History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in the Caribbean / West Indies (1767-2008): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook

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HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 1

HISTORY OF SOYBEANS AND SOYFOODS

IN THE CARIBBEAN / WEST INDIES (1767-2008):

EXTENSIVELY ANNOTATED

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCEBOOK

HISTORY OF SOYBEANS AND SOYFOODS

IN THE CARIBBEAN / WEST INDIES (1767-2008):

EXTENSIVELY ANNOTATED

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCEBOOK

Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Cuba,

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe and Martinique

Haiti, Island of Curacao, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles, Montserrat, Puerto Rico,

St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Greenadines,

Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands

Compiled

William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi

2009

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information and retrieval systems - except for use in reviews, without written permission from the publisher.

Published by: Soyinfo Center P.O. Box 234 Lafayette, CA 94549-0234 USA Phone: 925-283-2991 Fax: 925-283-9091 www.soyinfocenter.com [email protected]

ISBN 978-1-928914-20-4 (History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in the Caribbean / West Indies (1767-2008)) Printed 14 Dec. 2008

Price: $69.95

Search engine keywords: History of Soybeans in Antigua and Barbuda, History of Soy in Antigua and Barbuda, History of Soybeans in Bahamas History of Soy in Bahamas History of Soybeans in Barbados History of Soy in Barbados History of Soybeans in Bermuda History of Soy in Bermuda History of Soybeans in Cuba History of Soy in Cuba History of Soybeans in Dominica History of Soy in Dominica History of Soybeans in Dominican Republic History of Soy in Dominican Republic History of Soybeans in Grenada History of Soy in Grenada History of Soybeans in Guadeloupe and Martinique History of Soy in Guadeloupe and Martinique History of Soybeans in Haiti History of Soy in Haiti History of Soybeans in Curacao History of Soy in Curacao History of Soybeans in Island of Curacao History of Soy in Island of Curacao History of Soybeans in Jamaica History of Soy in Jamaica History of Soybeans in Lesser Antilles History of Soy in Lesser Antilles History of Soybeans in Montserrat History of Soy in Montserrat History of Soybeans in Puerto Rico History of Soy in Puerto Rico History of Soybeans in Porto Rico History of Soy in Porto Rico History of Soybeans in St. Kitts and Nevis History of Soy in St. Kitts and Nevis History of Soybeans in St. Lucia, History of Soy in St. Lucia, History of Soybeans in St. Vincent and the Greenadines History of Soy in St. Vincent and the Greenadines History of Soybeans in Trinidad and Tobago History of Soy in Trinidad and Tobago History of Soybeans in U.S. Virgin Islands History of Soy in U.S. Virgin Islands History of Soybeans in United States Virgin Islands History of Soy in United States Virgin Islands History of Soybeans in the Caribbean History of Soy in the Caribbean History of Soybeans in the West Indies History of Soy in the West Indies

Contents

Page

Dedication and Acknowledgments ...... 6

Introduction and Brief Chronology, by William Shurtleff ...... 7

Abbreviations Used in This Book ...... 9

How to Make the Best Use of This Book ...... 10

History of Soy in the Caribbean / West Indies: References in Chronological Order ...... 13

Subject/Geographical Index by Record Numbers ...... 204

Last page of Index ...... 246

DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book is dedicated to members of The Farm and Plenty Harvard University’s Five Botanical Libraries (especially (Summertown, Tennessee) who pioneered soyfoods in the Arnold Arboretum Library): Jill Gelmers Thomas. Caribbean, and to Mrs. Magdalena Robin for her kindness. French translation: Martine Liguori of Lafayette, California, for ongoing, generous, and outstanding help since the early Part of the enjoyment of writing a book lies in meeting 1980s. people from around the world who share a common interest, and in learning from them what is often the knowledge or Japanese translation: Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. skills acquired during a lifetime of devoted research or practice. We wish to give deepest thanks... We would also like to thank our co-workers and friends at Soyinfo Center who, since 1984, have played a major role Of the many libraries and librarians who have been of great in collecting the documents, building the library, and help to our research over the years, several stand out: producing the SoyaScan database from which this book is printed: University of California at Berkeley: John Creaser, Lois Farrell, Norma Kobzina, Ingrid Radkey. Irene Yen, Tony Jenkins, Sarah Chang, Laurie Wilmore, Alice Whealey, Simon Beaven, Elinor McCoy, Patricia Northern Regional Library Facility (NRLF), Richmond, McKelvey, Claire Wickens, Ron Perry, Walter Lin, Dana California: Martha Lucero, Jutta Wiemhoff, Scott Miller, Scott, Jeremy Longinotti, John Edelen, Alex Lerman, Lydia Virginia Moon, Kay Loughman. Lam, Gretchen Muller, Joyce Mao, Luna Oxenberg, Joelle Bouchard, Justine Lam, Joey Shurtleff, Justin Hildebrandt, Stanford University: Molly Molloy, who has been of special Michelle Chun, Olga Kochan, Loren Clive, Marina Li, help on Slavic-language documents. Rowyn McDonald, Casey Brodsky, Hannah Woodman, Elizabeth Hawkins, Michelle So. National Agricultural Library: Susan Chapman, Carol Ditzler, John Forbes, Winnifred Gelenter, Henry Gilbert, Special thanks to Tom and Linda Wolfe of Berwyn Park, Kim Hicks, Patricia Krug, Veronica Lefebvre, Julie Mangin, Maryland. Ellen Mann, Josephine McDowell, Wayne Olson, Mike Thompson, Tanner Wray. Finally our deepest thanks to Tony Cooper of Alamo, California, who has kept our computers up and running Library of Congress: Ronald Jackson, Ronald Roache. since Sept. 1983.

Lane Medical Library at Stanford University. This book, now doubt and alas, has its share of errors. These, of course, are solely the responsibility of William Contra Costa County Central Library and Lafayette Library: Shurtleff. Carole Barksdale, Kristen Wick, Barbara Furgason, Sherry Cartmill, Linda Barbero.

INTRODUCTION

Brief Chronology of Soybeans in the Caribbean

1767 March – West Indies: Three dozen bottles of soy 1907 – Antigua and Barbuda: Soybeans are first . sauce, made in Savannah by Samuel Bowen, are shipped on cultivated experimentally at Antigua. These are also the first the Harriot, week before last, to the West Indies (New York soybeans grown in the Lesser Antilles (Agricultural News Gazette 1767 April 23, p. 3). (Barbados), 1908 Dec. 26, p. 403).

1807 – West Indies: In 1807 Britain abolishes the slave 1909 – Dominica: Soybeans are first grown trade. William Layman, Captain of the Royal Navy, successfully, at the Botanic Station (Imperial Commissioner, proposes that Asian cash crops be grown in the British West p. 5). Indies to keep the many ships and seamen employed. Included in his 4-page list are: “Soy-bean – Dolichos Soja – 1910 – Grenada: Soybeans are first grown Japan” and “Soy – China (Layman 1807, p. 46). experimentally (Interim Report 1914, p. 1-3). 1910 – Montserrat: Soybeans are first grown on the 1903 – Porto Rico: Soybeans are first cultivated experimental plots at the Botanic Station (Imperial experimentally at the Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Commissioner 1912, p. 15-16). Station. These are also the first soybeans grown in the Caribbean (Gardner 1903, p. 423). 1910 – St. Kitts and Nevis: Soybeans are first grown experimentally at the Botanic Station (Imperial 1904 Jan. – Caribbean: George T. Moore, a plant Commissioner 1911, p. 29). physiologist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, has developed a method for sending inoculated soybeans or . 1911 – St. Lucia: : Soybeans are first grown inoculating soil to farmers who request it. In response to experimentally at the Experiment Station (Imperial many requests, he sends (between Nov. 1902 and Nov. Commissioner 1911, p. 21-27). 1904) two packets to Cuba and one to Porto Rico (Moore 1905, p. 42-43). 1912 or before - Trinidad and Tobago: Soybeans are first grown experimentally (Imperial Commissioner 1913, p. 1905 – Cuba: Soybeans are first grown successfully at 2). the agronomic station at Santiago de las Vegas (Cruz 1906, p. 73-74). 1916 or 1917 – Bermuda: Soybeans are first grown, as a source of green manure (McCallan 1921, p. 5). 1905 – Jamaica: Soybeans are first grown experimentally (Inst. International d’Agriculture 1936, p. 1921 Dec. – U.S. Virgin Islands: Soybeans (22 38-110). varieties) received from the U.S. are first grown experimentally (Thompson 1923, p. 3-4). 1907 - The first large-scale importation of soybeans to the West (England) from Asia (China) begins, and imports 1922-1928 – Cuba and Dominican Republic: Soybean steadily increase during the coming years, in part because oil is exported from the United States to these two Caribbean of the high price of linseed and cottonseed oils. British countries (U.S. Tariff Commission, 1929, p. 283-84). oilseed crushers convert the seeds into oil and high-protein meal used in livestock feeds. As imports grow, the British 1928 Sept. 9 – Barbados: Three varieties of soya beans government begins to test soybean cultivation in its are planted to test their suitability as green manure colonies in the West Indies and Africa (Piper & Morse (McIntosh 1930, p. 54-57). 1923, p. 16-17). 1928 – Guadeloupe (French): Soybeans are first grown in the breeding nursery at Pointe-a-Pitre (Chenon 1930, p. 68-71).

1930 – Cuba: The earliest known commercial soy ABOUT THIS BOOK product made in the Caribbean is Excelsior Aceite de Soya (Excelsior Soy Oil), made in Cuba (Ad in Revista de This is the most comprehensive book ever published about Agriculture, Comercio y Trabajo (Cuba) 1930 Sept. p. 60). the History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in the Caribbean / West Indies. It has been compiled, one record at a time 1934? – Dominican Republic: Soybeans are first over a period of 33 years, in an attempt to document the grown experimentally (Kaltenbach & Legros 1936, p. 184T- history of soy this region. It is also the single most current 187T). and useful source of information on this subject.

1936 – Bahamas: Soybeans are first cultivated This is one of more than 50 books compiled by William experimentally (Sampson 1936, p. 85, 201). Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, and published by the Soyinfo Center. It is based on historical principles, listing all known 1936 – St. Vincent and the Grenadines: Soybeans are documents and commercial products in chronological order. first cultivated experimentally (Sampson 1936, p. 85, 201). It features detailed information on: • 43 different document types, both published and 1949 – Haiti: Soybeans are first grown by the Section unpublished. of Horticulture and Agronomy (Large 1949, p. 37). • 508 published documents - extensively annotated bibliography. Every known publication on the subject in 1958 – Island of Curacao (Netherlands Dependency): every language. Soybean oil and meal are now being imported from the • 66 original Soyinfo Center interviews and overviews USA. There is no record of soybeans ever having been never before published. grown on Curacao (Soybean Digest 1958 Nov. p. 19). • 88 unpublished archival documents 2008 - There are no significant soybean producing • 43 commercial soy products. nations in the Caribbean. The last significant producer was Jamaica, which in 1986/87 produced 2,000 tonnes (metric Thus, it is a powerful tool for understanding the tonds). Only two countries are importing soybeans in development of this subject from its earliest beginnings to market year 2008/09: Cuba is importing 180,000 tonnes and the present. Barbados is importing 25,000 tonnes. Only these same two countries now crush soybeans: Cuba 175,000 tonnes, and Each bibliographic record in this book contains (in addition Barbados 25,000 tonnes in 2008/09 (USDA Production, to the typical author, date, title, volume and pages Supply & Distribution {PS&D} database). information) the author’s address, number of references cited, original title of all non-English language publications together with an English translation of the title, month and issue of publication, and the first author’s first name (if given). For most books, we state if it is illustrated, whether or not it has an index, and the height in centimeters.

For commercial soy products (CSP), each record includes (if possible) the product name, date of introduction, manufacturer’s name, address and phone number, and (in many cases) ingredients, weight, packaging and price, storage requirements, nutritional composition, and a description of the label. Sources of additional information on each product (such as advertisements, articles, patents, etc.) are also given.

A complete subject/geographical index is also included.

1936 – St. Vincent and the Grenadines: Soybe

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BOOK

A&M = Agricultural and Mechanical ml = milliliter(s) Agric. = Agricultural or Agriculture mm = millimeter(s) Agric. Exp. Station = Agricultural Experiment Station N. = North ARS = Agricultural Research Service No. = number or North ASA = American Soybean Association Nov. = November Assoc. = Association, Associate Oct. = October Asst. = Assistant oz = ounce(s) Aug. = August p. = page(s) Ave. = Avenue P.O. Box = Post Office Box Blvd. = Boulevard Prof. = Professor bu = bushel(s) psi = pounds per square inch ca. = about (circa) R&D = Research and Development cc = cubic centimeter(s) Rd. = Road Chap. = Chapter Rev. = Revised cm = centimeter(s) RPM = revolutions per minute Co. = company S. = South Corp. = Corporation SANA = Soyfoods Association of North America Dec. = December Sept. = September Dep. or Dept. = Department St. = Street Depts. = Departments tonnes = metric tons Div. = Division trans. = translator(s) Dr. = Drive Univ. = University E. = East USB = United Soybean Board ed. = edition or editor USDA = United States Department of Agriculture e.g. = for example Vol. = volume Exp. = Experiment V.P. = Vice President Feb. = February vs. = versus fl oz = fluid ounce(s) W. = West ft = foot or feet °C = degrees Celsius (Centigrade) gm = gram(s) °F = degrees Fahrenheit ha = hectare(s) > = greater than, more than i.e. = in other words < = less than Inc. = Incorporated incl. = including Illust. = Illustrated or Illustration(s) Inst. = Institute J. = Journal J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Soc. = Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society Jan. = January kg = kilogram(s) km = kilometer(s) Lab. = Laboratory Labs. = Laboratories lb = pound(s) Ltd. = Limited mcg = microgram(s) mg = milligram(s)

HOW TO MAKE THE BEST USE OF THIS BOOK

Here are a few tips to help you get the most out of the Organizations: Many of the larger, more innovative, or information contained in this book. pioneering soy-related companies appear in the subject index – companies like ADM / Archer Daniels Midland Co., Chronological Order: The publications and products in AGP, Cargill, Dupont, Kikkoman, Monsanto, Tofutti, etc. this book are listed with the earliest first and the most recent Worldwide, we index many major soybean crushers, tofu last. Within each year, references are sorted alphabetically makers, soymilk and soymilk equipment manufacturers, by author. If you are interested in only current information, soyfoods companies with various products, Seventh-day you might want to start reading at the back, just before the Adventist food companies, soy protein makers (including indexes. pioneers), soy sauce manufacturers, soy ice cream, tempeh, soynut, soy flour companies, etc. How to Use the Three Indexes: A subject and country Other key organizations include Society for index, an author/company index, and a language index are Acclimatization (from 1855 in France), American Soybean located at the back of this book. They will help you to go Association, National Oilseed/Soybean Processors directly to the specific information that interests you. Association, Research & Development Centers (Peoria, Browse through them briefly to familiarize yourself with Cornell), Meals for Millions Foundation, and International their contents and format. Soybean Programs (INTSOY, AVRDC, IITA, International Each record in the book has been assigned a sequential Inst. of Agriculture, and United Nations). Pioneer soy number, starting with 1 for the first/earliest reference. It is protein companies include Borden, Drackett, Glidden, this number, not the page number, to which the indexes Griffith Labs., Gunther, Laucks, Protein Technologies refer. A publication will typically be listed in each index in International, and Rich Products. more than one place, and major documents may have 30-40 subject index entries. Thus a publication about the Soyfoods: Look under the most common name: Tofu, Miso, nutritional value of tofu and soymilk in India would be Soymilk, Soy Ice Cream, Soy Cheese, Soy Yogurt, Soy indexed under at least four headings in the subject and Flour, Green Vegetable Soybeans, or Whole Dry Soybeans. country index: Nutrition, Tofu, Soymilk, and Asia, South: But note: Soy Proteins: Isolates, Soy Proteins: Textured India. Products, etc. Note the extensive use of cross references to help you: e.g. “Bean curd. See Tofu.” Industrial (Non-Food) Uses of Soybeans. Look under In the author/company index, a separate entry is given “Industrial Uses ...” for more 17 subject headings. for each author and company. If there are no personal authors, the corporate author (typically an organization, Pioneers - Individuals: Laszlo Berczeller, Henry Ford, such as UNESCO or the USDA) will be indexed. If there Friedrich Haberlandt, A.A. Horvath, Englebert Kaempfer, are no personal or corporate authors, the serial/periodical Mildred Lager, William Morse, etc. Soy-Related name will be considered the author, as in an article from Movements: Soyfoods Movement, Vegetarianism, Health Time magazine. and Dietary Reform Movements (esp. 1830-1930s), Health Foods Movement (1920s-1960s), Animal Welfare/ Rights. Countries and States/Provinces: Every record contains a These are indexed under the person’s last name or country keyword. Most USA and Canadian records also movement name. contain a state or province keyword, indexed at “U.S. Nutrition: All subjects related to soybean nutrition (protein States” or “Canadian Provinces and Territories” quality, minerals, antinutritional factors, etc.) are indexed respectively. All countries are listed under their region or under Nutrition, in one or more of 14 subcategories. continent. Thus for Egypt, look under Africa: Egypt, and not under Egypt. For Brazil, see the entry at Latin America, Soybean Production: All subjects related to growing, South America: Brazil. For India, see Asia, South: India. marketing, and trading soybeans are listed under Soybean For Australia see Oceania: Australia. Production. E.g. Soybean Production: Nitrogen Fixation, or Soybean Production: Plant Protection, or Soybean Most Important Documents: Look in the Index under Production: Variety Development. “Important Documents -.”

Other Special Index Headings: Browsing through the documents or those without copyright protection can be subject index will show you many more interesting subject ordered for a fee. Please contact us for details. headings, such as Industry and Market Statistics, Information (incl. computers, databases, libraries), Document Types: The SoyaScan database contains 51 Standards, Bibliographies (works containing more than 50 different types of documents, both published (books, references), and History (soy related). journal articles, patents, annual reports, theses, catalogs, news releases, videos, etc.) and unpublished (interviews, Commercial Soy Products: All Soyinfo Center unpublished manuscripts, letters, summaries, etc.). sourcebooks that focus on a specific soyfood (tofu, soymilk, tempeh, miso, etc.) or geographical area (Africa, Japan) Customized Database Searches: This book was printed contain extensive information about every known from SoyaScan, a large computerized database produced by commercial soyfood product - a unique feature. We list the the Soyinfo Center. Customized/ personalized reports are product name, manufacturer’s name, address, and phone “The Perfect Book,” containing exactly the information you number, year and month of introduction, ingredients, need on any subject you can define, and they are now just a weight-packaging-price, how stored, nutritional analysis, phone call away. For example: Current statistics on tofu and and documentation on sources of additional information on soymilk production and sales in England, France, and that product. Germany. Or soybean varietal development and genetic research in Third World countries before 1970. Or details SoyaScan Notes: This is a term we have created exclusively on all tofu cheesecakes and dressings ever made. You name for use with this database. A SoyaScan Notes Interview it, we’ve got it. For fast results, call us now! contains all the important material in short interviews conducted and transcribed by William Shurtleff. This BIBLIO: The software program used to produce this book material has not been published in any other source. Longer and the SoyaScan database, and to computerize the Soyinfo interviews are designated as such, and listed as unpublished Center Library is named BIBLIO. Based on Advanced manuscripts. A transcript of each can be ordered from Revelation, it was developed by Soyinfo Center, Tony Soyinfo Center Library. A SoyaScan Notes Summary is a Cooper and John Ladd. summary by William Shurtleff of existing information on one subject. History of Soybeans and Soyfoods: This book has a corresponding chapter in our forthcoming scholarly work “Note:” When this term is used in a record’s summary, it titled History of Soybeans and Soyfoods (4 volumes). indicates that the information which follows it has been Manuscript chapters from that book are now available on added by the producer of this database. our website, www.soyinfocenter.com.

Asterisks at End of Individual References. About the Soyinfo Center. An overview of our 1. An asterisk (*) at the end of a record means that Soyinfo publications, computerized databases, services, and history Center does not own that document. Lack of an asterisk is given on our website. means that Soyinfo Center owns all or part of the document. 2. An asterisk after eng (eng*) means that Soyinfo Center Soyinfo Center has done a partial or complete translation into English of P.O. Box 234, that document. Lafayette, CA 94549 USA 3. An asterisk in a listing of the number of references [23* Phone: 925-283-2991 Fax: 925-283-9091 ref] means that most of these references are not about soybeans or soyfoods.

