM ADDICTION

19) Write down the gender and age of the people in the village who use opium every day:

# Gender Age # Gender Age 1. 41. 2. 42. 3. 43. 4. 44. 5. 45. 6. 46. 7. 47. 8. 48. 9. 49. 10. 50. 11. 51. 12. 52. 13. 53. 14. 54. 15. 55. 16. 56. 17. 57. 18. 58. 19. 59. 20. 60. 21. 61. 22. 62. 23. 63. 24. 64. 25. 65. 26. 66. 27. 67. 28. 68. 29. 69. 30. 70. 31. 71. 32. 72. 33. 73. 34. 74. 35. 75. 36. 76. 37. 77. 38. 78. 39. 79. 40. 80.

Annex01a Lao 2002 Village Administration Form English.doc 3/4 Lao National Opium Survey 2002 VILLAGE ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEE HOUSEHOLDS CULTIVATING OPIUM POPPY (after completion, this list is to be handed over to the village headman)

Write down a unique name for every household in which at least one member cultivate opium poppy (use the head of household’ s name + spouse’ s name) HH Name of household cultivating HH Name of household cultivating Number opium poppy Number opium poppy 01. 41. 02. 42. 03. 43. 04. 44. 05. 45. 06. 46. 07. 47. 08. 48. 09. 49. 10. 50. 11. 51. 12. 52. 13. 53. 14. 54. 15. 55. 16. 56. 17. 57. 18. 58. 19. 59. 20. 60. 21. 61. 22. 62. 23. 63. 24. 64. 25. 65. 26. 66. 27. 67. 28. 68. 29. 69. 30. 70. 31. 71. 32. 72. 33. 73. 34. 74. 35. 75. 36. 76. 37. 77. 38. 78. 39. 79. 40. 80.

Annex01a Lao 2002 Village Administration Form English.doc 4/4 Lao National Opium Survey 2002 HOUSEHOLD Surveyor Identification 1) Surveyor Name: 2) Date of interview: / / 2002

Village Identification 3) Province: Code: 4) District: Code: 5) Village: Code:

Household Identification HH Name of household cultivating Number opium poppy 6)

7) Ethnic Group Code:

8) Remark:

From the Household Head Member Name of household Relationship Number of Number of number member to household opium fields opium fields head last year this year 01. Head 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

9) Total household member: 10) Total opium field last year: 11) Total opium fields this year:

Annex01b Lao 2002 Household English.doc 1/2 Lao National Opium Survey 2002 HOUSEHOLD On external labour in the poppy field:

12) This season, how many people did you or will you hire, Outside your household, to work on your opium field?

On the opium price:

13) Do you sell opium Yes No

14) If yes, to whom did you sell most of your last opium Traders visiting the village harvest? Villagers of this village People at the market

15) What was the price of opium at the following dates: Month Unit Price Currency March 2000 April 2000 May 2000 June 2000 July 2000 August 2000 September 2000 October 2000 November 2000 December 2000 January 2001 February 2001

16) What price do you expect for this year opium harvest? Unit Price Currency

Note for the surveyors: Unit should be in PONG, CHOI or KILO

Annex01b Lao 2002 Household English.doc 2/2 Lao National Opium Survey 2002 INDIVIDUAL FIELD MEASUREMENT

Surveyor Identification 1) Surveyor Name: 2) Date of interview: / / 2002

Village Identification 3) Province: Code: 4) District: Code: 5) Village: Code:

Household Identification HH Name of household cultivating Number opium poppy 6)

Field Identification Member Name of Household Member Relationship to Number household head 7)

8) Field Number:

Field Position 9) GPS Number: 10) Waypoint: 11) Latitude: N 12) Longitude: E 13) Altitude: mt 14) PDOB:

Annex01c Lao 2002 Field Measurement English.doc 1/4 Lao National Opium Survey 2002 INDIVIDUAL FIELD MEASUREMENT Area Measurement

Field Shape

Measurement

Line Bearing Distance Line Bearing Distance 1. 11. 2. 12. 3. 13. 4. 14. 5. 15. 6. 16. 7. 17. 8. 18. 9. 19. 10. 20.

