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The Politics of Practice: Diplomacy and Legitimacy in International Society

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The Politics of Practice: Diplomacy and Legitimacy in International Society The Politics of Practice: Diplomacy and Legitimacy in International Society. By David Edward Banks B.A. in Ancient History & Archaeology; Biblical & Theological Studies, May 2002, Trinity College Dublin M.A. in Global Governance, May 2006, University of Delaware A Dissertation submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of the George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 31, 2015 Dissertation directed by Martha Finnemore University Professor of Political Science and International Affairs Henry Farrell Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of the George Washington University certifies that David Edward Banks has passed the Final Examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as of October 16, 2014. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. The Politics of Practice: Diplomacy and Legitimacy in International Society. David Edward Banks Dissertation Research Committee: Martha Finnemore, University Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, Dissertation Co-Director Henry Farrell, Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, Dissertation Co-Director Robert Adcock, Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, Committee Member ii ©2014 by David Edward Banks All rights reserved iii Dedication For my father, who taught me to learn; for my mother, who taught me to understand. iv Acknowledgements Whatever I thought both I and this project would be by the time it was completed, neither have come to pass. But what I knew at the start, and what I am even more certain of now, is that I could not have done this dissertation on my own. I am indebted to many people for its creation and completion. They are responsible for all that is good about it, while the errors remain mine. I wish to thank my committee whose members have acted as watchers, guides, judges, and supporters of a project that has gone through many twists and re-imaginings over the years. All three of them read countless drafts and gave this project far more attention than any PhD student has a right to expect. Martha Finnemore’s intellectual openness and her commitment to high standards meant that I was never allowed to substitute thematic content for rigor. Without her direction this dissertation would be an incomprehensible shadow of what it is now. Henry Farrell’s ability to link concepts and theories from across countless disciplines continues to amaze me. Many of the theoretical positions taken in this dissertation are a direct result of our conversations and the literature he recommended to me. He is also important for something he said very early in this process: “At times, you will hit walls that appear impassible and when you do you will be tempted to lie down at the bottom of them and cry. And you can, for a while. But then you have to get up and climb over them.” This single piece of advice kept me going through the more difficult stages of writing and rewriting. Robert Adcock has acted as a teacher, scholar, and mentor ever since I first took classes with him. His sharpness of mind is only matched by his openness to ideas, and his warmth of character. His pragmatic approach to social science research has always helped to ground my thinking v about academic work without ever becoming cynical. He is the best teacher I have ever had. George Washington University and the Department of Political Science offered me considerable support during my time there. The department offered me a generous funding package that was extended more than once and without which I would have been unable to complete the program. The SICAR program hosted at the Elliot School gave me the training needed to conduct meaningful archive work, and the Loughran Foundation gave me the funding that allowed me to use this training in England. As Director of Graduate Studies, Kimberly Morgan tried to help me find sources of funding after my initial fellowship ran out; her ability and willingness to do so was an act of great kindness. My personal and professional life has been immeasurably improved by the colleagues I have made in graduate school. Joey O’Mahoney has been a constant source of stimulating and meandering conversation, the quality of which is so high that it can trick you into thinking that a 90-minute rambling chat counts as work. He also professed faith in my work at those times when I was most convinced that it was rubbish. Alise Coen acted as an ersatz-sibling when I first came to graduate school and remains a constant friend. Adam Jungdahl has been my brother-in-arms in this long process and I am happy that we are finishing this journey at almost the exact same time. In addition to these people I have benefitted from all sorts of conversations, book-recommendations, paper-swaps, poker games, good humor, and endless cups of coffee with David An, Dina Bishara, Chris Dallas-Feeney, Colm Fox, Jake Haselswerdt, Lisel Hintz, Jeffrey Hornung, Michelle Jurkovich, Julia MacDonald, Chris Mitchell, Lance Noble, Pooja vi Rishi, Mike Schroeder, Chana Solomon-Schwartz, Amir Stepak, Rachel Whitlark, Richie Wilcox, as well as many others. Many professors have also influenced me. The independent study I took with Susan Sell was my first foray into meaningful constructivist work and I am indebted to her for her guidance, and also for introducing me to 19th century history. Daniel Green shares my love of all things historical and I am grateful that he continued to reach out to me even after I completed my MA. Chad Rector showed me the meaning and purpose of teaching. Like many of his former TAs I have stolen much of his method lock, stock, and barrel. Most significantly I wish to thank my family, who never expressed any doubts in my ability. Even from three thousand miles away my parents always stood sentinel and never let circumstances get beyond my control. My brother, Russell offered support and laughter. Kathy transformed from my little sister into a wonderful friend. My little niece Francesca appeared just in time to put it all in perspective. Lastly, I wish to thank my wife, Nhu. We met just as I was beginning work on my dissertation and she, more than anyone, has had to put up with the material and social sacrifices that it demands. She has done this willingly. More than this, she has been my pillar of support, and was always there when I needed her most. She has also kept my feet on the ground and from her I have learned more about diplomacy and politics, and the joy and absurdity of the world in which we live than I could have ever learned from any book. Undoubtedly she has been my most important finding. vii Abstract The Politics of Practice: Diplomacy and Legitimacy in International Society. Why do states reject Westphalian diplomatic practice? Diplomacy in international society is a highly regulated practice involving the exchange of representatives, the hosting of embassies, the upholding of rights of immunity and extraterritoriality, and the performance of ceremonial and protocol. Although it appears anachronistic, it is an efficient medium through which all states can participate in diplomacy. Furthermore, it is a low-cost practice to faithfully engage in, but generates considerable costs for those states that refuse to do so. Given all these factors, why would states reject it? This dissertation offers an answer to this question. By drawing on historical sources, including archival and media materials, I analyze three cases where states rejected Westphalian diplomatic practice for a sustained period of a year or more: Qing China from 1794 until 1860; Soviet Russia from 1917 until 1923; and Revolutionary Iran from 1979 until 1981. I find that the narratives of legitimation used by these regimes – the stories that regimes tell to legitimate their right to rule – caused states to reject Westphalian practice. In order to explain how these narratives of legitimation work I propose a causal mechanism I call “narrative binding.” This mechanism occurs when (a) a regime’s narrative mandates practices that conflict with the practices of Westphalian diplomacy, and (b) when the regime faces internal threats to its survival. Under these conditions a regime will have strong incentives to rely on the symbolic practices that legitimate it, even if this means rejecting those of Westphalian diplomatic practice. In coming to these conclusions this project challenges a number of assertions in the literature on identity politics, strategic bargaining, and domestic audience costs. viii Table of Contents Dedication………………………………………………………………………………...iv Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………..v Abstract of Dissertation…………………………………………………………………viii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………….…….…x List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………..xi Glossary of Terms………………………………………………………………………..xii Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 2: Westphalian Diplomatic Practice…………………………………………….27 Chapter 3: Why States Reject Westphalian Diplomatic Practice………………………..66 Chapter 4: Qing China and the Rejection of Westphalian Diplomatic Practice………..123 Chapter 5: Revolutionaries to Traditionalists: Soviet Diplomatic Practice, 1917-1923..181 Chapter 6: Traditionalists to Revolutionaries: Iranian Diplomatic Practice, 1979-1981.262 Chapter 7: Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..321 References…………………………………………………………………………...….340 ix List of Figures Figure
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