Documents Owned by Soyinfo Center. Lack of an * at the end of a reference indicates that the Soyinfo Center Library owns all or part of that document. We own roughly three fourths of the documents listed. Photocopies of hard-to-find

HISTORY OF SOY IN THE CARIBBEAN

1. New-York Gazette or The Weekly Post-Boy (New York Japan. Rape. Linseed. Tsubaki–Camellia Japonica–Japan.” City).1767. Savannah, (in Georgia) April 1. April 23. p. 3. Address: Captain of the Royal Navy, Oakley-House. [Eng] • Summary: “Week before last was cleared out for the West- 3. Layman, William. 1814. Hints on slave labour and West Indies, in the snow Harriot, one hundred pound weight of India cultivation. Gentleman’s Magazine (London) 84:561- salop powder, and three dozen bottles of soy [sauce], the 68. June; 84:657-64. Supplement. Part I. New Series. See p. produce of this province, made by Mr. Samuel Bowen.” 659. Note 1. A snow is a sailing ship with 3 masts. • Summary: This is basically a condensation of the Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) following 93-page book published 7 years earlier: Layman, concerning soybeans or soyfoods (soy sauce) in connection William. 1807. Outline of a Plan for the Better Cultivation, with (but not yet in) the West Indies or the Caribbean. If Security, & Defence of the British West Indies: Being the Bowen’s soy sauce actually arrived in the West Indies, this Original Suggestion for Providing an Effectual Substitute would be the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) for the African Slave Trade, and Preventing the Dependence concerning soybean products (soy sauce) in West Indies or of those Colonies on America for Supplies. London: Printed Caribbean. And this document would contain the earliest and Sold by Black, Parry, and Kingsbury, Booksellers to the date seen for soybean products in West Indies or Caribbean East India Company. viii + 9-93 p. (1767); soybeans as such have not yet been reported. A table (p. 659) states: “Soy-bean–Dolichos Soja– Japan.” “Soy–China.” Address: Captain. 2. Layman, William. 1807. Outline of a plan for the better cultivation, security, & defence of the British West Indies: 4. Day, Charles William. 1852. Five years’ residence in the Being the original suggestion for providing an effectual West Indies. 2 vols. London: Colburn and Co., Publishers. substitute for the African slave trade, and preventing the See Vol. 1, p. 254. Illust. 20 cm. dependence of those colonies on America for supplies. • Summary: “...; but roasted meats or fowls, are always so London: Printed and Sold by Black, Parry, and Kingsbury, impregnated with the pyroligneous acid of the wood-fire, as Booksellers to the East India Company. viii + 9-93 p. to have a smoky, or baked taste, well known to all travellers • Summary: The Introduction notes that, following the in the Highlands of Scotland. Worcestershire sauce is now abolition of the slave trade by England, an effectual beginning to be used; but usually the only condiment alternative must replace it. The section titled “Outline of a beyond pepper and salt, will be a bottle of pickled peppers. plan” begins: “The immense importance of our West-India Greens, or salads, are rarely seen.” Address: Esq. colonies to the manufactures, commerce, revenue, and naval strength, of this country is so well known... next to our 5. Gardner, F.D. 1903. Leguminous crops. Porto Rico home trade they unquestionably form the greatest source of Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report. p. 423. For our wealth and power,...” the year ended June 30, 1903. A footnote states: “In 1805, the number of British ships • Summary: “Soja beans have done much better [than employed in the West-India trade was 837, amounting to cowpeas], but have not given large returns. The leaves, 206,510 tons, and employing 17,680 seamen.” being covered with hairs, have been less subject to the Layman’s basic proposal is to introduce Asian cash attacks of the leaf hopper, but have been considerably crops, “the growth of which the soil and climate are damaged by a small spotted beetle which eats holes in sufficiently well adapted” (p. 43), to the British West Indies them... so that the former slaves can earn a living cultivating them, “Renovating of old coffee plantation:... The soja beans, and so that Britain can purchase the surplus and ship it back after coming up nicely, were damaged by heavy rains, but to England. afterwards recuperated and are now doing fairly well.” A four-page list of potentially profitable crops is given Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) (p. 44-47), each with its common name, scientific name, and concerning soybeans in Puerto Rico, or the cultivation of the place or places where it now grows well. Included in soybeans in Puerto Rico. This document contains the this list are: “Soy-bean–Dolichos Soja–Japan” (p. 46). earliest date seen for soybeans in Puerto Rico, or the “Soy–China.” cultivation of soybeans in Puerto Rico (1903). The source of Seed oils are: “Cadjan [Cajan, Cajanus]- Japan. these soybeans is unknown, but was probably the USA. Scramium–Sesamum Orientale–Japan and China. Mustard– Note that this Annual Report was published by the USDA Sinapsis–China and Bengal. Cole–Brassica oreintalis– Office of Experiment Stations. In Sept. 1991, Joan P. Hayes,

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 14 librarian at the Univ. of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, islands north of Venezuela. It includes the Virgin Islands, Agric. Exp. Station, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, is unable to the Leeward Islands, the Windward Islands, and the islands find any information about cultivation of soybeans in Puerto of the Netherlands Antilles, and is generally considered to Rico prior to 1903. include Barbados, Trinidad, and Tobago. Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) The Netherlands Antilles, formerly Curaçao (Curacao), concerning soybeans in the Caribbean, or the cultivation of consists of Curaçao and Bonaire off the coast of Venezuela, soybeans in the Caribbean. This document contains the and St. Maarten (southern section of St.-Martin), St. earliest date seen for soybeans in the Caribbean, or the Eustatius, and Saba at the north end of the Leeward Islands. cultivation of soybeans in the Caribbean (1903). The source The capital is Willemstad on Curaçao. Aruba was part of the of these soybeans is unknown. Netherlands before 1986. Note 3. Itie (1911) says that the author compared The West Indies may be divided into the following 3 soybeans, vigna, lucerne and velvet beans; the latter gave groups: The Greater Antilles (incl. Cuba, Hispaniola, the best yields. But no such statement can be found on the Jamaica, and Puerto Rico), The Lesser Antilles (also pages listed above in this document. In fact, p. 423 states Caribbees), and the Bahama Islands. that velvet beans did the best of the various plants tested as forage crops. Address: Special Agent in Charge. 8. Evans Seed Co., Inc. 1904. 1904 retail price list: Northern grown legume, forage plant, grain and grass seeds 6. Leenhoff, J.W. van. 1903. Report of J.W. Van Leenhoff, (Mail-order catalog). West Branch, Michigan. 24 p. 23 cm. coffee specialist. Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment • Summary: A black-and-white photo on the cover shows a Station, Annual Report 1:450-54. See p. 453. For the year man, a woman, and a child (little girl) standing in a “Field ended June 30, 1903. of soys and pearl millet at West Branch, Michigan.” Below • Summary: The section titled “Renovation of old coffee that is written in large letters: “Our northern grown seeds plantation” (p. 453) states: “Plat No. 13. All coffee and are unequalled for hardiness, earliness, vigor, high shade removed; plowed, harrowed, and planted to soja germinating power and purity.” Printed by Herald-Times beans.” Plat 15 was planted to alfalfa and Plat 16 to Print., West Branch, Mich. At the top of the cover in small cowpeas. letters: “44º12' North Latitude.” “The soja beans, after coming up nicely, were damaged Contents: Note to the American Farmer and Stockman. by heavy rains, but afterwards recuperated and are now Our terms. Legume seed department. Soy beans. Cow peas. doing fairly well. Field peas. Garden peas. Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). “The alfalfa was entirely destroyed by heavy rains after Spanish field pea (Lathyrus sativus). The vetches (Vicia having come up nicely. villosa and V. sativa). Velvet beans (Mucuna utilis). Lupines “The cowpeas came up very nicely and grew (Blue and Large White). Faba or Broad Beans (Vicia faba). luxuriantly, and were plowed under before the beans had Lentils (Lens esculenta). Pea nuts (Arachis hypogæa). The entirely ripened.” Address: Special Agent in Charge. clovers. Northern Grown Grain and Forage Plant Department: Field corn, Russian emmer (Triticum spelta). 7. Agricultural News (Barbados).1903. Coffee substitutes. Spring wheat. Oats. Barley (Hordeum vulgare). Japanese 2(36):281. Aug. 29. [1 ref] barnyard millet (P. [Panicum] Crus Galli). East India pearl • Summary: “Reference was made in a previous number of millet (Pennisetum spicatum). Teosinte (Reana luxurians). the Agricultural News to various seeds that are used as New legumes for 1905 (the Japanese Muroran bean is a substitutes for coffee. The Home and Colonial Mail of June forage crop that is earlier than the earliest soy or cow pea). 19, mentions that Soja beans are put to a similar use. These Grass seeds: Timothy (Phleum pratense) and Orchard grass beans are cultivated by the German settlers in Meherrin, (Dactylis glomerata). Meadow fescue (Fescuta pratensis). Virginia, and their use is to a large extent superceding that Awnless brome (Bromus inermis). Red top (Argostis of coffee in that district. They are the seeds of Glycine vulgaris). Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis). Root seeds. hispida, which is cultivated throughout China and Japan Seed potatoes. Bacteriated soil (“sand containing the where it is grown for food purposes or for the sake of the oil bacteria adapted to peas, soys, cow peas, vetches, lentils, extracted from the seeds.” broad beans, lupins, etc. Sold in new 16-oz. cotton bags at Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) $1.50 per 100 pounds. Not less than 100 pounds will be concerning soybeans in connection with (but not yet in) sold). A paradise for pork (Also called “hog heaven,” it is a Barbados or the Lesser Antilles. “combination crop.” “Some plant corn, soys and mangels or Webster’s New Geographical Dictionary (1988) defines sugar beets in alternate rows”). Chemical analysis vs. cow the Lesser Antilles as one of three divisions of the West analysis [of feeds] (“All authorities, chemists and cows Indies comprising the islands stretching in an arc from included, agree that the soy bean is the most digestible of all Puerto Rico to the northeast coast of South America and the concentrated foods. And palatability–convince yourself.

Plant an acre of soys and when they are ripening turn in and Medium Early Yellow contain the most crude protein your stock, your cows, horses, hogs, sheep, turkeys, ducks (41.04% and 41.52%). A photo shows two uprooted and chickens. They will tell you all about the palatability of soybean plants, each covered with pods. the soy bean).” Standard of weights in Michigan: Beans, Page 5 continues: “Soya are as easy of culture as soy: 8-16 quarts of seed required per acre. Weight per common beans, cow peas, or corn. They succeed on any soil bushel: 60 lb. that will produce corn. They will withstand drouth and wet The note (p. 2) “To the American Farmer and weather that would ruin most of our staple crops, and will Stockman” begins: “Greeting: It has always been our aim to pass uninjured through frost that kills corn to the ground. be something more than seed sellers–or merchants.” It states This has been demonstrated hundreds of times here in in detail the company’s strong commitment to quality seeds. Michigan. Scores of seedsmen catalogue soys with southern “Our terms are invariably net cash with order.” The first seed, generally the Mammoth Yellow. Such seed can be section (p. 3+), titled “Legume seed department” begins: bought for $1.00 to $1.25 a bushel, but is absolutely “From ancient times down to the present certain plants have worthless north of the Ohio river. We are the pioneers of the been used for the purpose of renovating and maintaining the soy seed business at the north; have grown and sold them fertility of soils... It was not until 1888 that a German for the past 8 years [since about 1896]. We have not a scientist discovered by which process these plants enrich the bushel of soys grown outside of Michigan.” “Evans’ soys soil. Briefly, legumes are plants having the power, by aid of are know the world over. We sold them last year in England, certain bacteria, of converting atmospheric nitrogen into Germany, Guiana [British Guiana?], West Indies, Hawaii, nitrates available for plant food, and of storing it up in root Mexico and Canada. nodules, or tubercles. We do not yet know whether this Page 6 continues: “Plant soys in drills 28 to 30 inches process is a mechanical or chemical one.” apart, using 8 to 16 quarts seed per acre, according to However, we do know that nitrogen, one of the vital variety and use. For ensilage, they may be planted with elements of plant food, is the most elusive, the most corn, but we believe it is more satisfactory to grow the two expensive to buy and the most difficult to retain of all the crops separately and mix them as they go through the elements that go into the production of any crop. We know cutter.” The subsection titled “Varieties” gives details on that a crop of soys, peas, clover, or vetches enriches the soil each of the following: Ito San (named by Mr. Evans in by adding to the available nitrogen. It is absolutely true that honor of Marquis Ito, the Japanese statesman), Early Black the nitrogen removed from an acre of land by a crop of oats, or No. 6 (originated by Mr. Evans), Ogema, or Evans No. 9, corn, wheat or timothy often exceeds in value the entire cost Medium Early Green, Olive Medium (created and of producing a crop of legumes. There can be no greater introduced by Evans), Medium Early Black. folly in farming than the continued production of cereals Concerning: “Ogema, or Evans No. 9. Originated by without a rotation in which legumes form a part, and the Edw. E. Evans and offered for the first time last season. It is shorter the rotation the better for the land and the bank a cross of Dwarf Brown and No. 6 and is unquestionably account... The Leguminosæ includes beans, peas, vetches, the earliest of all soys. It can be planted later and farther clover, lentils, cow peas, soys, faba, lupins, etc.” north than any other variety. Beans dark chocolate color. The subsection titled “Soy beans (Glycine hispida)” (p. Season 65 to 75 days. Stock limited.” Ogema is the 4-7) gives the most information about this crop to be found company’s most expensive variety, selling for $7.50 per in any American seed catalog up to this time. “German, bushel, vs. $3.50 per bushel for most other varieties. Soja. Japanese, daidzu [daizu]. Next to wheat this is A table titled “Prices of soy beans” (p. 7) gives the probably the oldest of cultivated plants. It is mentioned in prices of 12 varieties. The first seven are sold in quantities Chinese writings prior to 500 B.C., and remains to this day of one packet, quart, 4 quarts, peck, ½ bushel, and bushel. one of the staple crops of China and Japan. It was originally Most sell for $3.50/bu, but the price ranges from $3.00/bu introduced into America about 1925-30, but failed to attract for Ito San and Medium Early Yellow to $7.50/bu for attention to its merits. It was not until the researches and Ogema. These seven are: Ito San, Ogema (earliest), Medium experiments of Profs. Brooks [Massachusetts] and Early Green (general favorite), Olive Medium, Medium Georgeson [Kansas], within the past fifteen years, that the Early Black, Early Black (Evans No. 6), Medium Early true value of soys became known. Since 1896 they have Yellow. The last five varieties sold (all new) are: Dwarf grown more rapidly in popularity than any crop ever Brown, Gosha, Rokugetsu [Rokugatsu?], Bakaziro introduced into America. Soys contain a higher percentage [Bakajiro], and Hankow. Each is available only in the of protein in more digestible form, than any other farm packet size at $0.15 per packet. On the last page of the product, and at a fraction of the cost of the so-called catalog is a full-page order sheet. ‘concentrated feeds.’” A table shows a nutritional analysis Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2002) of five varieties of soys made by the Michigan Experiment which mentions that turkeys eat or are fed soybeans. Station [published in Bulletin No. 199, April 1902]. Ito San

Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2004) under “Bean, Soy”: Alabama 10, Alaska 0, Arizona 0, that mentions the following soybean varieties: Dwarf Arkansas 2, California 3, Colorado 0, Connecticut 4, Brown, Hankow, Ogemaw, and Mammoth Yellow (one of Delaware 0, District of Columbia 0, Florida 1, Georgia 4, three documents). Hawaii 2, Idaho 1, Illinois 36, Indiana 16, Indian Territory Note 3. This is the earliest English-language document 0, Iowa 9, Kansas 10, Kentucky 9, Louisiana 0, Maine 1, seen (May 2003) that uses the word “bacteriated” to refer to Maryland 7, Massachusetts 11, Michigan 10, Minnesota 1, soil containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Mississippi 1, Missouri 13, Montana 0, Nebraska 3, Nevada This catalog is owned by Special Collections, USDA 0, New Hampshire 2, New Jersey 2, New Mexico 0, New National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland. York 30, North Carolina 11, North Dakota 0, Ohio 25, Address: West Branch, Ogemaw Co., Michigan. Oklahoma 4, Oregon 3, Pennsylvania 17, Philippine Islands 0, Porto Rico 1, Rhode Island 3, South Carolina 1, South 9. Moore, George T. 1905. Soil inoculation for legumes; Dakota 2, Tennessee 5, Texas 2, Utah 0, Vermont 2, Virginia with reports upon the successful use of artificial cultures by 48, Washington (state) 3, West Virginia 6, Wisconsin 11, practical farmers. USDA Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin Wyoming 0. Foreign countries: Australia 2, British Guiana No. 71. 72 p. Jan. 23. See p. 1-46, 67-68, 71-72 + 10 plates. 0, Canada 1, Costa Rica 1, Cuba 2,... South Africa 2. Total: [65 ref] 391. • Summary: From the earliest days of agriculture it has been The next section, titled “Reports” (p. 44), begins: recognized that all plants belonging to the Leguminosae had “While it has been impossible to receive reports from all a decidedly beneficial effect upon the soil. Pliny (A.D. 23- experimenters, the percentage of replies has been unusually 79), the Roman scholar, wrote: “The bean ranks first among large and is quite sufficient to enable the formation of a fair the legumes. It fertilizes the ground in which it has been opinion as to the value of the cultures distributed. Table II, sown as well as any manure” (p. 12). From the early 1800s “Reports of experiments with principal crops” (p. 45), on there was a great diversity of opinion concerning both shows the following for soy bean: Total reports: 129. the cause and the effect of root nodules of legumes. Inoculation resulting in definite increase of crop: 54. Nobbe in Germany isolated a pure culture of nodule Failures definitely ascribed to bad season, poor seed, weed forming bacteria from the nodules and grew them in tubes growth, etc.: 22. No increase in crop; organisms already or bottles containing nutrient agar. This culture was given present in the soil: 11. No evident advantage from the trade name Nitragin. Seventeen different kinds of inoculation; nodules not formed: 42. Percentage of failure: Nitragin were prepared from the nodules of as many 43%. different plants, and marketed by a well known German After discussing the nature of the organism, the author firm of manufacturing chemists. Experiments with Nitragin lists farmers in the following areas who have used the in Germany met with varying degrees of success. In this “artificial culture” successfully to inoculate soybeans: Rash, country the results obtained by Prof. J.F. Duggar using hairy Alabama; Gainesville, Georgia; Napoopoo, Hawaii (Gordon vetch at the Alabama Experiment Station in 1896 and 1897 Glore–Inoculation successful. Increased growth of plant and were very satisfactory, but certain other investigators were abundance of root nodules); Winchester, Kentucky; Bynum, not able to secure inoculation. Maryland; Marionville, Missouri; Dome, North Carolina; W.M. Munson at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Guys Mills, Pennsylvania; Spring City, Tennessee; and Station reported in 1897 and 1898 of having fair success in seven towns in Virginia (p. 67). inoculating soybeans with Nitragin, but he failed to get The author states that alkaline nitrates in the proportion satisfactory results with other legumes. His results did not of 1 to 10,000 are sufficient to prevent the formation of warrant the recommendation of the use of Nitragin for a nodules. Photos show: (I) Package of inoculating material leguminous crop. A major problem with Nitragin was that it for sufficient for four acres of alfalfa, with a letter titled lost its viability quickly (p. 21). “The percentage of failures “Directions for using inoculating material,” from the U.S. in its usage was so great that its manufacture was given up, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. (II) and it is no longer for sale under that name... For this reason Effect of rich nitrogenous soil upon formation of nodules of the Laboratory of Plant Physiology of the [U.S.] soy beans; few nodules. Same culture and seed used as in Department of Agriculture undertook a scientific Plates III and IV. (III) Effect of poor sandy soil upon investigation of the root-nodule organism, and as a result it formation of nodules of soy beans; more nodules. (IV) is believed that a thoroughly practical and satisfactory Effect of poor clay soil upon formation of nodules of soy method of bringing about artificial inoculation has been beans; many nodules. Conclusion: Soybeans grown in a devised” (p. 22). poor sandy soil or in a poor clay soil have a greater number Table 1, titled “Number of packages of inoculating of nodules than plants grown in a rich nitrogenous soil. He material (or inoculated seed) distributed from November, states also that fully as striking differences might be shown 1902, to November, 1904...” (p. 42-43), lists the following in a soil in which the moisture or the acidity or the air