15) Error:

16) Area: Ha Capsule Measurement

Annex01c Lao 2002 Field Measurement English.doc 2/4 Lao National Opium Survey 2002 INDIVIDUAL FIELD MEASUREMENT 17) Has harvest started on this field? Yes No

For harvesting fields only:

18) Estimate the area where poppy has grown: ha

19) Capsules measurement: Growth Stage Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3 Flower buds Immature Capsules Lanced Capsules Yielding Lanced D H D H D H Capsules mm mm mm mm mm mm 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Growth Stage Plot 4 Plot 5 Flower buds Immature Capsules Lanced Capsule Yielding Lanced D H D H Capsules mm mm mm mm 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

20) If you cannot measure the capsules of this field, indicate the reason:

On the opium harvest technique

Annex01c Lao 2002 Field Measurement English.doc 3/4 Lao National Opium Survey 2002 INDIVIDUAL FIELD MEASUREMENT 21) On most capsules, how many lines per cut? 22) On most capsules, how many cuts per lancing? 23) On most capsules, how many lancing? On the poppy variety: 24) What is the name of the poppy variety? Don’t know

25) What is the color of the petal? white red pink purple bi-coloured If “bi-coloured”, what is the color 26) on the petal border? white red pink purple 27) at the base? white red pink purple

28) How is the petal margin?

entire fringed Field observations 29) What is the walking time from the village to the field? Hours Min

30) Is the field on flat land on terraced on hill

31) If on hill or on terrace, NW N NE Indicate the aspect of the W E Field: SW S SE

32) How is the field irrigated? rain-fed manual watering irrigation scheme

33) What kind of fertilizer was used? Manure Artificial None Don’t know

34) How many times was the fertilizer applied? Don’t know

35) What was the crop just before poppy on this field? Don’t know

36) When was this field sown? / / Don’t know

37) As the opium field been damaged? Yes No Don’t know

38) If “Yes”, what kind of damage?

Annex01c Lao 2002 Field Measurement English.doc 4/4 Annex 2

2002 Opium Poppy Cultivation and Production Estimates

No. of villages Growing Estimated P Province D District Opium Area Yield (*) Production ha kg/ha kg 02 Phongsaly 01 Phongsaly 45 318 7.9 * 2,521 02 Phongsaly 02 May 39 213 7.9 * 1,682 02 Phongsaly 03 Khua 38 207 7.9 * 1,639 02 Phongsaly 04 Samphanh 71 387 7.9 * 3,062 02 Phongsaly 05 Boon Neua 22 120 7.9 * 949 02 Phongsaly 06 Nhot Ou 60 327 7.9 * 2,588 02 Phongsaly 07 Boontai 24 131 7.9 * 1,035 299 1,703 13,475 03 Luang Namtha 01 Namtha 25 207 6.7 ** 1,390 03 Luang Namtha 02 Sing 35 289 6.7 ** 1,946 03 Luang Namtha 03 Long 58 661 7.3 4,829 03 Luang Namtha 04 Viengphoukha 18 149 6.7 ** 1,001 03 Luang Namtha 05 Nalae 6 50 6.7 ** 334 142 1,355 9,498 04 UdomXay 01 Xay 41 369 5.6 ** 2,054 04 UdomXay 02 La 31 279 5.6 ** 1,553 04 UdomXay 03 Namor 41 369 5.6 ** 2,054 04 UdomXay 04 Nga 21 189 5.6 ** 1,052 04 UdomXay 05 Beng 17 153 5.6 ** 852 04 UdomXay 06 Hoon 34 306 4.4 1,348 04 UdomXay 07 Pakbeng 26 234 5.6 ** 1,303 211 1,901 10,216 05 Bokeo 01 Huoixai 4 38 7.9 * 300 05 Bokeo 02 Tonpheung 4 38 7.9 * 300 05 Bokeo 03 Meung 4 38 7.9 * 300 05 Bokeo 04 Pha Oudom 6 57 7.9 * 450 05 Bokeo 05 Paktha 15 142 7.9 * 1,126 05 Bokeo 06 Special Region 2 19 7.9 * 150 35 332 2,626 06 Luang Prabang 01 Luang Prabang 8 173 10.4 ** 1,803 06 Luang Prabang 02 Xieng Ngeun 16 275 10.4 ** 2,866 06 Luang Prabang 03 Nan 7 100 10.4 ** 1,042 06 Luang Prabang 04 Park Ou 16 268 10.4 ** 2,793 06 Luang Prabang 05 Nambak 18 329 10.4 ** 3,429 06 Luang Prabang 06 Ngoi 28 520 10.4 ** 5,420 06 Luang Prabang 07 Pak Xeng 13 179 10.4 ** 1,866 06 Luang Prabang 08 Phonxay 20 403 10.4 ** 4,200 06 Luang Prabang 09 Chomphet 16 299 10.4 ** 3,116 06 Luang Prabang 10 Viengkham 37 457 10.4 ** 4,763 06 Luang Prabang 11 Phoukhoune 16 397 10.4 ** 4,138 195 3,400 35,437 07 Huapanh 01 Xamneua 101 816 7.9 * 6,462 07 Huapanh 02 Xiengkhor 20 162 7.9 * 1,280 07 Huapanh 03 Viengthong 36 291 7.9 * 2,303 07 Huapanh 04 Viengxay 38 307 7.9 * 2,431 07 Huapanh 05 Huameuang 51 412 7.9 * 3,263 07 Huapanh 06 Xamtay 77 622 7.9 * 4,926 07 Huapanh 07 Sopbao 20 162 7.9 * 1,280 07 Huapanh 08 Add 20 162 7.9 * 1,280 363 2,934 23,225