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 17 supply varies, and that the application of calcium or A table (p. 77) lists leguminous forage crops that will be magnesium will act differently on nodule production tested, including alfalfa, three types of trebol (trefoil, depending on whether the plant grows under acid or clover), alsike, yellow and white lupins, astragalus alkaline conditions. (astragalo), cow-pea, and velvet-bean; soybean is not Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (June 2007) mentioned. that clearly refers to the cultivation of soybeans in Hawaii. Note 1. The first director of this station was F.S. Earle. They may have been grown there in 1900, at which time He explains (p. 203) how he was called to Washington, DC, one variety was introduced to the USA from Hawaii. in late Feb. 1904 by U.S. Secretary of Agriculture James Note: 2. This is the earliest document seen (June 2007) Wilson, and asked to start Cuba’s first agricultural concerning soybeans in connection with West Virginia. experiment station. The station occupies an area of 5½ Since 6 packages of soybean of inoculating material (or cabellerías (about 180 acres; p. 17). inoculated seed) were sent to West Virginia from November, Note 2. These soybeans were probably introduced to 1902, to November, 1904, its seems likely that soybeans Cuba from the USA in 1904 (see Roig 1975), then first were in West Virginia and being cultivated there by 1905– cultivated in either late 1904 or early 1905, however this but we cannot be sure. document gives no specific dates except to say that they Note: 3. This is the earliest document seen (June 2007) were cultivated between 1 April 1904 and 30 June 1905. concerning soybeans in connection with Oregon. Since 3 This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) concerning packages of soybean of inoculating material (or inoculated soybeans in Cuba, or the cultivation of soybeans in Cuba. seed) were sent to Oregon from November, 1902, to This document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans November, 1904, its seems likely that soybeans were in in Cuba, or the cultivation of soybeans in Cuba (1904 or Oregon and being cultivated there by 1905–but we cannot 1905; one of three documents). The source of these be sure. soybeans was almost certainly the USA. Soybeans are not Note: 4. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) mentioned in the second annual report of this experiment concerning soybeans in connection with Cuba. Since 2 station. packages of soybean of inoculating material (or inoculated Note 3. This is the earliest document seen (Oct. 2004) seed) were sent to Cuba from November, 1902, to that mentions the soybean variety Hollybrook. November, 1904, its seems likely that soybeans were in Note 4. In 1974 this experiment station was renamed Cuba and being cultivated there by 1905–but we cannot be INIFAT (Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamental en sure. Address: Physiologist in Charge of Lab. of Plant Agricultura Tropical; Institute for Fundamental Physiology. Investigations of Tropical Agriculture). Address: Chief, Dep. of Agriculture, Estacion Central Agonómica de Cuba, 10. Cruz, Francisco B. 1906. Informe del Departamento de Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Agricultura [Report of the Department of Agriculture]. Estacion Central Agronomica de Cuba (Santiago de las 11. Hollybrook: New U.S. domestic soybean variety. 1906. Vegas), Informe Anual 1:47-81. See p. 54, 71-77. Illust. IV Seed color: Yellow (straw), hilum tawny. plates at back. [Spa] • Summary: Sources: Cruz, Francisco B. 1906. “Informe • Summary: This is the first annual report of the agronomic del Departamento de Agricultura [Report of the Department experiment station at Santiago de las Vegas, located about of Agriculture].” Estacion Central Agronomica de Cuba 10 miles south of Havana in Habana Province. The report (Santiago de las Vegas), Informe Anual 1:47-81. See p. 74. covers work done during the period 1 April 1904 to 30 June Ball, Carleton R. 1907. “Soy bean varieties.” USDA 1905. Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin No 98. 28 p. May 27. See In the section titled “Special work conducted on each p. 12-13, 25-26. “Classification–Key to the varieties (p. 11): crop” (p. 54+) is a subsection on “Food Legumes VI. Yellow seeded: 1B. Medium late, 120 to 125 days, 25 to (Leguminosas Alimenticias)” which starts by noting that 30 inches tall = Hollybrook.” “The Hollybrook variety was few varieties of legumes suited for human consumption originated by Messrs. T.W. Wood & Sons, of Richmond, exist in Cuba, however many varieties exist in the USA. On Virginia, as an early selection from Mammoth Yellow. The pages 73-74 is a table of 19 food legumes, imported from name ‘Hollybrook’ was given it by them, and is the name of the USA, that were tested at Santiago de las Vegas, with the the seed farm on which the variety originated. Numbers and varietal name and seed yield of each. Among these are three sources of lots grown: Agrost No. 454, grown from S.P.I. soybean varieties listed as follows: Soja bean 600 kg/ha, No. 4912; Agrost. No. 976, S.P.I. No. 6556; Agrost. No. Hollybrook soja bean 700 kg/ha, and Mammoth yellow soja 1169, S.P.I. No. 9407; Agrost. No. 1196. S.P.I. No. 3870; bean 700 kg/ha. The highest yielding of all these legumes Agrost. No. 1299, from Havre, France; Agrost. No. 1538, was the Iron Cow Pea (2,500 kg/ha). Also discusses natural S.P.I. No. 6379; Agrost. No. 2032, ‘Hollybrook,’ Arkansas nodulation in all types of legumes. Agricultural Expt. Station; S.P.I. No. 3870, China; S.P.I. No.

4912, ‘Common soy,’ Japan; S.P.I. No. 5764, grown from information: Selected from ‘Mammoth Yellow’. Prior S.P.I. No. 4912; S.P.I. No. 6379, grown from S.P.I. No. designation: None. Address: USA. 3870; S.P.I. No. 6556, ‘The most common soy,’ China; S.P.I. No. 9407, grown from S.P.I. No. 4912; S.P.I. No. 12. Agricultural News (Barbados).1908. The soy bean. 12399, grown from S.P.I. No. 9407; S.P.I. No. 17269, 7(174):403. Dec. 26. [1 ref] grown from Agrost No. 976-2; S.P.I. No. 17270, grown • Summary: “The attention of planters has frequently been from Agrost No. 1169-2; S.P.I. No. 17272, grown from drawn, by means of notes and short articles in the Agrost. No. 1538-1; S.P.I. No. 17276, grown from Agrost. publications of the Imperial Department of Agriculture, to a No. 1299-1 and 1299-2; S.P.I. No. 17278, grown from number of crops, leguminous and otherwise, suitable for Agrost. No. 2032.” green manuring purposes in the West Indies. Experiments, Soule, Andrew M.; Vanatter, Phares O. 1907. too, have been carried on at the Stations in the many “Experiments with oats, millet and various legumes.” islands...” Chief among these are the cowpea, the Bengal Virginia Agric. Exp. Station, Bulletin. No. 168. p. 259-90. bean, and the woolly pyrol. June. See p. 279-81. The largest 2-year average yield of hay “Another leguminous plant, to which attention was was 2.95 tons/acre made by Hollybrook [also spelled Holly given in experiments at Antigua for the first time in 1907, is Brook]. the soy bean (Glycine hispida)... In the experiments at Piper, C.V.; Nielsen, H.T. 1909. “Soy beans.” USDA Antigua last year, its growth was healthy but very small.” Farmers’ Bulletin No. 372. 26 p. Oct. 7. See p. 09. There follows a summary of: Williams, Thomas A. “Hollybrook (Yellow).” 1897. “The soy bean as a forage crop.” USDA Farmers’ Piper, Charles V.; Morse, W.J. 1910. “The soy bean: Bulletin No. 58. p. 1-19. March. History, varieties, and field studies.” USDA Bureau of Plant Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) Industry, Bulletin No. 187. 84 p. Dec. 31. See p. 47, 48, 75. concerning soybeans in Antigua and Barbuda, or the Seed color: Straw yellow. S.P.I. No. 17278. “From Arkansas cultivation of soybeans in Antigua and Barbuda. This Agricultural Experiment Station, 1904... Grown six seasons. document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in This variety was introduced by Messrs. T.W. Wood & Sons, Antigua and Barbuda, or the cultivation of soybeans in of Richmond, Virginia, originally found mixed in Antigua and Barbuda (1907). The source of these soybeans Mammoth. Nos. 17269, 17270, 17272, and 17276 are all is unknown. distinct.” Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) Morse, W.J. 1918. “The soy bean: Its culture and uses.” concerning soybeans in the Lesser Antilles, or the USDA Farmers’ Bulletin No. 973. 32 p. July. See p. 14. cultivation of soybeans in the Lesser Antilles, This Piper, Charles V.; Morse, William J. 1923. The soybean. document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in the New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co. xv + 329 p. March. Lesser Antilles, or the cultivation of soybeans in the Lesser See p. 166. “Selection from Mammoth [sic, Mammoth Antilles (1907). The source of these soybeans is unknown. Yellow] about 1902 by T.W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Virginia.” 13. Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the West Morse, W.J.; Cartter, J.L. 1937. “Improvement in Indies (Barbados). 1908. Report on the Botanic Station and soybeans.” Yearbook of Agriculture (USDA). p. 1154-89. experiment plots, Antigua. Reports on the Botanic Station, For the year 1937. See p. 1188. Selection by Wood (name of Experiment Plots, and Agricultural Education, Antigua. p. breeder), of Virginia, 1902. 1-23. For the year ended March 31, 1908. Morse, W.J.; Cartter, J.L. 1939. “Soybeans: Culture and • Summary: In the section titled “Experiments at Skerrett’s varieties.” USDA Farmers’ Bulletin No. 1520 (Revised ed.) and Scott’s Hill” (p. 10-23), under “Skerretts” (p. 10-23) is 39 p. Nov. See p. 12. “Hollybrook–Originally found in the a subsection titled “Green dressing experiments” (p. 19-22). Mammoth Yellow variety and introduced by T.W. Wood & A table (p. 20) titled “Returns from green dressing Sons, Richmond, Virginia, in 1902. Maturity, about 135 experiments” includes the “Soy, or soja bean (Glycine days; pubescence, gray; flowers, white, appearing in 60 to hispida)” as one of 14 crops tested. Area of plot: 1/40 acre. 65 days; pods, two- to three-seeded; seeds, straw yellow Time of planting: March 3. Time when reaped: May 6. The with brown hilum, about 2,550 to the pound; germ, yellow; weight of green bush and of dry bush so poor that it was not oil, 16.38 percent; protein, 41.44 percent.” even weighed. Bernard, R.L.; Juvik, G.A.; Nelson, R.L. 1987. “USDA On p. 21, the subsection on the “Soy, or soja bean soybean germplasm collection inventory.” Vol. 1. INTSOY (Glycine hispida)” states: “This is a small erect plant. The Series No. 30. p. 12-13. Hollybrook is in the USDA growth was healthy, although the weight of green bush was Germplasm Collection. Maturity group: V. Year named or extremely small. This might be increased by sowing the released: 1902. Developer or sponsor: T.W. Wood and Sons, seed close together. Further trials with this bean will be Richmond, Virginia. Literature: 01, 03. Source and other made.”

On the last page (23), the whole report is signed by T. Plots, and Agricultural School, Dominica. p. 1-34. For the Jackson, curator. year ended March 31, 1910. Also discussed in this report are: Barbuda bean • Summary: In the section titled “Notes on economic (“Without a doubt the most promising green dressing”), plants” (p. 5-10), the subsection on “Soy beans” states (p. pigeon pea (Cajanus indicus), woolly pyrol (Phaseolus 6): “A quantity of seed of the soy bean (Glycine hispida) Mungo), bonavist (Dolichos Lablab), Babricon bean was received from the Imperial Commissioner of (Canavalia sp.), White, Black Eye, Clay, and Red cowpea Agriculture, for trial in Dominica. This has been distributed (Vigna unguiculata), Indian corn, and ground nuts (Arachis to planters who have promised to furnish later a report on hypogaea). the results of the trial. It is hoped that this valuable plant Note: At the head of the cover page and title page: will be successfully established in Dominica.” “Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies.” Note 1. The label on the spine of the bound volume at At the bottom of the cover page and title page: “Barbados: the National Agricultural Library (USA) is: “Report of the Issued by the Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the Agricultural Department–Dominica–[1900/01 to 1910/11”]. West Indies, 1908.” The label on the spine of the bound Note 2. Dominica is an independent nation, an island in volume at the National Agricultural Library (USA) is: the British West Indies, in the Leeward Islands; a republic “Report of the Agricultural Department–Antigua–[1900/01 of the Commonwealth since 1978. Capital is Roseau. Area: to 1913/14”]. 305 sq miles. Population: 74,000. Note 3. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) 14. Agricultural News (Barbados).1909. The soy bean. July concerning soybeans in Dominica, or the cultivation of 10. p. 222. [1 ref] soybeans in Dominica. • Summary: The article begins: “The Acting Government Chemist and Superintendent of Agriculture for the Leeward 16. Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the West Islands, has sent in the accompanying article on the soy Indies (Barbados). 1910. Report on the Botanic Station and bean, its characteristics, and methods of cultivation, which experiment plots, Antigua. Reports on the Botanic Station, has been prepared by Mr. G. A. Jones, Acting Science Experiment Plots, and Agricultural Education, Antigua. p. Master at the Antigua Grammar School.” 1-26. For the year ended March 31, 1910. In his article, Mr. Jones gives a brief history of the soy • Summary: In the section titled “Condition and contents of bean, states that it is often incorrectly called the ‘sojah nurseries, and distribution of economic plants, etc.” (p. 3-4) bean,’ discusses varieties, cultivation, nutritional is a table (p. 3) containing an entry for “Soy bean,” which composition, and the ability to obtain “nitrogen from the air, states: “The following figures give the number of seeds and through the agency of the tubercle-forming bacteria that cuttings sent out during the year: -.” Soy bean–30 lb. dwell in the roots of the plants.” In the section titled “Experiments at Skerretts and He concludes: “When the soy bean, or any other bean or Scott’s Hill” (p. 13-26), under “Skerretts” (p. 13-26) is a pea, is introduced for the first time into a locality, it does not subsection titled “Green dressing experiments” (p. 19-22). A always form root tubercules owing to the absence of the table (p. 20) titled “Returns from green dressing tubercule organism from the soil. The beans should be experiments” includes the “Soy, or soja bean.” grown several times on the same land until these tubercules On p. 21, the “Soy, or soja bean (Glycine hispida) is appear... No doubt this will account for the small growth of discussed at length. “On Sept. 23, 1/30-acre of three bush which this crop is recorded to have produced at the varieties of soy beans were planted. The varieties were D, Botanic Station and several estates in Antigua and other H, and Early green. The last picking of seeds from these West Indian islands. was made on Dec. 10. The results were (in tabular form): “It is hoped that every effort will be made to ensure that D–4 lb. shelled seeds. H–5 lb shelled seeds. Early green–6 this plant, which has proved such a valuable crop in many lb shelled seeds. other countries, may be established in the West Indies.” “The plants grew from 4 to 6 inches in height, possessed Note 3. Webster’s New Geographical Dictionary (1988) sickly looking, pale-green foliage, and on the whole looked defines Antigua as an island (108 square miles) in the unhealthy. eastern part of the Leeward Islands, in the eastern West “It was thought that the poor results obtained from this Indies, 5,260 miles southeast of Puerto Rico. Together with trial might be due to the lack of the soil organism [nodule- Barbuda and Redonda Island it constitutes the independent forming bacteria] necessary to the crop. In consequence of state of Antigua and Barbuda (171 square miles). this the plot was replanted on Dec. 24. “The return of shelled seeds from this second planting 15. Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the West was as follows: D–24 lb. D–18 lb. Early green–19 lb. Indies (Barbados). 1910. Report on the Botanic Station, “As will be seen, the return from the second planting Dominica. Reports on the Botanic Station, Experiment was far in excess of that obtained from the first one. In

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 20 addition to this, the general appearance of this crop was far i.e. D, H, Early Green and Yellow, were planted. A few of superior to the previous one. The plants were taller, more each of the varieties when being reaped were mixed by the bushy, and the foliage of a darker green. pickers; in consequence of this only the total weight of the During the year under review, a considerable area of four varieties was taken. This was 34 lb. of shelled seeds. land was planted (138½ acres) with this bean as a green “At first the plants grew well and looked healthy, but a dressing. On the whole, the growth made by the plants was period of dry weather hastened the maturity and accounted decidedly poor, and demonstrated the unsuitability of soy for the very indifferent yield. This is the fourth consecutive bean for a green dressing on soils which have not borne it trial carried out on this plot. During the year careful search before.” This general failure may well be due to “the was made on the roots of these plants for bacterial nodules, absence from the soil of the particular variety of the nodule but on this occasion none were found.” bacteria which lives in symbiosis with it. There is also the suggestion that a better yield may be obtained on soils 18. Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the West where it has not been grown before, by treating them with Indies (Barbados). 1911. Report of the Botanic Station, St. soil in which the plant has been raised already.” Kitts-Nevis. Report of the Botanic Station, Agronomic In the subsection on “Green dressings” (p. 22-25), soy Experiments, and Agricultural Instruction; Also on bean is mentioned several times (p. 22-23). The 1st table Agricultural Education, St. Kitts-Nevis. p. 1-36. For the year shows the percentage loss after drying green plants in air; ended March 31, 1911. See p. 29. Soy bean–31.6% (7 days after cutting. The soy bean has a • Summary: In the section on “Experimental plots” (p. 28- much smaller loss than the others because of the numerous 30), a subsection titled “Soy beans, Indian corn and onions. seeds formed by this plant). The 2nd table shows that 138¼ (Plot F.)” states (p. 29): “Soy beans were planted in half of acres of soy beans were planted as a green dressing in this plot on June 16, 1910; these gave good germination but Antigua in 1909. A 3rd table “gives the weights of different did not thrive well; they grew about 6 to 8 inches high and green dressings grown at Skerretts and other experiment yielded beans at the rate of 205 lb per acre.” plots.” 1/40 of an acre of soy bean was planted on Aug. 4 Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) and reaped on Sept. 22. The “weight of green bush in concerning soybeans in St. Kitts and Nevis, or the pounds” was 57. The “weight of green bush per acre in cultivation of soybeans in St. Kitts and Nevis. This pounds” was 2,380. Note: The soy bean had the lowest document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in St. weights of all 11 plants tested. Kitts and Nevis, or the cultivation of soybeans in St. Kitts On the last page (26), the whole report is signed by T. and Nevis (16 June 1910). The source of these soybeans Jackson, curator. may well have the British Commissioner of Agriculture in Also discussed in this report are: Barbuda bean Barbados. (Phaseolus lunatus), pigeon pea (Cajanus indicus), woolly Note 2. The label on the spine of the bound volume at pyrol (Phaseolus Mungo), cotton, ground nuts (Arachis the National Agricultural Library (USA) is: “Report on the hypogaea), Indian corn, sesamum, lima bean (Phaseolus Botanic Station–St. Kitts-Nevis–West Indies [1901 to lunatus), red cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and Bengal bean 1915”]. (Mucuna pruriens). Note: At the head of the cover page and title page: 19. Stockdale, F.A. 1911. Soy beans. British Guiana Report “Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies.” of the Department of Science and Agriculture (Georgetown). At the bottom of the cover page and title page: “Barbados: p. 20-42. For the year 1909-10. See p. 29. Issued by the Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the • Summary: In Section 2, “Economic,” is the following West Indies, 1908.” The label on the spine of the bound subsection: “Soy beans.–Trials have been made during the volume at the National Agricultural Library (USA) is: year with soy beans (Glycine hispida) at Georgetown, “Report of the Agricultural Department–Antigua–[1900/01 Onderneeming, and at the Experimental Rubber Station in to 1913/14”]. the North West District. Seeds were obtained through the Commissioner of the Imperial Department of Agriculture 17. Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the West from Antigua, but they grew unsatisfactorily and further Indies (Barbados). 1911. Report on the Botanic Station and supplies were obtained from seedsmen in America.” In the Experiment Plots, Antigua. Reports of the Botanic Station, Experimental Brickdam Field a tiny yield of only 1¼ lb of and Experiment Plots, and Agricultural Education, Antigua. shelled beans from 14 square rods (1 rod = 16.5 feet) p. 16-29. For the year ended March 31, 1911. showed that the variety experimented with would not thrive • Summary: In the section titled “Experiments at Skerretts on the heavy clay lands of this field. At Onderneeming and Scotts Hill” (p. 16-29), the subsection titled “Soy or School Farm, out of a total of 7,038 holes planted, only soja bean bean (Glycine hispida)” states (p. 29): “On 1,829 produced mature plants; the remainder dried up and January 25, a 1/10 acre plot of four varieties of this bean, died. At Issororo, the germination of the seeds was good,

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 21 but young plants on the flat were killed by heavy rains and Note: The label on the spine of the bound volume at the those on the hill grew poorly. “These trials indicate that the National Agricultural Library (USA) is: “Report of the variety of soy beans experimented with cannot be expected Agricultural Department–Dominica–[1911/12 to 1919/20”]. to grow satisfactorily in the colony, but further efforts will be made with other kinds.” 22. Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the West Note: This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 2001) Indies (Barbados). 1912. Report on the Agricultural School concerning soybeans in British Guiana (renamed Guyana in and Experiment Station. Reports on the Botanic Station, 1966), or the cultivation of soybeans in British Guiana (one Agricultural School, and Experiment Plots, St. Lucia. p. 21- of two documents). It was written in Aug. 1910, so the 27. For the year ended March 31, 1911. soybeans were probably planted in the spring of 1910. This • Summary: In the section titled “Experiment work and document contains the second earliest date seen for plots” (p. 23-27), the subsection titled “Soy beans” states (p. soybeans in British Guiana, or the cultivation of soybeans in 25): “This bean was tried as a green dressing between British Guiana (probably spring 1910). The source of the young cocoa trees. The seed was sown broadcast on forked soybeans was first Antigua, then the USA. Address: Asst. land, and hoed in. The plants grew to a height of about 9 Director, Science and Agriculture, and Government Botanist inches and fruited; but in vigour, amount of haulm, and soil [Georgetown, Demerara]. covering qualities they were much inferior to the cowpea.” Note 1: The label on the spine of the bound volume at 20. Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the West the National Agricultural Library (USA) is: “Report of the Indies (Barbados). 1912. Report on the Botanic Station, Agricultural Department–St. Lucia–[1896 to 1912”]. Dominica. Reports on the Botanic Station, Experiment Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) Plots, and Agricultural School, Dominica. p. 1-32. For the concerning soybeans in St. Lucia, or the cultivation of year ended March 31, 1911. soybeans in St. Lucia. This document contains the earliest • Summary: The subsection titled “Soy beans” states (p. 5): date seen for soybeans in St. Lucia, or the cultivation of “A quantity of seed of the soy bean (Glycine hispida), soybeans in St. Lucia (1911). The source of these soybeans received in 1909 from the Commissioner of Agriculture, and was probably the British Commissioner of Agriculture in which was distributed to planters for trial has not been a Barbados. success, according to enquiries made; in no case was this valuable plant successfully established. In a bed of soy 23. Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the West beans sown at the Station, the plants only grew to a height Indies (Barbados). 1912. Report on the Botanic Station, of 6 to 7 inches. They then flowered and seeded. The seed Montserrat. Reports on the Botanic Station and Experiment thus obtained was again planted in the same bed but with no Plots, Montserrat. p. 1-22. For the year ended March 31, better results. Three subsequent sowings with fresh seeds 1911. were also unsuccessful. Examination of the roots of the • Summary: In the section titled “Experimental plots” (p. 2- plants failed to show the presence of nodules, and the 18), under “Grove Station (p. 10-16), and further under failure must be attributed to the absence of the particular “Notes on recently introduced plants” (p. 15-16), a organism in the Dominica soils.” subsection titled “Soy bean (Glycine hispida)” states (p. Note: This document contains the earliest date seen for 15): “Seeds of the soy bean were received from Antigua in soybeans in Dominica, or the cultivation of soybeans in January 1910, and since then three generations have been Dominica (1909). The source of these soybeans was the grown on the same plot of land. The growth in the first British Commissioner of Agriculture, Barbados. generation was very poor, and the plants developed seed pods when they were a few inches in height. Similar results 21. Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the West have been obtained with the succeeding trials and it cannot Indies (Barbados). 1912. Plot experiments at the botanic and be said that there has been any improvement in growth experiment stations: Green dressing trials in Dominica. through acclimatization or in the increase of the bacteria Report of the Agricultural Department, Dominica. p. 1-37. which are symbiotic in the roots. In fact, plants of the third For the year ended March 31, 1912. See p. 6-7. generation carefully dug up when they had reached their • Summary: The subsection titled “Soy beans” states (p. 6): maximum development showed extremely few nodules (two “Repeated attempts to grow the soy bean in Dominica have only were found on ten plants examined).” ended in failure, and we are forced to the conclusion that Note 1. The label on the spine of the bound volume at our climatic conditions are not favourable. The plants the National Agricultural Library (USA) is: “Report of the though repeatedly grown on the same plot only grow to a Agricultural Department–Montserrat–[1900/01 to 1915/ height of about 6 inches; they then flower and produce 16”]. seed.” Note 2. Montserrat is an island in the British West Indies in the Leeward Antilles, southwest of Antigua.

Capitol: Plymouth. Area: 40 sq. miles. Population: 11,600. beans, with no better result. This soil was sent by the Note 3. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture and came from a concerning soybeans in Montserrat or other British field in Trinidad where the soy bean had shown some Dependent Territories in the Caribbean, or the cultivation of success.” soybeans in Montserrat or other British Dependent Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) Territories in the Caribbean. This document contains the concerning soybeans in Trinidad and Tobago, or the earliest date seen for soybeans in Montserrat (Jan. 1910) or cultivation of soybeans in Trinidad and Tobago. This other British Dependent Territories in the Caribbean, or the document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in cultivation of soybeans in Montserrat or other British Trinidad and Tobago, or the cultivation of soybeans in Dependent Territories in the Caribbean (1912 or before). Trinidad and Tobago (probably 1912 or before). The source The source of these soybeans was Antigua. of these soybeans may have been the Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the West Indies (in 24. Ritzman, E.G. 1913. Report of the Animal Husbandman. Barbados). Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report. p. 39-44. For the year 1912. July 26. 26. Interim Report on the Agricultural Department, • Summary: The section titled “Forage crops” (p. 43-44) Grenada.1914. Agricultural experiments. p. 1-3. For the states: The introduction of a larger variety of forage crops is year 1913-14. Issued by the Imperial Commissioner of a very important factor in the live-stock development of the Agriculture for the West Indies. [1 ref] island. The introductions tried up to the present time consist • Summary: A table (p. 1) states that experiments with two of corn, sorghum, both saccharine and nonsaccharine, types of soy beans are now being conducted at the Botanic grasses, and legumes.” Gardens in Grenada. Legumes which were tested this year include hairy The section titled “Green dressing. Soy beans” (p. 3) vetch (Vicia villosa), alfalfa, sweet clover, crimson clover, states: “It will be remembered that trials were made with and “a Stizolobium bean which has produced an immense this crop in 1910 on several estates in the island with little fodder crop... Plats of cowpeas, sword beans, and soy beans success, as the plants grew weedily and gave little or no have also been planted this year with similar results as seed. In February 1913, a bed at the Botanic Gardens was before.” The cowpeas and sword beans were successful, made up with a mixture of sand and soil imported from a “but soy beans have proved a failure in two attempts to flourishing soy-bean field, and imported seed was planted grow them.” therein. The beans made fair growth and yielded 10 oz of Note 1. This is the second earliest report of soybean seed on 55 square feet (= 495 lb/acre or 8.25 bu/acre), the cultivation in Puerto Rico. roots being well covered with bacterial nodules.” Additional Note 2. Other nonlegumes tested were Guinea corn, trials were conducted in June 1913, comparing imported Jerusalem corn, Improved Evergreen broom corn seed with native (first generation) seed. [broomcorn], Early Orange sorghum, teosinte, Golden “These results, on the whole, appear to indicate that it is Tankard mangels, white turnips and pumpkins, yams and possible to naturalize the soy-bean in Grenada, if yautias, Paspalum grass, Rhodes grass, malojilla, brown teff precautions are taken to inoculate the field with soil from a (Eragrostis abysinica), molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora), thriving field, and the trial is being repeated. The bean is in and pearl millet. Address: Animal Husbandman, Mayaguez, fair demand in foreign markets as a source of oil.” Puerto Rico. Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) concerning soybeans in Grenada, or the cultivation of 25. Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the West soybeans in Grenada. This document contains the earliest Indies (Barbados). 1913. Plant importations: Soy bean date seen for soybeans in Grenada, or the cultivation of (Glycine hispida). Report of the Botanic Station, soybeans in Grenada (1910). The source of these soybeans Montserrat. p. 1-23 p. For the year 1911-12. See p. 2. is unknown. This article was summarized in the Bulletin of Summarized in the Bulletin of the Imperial Institute. 1913. the Imperial Institute. 1915. 13(4):649. Oct/Dec. 11(4):683. Note 2. Grenada is an island in the British West Indies, • Summary: In the section titled “Plant Importations” we in the southern Windward islands. An independent member read: “Soy Bean (Glycine hispida). No success has attended of the Commonwealth since 1974. Capital: St. George’s. the efforts to grow this bean. Five generations grown on the Area: 133 sq. miles. Population: 110,000. Address: West same piece of land have given similar results. The plants Indies. have never exceeded 6 or 8 inches in height and generally bear only about a dozen pods, before drying up altogether. 27. Bulletin of the Imperial Institute (London).1915. Recent In one instance, soil supposed to be inoculated with the soy progress in agriculture and the development of natural bean strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria was sown with the resources. 13(4):643-67. See p. 649. [1 ref]

• Summary: In the section on “Oils and oil seeds,” a cultivated. In New Mexico, the varieties Guelph or Medium subsection titled “Soy beans” (p. 649) states that According Green–Medium Early, Wilson, and Manchurian were to the Interim Report, Agric. Dept. Grenada (1913-14, p. 3), cultivated. “Early experiments with soy beans in Grenada were not Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (June 2007) successful, but it has now been found that this crop can be concerning soybeans in Montana, or the cultivation of grown if the soil has been inoculated with that taken from soybeans in Montana. Ito San, Manchurian, and Quebec land on which the plant has grown satisfactorily.” varieties were grown. A careful examination of the Montana Agric. Exp. Station Annual Reports from the 16th Annual 28. Ballou, H.A.; Nowell, W. 1915. Report on the Report (for the year ending June 30, 1909) to the 24th prevalence of some pests and diseases in the West Indies Annual Report (for the year ending June 30, 1917; during 1914. West Indian Bulletin (Barbados) 15(2):121-47. published 1918) found no mention of soybeans. • Summary: Part I, titled “Insect Pests” by Ballou states that Note 2. This is also the earliest document seen (Dec. in the Virgin Islands Aphis [Aphids, Aphididae] were 2005) concerning soybeans in Utah, or the cultivation of “noticed on Soy bean.” soybeans in Utah. This document contains the earliest date Note: During Jan. to March 1917, the United States seen for soybeans in Utah, or the cultivation of soybeans in purchased part of the Virgin Islands, known as the Danish Utah (Sept. 1916). The varieties grown in Utah were Ito San West Indies, from Denmark and renamed these islands the and Manchurian. “Virgin Islands.” The rest of the Virgin Islands in 1917 were Note 3. This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2004) owned by Britain. It is not clear from this record in which that mentions the soybean variety White Eyebrow. Address: part of the Virgin Islands these soy beans were growing. M.S., Chemistry of Paints, Fargo. Address: 1. MSc, Entomologist; 2. D.I.C., Mycologist. Both: on the Staff of the Imperial Dep. of Agriculture for 30. Christian Science Monitor.1917. Cuba to help crop the West Indies. program. Aug. 10. p. 13. • Summary: The text of this article is identical to one 29. Washburn, W.F. 1916. Soya bean oil. North Dakota published on this same date in the Wall Street Journal (p. 3). Agric. Exp. Station, Bulletin No. 118. p. 35-42. Sept. • Summary: “At the request of the Paint Manufacturers 31. Wall Street Journal.1917. Cuba promises cooperation in Association this department has determined the moisture food program: Will cultivate peanut and soya bean to offset and oil content of many samples of soya beans and in vegetable oil shortage... Aug. 10. p. 3. addition has determined some of the constants of the oils • Summary: “A large increase in sugar production,... a exprest [expressed] from the different samples. These cultivation of the peanut, soya bean and castor bean, to samples, representing some 45 varieties, were grown in a offset imminent shortage of vegetable oils in the United number of states under various climatic conditions and States [caused by World War I in Europe], will be among include the crops of 1912, 1913, and 1914.” the steps taken by Cuba to co-operate economically with the Table 1 (p. 36-42) shows the results. The varieties are: United States. On her part America will see justice is done Black Beauty or Ebony, Ito San, Mammoth, Guelph or Cuba as to wheat and other necessary imports and her needs Medium Green–Medium Early, Haberlandt, Peking, filled as far as possible. Mikado, Wilson, Sable, Holly Brook [Hollybrook] “Early,” “Captain George Reno, chief of Bureau of Information, Medium Yellow, Amherst, Elton, Jet, Early Black, Sooty, Department of Agriculture of Cuba, announced this program Arlington, White Eye Brow [White Eyebrow], Tohas, following an interview in Washington [DC] with Herbert Auburn, Brown, White Beans, Morse, Manchurian, Mercko, Hoover, food administrator. Mr. Hoover thinks the United Ogema, Fairchild, O’Kute [Okute], Habero [Habaro], States is facing a vegetable oil shortage that will last three Lowrie, Austin, Chestnut, Columbia, Brindle, Meyer, years unless drastic steps are taken at once to offset present Tashing, Samarow, Chernie, Manhattan, Tokio, Swan, conditions, said Captain Reno. Cuban soil is well fitted for Cloud, Virginia, Flat King, Sherwood, Early Brown, production of these crops. Edward, Black Eye-Brow [Black Eyebrow], Mauchu “The western end of the island furnishes ideal soil for [Manchu], Green, Quebec No. 92, Quebec No. 537 [both peanuts, and the eastern for the beans. Steps will be taken at “Quebec” varieties grown at Macdonald College, Quebec], once to put Mr. Hoover’s suggestions into effect... America Brownies [Brownie]. States in which the soybeans were depends on Cuba for her sugar,...” grown include Idaho, Michigan, Montana, New Mexico, “Politically Cuba is a unit in support of the war. She South Dakota, Utah, Wisconsin, and Quebec (Canada). It is realizes that her interests, economic and sentimental, are not stated that soybeans were cultivated in North Dakota. one with those of the United States. In addition she has a In West Virginia, the varieties Mammouth (Mammoth), lively dislike for Prussian [German] methods. Strategically Wilson, Holly Brook “Early,” and Manchurian were

Cuba commands the Caribbean, and in case of submarine “38456. ‘(No. 2035a.) A variety of soy bean with light- invasion would prove a valuable ally.” green seeds. Chinese name Ch’ing tou, meaning “green bean.” Used pickled in brine as appetizer with meals.’ 32. USDA Bureau of Plant Industry, Inventory.1917. Seeds “38457. ‘(No. 2036a.) A variety of soy bean with dark- and plants imported by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant green seeds. Used like No. 2035a. [S.P.I. No. 38456]. Introduction during the period from April 1 to June 30, Chinese name Ch’ing tou, meaning “green bean.”’ 1914. Nos. 37647 to 38665. No. 39. 139 p. Sept. 15. “38458. ‘(No. 2037a. Kwanyintang, Honan, China. • Summary: Soy bean introductions: Soja max: “37684. December 20, 1913.) A rare variety of soy bean, of dark From Peking, China. Received at the State Department in a olive-drab color. Said to be very productive. Chinese name pouch from Peking, China. Received March 20, 1914. ‘This Huai toi.’ variety is probably the kind asked for in your letter under “38459. ‘(No. 2038a. Lingpao, Honan, China. the name of the “white-eyed” soy bean. It is known as “the December 24, 1913.) A rare local variety of soy bean, large white eyebrow bean” among the Chinese where it is having reddish seeds. Chinese name Ta tzû tou, meaning grown.’ (Source unidentified.) “large violent bean.”’ “38213/38228. From Tokyo, Japan. Presented by the “38460-38462. From Sianfu, Shensi, China. Collected director, Japanese Imperial Department of Agriculture. January 24, 1914. Received May 15, 1914. “38460. ‘(No. 2039a.) A black-and-brown striped “38213-38220. variety of soy bean, used mainly roasted as a delicacy. “38213. Tsurunoko. Chinese name Hu p’i tou, meaning “tiger-skin bean.”’ “38214. Var. Aksaya. “38461. ‘(No. 2040a.) A large, black-seeded variety of “38215. Gowari. soy bean. Chinese name Ta hei tou, meaning “large black “38216. Hadaka. bean.”’ “38217. Aotsurunoko “38462. ‘(No. 2041a.) A small, black-seeded variety of “38218. Kôsuirasu. soy bean, used mainly boiled as a feed for hard-working “38219. Var. Juningonomi. draft animals. Chinese name Hsiao hei tou, meaning “small “38220. Aoniûdô. black bean.”’” “38228. Shirashaya 37699–Botor tetragonoloba (L.) Kuntze. Fabaceæ. Goa “38435/38472. From China. Collected by Mr. Frank N. bean. (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus DC.) “Seguidilla. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer for the Department of Climbing bean with 4-winged pods, which, used as string Agriculture. Received June 8, 1914. Quoted notes by Mr. beans when they are tender, are of excellent quality. They Meyer. should be of great value in Porto Rico and Panama, but the “38450-38452. From Sianfu, Shensi, China. Collected soil is too poor in Florida. I tried them for two seasons in January 24, 1914 Miami, Florida, but they were not a success. The seed “38450. ‘(No. 2029a.) A large variety of yellow-seeded should be planted in April or May. The plant does best in soy bean. Chinese name Ta huang tou, meaning “large rich, rather moist, but well-drained land.’” yellow bean.”’ Note: This is the earliest English-language document “38451. ‘(No. 2030a.) A medium-large variety of seen (Aug. 2007) that uses the word “Seguidilla” to refer to yellow-seeded soy bean. Chinese name Ta huang tou, the winged bean. meaning “large yellow bean.”’\ “38452. ‘(No. 2031a. Adzuki bean (Phaseolus angularis): 38442-43, 38446. Puchowfu, Shansi, China. February 10, 1914.) A large, Chinese name is Hung hsiao tou, meaning “red small bean.” yellow-seeded variety of soy bean. Chinese name Ta huang Address: Washington, DC. tou, meaning “large yellow bean.”’ “38453-38457. From Sianfu, Shensi, China. Collected 33. Government of Porto Rico Food Commission. 1918. January 24, 1914. Informe anual de la Comisión de alimentos al gobernador de “38453. ‘(No. 2032a.) A small, yellow-seeded variety of Puerto Rico, 1917/18 [First annual report to the Governor of soy bean. Chinese name Hsiao huang tou, meaning “small Puerto Rico, May 1917 to June 30, 1918]. San Juan, Puerto yellow bean.”’ Rico. See p. 84. [Spa]* “38454. ‘(No 2033a.) A small, yellowish seeded variety • Summary: Juan Pastor Rodriguez (1947, p. 2) reports: “In of soy bean. Chinese name Huang tou, meaning “yellow 1917 the Food Commission distributed soybeans for trial in bean.”’ various places in the island. In its first annual report the “38455. ‘(No. 2034a.) A very small, yellow-seeded results recorded with soybeans were uniformly good, but variety of soy bean. Chinese name Hsiao huang tou, neither the data nor the names of the varieties tried were meaning “small yellow bean.”’ published.”

34. Government of Porto Rico Food Commission. 1918. though, in some towns on the island it has been sold First annual report to the Governor of Puerto Rico, May occasionally as a domestic food, it has not been cultivated 1917 to June 30, 1918. Puerto Rico. See p. 84, 88, 92. [1 for that purpose. The federal agricultural experiment station ref] of Mayagüez [Mayaguez] is the only site where experiments • Summary: Page 84 states: “Soya Beans: Seeds were have been conducted with this bean (grano). Its field of distributed for trials in all districts and several hundred experimentation has been expanded to almost all the towns pounds sold. The results were uniformly good, and it may of Puerto Rico, where one would have been able to obtain be stated that the soya bean will grow in Porto Rico and very satisfactory results if it were not for the carelessness of yield as much and usually more than the red or white bean the farmers on whose land the trials were conducted; for commonly grown.” Page 88 notes that 2,400 pounds of soya after seeing that their plants had grown a little, the farmers beans (seeds) and 800 pounds of peanuts were handled by stopped tending them [assuming that the plants would grow the Food Commission during the year ended April 30, 1918. by themselves]. On the grounds of the station at Mayagüez, Page 92 states: “Publications: As mentioned before in we were able to carry out various experiments concerning this report, publications of various kinds have been the cultivation and utilization of this crop, and all gave furnished to the agricultural agents, teachers and other co- favorable results.” operators. Three series of these publications have been At the Mayagüez station, the author conducted soybean issued in mimeographed form, viz: lectures, circulars, and trials for 18 months, and he is sure that the soybean can be charts.” Circular No. 5 is titled “Soya Beans.” cultivated in and adapted to Puerto Rico. This is especially Juan Pastor Rodriguez (1947, p. 2) reports: “In 1917 the important today when yields of native beans are Food Commission distributed soybeans for trial in various decreasingly rapidly. In 1918 at Mayagüez, the author places in the island. In its first annual report the results planted the following soybean varieties: Mammoth Yellow, recorded with soybeans were uniformly good, but neither Ito San, Wilson’s Five, Tokyo, Haberlandt, Manchu, the data nor the names of the varieties tried were Chiquita, Virginia, and Early Green. With these published.” introductions an average production of 1.128 tons of dry Note: This report was written shortly after the USA hay per acre were obtained. entered World War I. The country was probably looking for “The soybean has not been used to a great extent as a new sources of edible oil, since imports had been disrupted food in people’s homes in Puerto Rico. Experiments have by the war. Address: San Juan, Porto Rico. been conducted in this regard and the results have been satisfactory.” The author believes that in Puerto Rico, the 35. Government of Porto Rico Food Commission. 1919. soybean has not been used as it should be for food. He does Report to the Food Commission. In: House Documents. Vol. not believe that Puerto Ricans will use the soybean as it is 12. 65th Congress. 3rd Session. Dec. 2, 1918–March 4, used in Japan, with the exception of tofu (queso de soya). 1919. Report to the Governor of Porto Rico. See p. 651- “This cheese could be made in Puerto Rico with very good 760. Appendix X. See p. 688, 690. results.” He then describes how to make soymilk and tofu, • Summary: This is a reprint of the “First Annual Report to and says that the tofu can be sold either fresh or the Governor of Puerto Rico, May 1917 to June 30, 1918,” refrigerated. “The pods [las vainas; he probably means published in 1918, which see. This report, dated 6 Sept. green vegetable soybeans] can be used in salads before they 1918, was written shortly after the USA entered World War harden. They must be washed and the fibers removed. They I. Soya beans are discussed on pages 688 and 690. Address: are parboiled like soft beans and served with oil and San Juan, Puerto Rico. vinegar, resulting in a delicious dish.” Note: Habichuela means “French-bean or kidney bean.” Tables contain data 36. Acosta Henríquez, Juan. 1919. Habichuelas soyas on production and composition of soybeans. [Soybeans]. Revista de Agricultura de Puerto Rico 3(1):18- Note: This is probably the earliest Spanish-language 29. June. [Spa] document seen (July 2001) that mentions green vegetable • Summary: Contents: History. Varieties grown in Puerto soybeans, which it describes as shown above. Address: Rico and their characteristics. Soils. Sowing. Harvest. Subinspector de Agricultura, Puerto Rico. Production and yield per acre. Seed storage. Uses. Silage. Green forage. Hay. Green manure. Uses of the seed (for 37. Calvino, Mario. 1919. La soya [The soybean]. Informe humans and animals). Assimilation (by humans and de la Estacion Experimental Agronomica (Santiago de las animals) and digestibility. Soya as a domestic food (incl. Vegas, Cuba). p. 98-103. For the years 1917-1918. [1 ref. soymilk and tofu). Soy flour (harina de soya). General Spa] considerations. Enemies of the soybean. • Summary: This report, which describes the first soybean “The soybean (La habichuela soya) is a new crop in experiments in Cuba, begins by discussing the composition Puerto Rico. It was introduced from the United States and of the seed, and its various uses in China, Japan, and Europe