Lao Opium Survey 2002 Annex 2

2002 Opium Poppy Cultivation and Production Estimates

No. of villages Growing Estimated P Province D District Opium Area Yield (*) Production ha kg/ha kg 08 Xayabouri 01 Xayabury 30 257 6.1 ** 1,560 08 Xayabouri 02 Khop 12 103 6.1 ** 624 08 Xayabouri 03 Hongsa 23 197 6.1 ** 1,196 08 Xayabouri 04 Ngeun 12 103 6.1 ** 624 08 Xayabouri 05 Xienghone 14 120 6.1 ** 728 08 Xayabouri 06 Phiang 9 77 6.1 ** 468 08 Xayabouri 07 Parklai - - 6.1 ** - 08 Xayabouri 08 Kenethao - - 6.1 ** - 08 Xayabouri 09 Botene - - 6.1 ** - 08 Xayabouri 10 Thongmyxay - - 6.1 ** - 100 857 5,199 09 Xieng Khuang 01 Pek 25 164 7.9 * 1,301 09 Xieng Khuang 02 Kham 34 223 7.9 * 1,769 09 Xieng Khuang 03 Nonghed 61 138 7.9 * 1,092 09 Xieng Khuang 04 Khoune 39 256 7.9 * 2,029 09 Xieng Khuang 05 Morkmay 23 151 7.9 * 1,197 09 Xieng Khuang 06 Phookood 12 79 7.9 * 624 09 Xieng Khuang 07 Phaxay 10 66 7.9 * 520 204 1,078 8,532 10 Vientiane 01 Phonhong - - 7.9 * - 10 Vientiane 02 Thoulakhom - - 7.9 * - 10 Vientiane 03 Keo Oudom - - 7.9 * - 10 Vientiane 04 Kasy - - 7.9 * - 10 Vientiane 05 Vangvieng - - 7.9 * - 10 Vientiane 06 Feuang - - 7.9 * - 10 Vientiane 07 Xanakharm - - 7.9 * - 10 Vientiane 08 Mad - - 7.9 * - 10 Vientiane 09 Viengkam - - 7.9 * - 10 Vientiane 10 Hinhurp - - 7.9 * - 10 Vientiane 11 Hom 10 100 7.9 * 790 10 Vientiane 12 Longxan 11 110 7.9 * 875 21 210 1,664 11 Bolikhamsay 01 Pakxanh - - 7.9 * - 11 Bolikhamsay 02 Thaphabath - - 7.9 * - 11 Bolikhamsay 03 Pakkading - - 7.9 * - 11 Bolikhamsay 04 Bolikhanh - - 7.9 * - 11 Bolikhamsay 05 Khamkheuth - - 7.9 * - 11 Bolikhamsay 06 Viengthong 11 42 7.9 * 331 11 42 331 18 Xaisombun 01 Saysomboun 20 40 7.9 * 317 18 Xaisombun 02 Thathom - - 7.9 * - 18 Xaisombun 03 Phoon 4 200 7.9 * 1,583 24 240 1,900 TOTAL 1,605 14,052 8.0 *** 112,104 * Sample National Average Yield ** Sample Provincial Average Yield *** Weighted National Average Yield