(including for manufacture of soaps and as a drying oil in de Agricultura, Comercio y Trabajo (Cuba) 3(4):124-31. paints, and as foods such as whole dry soybeans, soy coffee, May. [Spa] roasted soybeans [soynuts; “Se comen también • Summary: Calvino conducted extensive tests with tostados...”]). In China they are sprouted in darkness and varieties from the United States relative to their adaptation, the white sprouts, up to 3 cm long, make an excellent green culture, yields and nutritive value. “We have continued our vegetable. From soybeans the Chinese also make a special experimentation with Soya, having obtained from the office soy cheese (un queso especial), a type of milk (una especie for the introduction of new plants of the Department of de leche), and other drinks. The author then states: “We Agriculture in Washington, DC, a magnificent collection of thought it would be useful to test varieties of soya suited for varieties: S.P.I. 40125, Wilson Five, Barket [Barchet], Early hot/tropical countries, and we were able to obtain two types Brown, Pekin, Arlington, Biloxi, Black Eyebrow, Virginia. of Japanese soybeans, those that gave satisfactory results “The varieties that we already had are the following: without having been inoculated. Soya amarilla [yellow] Nakasawa (obtained via Mr. “Since these soybean types did not find suitable bacteria Nakasawa of Japan), Soya Gigante [Giant Soy] imported for the purpose of being inoculated naturally in our terrain, I from the USA. Soya Negra [black]: This seed arrived mixed asked the Mulford house (casa de Mulford) for a special in with some others, and having observed some plants in bacterial strain for soy (Soya) and proceeded with the our fields, we propagated its seeds. Hahto, an excellent artificial inoculation of the seed. The result has been variety obtained from the USDA in Washington.” Most magnificent, as one can see in the accompanying seeds were first planted on 14 March or 11 Aug. 1919. They photographs. germinated about 6 days later, and were harvested on 9 June “Now we have inoculated land, with which we have or 28 Oct. 1920. The yields (in bushels/acre, in descending been able to ensure the most success for our crop. The order by yield) are follows: Peking, 21.3; Early Brown, harvest [yield] during this first year in Cuba was 2,000 kg/ 17.1; Black Eyebrow, 16.4; Biloxi, 14.5; Hahto, 14.4; ha of seed. We have also found that it is best to cultivate Virginia, 13.7; Wilson-Five, 13.6; Amarilla Nakasawa, 13.3; soya in rows 60 cm apart, with the seeds planted 10 cm Arlington, 12.1; Mammoth 8.1; Barchet, 7.6. The apart in each row. This is very dense planting, but it is better percentages of oil ranged from 15.6 (Arlington) to 19.2 to thin the plants than to transplant in others to get the (Biloxi) while the percentages of protein ranged from 28.1 desired plant density. Transplanting is often unsuccessful, (Virginia) to 39.1 (Hahto). and if a crop is not planted evenly the first time, it is Photos show: (1) Comparison of inoculated and difficult to make it even later by transplanting. uninoculated soy bean plants with roots exposed. (2) A man “I have had a chemical analysis done of the soybean standing in an experimental field of soy beans in 1919. (3) seeds from our crop. The report prepared by the Department A man in a field of tall Biloxi variety of soy beans. (4) A of Chemistry shows that they contain 10.4% water, 41.95% ruler showing the size of soy-bean pods and beans. (5) protein, 17.5% oil, 2.45% carbohydrates, 2.5% fiber, and Eleven different varieties of soy beans lined up next to 5.2% ash. The analyst was F. Dominguez.” An analysis is rulers to show the relative size of each. (6) Biloxi variety of also given of assimilable or digestive elements in the soy bean plant with roots. (7) Giant variety of soy bean soybean from a book by R. Gouin titled Alimentation plant with roots. (8) Soy bean plants with pods, grown at the rationelle des animaux domestique [Rational feeding of Agronomic Station. (9) Close-up of inoculated soy bean domestic animals]. Three full-page photos show soybean plant roots, with small nodules. Also contains many tables. plants: (1) Root nodules on a soybean plant grown in Cuba Note: From 1910 to 1914 Prof. Calvino was at the without the use of inoculant (p. 99). (2) Two soybean plants National School of Agriculture in Mexico giving a course grown at the agronomic station that contain many pods (p. on the multiplication of plants. He may have learned of 101). (3) Four soybean plants with roots; two were soybeans in Mexico at that time. Address: Doctor en inoculated and bear nodules (p. 103). Ciencias Agricolas de la Universidad de Pisa, Cuba. Note 1. This is the earliest Spanish-language document seen that refers to soynuts. Note 2. This experiment station 39. May, D.W. 1920. Report of the agronomist in charge. is under the Secretary of Agriculture, Commerce and Labor Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report. (Secretaria de Agricultura, Comercio y Trabajo). This 515- p. 5-14. For the year 1919. Oct. 15. See p. 10. page report is published in Havana by Alvarez López y Cie. • Summary: “Rice, beans, and corn:... Besides the better Address: Director, Estacion Experimental Agronomica, known kinds of beans, the station is endeavoring to promote Doctor en Ciencias Agricolas de la Universidad de Pisa a great increase in the growing of soy beans. This bean is [Italy]. especially valuable, as it is very rich in fat, that element being too frequently lacking in amount in the dietary. The 38. Calvino, Mario. 1920. Estudio sobre el cultivo de la growing of soy beans promises to be quite successful.” soya en Cuba [Studies on soybean culture in Cuba]. Revista Address: Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.

41. Bruner, Stephen C. 1920. Lista preliminar de las 40. [Archival file on soybeans in Cuba: Docket (Legajo) 2, enfermedades de las plantas de importancia ecónomica para files 1-10]. 1920-1946. Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba: Cuba [Preliminary list of the diseases of the plants of Department of Agriculture (Departamento de Agricultura). economic importance for Cuba]. Informe de la Estacion Unpublished documents. [Spa]* Experimental Agronomica (Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba). • Summary: This is a 3½-inch thick stack of ten bound, Part 18. p. 723-76. For the years 1918-19 and 1919-20. See unpublished reports and collections of papers. File 1. p. 760. Index. [Spa] Information concerning the soybean (frijol soya), with • Summary: The section titled “Soya (Glycine hispida, analysis of the seed and soybean products during the years Maxim.)” (p. 760) states: Bacterium glicineum Coerper. A 1920, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1939, 1942. The first page is an bacterial disease of this plant has been observed in analysis (conducted in 1920) of the oil and water content cultivated fields at Agricultural Experiment Station the following soybean varieties listed in ascending order of (Estacion Experimental Agronomica, Santiago de las Vegas) oil content: Blanca (17.5% oil, 10.40% water), Amarilla, causing considerable damage. It is characterized by small Negra, Wilson Five, Pekin [Peking], Early Brown, Gigante, angular, dark-colored spots on the leaves–and foliar Virginia, Arlington, Black Eyebrow, Hahto, Biloxi (19.40% damage. oil), S.P.I. 40125 (19.60% oil, the highest). Many analyses The section titled “Frijoles (Phaseolus spp.)” (p. 748) from later years are also given. describes many diseases that also injure soybeans, including File 2. Correspondence concerning soybeans from 1934 Phyllosticta spp., Heterodera radicicola (nematodes), to 1946. Cersospora, Diaporthe phaseolorum (pod blight), File 3. Donations of soybean seeds from 1928 to 1936, Pseudomonas phaseoli, Sclerotium Rolfsii, and Uromyces sent from the Cuban Department of Agriculture spp. Address: Phytopathologist, Cuba. (Agricultural Experiment Station at Santiago de las Vegas) to farmers in Cuba. By March 1933 two-pound packets of 42. Calvino, Mario. 1920. La soya [The soybean]. Informe unnamed soybean varieties were being sent to quite a few de la Estacion Experimental Agronomica (Santiago de las farmers. By 1934 ½-pound packets of each of 5 named Vegas, Cuba). Part 15. p. 179-92. For the years 1918-19 and varieties were being sent to farmers. 1919-20. [2 ref. Spa] File 4. Donations sent out in 1937. File 5. Donations in • Summary: Lists and describes briefly nine soybean 1938-1940. File 6. Donations in 1941-1946. varieties received from the office of new plant introduction File 7. Information on the industrialization of soya in of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (“A magnificent Cuba during the years 1936-1941. Includes various letters to collection of varieties.”) and four varieties already owned and from companies, including the Ford Motor Co. and the by the Station in Cuba. They were first planted in March Compania Nacional de Aceites (both in Havana, each letter 1919 (a second lot of four of these varieties were planted at is cited separately). On 30 Jan. 1940 some 40 pounds of this time–Wilson Five, Peking, Black Eyebrow, and soybean meal were sent for use as pig feed. Amarilla Nakasawa) and again in August 1919. The File 8. Information on soil inoculated with bacteria for varieties and their yields (in kg/ha) in descending order of the cultivation of soybeans during the years 1933-38, 1940, yield for the first planting are as follows: Pekin [Peking] 1941, 1943, 1945. (1435.9 + 790 / -). Early Brown (1153.9 / -). Biloxi (1153.9 File 9. Soybean varieties in Cuba during the years 1930, / -). Virginia (923 / -). Unknown (976.6 / -). Black Eyebrow 1935, 1937, 1938, 1942, 1943. A document dated 15 Jan. (1153.9 + 1140 / -). Wilson 5 [Wilson-Five] (920.5 + 1230 / 1937 (cited separately) lists 18 soybean varieties that have 277.7). Arlington (820.5 / -). Soya S.P.I. 40125 (615.3 / -). germinated in Cuba owned by the Cuban Department of Barket [Barchet] (513.0 / -). Agriculture. In the museum are six varieties that have not The four varieties already owned by the station and their germinated in Cuba. A similar list dated 18 Nov. 1938 (cited yields during these first two plantings were: (1) Amarilla separately) shows 23 soybean varieties in Cuba; twelve of Nakasawa / Nacasawa (from Mr. Nakasawa of Japan; 897.4 these are not found in the list of 15 Jan. 1937. A list dated + 1100 / 1375). (2) Gigante (imported from the USA; 551 / - 24 June 1942 gives 34 soybean varieties actually cultivated ). (3) Negra. “This is not a variety name. Rather this seed in Cuba. came mixed with other seeds. We noted some of these plants File 10. Various businesses related to soya during the in our fields and we propagated them.” Note: This is said to years 1933-1946. Includes letters to Ing. Antonio Portuondo have been the first Cuban soybean selection. (4) Hahto, from E.F. Johnson of Purina Mills and from W.J. Morse of from the USDA. “This is the most interesting soybean USDA (each dated 1938, and cited separately). Address: variety for Cuba for use as either green seeds (grano verde; Cuba. green vegetable soybeans) or whole dry seeds (1000.0 / -). For each variety the following information is given. Color of seed, date of start of germination in petri dishes (14

March 1919) and laboratory temperature, percentage York), soya bean oil cake (Dairen). Rates of duty. germination, number of days to germination in lab, date of Miscellaneous. germination, date of harvest in fields (9 June 1919), yield, Tables show: (1) Domestic soya-bean oil production, observations. There is a special section on the Hahto imports for consumption, domestic exports and value of variety; sown on 10 June 1919, it yielded 1,000 g/ha. A imports for consumption for the calendar years 1910-1920 table (p. 190) shows the nutritional composition of 12 the (p. 8). (2) Soya-bean oil production in the United States in 13 varieties (all but Negra). Hahto had the highest protein pounds, 1914, 1916-1919 (p. 16). (3) Soya-bean oil imports content (39.12% protein, 11.90% water, and 17.36% fat), by countries 1912-1920. Statistics on quantity and value of whereas S.P.I. 40125 had the highest oil content (28.91% imports to the USA from Belgium, England, China, Japan, protein, 10.60% water, 19.60% oil). A second such table (p. Canada, Manchuria, all others (p. 16). (4) Revenue on soya- 191) shows assimilable nutrients of all 13 varieties. bean oil imports for consumption, 1910-1920 (p. 17). (5) The article concludes: “According to Dr. E. Babe, Chief Revenue on soya bean oil cake imports for consumption, of the Dept. of Chemistry at Santiago de las Vegas, in China 1912-1919. (6) Quantity and value of domestic exports of and Japan the soybean is used to prepare very nutritious soya bean oil for 6 months ending Dec. 31, 1919. Exported foods including a special bread for diabetics and a milk that to: Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, is widely appreciated.” Note: Dr. Babe, who never went to Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom, Canada, all Asia, is said to have acquired this information from the other (p. 17). The largest amount was exported to the United literature on soybeans. Kingdom. (7) Spot prices of wholesale soya-bean oil at Photos show: (1) A field of variety trials in 1919. (2) 11 Dairen, Manchuria, 1918 and 1919. (8) Prices of soybean varieties, with 10 samples of seeds from each Manchurian soya-bean oil in New York, 1913-1919. Data variety. (3) A field of mature Biloxi soybeans. (4) An from War Industries Price Bulletin No. 49. (9) Prices of uprooted Biloxi soybean plant. (5) The Hahto soybean: soya-bean cake in Dairen, 1918-1919. Data from Pods, green seeds, and dry seeds. (6) An uprooted Hahto Manchuria Daily News. (10) Rates of duty on soya-bean oil, soybean plant with many pods. 1883-1913 (p. 18). (11) Consumption of fats and oils by the Note: This is the earliest Spanish-language document lard-substitute industry, 1912, 1914, 1916, 1917. Includes seen (July 2001) that uses the term grano verde to refer to soya-bean oil and peanut oil. (12) Consumption of fats and green vegetable soybeans. Address: Delegate of the oils by the soap industry, 1912, 1914, 1916, 1917. Includes Secretary of Agriculture, Commerce, and Labor, and Acting soya-bean oil and peanut oil (p. 19-20). (13) Consumption Director, Cuba. of fats and oils by the oleomargarine industry, 1912, 1914, 1916-1918. Includes soya-bean oil and peanut oil (p. 20). 43. Mace, W.A. 1920. Report of the agricultural (14) Approximate net import and crush of soya beans in technologist. Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Europe, 1908-1913. Incl. United Kingdom, Germany, Annual Report. p. 36-37. For the year 1919. Netherlands, Denmark. (15) Exports of soya beans • Summary: “During the year investigational work was (international trade), 1911-1918. (16) Imports of soya beans continued with rice, soy beans, and cowpeas.” (international trade), 1911-1919. (17) Exports of soya bean “Variety tests, rate of seeding, and date of seeding tests oil (international trade) 1911-1919. (18) Imports of soya are being carried on with cowpeas, soybeans, and mungo bean oil (international trade), 1911-1919 (p. 21). (19) beans.” Address: Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. Foreign exports of soya bean oil from the United States, 1912-1919. Gives quantity and value to Canada, Mexico, 44. Page, Thomas Walker; Lewis, D.J.; Culbertson, W.S.; British West Indies, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, France, Costigan, E.P. 1920. Survey of the American soya-bean oil England, Austria-Hungary (p. 22). Address: Chairman, U.S. industry. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Tariff Commission, Washington, DC. Office. Prepared by the United States Tariff Commission and printed for use of Committee on Ways and Means, 45. Adkins, Dorothy Margaret. 1921. The soya-bean House of Representatives. 22 p. 24 cm. problem. Science Progress (London) 15(59):445-51. Jan. [9 • Summary: Contents: Summary. Summary table. General ref] information: Description, uses, methods of production • Summary: This is a popular article. Contents: (domestic production and consumption), domestic exports, Introduction. Practical applications of the bean: Food uses foreign production and international trade, imports, prices, include Tofu, or bean cheese (Japanese), Miso similar to competitive conditions, and tariff history. Production in the chiang (Chinese), Shoyu (Japanese) and chiang-yu United States (alternative). Imports by country. Imports for (Chinese), Natto (Japanese), whole dry soybeans, soybeans consumption (soya bean oil cake). Domestic exports. Prices: canned as a green vegetable (see description below), Soya bean oil (Dairen, Manchuria), soya bean oil (New vegetable milk, roasted soybeans as a coffee substitute, soya flour, soya in diabetic diets and macaroni. Utilisation of

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 29 soya-bean oil: In Italy, China, Manchuria. Utilisation of States. Cultural requirements. Varieties. Soya as forage. soya-bean cake and meal: As fertilizer in China and Japan, Soya for oil. Soy-bean meal (Harina de “Soya”). Soy beans for feeding stock. Food value of the bean. The cultivation of for human food: Dried beans (frijoles de soya secos), green the soya bean: China, Japan, United States, Australia (New vegetable soybeans (frijoles de soya verde), soy-bean milk South Wales), South Africa, West Indies, British East (leche de frijol de soya), soy-bean cheese (queso de frijol de Africa, West Africa, Burmah [Burma], England. soya), soy sauce (salsa de soya), soy-bean sprouts (brotes “In Japan beans are germinated until the sprouts are de frijol de soya). Possibilities of the soy-bean industry in about five inches long, and eaten with vinegar; beans, the United States. germinated and treated with brine, have also been noted in A table shows the quantity and value of soybeans Spain.” Note: It is not stated clearly that these beans in (Frijoles de soya), soybean cakes (Tortas de soya), and Japan or Spain are soya beans. soybean oil (Aceite de soya) imported by the United States “Soya-beans may be cooked and used in the same way from 1910 to 1917, inclusive. as haricot-beans, and may also be picked when young and Note: This is the earliest Spanish-language document treated like green peas, in which condition they may be seen (July 2001) that uses the term frijoles de soya verde to canned.” refer to green vegetable soybeans. Address: USDA, “In South Africa success has been achieved in growing Washington, DC. the plant; in 1910 the outlook was so hopeful that a project for constructing oil mills was suggested. Unfortunately the 48. Grinenco, Ivan; Capone, Giorgio. eds. 1921. Produits bean was not taken up by farmers, who preferred to oléagineux et huiles végétales: Etude statistique sur leur cultivated maize, as it was an easier crop to produce. Thus production et leur movement commercial [Oleaginous no extensive culture of the bean was attempted, and the products and vegetable oils: Statistical study on their subject was dropped. production and trade]. Rome, Italy: Institute Internationale “In other parts of the Empire, for example the West d’Agriculture, Service de la Statistique Générale. xxxii + Indies, British East Africa and West Africa, trials of soya- 421p. See p. XX-XXI, 140-41, 144-47, 442-43, 480-81. beans have proved successful, but in no district have Sept. 15. Index in front. [Fre] promising early experiments been followed by tests on a • Summary: In Sept. 1921 the IIA (Institute Internationale larger scale.” d’Agriculture) published this monograph in French. Two “In certain parts of India, for example Burmah, soya- years later, by popular demand, an updated English- beans are grown on a large scale and are consumed by the language edition was published. Contents: Introduction. natives.” Address: Royal Holloway College, London. Northern hemisphere: Europe, America, Asia, Africa, Oceania (Hawaii, Guam). Southern hemisphere: America, 46. Agricultural News (Barbados).1921. The soya-bean Asia, Africa, Oceania. Recapitulative tables of commerce, problem. 20(492):73. March 5. [4 ref] 1910-19. Note 1. All import and export statistics are given • Summary: Begins by summarizing articles from three in quintals. 1 quintal = 100 kg. other publications on the importance of having root nodule The soybean (introductory information, p. xxii-xxiii, bacteria in the soil if the soybean plants are to bear root xxxii). Northern hemisphere–Europe. Germany (imports of nodules and give a good yield of soybeans. Concludes by soybean and soy oil 1910-14, p. 4). Denmark (production of summarizing the many uses of the soybean, especially in soy oil in 1917, p. 17; imports and exports of soybeans and Japan and China, including vegetable milk, oil, meal, and soy oil 1910-19, p. 18-20). France (imports and exports of non-food industrial uses, as in the manufacture of linoleum, soybeans and soy oil 1910-19, p. 28-31). Great Britain and explosives, water-proof goods, rubber substitutes, and Ireland (treated as one country; imports, exports, and printing inks. “If vegetable milk is kept for several days, it reexports of soybeans and soy oil 1910-19, p. 32-35). turns sour, and can be used as butter milk. One firm in Norway (imports of soybeans 1910-19, p. 47). Netherlands England is engaged in the production of a vegetable (Pays-Bas, imports and exports of soybeans and soy oil condensed milk, which is prepared from soya beans.” 1910-19, p. 49-52). Romania (In 1915 production of Address: Barbados, West Indies. soybeans on 3 hectares was 3,600 liters). Russia (in Europe and Asia, imports of soy oil 1909-17, p. 70-71). Sweden 47. Morse, W.J. 1921. La industria del “soy bean” en los (imports and exports of soybeans and soy oil 1910-19, p. Estados Unidos [The soybean industry in the United States]. 74-76). Revista de Agricultura, Comercio y Trabajo (Cuba) America: Canada (imports of soy oil for the production 4(3):521-24. March. [1 ref. Spa] of soap {in hectoliters} 1910-19, p. 88-89). Cuba (various • Summary: This is a translation of Morse 1918, from the attempts have been made to introduce the soybean, p. 94). USDA Yearbook of Agriculture (1917). Contents: Early United States (area and production in 1909 {659 ha}, history of the soy-bean industry. The soy bean in the United then from 1917-1920, p. 97-98). An overview of soybeans