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Annex 4

Trends in Key Indicators of Opium Poppy Cultivation and Production No. of Villages Growing Opium Opium Poppy Cultivation (ha) Province 1992 1996 1998 2000 2001 2002 1992 1996 1998 2000 2001 2002 OudomXay 369 n/a 234 261 233 211 1,860 2,416 5,597 4,061 3,112 1,901 Huapanh 405 n/a 312 424 417 363 3,770 3,816 3,450 3,921 2,903 2,934 Phongsaly 406 n/a 513 462 390 299 2,840 3,558 5,778 3,872 3,278 1,703 Luang Prabang 252 n/a 236 219 194 195 3,510 3,550 2,786 3,036 2,950 3,400 Luang Namtha 268 n/a 334 221 244 142 1,730 2,197 3,593 1,514 1,687 1,355 Xieng Khuang 315 n/a 184 180 234 204 2,880 2,916 2,902 1,376 1,426 1,078 Xayabouri 33 n/a 72 78 104 100 400 754 1,014 508 729 857 Bokeo 98 n/a 50 46 45 35 620 785 428 448 427 332 Xaisombun n/a n/a n/a 25 54** 24 n/a n/a n/a 224 521** 240 Bolikhamsay 85 n/a 61 22 25 11 700 708 617 73 105 42 Vientiane 84* n/a 60* 2 30** 21 880* 900* 672* 20 117** 210 Country 2,315 2,056 1,940 1,970 1,605 19,190 21,600 26,837 19,053 17,255 14,052

Opium Yield (kg/ha) Production (kg) Province 1992 1996 1998 2000 2001 2002 1992 1996 1998 2000 2001 2002 OudomXay 6.6 8.1 4.6 9 7.2 5.4 12,300 19,600 25,747 36,536 22,269 10,216 Huapanh 6 4.5 4.6 8.6 8.7 7.9 22,500 17,300 15,870 33,705 25,384 23,225 Phongsaly 6.7 7.7 4.6 8.2 9.7 7.9 19,000 27,500 26,580 31,824 31,747 13,475 Luang Prabang 6.4 4.8 4.6 11.9 7.1 10.4 22,400 17,200 12,816 36,007 20,906 35,437 Luang Namtha 6.6 7.7 4.6 8.1 6.2 7 11,500 16,900 16,526 12,211 10,428 9,498 Xieng Khuang 7 5.3 4.6 6 7.8 7.9 20,300 15,600 13,350 8,205 11,169 8,532 Xayabouri 6.3 9.2 4.6 8 5 6.1 2500 6900 4,666 4,068 3,688 5,199 Bokeo 7.1 8.5 4.6 6.2 7.4 7.9 4400 6700 1969 2761 3,160 2,626 Xaisombun n/a n/a n/a 6.3 7.7 7.9 n/a n/a n/a 1400 3,854 1,900 Bolikhamsay 6.9 8.2 4.6 2.9 7.4 7.9 4800 5800 2838 213 776 331 Vientiane 8.0* 8.2* 4.6* 8.7 7.4 7.9 7,000* 6,900* 3,091* 167 870 1,664 Country 6.6 6.4 4.6 8.7 7.8 8 126,700 140,400 123,453 167,097 134,253 112,104

Lao Opium Survey 2002