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 30 in the USA (p. 103, 105) states that the soybean, known in soybeans (46 quintals in 1913) (p. 297-98). (B) In outlying the USA since 1804, has become of great economic territories, gives imports of soybeans from 1913 to 1919 (p. importance during the past few years. It is becoming 299). Africa: Southern Rhodesia (attempts have been made popular mainly as a forage plant, but also for its seeds, for to introduce soybeans and several other oil plants from extraction of oil, and for making other products. Statistics temperate climates, p. 317). Oceania: Soy is not mentioned have been published regularly since 1917. The census for at Australia, New Zealand, British New Guinea, former 1909 showed 659 hectares cultivated in soybeans. During German New Guinea [later Papua New Guinea], or any the years from 1917 to 1919 the cultivated area surpassed other country in southern Oceania. (p. 297). Recapitulative 60,000 ha. The three main states for soybean cultivation are tables–Imports and exports from 1910-1919. Soybeans, p. North Carolina, Virginia, and Mississippi, which in 1919 368-69. Peanuts, p. 370-75. Sesame seeds, p. 376-79. Palm cultivated respectively 33,185, 12,141, and 3,238 hectares; fruits (Amandes de palme, from which palm oil is obtained), this was almost 75% of the total cultivated to soybeans in p. 392-93. Peanut oil, p. 414-17. Corn oil, p. 416-17. the USA. In 1910, the seeds were used for the extraction of Sesame oil, p. 418-19. Soy oil, p. 420-21. Other oils oil in the USA, and for the first time the seeds were covered in detail by this book are: Cottonseed, hempseed, imported from Manchuria. In 1915, domestically grown linseed, rapeseed (colza and navette), poppy (pavot or soybean were used as a source of oil. This industry is oeilette), castor, olive, coconut, palm, and other–non- developing rapidly, because the extraction of the oil is easily specified. Address: 1. Doctor of Agronomics; 2. Doctor of adapted to existing facilities that press oil from cottonseed Economics. Both: IIA, Rome, Italy. and linseed. A table (p. 106) shows production of 16 vegetable oils in the USA from 1912 to 1917. Soybean oil 49. McCallan, E.A. 1921. Report of the Director of production (in quintals) has increased from 12,537 in 1914, Agriculture for the year 1920. Reports of the Board and to 44,996 in 1916, to 190,843 in 1917. Figures are also Department of Agriculture, Bermuda For the year 1920. p. given for peanut oil, sesame oil, etc. Other tables (p. 108- 5-13. 10) show imports, exports, and reexports of soybeans and • Summary: Page 5 states: “During the last 5 years it has soy oil from 1910 to 1919. been very difficult to purchase adequate quantities of stable Asia: China (exports of soybeans and soy oil 1910-19, manure, and the applications to the plots have been very p. 161-62). French Indo-China (overview, esp. Cambodia light, and at times lacking altogether. A crop of legumes, and Tonkin, p. 187). Japan (area planted and production of either cowpeas or soy beans, has been plowed under each soybeans 1877-1919, p. 190; overview, p. 191; production year, and the yields of potatoes which have been obtained of soy oil 1909-18, p. 192; imports and exports of soybeans have testified to the high value of leguminous green and soy oil 1910-19, p. 192-93). Korea (area planted and manure. No failure of either cowpeas or soy beans has production of soybeans 1909-1918, p. 194; imports and occurred.” exports of soybeans and soy oil 1909-11, p. 195). Formosa “Mr. E.A. McCallan, First Agricultural Assistant, was [Taiwan] (area planted and production of soybeans 1901-06, appointed Director, with effect from 1st October [1920], but p. 196; imports and exports of soybeans and soy oil 1909- was not permitted to relinquish his duties as Acting Colonial 17, p. 197. In 1901 10,888 ha produced 8,056,400 liters of Surveyor... until the 1st February, 1921. soybeans. In 1904 21,960 ha produced 24,401,700 liters of Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) soybeans). Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Jan. concerning soybeans in Bermuda, or the cultivation of 2005) that gives soybean production or area statistics for soybeans in Bermuda. This document contains the earliest Formosa (Taiwan; ceded to Japan in 1895 after Japan won date seen for soybeans in Bermuda, or the cultivation of the Chinese-Japanese War). soybeans in Bermuda (1916 or 1917). The source of these Kwantung [Kwantung Leased Territory in Manchuria] soybeans is unknown. Address: Director of Agriculture, (area planted and production of soybeans 1911-17, p. 198. Agricultural Station, Bermuda. In 1911 14,627 ha of soybeans produced 102,112 quintals. In 1916 29,902 ha produced 153,995 quintals of soybeans). 50. USDA Bureau of Plant Industry, Inventory.1922. Seeds Africa: Algeria (in recent years, trials have been made to and plants imported by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant introduce soybean culture to Algeria, p. 238). Egypt Introduction during the period from April 1 to June 30, (imports of soy oil 1919, p. 244-47). 1919. Nos. 47349 to 47864. No. 59. 77 p. July 20. Southern hemisphere–America: (Note 3. Soy is not • Summary: Soy bean introductions: Soja max: “47436-37. mentioned at Argentina, Brazil, or any other South From Wakamatsu, Japan. Presented by Rev. C. Noss. American country). Asia: Netherlands Indies. (A) In Java Received April 29, 1919. and Madura, the area planted to soybeans was 162,800 ha in “47436. Received as Ogon daizu. Seeds large, nearly 1916, 175,696 ha in 1917, and 157,844 ha in 1918. Gives spherical, golden yellow. The seeds, however, agree with imports of soy oil (1,085 quintals in 1914) and exports of those of S.P.I. No. 40371, Dekisugi.

“47437. Received as hato koroshi daizu. The seeds and the remainder fed to the stock.” Address: Director of agree, however, with those of S.P.I. No. 40119, Usuao.” Agriculture, Agricultural Station, Bermuda. No. 47510 is Botor tetragonoloba (L.) Kuntze. Fabaceæ. Goa bean. (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus DC.). From 53. Piper, Charles V.; Morse, William J. 1923. The soybean. Zamboanga, Philippine Islands. Presented by Mr. P.J. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. xv + 329 Wester, agricultural adviser. Received May 12, 1919. p. Feb. Illust. Index. 24 cm. Reprinted unrevised in 1943 by Quoted notes by Mr. Wester. “Seguidilla. A climbing bean Peter Smith Publishers, New York. [563 ref] with 4-winged pods which, when used as string beans while • Summary: This is the first comprehensive book about the tender, are of excellent quality. They should be of great soybean written in English, and the most important book on value in Porto Rico and Panama.” Address: Washington, soybeans and soyfoods written in its time. Contains an DC. excellent review of the world literature on soybeans and soyfoods with a bibliography on soy that is larger than any 51. Bregger, Thomas. 1922. Report of the Plant Breeder. published prior to that time (563 references), a good Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report. description of the present status of the soybean worldwide p. 14-16. Sept. For the year 1921. based on the authors’ extensive contacts, and a great deal of • Summary: “General work: The principal crops upon original information. It quickly became a key source for which work was commenced during the year included corn, people and organizations working with soybeans and rice, soy beans, cowpeas, beans, vanilla, and certain forage soyfoods in all countries, and a major factor in the grasses... expansion of the soybean in the western world. Because of “Soy beans and cowpeas.–This station is continuing to its scope and influence, Soyfoods Center considers the year make selections from the soy-bean varieties Mammoth, of its publication to mark the end of the “Early Years” of the Virginia, Haberlandt, and Hahto... In the past four or five soybean worldwide. It remained in print until about 1986. years the soy-bean varieties introduced and tried at the Contents: Preface. 1. Introduction: Name of the plant, station have included the Mammoth, Chiquita, Virginia, origin, literature, use by the Chinese and Japanese, present Haberlandt, Wilson Five, Tokio, Bachet [Barchet], and importance, future prospects in the U.S., recognition of the Hahto... The reduction in the number of varieties tested may possibilities. 2. The commercial status of the soybean: be ascribed in part to unfitness of all but four varieties of Manchuria and China, Japan, Europe, U.S., other countries, soy beans.” summary of imports and exports of soybeans and soybean Various forage grasses have been planted in small plats oil. 3. Botanical history of the soybean: History prior to to determine their comparative yield for forage purposes. Linnaeus’ “Species Plantarum” 1753, Linnaeus’ These include “Job’s-tears (Coix lachryma-jobi) from the misunderstandings of the soybean, Prain’s elucidation, other Philippines” and teosinte. Address: Plant Breeder, and the correct botanical name. Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. 4. Agricultural history of the soybean: Vernacular names of the soybean, China, Korea, and Japan, India and 52. McCallan, E.A. 1922. Report of the Director of neighboring regions, Cochin China, Malayan region, early Agriculture for the year 1921. Reports of the Board and introduction into the United States, later U.S. introductions, Department of Agriculture, Bermuda For the year 1921. p. the early introduced varieties (grown in the USA by 1898– 7-29. Ito San, Mammoth, Buckshot, Guelph or Medium Green, • Summary: The section titled “Vegetable Experiments” Butterball, Kingston, Samarow, Eda, Ogemaw or Ogema), states (p. 9): “Hollybrook and Ito San soy beans were soybean in Europe, varieties grown in Europe and planted on eleventh July [1921], and the former especially identification, Hawaiian Islands, Australia, Africa, gave a good crop of beans. The cultivation of the soy beans Argentina (p. 50), Canada, Philippines, Egypt, Cuba (p. 52), as a summer crop is strongly recommended. The green British Guiana, Mauritius (p. 53), present culture shelled beans are delicious for table use, the plant is an distribution. 5. Culture of the soybean: Climatic adaptations, excellent fodder, and is a valuable nitrogenous green soil preferences, water requirement, preparation of seed bed, manure when the soil is inoculated with its bacteria. As a time of planting, methods and rate of seeding, seeding for green manure it does not yield as heavily as the cowpea, but pasturage, depth of seeding, inoculation, fertilizer reactions, is more cheaply plowed under.” cultivation, soybeans in mixtures (with cowpeas, sorghums, Page 12, under “Green and Stall Manuring,” notes: Sudan grass, Johnson grass, millet, corn, or sunflowers and “Nearly all the vegetable plots were planted to Mammoth corn). Yellow soy beans, after having received a moderate dressing 6. Harvesting and storage of soybeans: harvesting of stall manure. Eight tons per acre was produced, the soybeans for hay, silage, for the seed, seed yields, greater part of which was forked under for green manure, proportion of straw to seed, storing seed, separation of cracked from whole soybean seed, viability of soybean

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 32 seed, pedigreed, inspected, registered, and certified seed. 7. The introduction begins: “There is a wide and growing Composition of the soybean: Proportions of stems, leaves belief that the soybean is destined to become one of the and pods, composition of plant and seed, nutritive and leading farm crops in the United States.” mineral constituents, forms of nitrogen in soybean nodules, Note 1. C.V. Piper lived 1867-1926. Note 2. This is the factors affecting oil content of seed. 8. Utilization of the earliest English-language document seen that uses the term soybean: Diversity of uses (a chart, p. 129, shows 59 “soybean bran” to refer to soy bran. products that can be made from soybean seeds, and 6 more Note 3. This is the earliest document seen in which that can be made from soybean plants), soybeans for green Piper or Morse describe natto, Hamananatto [Hamanatto], manure, pasturage, soiling, ensilage, hay, straw. yuba, or miso. 9. Varieties: Japanese, Manchurian, botanical Note 4. This book was published by March 1923 (See classifications, vital characteristics, descriptions of Ohio Farmer, 10 March 1923, p. 313). Address: 1. important varieties, key for identification, breeding and Agrostologist; 2. Agronomist. Both: United States Dep. of improvement, genetic behavior, oil content. Agriculture, Washington, DC. 10. Structure of soybean seeds. 11. Soybean oil: Methods of extraction [Manchurian, and solvent], American 54. Bregger, Thomas. 1923. Report of the Plant Breeder. oil mills, methods of shipping and marketing, prices, Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report. utilization in soap manufacture, food, paint manufacture, p. 9-10. Dec. 14. For the year 1922. [Eng] miscellaneous. 12. Soybean cake or meal: Feeding value, • Summary: The section titled “Cowpeas, soy beans, and composition, use for feeding for dairy cows, cattle, swine, mungo beans” (p. 9) states: “Of six varieties of soy beans, sheep, poultry, digestibility, injurious effects, fertilizer. Biloxi and Otootan set a large number of pods, but were 13. Soybean products for human food: Food value of attacked by a disease which caused practically all of the the soybean, digestibility of the soybean and its products, seed to shrivel in the pods.” Hahto germinated poorly. mature or dry soybeans, immature or green soybeans [a “Individual selections of this [Hahto] variety are being nutritious green vegetable], soybean flour, digestibility of made in the hope of obtaining a strain that is more adaptable soybean flour, soybean bran (p. 225-26), soybean sprouts, to Porto Rico than the present type. Hahto has fairly large, soybean coffee, soybean or vegetable milk [soymilk] flat green seeds suggestive of Lima beans and might be (preparation, composition, residue from the manufacture of useful in the human dietary as a substitute for them, either vegetable milk [okara], utilization of soybean milk, dried or green. Individual selections of Mammoth and condensed vegetable milk, vegetable milk powder, Haberlandt soy beans were also made and planted in fermented vegetable milk), vegetable casein, tofu or progeny rows...” Address: Plant Breeder, Mayaguez, Puerto soybean curd (names and brief history, method of Rico. manufacture, coagulating agents, manufacturing yields, digestibility, utilization of bean curd and manufactured 55. Thompson, J.B. 1923. Report of the agronomist in products, bean curd brains or tofu nao, dry bean curd or tofu charge. Virgin Islands Agricultural Experiment Station, khan, thousand folds {chien chang tofu}, fried bean curd Report. p. 3-4. For the year 1922. {tza tofu}, Fragrant dry bean curd {hsiang khan}, frozen • Summary: In the section titled “Leguminous Crops,” after tofu {kori tofu}, Chinese preparation, various dishes), natto, a subsection on cowpeas, we read: “Soybeans.–Short row hamananatto [hamanatto], yuba, miso, shoyu [soy sauce], tests were also made with 22 varieties of soybeans, the seed confections. 14. Table dishes of soybeans and soybean of which had been received from the Office of Forage Crop products: mature or dry beans, flour, tofu, sprouts (86 Investigations, United States Department of Agriculture. recipes). 15. Enemies of the soybean: bacterial, mosaic, The beans were planted December 3, 1921, on a plat fungous [fungus], and nematode diseases, insects, rodents. immediately adjoining that devoted to cowpeas. Although This last chapter is a comprehensive review of the literature the soils of the two plats was [sic, were] similar in character, on soybean diseases and insects published before 1922. many of the soybean varieties failed. Those showing The Preface begins: “The soybean, also known as soya possibilities were, in order of merit, Biloxi, Otootan, Early or soja bean, has assumed great importance in recent years Brown, and Virginia, which yielded at the rates of 545, 436, and offers far-reaching possibilities of the future, 299, and 272 pounds, respectively, of shelled beans per particularly in the United States. It is, therefore, desirable to acre.” bring together in a single volume the accumulated Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) information concerning this crop... concerning soybeans in U.S. Virgin Islands, or the “The aim has been to present the information so as to cultivation of soybeans in U.S. Virgin Islands. This make it useful from both agricultural and commercial document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in standpoints, not omitting, however, much that is mainly of U.S. Virgin Islands, or the cultivation of soybeans in U.S. historical or botanical interest...” Virgin Islands (3 Dec. 1921). The source of these soybeans

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 33 was the Office of Forage Crop Investigations, United States Bureau of Statistics. 545 p. See p. XX-XXI, 140-41, 144- Department of Agriculture, in the USA. 47, 442-43, 480-81. No index. 24 cm. [Eng] Note 2. This annual report was issued on 15 December • Summary: In Sept. 1921 the IIA published a monograph 1923. This experiment station was located on St. Croix in on this subject in French. By popular demand, this English the Virgin Islands. edition was published 2 years later. Contents: Introduction Note 3. The U.S. Virgin Islands consist of the three main (p. VII-XXXII): General scope, general survey of the 9 islands of St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix, and about 50 principal crops (including soya beans) plus others, final islets. The total area is only 136 square miles and the points of consideration. Part I (p. 1-402) is an analysis by population in 1990 was 99,000. Brief history: Denmark region, and within each region by country, countries of occupied St. Thomas in 1666 and 1672, St. John in 1684, vegetable oil production and trade. Regions are Europe, and St. Croix in 1733. In 1754 the three islands were North and Central America, South America, Asia, Africa, established as a Danish colony named the Danish West and Oceania. Indies. In 1867 and again in 1902 the United States made Major countries: Denmark (p. 20-23; oil production formal offers to buy these islands from Denmark, but it was 1916-1921, oil imports 1910-1922). France (p. 26-34). not until early 1917 that the purchased was finalized. The Germany (p. 35-40). Great Britain and Ireland (p. 41-43). United States took possession on 17 January 1917 and the Netherlands (p. 65-68). Norway (p. 69-70). Russia– islands were now officially renamed the “The Virgin Islands European and Asiatic (p. 84-93). Sweden (p. 100-03). of the United States of America.” The formal transfer Canada (p. 111-15). United States (p. 131-47). Argentina (p. ceremony and changing of flags took place on 31 March 179-85; no soy). Brazil (p. 187-90; no soy). Ceylon (p. 218- 1917. 21; no soy). China (p. 222-26). Dutch East Indies (Java & Note 4. This document was found by Judith V. Rogers, Madura, Other islands; p. 229-33). Formosa (p. 238-39; Acting Campus Librarian, University of the Virgin Islands, gives soybean production and acreage from 1900 to 1921). St. Croix Campus Library. Address: Agronomist in charge, Japan (p. 259-64; gives Japanese soybean production and Virgin Islands Agric. Exp. Station, St. Croix, Virgin Islands, acreage from 1877 to 1921, and production of soya oil from USA. 1909 to 1920. Japan’s leading oil produced domestically from 1895 was rapeseed oil). Korea (Chosen, p. 265-67). 56. Campbell, Persia Crawford. 1923. Chinese coolie Kwantung Leased Territory (p. 268). Hawaii (p. 388; emigration to countries within the British Empire. London: Hawaii produced 17 long tons of soybeans on 20 acres in P.S. King & Son, Ltd. xxiii + 240 p. Preface by the Hon. W. 1909, and 10 tons on 15 acres in 1919). Pember Reeves. 22 cm. Part II (p. 403-506) is recapitulatory tables for both soya • Summary: Discusses the background of the terrible coolie beans and soya bean oil: Area and production by crop trade and the use of indentured coolie servants and the (1909-1922), Trade by crop (1909-1921). Cottonseed (p. credit-ticket system. It was largely a veiled slave trade, and 410-11). Linseed (p. 414-15). Soya beans (p. 442-43, 480- the traffic was greatest from 1845 to 1877. Most of the 81). migration was from Kwangtung province in southern China, Pages XX-XXI state: “In the absence of data from an area gripped by famine, feud, and economic hardship. China, the chief grower of soya beans, it is impossible to The coolie trade was active in different countries at different make even the roughest estimate of the world’s yield of this times: British Malaysia (1877-1916), the USA (1850-1882), product. Among the few countries of any moment as British Columbia, Canada (1880s), Australia (1855-1888), producers of soya beans, we may mention: Japan, where Cuba (1870s), British West Indies (1852-1860s), Transvaal, this crop increased rapidly between 1877 and 1887 and then South Africa (1904-1909). became nearly stationary at about 500,000 long tons [2,240 Note: Though soybeans are not discussed in this book, lb per long ton] per annum, although in the last few years some of these Chinese may have taken soybeans with them some further increase has been noticeable; Korea, with a to foreign countries. continuous increase in area and yield, from 1910 onwards, The author was born in 1898. This is No. 72 in a series (the crop of 1920 was about 600,000 long tons); and United of monographs titled “Studies in Economics and Political States, where from 1909 to 1921, the area under soya beans Science” by writers connected with the London School of increased from about 1,600 to 186,000 acres with a Economics and Political Science. Address: British Fellow production of about 70 thousand long tons. It may be Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. observed that the increase of this crop during the last twenty years is supplemented by attempts already made and in 57. Capone, Giorgio; Grinenco, Ivan; Costa, Mario. eds. progress for its introduction into countries with a favourable 1923. Oleaginous products and vegetable oils: Production climate, especially into Africa.” and trade. Rome, Italy: International Institute of Agriculture, “Exports are exclusively from China and Korea. The Chinese exports have increased very greatly during the last

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 34 thirty years. Before 1890 they were insignificant, in 1901 probably 100 kg. Address: 1. Doctor of Economics; 2. they had reached a total of more than 100 thousand tons, Doctor of Agronomics. Both: IIA, Rome, Italy. and during the decade from 1909 to 1918 they averaged about 600 thousand tons and reached their maximum in 58. McCallan, E.A. 1923. Report of the Director of 1919 with about 1 million, declining in the two following Agriculture for the year 1922. Reports of the Board and years to 600 thousand long tons. Department of Agriculture, Bermuda For the year 1922. p. “With regard to Korea although we have not a complete 7-27. series of data for the period 1909-1918, the ever-increasing • Summary: Page 10 states: “Green Manuring: Nearly all importance of its exports of soya beans may be emphasized; the experimental plots were sown to cowpeas and soy beans during the last few years these have been double the during the summer, but as the seedings were for the most average of the years 1909-1911, and in 1921 they already part late, the crop plowed under as green manure was light. equalled one third of the Chinese exports.” For the last ten years a part, if not all, of the plots have been “The chief importers, in Europe are Great Britain, thus treated, and the value of leguminous green manuring Denmark, and Holland, and, in Asia, Japan, and the Dutch has been well established. The practice is very strongly East Indies. To these must also be added Russia-in-Asia as recommended.” Address: Director of Agriculture, the Chinese Customs register large exports destined for the Agricultural Station, Bermuda. Russian Pacific ports.” “England, which at one time constituted the greatest 59. Loew, Oscar. 1924. The soy bean, a superior crop. Porto market for the soya bean, has continually reduced its Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural imports: these were 420 thousand long tons in 1910, 76 Extension Notes No. 64. p. 1-2. Jan. 15. thousand in 1913, and about 60 thousand in the two years • Summary: “The soy bean originated in Eastern Asia and 1921-1922... In the Asiatic market, represented in this case has been introduced during the past 30 years into different by Japan and the Dutch East Indies, imports have countries of the world. It can be grown successfully even in continuously increased especially in the last few years of a rather poor soil, in the absence of nitrogenous manure, the period under consideration. provided the specific root-nodule bacteria are present. This “The trade figures of soya oil (see tables on pages 480 plant is far superior to other leguminous crops, even those and 481) indicate that China is the principal exporter, very rich in protein, as the lupin, which it equals in protein having quadrupled its shipment during the period from 1914 and highly surpasses in fat content. In fact, the soy bean is to 1919, attaining in the latter year a total of over 140 richer in fat than all other leguminous crops and is, thousand long tons.” therefore, sometimes called the oil bean. The soy bean does Other countries unrelated to soy (some no longer in not contain alkaloids and bitter tasting matters like the existence): Europe: Esthonia [Estonia], Luxemburg lupin...” [Luxembourg], Serb-Croat-Slovene State. North and Central A table compares the nutritional composition of the pea, America: British Honduras [named Belize after about common bean, lupin, and soy bean. “From the analyses it 1975]. South America: Curaçao [Curacao], Falkland would appear to be of great advantage for the people of Islands, British Guiana, French Guiana. Asia: Aden [became Porto Rico to replace the common bean now serving as an part of independent Yemen in 1967], Andaman and Nicobar essential part of the daily food, by the soy bean, it providing Islands, Bahrein Islands [Bahrain], Borneo (British a higher percentage of protein and fat... Since the Soy bean Protectorates), Dutch East Indies, Federated Malay States, needs prolonged boiling until it reaches a sufficient degree Formosa, French Settlements in India, Indo-China, Persia, of softness, it is best soaked for a day in water to which Portuguese India [annexed in 1962 by India; became Union some soda and common salt are added (about a teaspoonful territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu], Protected Malay States, of each to half a liter) followed by washing two to three Russia, Japanese Saghalin (Karafuto), Siam [later Thailand], times with fresh water and then boiling for an hour or so. Straits Settlements [later Singapore], Timor and Cambing, The taste of this dish is very agreeable. Wei-Hai-Wei [Weihai, Wei-hai, or Weihaiwei; seaport in “In Japan the soy bean serves for several preparations, northeast Shandong province, northeast China]. Oceania: called ‘tofu,’ ‘yuba’ and ‘miso,’ which might be prepared in Australia, Fiji Islands, French Settlements in Oceania, Porto Rico. Also, a dressing or condiment similar to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Hawaii, Island of Guam, New English Worcestershire sauce, is prepared from the seeds.” Caledonia, New Hebrides, Papua, Samoan Islands The preparation of tofu is described. It is “generally fried (American Samoa), Solomon Islands, Territory of New like cakes and represents an excellent food.” Guinea (Later German New Guinea), Tonga, Western “The milky liquid can also doubtless be used as a Samoa (Formerly German Samoa). suitable nutrient, but it can never replace the mother’s or Note: This document gives a clear definition of the cow’s milk for children, since the lime content is geographical region named “Oceania.” A “quintal” is

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 35 exceedingly small and the protein differs widely from the “We present here an article from Porto (Puerto) Rico casein of the milk. Agric. Exp. Station on the subject:–’The Soy Bean.’” “In our trials with soy beans at the Experiment Station, Note 1. The article is reprinted from the Porto Rico Mayaguez, the results at first were disappointing. This was Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural Extension found to be due to the fact that the soil was not inoculated Notes No. 64. p. 1-2. Jan. 15, 1924 (which see). with the proper bacteria for assimilating nitrogen for the Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) roots. We now have inoculated soil, and before planting on concerning soybeans in Jamaica, or the cultivation of ground new to this crop inoculating material should be soybeans in Jamaica. secured from the Station for mixing with the seed at the time of planting. When the soil is once inoculated it will 62. Bregger, Thomas. 1924. Report of the Plant Breeder. remain so for all succeeding crops.” Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report. Note: Who was Dr. Oscar Loew and how did he learn p. 7-8. For the year 1923. July. about soyfoods? From 1897 to 1906 he was a Professor of • Summary: The section titled “Beans, soy beans, cowpeas, Agricultural Chemistry at the Imperial University of Tokyo, and velvet beans” (p. 8) states: “Mass and individual Japan, where he wrote articles about soy sauce, tofu, selections of these crops were grown for another generation. soymilk, and yuba. In 1911 he was in Munich, Germany, Data relative to the yield of 10 varieties of cowpeas and 6 where he wrote an article about soymilk. When he speaks of varieties of soy beans were obtained from replicated 40-foot “our trials with soy beans at the Experiment Station, plats of five rows each... Otootan and Biloxi, both late- Mayaguez,” he seems to indicate that he was living at the maturing varieties of soy beans, made excellent growth and Station in Porto Rico in about 1924. Address: Mayaguez, set a large number of pods, but were again attacked by a Porto Rico. disease causing practically all of the seed to shrivel in the pods.” Address: Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. 60. Insular Experiment Station of the Department of Department of Agriculture and Labor of Porto Rico, Annual 63. Kuntz, Pedro Richardson. 1924. Annual report of the Report.1924. Annual report of the division of agronomy for division of agronomy for the fiscal year of 1923-1924. the fiscal year of 1923-1924. p. 1-45. Fiscal year 1922- Insular Experiment Station of the Department of 1923. April. See p. 38. Department of Agriculture and Labor of Porto Rico, Annual • Summary: The section titled “Collection of varieties” Report. p. 41-61. Fiscal year 1923-1924. See p. 57-58. states (p. 38): “3. Mr. Mattei received seed of five varieties • Summary: In the section on the annual report of the of soy beans; seed of four varieties of velvet beans, eight of Horticulturist, subsection 1 titled “Leguminous plants” (p. soy beans and cowpeas, as well were secured by the 57-58) states that the following soybean varieties were Director” [R. Menéndez Ramos, M.S.]. There were also two obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture: species of canavalia. Address: San Juan. “Mammoth Yellow, Mammoth Brown, Hahto No. 476, Tarheel Black, Pekin [Peking] No. 472, Tokio, Virginia No. 61. J. of the Jamaica Agricultural Society.1924. Soy beans. 512, and Biloxi.” 28:160-61. May. A great deal of seed of the different legume varieties has • Summary: “For a considerable number of years we been “sent to farm agents and people who ask for it from all continued to import Soy beans of different varieties in the over the Island.” A table shows that soybeans were sent to belief that if we could get them commonly grown here it 12 agents. Address: Chief, Div. of Agronomy, Mayaguez, would be a most valuable addition to our foods. But we did Puerto Rico. not import any inoculated soil or liquid inoculation, containing the bacteria peculiar to the Soy Bean thinking 64. McCallan, E.A. 1924. Report of the Director of that by repeated growth here the bacteria would soon Agriculture for the year 1923. Reports of the Board and become plentiful. But few carried on experiments long Department of Agriculture, Bermuda For the year 1923. p. enough, it being so much easier to grow cowpeas, kidney 7-27. beans, etc. Two growers however had successes and sold • Summary: Page 10, under “Vegetable Experiments,” seeds, but there is no doubt that the bacteria which suits states: “Soy Bean.–This summer vegetable is deserving of other legumes (except Alfalfa), and which is in all our soils, general cultivation. As a green shelled bean it is of delicious do not exert any influence on Soy Beans... flavour and is an excellent keeper when dried. It should be “The Soy Bean is of such remarkable value for food planted in May and early June.” Address: Director of over other beans and peas, that it should be given the Agriculture, Agricultural Station, Bermuda. greatest attention. The green variety would serve as green peas. 65. McCallan, E.A. 1925. Report of the Director of Agriculture for the year 1924. Reports of the Board and

Department of Agriculture, Bermuda For the year 1924. p. improvement. 7(4):6-7. April. 7-31. • Summary: Soybeans and cowpeas are recommended for • Summary: Pages 10-11 state: “Green Manuring.–The soil improvement and as a labor saver, and the advantages practice of planting practically all the experimental plots to of soybeans over cowpeas are enumerated. “After many cowpeas or soy beans for green manuring was continued years’ experience, the Department recommends soy bean during the year under report. It is a practice that would rather than cow peas for the following reasons: (1) as a rule prove profitable to all farmers, and is strongly the seed is cheaper, (2) the crop better withstands drought, recommended.” Address: Director of Agriculture, (3) it is readily eaten by all farm live stock, and (4) because Agricultural Station, Bermuda. of its erect growth, it is much more easily handled at plowing time. Its one disadvantage is that its nitrogen- 66. McCallan, E.A. 1926. Report of the Director of gathering bacteria are not present in agricultural soils to the Agriculture for the year 1925. Report of the Department of same extent as are the bacteria of cowpeas, and it is usually Agriculture, Bermuda For the year 1925. p. 3-35. found necessary to inoculate the soil... Mammoth Yellow is • Summary: Pages 23-24, under “Soil Improvement by the variety of soybeans recommended... Green Manuring,” state: “Several leguminous green manure “Reference has been made to soybeans as feed for stock, crops have been tested at the Station, and cowpeas and soy and greater use should be made of the plant for summer beans have to date proved the most suitable. Cowpeas feeding. All stock eat the crop with relish, and it is of very possess two advantages over soy beans, namely, the high feeding value.” attendant bacterium is present in most soils, and heavier crops generally secured. The soy bean, on the other hand, 69. [Introduction of soybeans to Cuba from the USA on 23 possesses the following advantages, the seed is cheaper, the May 1928 (Document part)]. 1928. In: Introductiones, 1928 plant is of erect growth and is thus more easily handled, it is to 1933-34. Unpublished register of seeds received by the more resistant to drought, and is far more readily eaten by Agricultural Experiment Station (Estacion Experimental all kinds of farm stock. When used as fodder 80 per cent of Agronomica) at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. 134 p. See p. its manurial value may be returned to the soil. 10, no. 59. Unpublished manuscript. 41 cm. [Spa]* “The soy bean is the most valuable agricultural plant • Summary: The Department of Agriculture experiment recently introduced into Bermuda. In addition to its high station at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, received 8 varieties value as a soil renovator, it is an excellent fodder crop.” of soybeans (frijol de soya) from the Secretary of A table shows the digestible crude protein and the Agriculture of the USA. They were planted at Santiago de percentage of carbohydrates and fat in dried soy bean seeds, las Vegas. The numbered varieties (their numbers probably and soy bean hay (based on figures from W.A. Henry). come from the USA) are: Mammoth Yellow (#18256). Dixie “Soy beans possess a third use, namely, as a green table (#18226). Chiquita (#18224). Laredo (#18253). Tarheel bean. Though difficult to shell, their flavour is most Black (#18287). Mammoth Brown (#18255). Biloxi excellent. (#18750). Otootan (#18751). Address: Estacion “In conclusion, the benefits which follow leguminous Experimental Agronomica, Santiago de las Vagas, Cuba. green manuring are briefly set down: (1) Addition of humus, (2) addition of nitrogen, (3) conservation of plant-food, (4) 70. Hosking, H.R.; Buckley, F.E. 1928. An investigation concentration of plant-food, (5) improvement of physical upon the soya bean in Trinidad. Dissertation presented for condition of soil, (6) control of weeds, (7) saving of labour the Associateship of the Imperial College of Tropical and (8) more effective use of fertilisers.” Address: Director Agriculture (AICTA). 50 p. Department of Agriculture of Agriculture, Agricultural Station, Bermuda. 1927-28. [13 ref] • Summary: Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. Aims of the 67. Ogilvie, Lawrence. 1926. Report of the plant pathologist investigation. 3. The soy bean. 4. Introductory remarks on for the year 1925. Report of the Department of Agriculture, selection. 5. Previous history of the three original plots. 6. Bermuda For the year 1925. p. 36-63. Preliminary observations on the three varieties. 7. Selection • Summary: “Looper [Pseudoplusia includens]. A work and further observations. 8. Planting out the progeny caterpillar very injurious to the leaves of soy beans and rows. 9. Germination of the progeny. 10. Field observations cowpeas during the summer months was bred out and upon the progeny. 11. Harvesting the progeny. 12. proved to be the larvae of Phytometra oo Cram., common Characters of the harvested beans. 13. Consideration of the also on potato leaves.” Address: Plant Pathologist, bean weights, etc. 14. Comparison between the parents and Agricultural Station, Bermuda. their progeny. 15. Seed characters of the progeny. 16. The environment and soil. 17. Conclusions. 18. Final 68. Agricultural Bulletin (Bermuda Department of conclusions and recommendations for further work: Agriculture).1928. Soy beans and cowpeas for soil Varieties to be carried on, manuring, ridging, reduction of

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 37 exposure, the time of planting. 19. Literature cited. 20. Note 2. No mention is made of the soya beans grown in Appendix. Trinidad by 1913. Report of the Botanic Station, Montserrat “Introduction: On the arrival of the writers at the (1913) says: “... soil was sent by the Imperial Commissioner Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, St. Augustine, of Agriculture and came from a field in Trinidad where the Trinidad, early in October 1927, an investigation was soy bean had shown some success.” started upon the Soy Bean. At this period there were three Letter from Sonia Manjoo, Documentalist at CARDI small plots, of roughly one tenth of an acre each, upon (Caribbean Agricultural and Research Development which there were three types of Soy Bean Growing. These Institute). 1996. June 20. This dissertation is housed in the contiguous plots were at the north end of a field which had West Indian Collection of the University of the West Indies, been under Tobacco for some time–and have since again Library, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago. gone under Tobacco. Plot I consisted of a Venezuelan strain Address: Trinidad. which had been imported from Venezuela. Plot II was an American variety with large brown beans–probably a 71. Diaz, Juan B. 1929. Re: Soybeans in Cuba. Potential for Biloxi. Plot III was under of crop of Indian Soy Beans soymilk. Letter to Director of the Station, Santiago de las which had been imported from Darjeeling the previous year. Vegas, Cuba, Jan. 17. 1 p. [Spa]* It was from this material that the subsequent selections were • Summary: “With respect to this bean (judea = soybean), a made. Early in October 1927 the three plots were well on short time ago I read in the Havana Post an article which the way to maturity, and all showed vigorous growth and said that these soybeans contain a large quantity of a appeared to be quite healthy.” The soil in which they were substance from which it is possible to make a very good and growing had been manured more than any other part of the rich milk. In Korea there are said to be many dairies College Farm. (lecherias) that are devoted exclusively to selling soymilk “The three plots had been sown [four soybeans to each (leche de soya beans) and this milk is very rich and hole] on July 15th 1927 which is close to the beginning of nutritious. the rainy season in a normal year. Consequently they were This letter is located in file #565 in the archives, ripening off in the hottest time of the year. One of the first INIFAT, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Another letter in the things to strike the newcomer was the entire absence of root same file, dated 5 Feb. 1929, describes the use of soybeans nodules on any of these bean plants. for green manure (abono verde) in tobacco cultivation. “Aims of the investigation: To attempt to isolate a pure Address: J.B. Diaz & Co. (tobacco store), Habana, Cuba. line of Soy Beans–or pure lines–suitable to the climatic and soil conditions of Trinidad. The larger sugar estates of 72. Senior Minister of Cuba in London, Subsecretario de Trinidad are searching for a Leguminose [leguminous] crop Agricultura, Comercio, Y Trabaja. 1929. Re: All the which can be grown between the cane rows from which nutrition that we need is found in the soybean. Letter to Sr. cattle food can be obtained and also green manure... If the Director de la Estacion Experimental Agronomica, Santiago beans were developing nodules they would also enrich the de las Vegas, Cuba, June 11. 1 p. [Spa]* soil by the fixation of nitrogen. It is understood that cream • Summary: This letter, which begins with the heading or yellow beans are of greater value commercially than “Todo el alimento que nosotros necessitamos en la soya,” brown beans...” discusses Dr. James L. North of England, fresh soymilk, dry Seeds of the best looking plants were selected in mid- soymilk, soybean meal for use in bread, soy cheese, soy November 1927, then progeny rows were planted in 4 plots coffee substitute, and soy oil. from December 19-23 on Field E (144 by 300 feet) of the This letter is located in file #363 in the archives, College Farm. Germination of the seed was very poor. The INIFAT, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Address: London, Venezuelan variety gave the most promising results. “The England. American strains of Biloxi did not appear to be worth the trouble of any further work...” “The writers strongly 73. [Introduction of soybeans to Cuba from England on 10 advocate that in the future Soy Beans should be sown on July 1929 (Document part)]. 1929. In: Introductiones, 1928 ridges, owing to the special nature of the St. Augustine to 1933-34. Unpublished register of seeds received by the soil.” Wind breaks should be built to avoid excessive Agricultural Experiment Station (Estacion Experimental transpiration. “The time of planting is of the utmost Agronomica) at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. 134 p. See p. importance in Trinidad.” The period from Nov. 15 to 20 is 13-14, no. 73. Unpublished manuscript. 41 cm. [Spa]* considered best. The authors observed nodulation of • Summary: The Department of Agriculture experiment uninoculated soya beans in Trinidad. station at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, received 5 packets of Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 2001) soybeans from Prof. North, curator of the Royal Society of concerning soybeans in Venezuela. Botany, London. The varieties are: Brown variety C. Yellow variety A.K. Yellow variety I. Yellow variety A. Yellow

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 38 variety B. Brown variety B. Address: Estacion Experimental preference to four feet. 3. The seeds should be sown 18 Agronomica, Santiago de las Vagas, Cuba. inches apart in the ridges and in lines across the rows... If sufficient seed is available, two or three beans should be 74. Nouelle, Georges. 1929. Les emplois du soja [Uses of dibbled together at each spacing and thinned out to one soybeans]. Annales Coloniales (Les) No. 137. Sept. [Fre]* when the first leaves are formed.” Appendix II is “Notes on naparima black marl soil (Ste. 75. Gibberd, A.V.; Trotman, A.E. 1929. An investigation on Madeline), and College detrital soil,” by Prof. F. Hardy. the soya bean in Trinidad. Dissertation presented for the Letter from Sonia Manjoo, Documentalist at CARDI Associateship of the Imperial College of Tropical (Caribbean Agricultural and Research Development Agriculture. 34 p. Department of Botany 1928-29. [11 ref] Institute). 1996. June 20. This dissertation is housed in the • Summary: Contents: 1. Introduction: Botanic description, West Indian Collection of the University of the West Indies, variations. 2. Aims of the investigation. 3. Origin and Library, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago. history of the selected soya beans. 4. Operations and Address: Dep. of Botany, Trinidad. observations, 1928-29: Germination, a comparison of the germination of smooth and wrinkled seeds, a comparison of 76. United States Tariff Commission. comp. 1929. Summary the growing plants, a comparison of the mature plants. 5. of tariff information, 1929 on Tariff Act of 1922. Schedule Summary of results and conclusions. 6. Selections and 1. Chemicals, oils, and paints. Washington, DC: U.S. suggestions for future work. 7. Preliminary investigation of Government Printing Office. 419 + xv p. Printed for the use some of the factors influencing root nodule formation: of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Experiments carried out, recommendations for future work. Representatives. 8. Appendixes I and II. 9. Bibliography. 10. Rainfall graph. • Summary: The section titled “Soy-Bean Oil” (p. 283-84) “Aims of the investigation: The primary object is the briefly discusses: Description and uses. Production of soy establishment of pure lines of soya bean, suited to the soil bean oil in the United States (1922-1928). Imports into the and climate of Trinidad.” Selection work in 1927 is now United States (1919-1928). Exports (1922-28; They go being continued and further selections have been mainly to Cuba, the Dominican Republic, British South introduced. It is hoped that the soya bean will “prove to be a Africa, and Canada–but we are not told how much was useful leguminous cover crop in sugar cane cultivation, as exported to individual countries or when those exports well as providing beans suitable for feeding to stock.” It is began). Cost of production. Prices (1923-1928). emphasized that early maturity is of primary importance. Competitive conditions (mainly for use as a soap oil, a “In November 1928, additional selections of Venezuelan drying oil, and as ensilage). [soy] beans were made from a crop growing on the College Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) Farm. They were chosen on the basis of yield and maturity concerning soybean products (soy oil) in the Dominican alone... A fourth type has been introduced; this is a Chinese Republic. This document contains the earliest date seen for variety, the seeds of which were obtained from the Sainte soybean products (soy oil) in the Dominican Republic Madeline Estate” [Usine Ste. Madeline, at St. Madeline]. (definitely by 1928, perhaps as early as 1922); soybeans as “The current year’s work has been carried out on three, one such had not yet been reported by that date. Address: tenth acre plots, situated in the Botanic Department of the Washington, DC. College Farm.” They were planted on Nov. 9 and Nov. 22, 1928, germination was good, but several young plants were 77. Chenon, P. 1930. Le soja [The soybean]. Revue Agricole destroyed by ants while still in the cotyledon stage. The (Guadeloupe) 3(3):68-71. March. [Fre] viability of seeds stored for 7 months was considerably • Summary: “In 1928 we received from France some impaired, whereas those sown a month after harvest showed soybean seeds which have grown perfectly and born seeds little or no deterioration. All strains possess the common in the breeding nursery at Pointe-à-Pitre in Guadeloupe. We failing of slow germination and sparse foliage during the have multiplied this seed so fast that we were able to sow early part of their lives. more than 6 ares (600 square meters) in 1929–in spite of Four pot experiments were conducted with limed and some distributions to certain planters. unlimed soil, inoculated and uninoculated seed. Liming seed “As a vegetable, soybeans can be consumed either when to have no effect on inoculation. green or dry (en vert ou sèche). Before they mature, the Recommendations for “future experimental plots of pods–when the seeds are already well formed, but still soya beans. 1. Planting should be carried out as early in green–can be prepared like green peas (les pois-savon), and November as possible in order that the plants may pass their they give a very fine and delicate dish. vegetative stage during the wet season, and the ripening of The author then describes how to cultivate soybeans. the pods may take place in the dry season. 2. Low ridges “The test garden at Pointe-à-Pitre will distribute soybean should be constructed and at a distance apart of three feet in seeds free of charge to all who request them.”

Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) pubescence, the vigor of the F-1 was below the average of concerning soybeans in Guadeloupe or other French the parents... The F-2 results indicate a close relationship Overseas Dependencies in the Caribbean, or the cultivation between pubescence and vigor or plant development.” of soybeans in Guadeloupe or other French Overseas The author, formerly a graduate student in Plant Dependencies in the Caribbean. This document contains the Breeding at the University of Illinois, is now with the earliest date seen for soybeans in Guadeloupe or other Compañia Agricola, S.F. de Macoris, Dominican Republic. French Overseas Dependencies in the Caribbean, or the Address: Formerly Graduate Student in Plant Breeding, cultivation of soybeans in Guadeloupe or other French Univ. of Illinois; Presently with the Compania Agricola, S.F. Overseas Dependencies in the Caribbean (1928). The source de Macoris, Dominican Republic. of these soybeans was France. Address: Ingenieur d’Agronomie Coloniale. 82. Cruz, F.B. 1930. Re: Importation of soybean oil to Cuba. Letter to Chief of Section, Secretary of Agriculture, 78. Veatch, Collins. 1930. Vigor in soybeans as affected by Havana, Cuba, June 23. 6 p. [Spa]* hybridity. J. of the American Society of Agromony • Summary: In 1928 Cuba imported 2,231,640 lb of 22(4):289-310. April 1. [10 ref] soybean oil worth $266,271. Ing. Cruz argues convincingly • Summary: Of the plant characters studied, yield of seed, that it would be possible to grow soybeans commercially in number of seeds, plant weight, and total stem and branch Cuba, and to extract soybean oil from these soybeans in length seem to be the best criteria of hybrid vigor in Cuba. He describes tests on 11 soybean varieties in Cuba. soybeans. The variety with the most pods is Otootan #15751. The author, formerly a graduate student in Plant This letter is located in file #363 in the archives, Breeding at the University of Illinois, is now with the INIFAT, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Address: Ing., Compañia Agricola, S.F. de Macoris, Dominican Republic. Director of Agricultural Experiment Station, Santiago de las Address: Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Illinois. Vegas, Cuba.

79. Nouelle, Georges. 1930. Les emplois du soja [Uses of 83. Veatch, Collins; Woodworth, C.M. 1930. Genetic soybeans]. Revue Agricole (Guadeloupe) 3(4):118-20. April. relations of cotyledon color types of soybeans. J. of the Reprinted from Les Annales Coloniales, No. 137, Sept. American Society of Agromony 22(8):700-02. Aug. [4 ref] 1929. [Fre] • Summary: “The cotyledons of soybeans (Soja max Piper) • Summary: Describes the various food uses of the soybean, are either yellow or green when mature. The yellow color is including soymilk, concentrated, powdered, or fermented dependent upon two duplicate factors, D1 and D2, either one soymilk, soy flour, soy oil, soybeans consumed as a or both of which may produce the yellow color. However, vegetable (fresh soybeans are prepared like peas), soy there are two types of green, namely, maternal and genetic, sprouts, soy sauces, soy confections, soy chocolate, and soy distinguished by their appearance and by their mode of coffee. inheritance. The maternal green is, as a rule, a lighter or The soybeans also has uses other than for food, in more yellowish green than the genetic type. When used as making candles, colors, and in the form of Sojalithe as an the female parent in crosses with yellow cotyledon varieties electrical insulator. the hybrids breed true for the green color of cotyledon shown by the maternal parent. Hence, this type of green is 80. Morse, W.J. 1930. Utilizacion de la soya [Utilization of said to be maternally inherited. The genetic green, on the soya]. Cuba (Santiago de las Vegas). Estacion Experimental other hand, in reciprocal crosses with yellow types produces Agronomica, Circular No. 69. 40 p. May. Translation by hybrids that segregate for cotyledon color, producing again Emma L. Sena of USDA Farmers’ Bulletin 1617. [Spa] the parental types in definite ratios.” • Summary: In the introduction, Ing. Francisco B. Cruz, Note: This plant breeding work was done at the Director of the Agronomic Experimental Station, E.C., University of Illinois. After its completion, Veatch went to praises an imported soy oil named “Aceite comestible de the Dominican Republic, where he worked as an agronomist Soya.” A full-page ad for this product (just before p. 36), for Corn Products Co. There is no indication in this paper apparently with the brand name Excelsior, is also shown. that any soybeans were grown in the Dominican Republic. Address: USDA, Washington, DC. Address: 1. Agronomist, Corn Products Co., Dominican Republic; 2. Chief in Plant Breeding, Univ. of Illinois. 81. Veatch, Collins. 1930. Vigor in soybeans in relation to inhibition of pubescence. J. of the American Society of 84. Product Name: [Excelsior Soy Oil]. Agromony 22(5):446-52. May. [4 ref] Foreign Name: Excelsior Aceite de Soya. • Summary: “In these soybean crosses involving the Manufacturer’s Name: Excelsior. dominant factor P-1 which inhibits the expression of Manufacturer’s Address: Cuba.

Date of Introduction: 1930. September. • Summary: This legume, which originated in Asia, was New Product–Documentation: Ad in Revista de introduced by the Agricultural Station [of Palmira] in Agricultura, Comercio y Trabajo (Cuba). 1930. 11:60. Sept. Colombia at the beginning of 1929 through the importation “[Edible soy oil, extra fine. Excelsior. Especially for of the varieties Biloxi, Otoo-tan, and Barchet from the salads.]” Note: This is the earliest known commercial soy Agricultural Experiment Station at Crowley, Louisiana. product made in Cuba. or in the Caribbean. These varieties were planted at the Palmira station on 23 March 1929. On the following April 16 the soybean variety 85. Morse, W.J. 1930. Utilizacion de la soya [Utilization of Mammoth Yellow was planted, brought from Cuba by the soybeans]. Revista de Agricultura, Comercio y Trabajo agronomic engineer Dr. Rafael R. Camacho... On 23 Oct. (Cuba) 11:43-60. Sept. [Spa] 1929 these four varieties were planted a second time. That • Summary: This is a translation of USDA Farmers’ Bulletin same year, distribution of the seeds to the public began. No. 1607 titled “Soybean Utilization” (Morse, Jan. 1930). Later, the varieties Hollybrook, Aksarben and Laredo were With an introduction by Ingeniero Francisco B. Cruz, introduced. Director de la Estacion Experimental Agronomica, de Note: In July 2000 Cecilia Santacruz of Colombia Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Translation by Emma Lopez traveled to Corpoica in search of this document. She Seña. Contents: Introduction. Soybeans for human food: concluded that it is definitely lost. All the records of the Dried beans (los frijoles secos), green or vegetable beans Granja Experimental de Palmira were sent to ICA (Instituto (los frijoles verdes), soybean flour (la harina de soya), Colombiano Agropecuario) and the librarian at ICA cannot soybean oil (aceite de soya), soy sauce (salsa de soya), find them. Cecilia even called Victor Manuel Patiño in Cali; soybean sprouts (vástagos de soya), soybean vegetable milk he believed the lass was caused by “the lack of memory and (leche vegetal de soya), soybean curd (cuajada de la soya). continuity of the Secretary of Education.” Soybeans for livestock: For swine, dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep, poultry. Soybeans for oil: Methods of processing 88. Fuggles, N.R. 1930. Soy bean selection in Trinidad, beans for oil, utilization of soybean oil. Soybean meal: together with investigations of nodule formation in college Soybean meal for human food, soybean meal for stock feed. soil. Dissertation presented for the Associateship of the Soybeans for hay. Soybeans for pasturage. Soybeans for Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture. 27 p. 1929-30. silage. Soybeans for soilage. Soybeans for soil • Summary: Contents: A. Part I: Selection. 1. Introduction. improvement. Soybean straw. Address: USDA, Washington, 2. Aim of investigations. 3. Work achieved in the last two DC, USA. years. 4. Current year’s work (1929-30). 5. Field management. 6. Selection work. 7. Conclusions and 86. [Introduction of soybeans to Cuba from Manchuria (via suggestions for future work. Chile) on 29 Nov. 1930 (Document part)]. 1930. In: B. Part II: Inoculation. 1. Introduction. 2. Investigations Introductiones, 1928 to 1933-34. Unpublished register of 1929-30. 3. Conclusions and suggestions for future work. C. seeds received by the Agricultural Experiment Station Bibliography. D. Appendixes: I. Rainfall graph. II. Sketch (Estacion Experimental Agronomica) at Santiago de las of the position of continuous growth plot of inoculated & Vegas, Cuba. 134 p. See p. 53, no. 216. Unpublished uninoculated beans. manuscript. 41 cm. [Spa]* Soybeans can be used to make many food products, • Summary: These soybeans were sent by the Cuban including oil, flour, biscuits, milk powder, chocolate, soy Ambassador in Chile to Alfredo Herrera at the Department sauce... The black varieties are not greatly favoured as they of Agriculture experiment station at Santiago de las Vegas, give a bad coloured cake and have a lower oil content.” Cuba. The ambassador in Chile had received the seeds from “In Trinidad during the past two years in which Southern Manchuria, which was under Japanese investigations on Soy Bean have been going on, the plant administration. Planted in Cuba on 13 Jan. 1931, the seeds has definitely grown once the seed has germinated and good did not germinate. The varieties are: Yellow Gem = Nyoi sets of pods have been obtained... The difficulty in Trinidad Gem. Ssupingkai Black Novel = White Flower Tsotzu. has been in inducing germination in the seeds. Germination White Flower = Mukden White Eyebrow (Eyeiou). Address: was poor in 1927-28 and again in 1928-29, which while in Estacion Experimental Agronomica, Santiago de las Vagas, 1929-30 it has been bad enough to cause the loss of certain Cuba. selections (p. 8). The bad germinating power of the seed under Trinidad conditions seems to be the limiting factor in 87. Duran Castro, Carlos. 1930. Informe sobre la Estación its growth here. It has been suggested that the bad Agrícola Experimental del Valle. 1929 [Report of the germination is due to some fault in the storage of the seed, Agricultural Experiment Station of Valle, 1929]. In: Molina combined with its high oil content, but different strains Garcés, Ciro. 1930. Informe. p. 13-53. See p. 15. [Spa; showed considerable difference in their powers of eng]* germination.”

In Trinidad, the soy bean recommends itself as a cover Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) crop on sugar cane estates for three main reasons: (1) It is a concerning soybeans in Barbados, or the cultivation of legume and this brings to the soil much nitrogen by soybeans in Barbados. This document contains the earliest nodulation; (2) It produces high yields of a bean which date seen for soybeans in Barbados, or the cultivation of gives valuable products; (3) Of the products one, oil, can soybeans in Barbados (9 Sept. 1928). The source of these bring in a monetary return. The other, as a cake, yields good soybeans was the USA and Trinidad. feed for the stock on the estate. Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 2008) A Chinese strain of soy beans from the Usine Ste. concerning soybeans in Venezuela, or the cultivation of Madeline has been introduced as a cover crop with some soybeans in Venezuela (one of two documents). This success. Although prolific, it has an undesirable black seed. document contains the second earliest date seen for This year, further trials of the Venezuelan and Darjeeling soybeans in Venezuela, or the cultivation of soybeans in [India] strains will be conducted. Venezuela (1927). Soybeans were probably being cultivated “Conclusion: The acidity of the soil on the College plots in Venezuela in 1927, but we cannot be certain from this is not in itself sufficient to prevent nodulation of the plants. document. Address: B.Sc., Ph.D., Barbados. When the seed has been inoculated nodules will develop although at first only in small quantities. Liming, while 90. McIntosh, A.E.S. 1930. Economic botany: Report of the increasing the pH value of the soil, does not seem to geneticist. Report on the Department of Science and increase the power of the bacteria to infect the plants more Agriculture, Barbados. p. 21-65. For the year 1929-30. See strongly. The bacteria, once established in the soil, can stand p. 62-64. the dry season and inoculation every year for several years • Summary: Section V, titled “Economic legumes,” states seems to be indicated. under General Conclusions: “The Ground Nut (Arachis Thanks “to Professor E.E. Cheeseman for his help and hypogea) and Soya Bean (Glycine hispida) may be safely suggestions in the foregoing investigation.” A rainfall graph used as a human or stock feed in the ‘whole’ state. shows that their was little rain from late November until Generally, however, these have their oil extracted. The early January. Address: Trinidad. residues make a highly nutritious cattle meal or plant manure. Soya Bean tried in Barbados so far has failed for 89. McIntosh, A.E.S. 1930. Economic botany: Report of the two chief reasons–(1) its attack by hares in the young geneticist for the period February, 1928–May, 1929. Report stages, and (2) its poor yield. It is hoped that by the on the Department of Science and Agriculture, Barbados. p. introduction of several strains with range in habit the latter 27-58. For the year 1928-29. See p. 54-57. may be overcome. At present this species cannot be • Summary: Section VI is titled “Experiments with various recommended. economic legumes.” Various legumes were obtained and Section VI, titled “Soya beans,” notes that in trials tested, mainly for their suitability as green manure. Three conducted in 1928, using a U.S.A. strain and 2 selections varieties of soya beans were planted on 9 Sept. 1928 and cut from Venezuelan seeds, no nodules developed on the plants. on Nov. 29. “The Glycine hispida strains (Soya Beans) were “In 1929 it was hoped to run a series of experiments with a a failure owing to persistent cutworm attacks in the large selection of strains from the United States of America cotyledonary stage.” but these did not arrive. A field experiment was carried out Section VII is titled “Soya beans.” Three varieties of with the three original varieties experimented on in 1928. soybeans were introduced early in 1928, one strain from the These were sown in the dry season [April 17] and irrigated. USA and two from Trinidad. “The latter were selections Cultures of the Soya Bean nodule organisms were obtained made from Venezuelan seed in 1927 and 1928. These soya from the States.” Plant spacing was 15-20 inches between bean varieties were sown in the green manure plots, where rows and 4-9 inches between plants in each row. Yields of they were, after a splendid germination, eaten down by beans ranged from 767 to 833 lb/acre [12.8–13.7 bu/acre]. hares or destroyed by cutworms. Another sowing was made Oil content ranged from 21.82 to 22.84%. “The results from in an area protected from hares. Germination was good and this crop are encouraging and it will be persevered with.” growth fairly satisfactory. The plants flowered and podded Address: B.Sc., Ph.D., Barbados. well and gave good samples of beans. The oil content of beans from samples of each variety was determined and 91. Savory, J.B.G. 1930. An investigation on the soya bean compared with the oil content of samples of the imported in Trinidad. Dissertation presented for the Associateship of seed.” Locally grown soya beans contained 20.20 to 21.43% the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture. 25 p. oil, compared with 17.63% in Venezuelan soya beans Department of Botany 1929-30. imported in 1927 and 1928. The section concluded: “The • Summary: Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. Diagram of plots. results are encouraging and further experiments will be 3. Current year’s work including results of the study of the made with this plant.” following characters: Germination, leaf size, habit of

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 42 growth, period of maturity, pubescence, yield. 4. Selections • Summary: The Department of Agriculture experiment and their new nomenclature. 5. Suggestions for future work station at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, received 19 varieties with special reference to storage. 6. Results of the of soybeans from the Bureau of Plant Industry in investigations into root nodule formation from: Field Washington, DC. They were grown in 1929 and 1930 at experiments, pot experiments. 7. Rainfall graph. 8. various places in the USA. The varieties are: Wilson 5 Bibliography. 9. Index to tables: I. Acreages under soya [Wilson-Five], Peking, Hahto, Mammoth Yellow, Morse, beans. II. Showing germination results on Plot 4. III. Columbia, Virginia, Tokyo, Dixie, Lexington, Old Showing germination results on Plot 5. IV. Comparison of Dominion, Tarheel Black, George Washington, Dunfield, days to maturity of parents and progeny. V. Comparison of Chiquita, Illini, Harbinsoy, Mammoth Brown, Mansoy. yield and bean weight of parents and progeny. VI. Address: Estacion Experimental Agronomica, Santiago de Selections and their new nomenclature. VII. Results of the las Vagas, Cuba. 1st. inoculation experiment in pots. VIII. Results of the 2nd. inoculation experiment in pots. 94. Spencer, G.E.L. 1931. Seed storage and germination. “As in the previous years Plots 3, 4, 5, situated in the The use of cool storage in retaining the germinating power Botanic Department of the College Farm, were used to carry of some oily seeds. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) out the Soya Bean experiments.” The soil here has a 8(12):333. Dec. [2 ref] tendency to pan down in wet weather and dry out hard in • Summary: Two tables compare the average germination dry weather. Soil analysis shows that it is deficient in percentages of soybeans and peanuts stored for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 organic matter and most of the essential plant foods. On and 10 months in cool storage vs. ambient temperature. A November 11 Plots 3 and 4 were planted out. Germination surprising 89% of soybeans stored under natural conditions was again very poor. It seems that “the only way to ensure a in Trinidad would not germinate (had lost viability) in 10 good stand is to sow seeds which have been harvested only months but retained full viability for this period in cool a month or so previously. It appears that seeds [especially storage (55-60ºF). oily seeds] rapidly lose their viability in the Tropics, when Note: This is the earliest English-language document stored for a longer period than this.” seen (Sept. 2006) that contains the term “oily seeds” in “In British Guiana Professor Dash has successfully connection with soybeans. Address: Dip. Agric. (I.C.T.A.), prolonged the viability of Soya Bean seeds by conservation Dep. of Botany, Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture. in cold storage.” Letter from Sonia Manjoo, Documentalist at CARDI 95. Willis, J.C. 1931. A dictionary of the flowering plants (Caribbean Agricultural and Research Development and ferns. 6th ed. Rev. London: Cambridge University Institute). 1996. June 20. This dissertation is housed in the Press. xii + 752 + liv p. Index. 19 cm. 1st ed. 1897. West Indian Collection of the University of the West Indies, • Summary: Soy is mentioned only briefly. On page 294 Library, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago. under Glycine L. gives three scientific names. “Glycine Address: St. Augustine, Trinidad. hispida Maxim. yield Soja beans, eaten in Japan &c., and used as green fodder. An oil is obtained from the seeds.” 92. [Introduction of soybeans to Cuba from Uruguay on 7 On page 614 we read: “Soy bean, Glycine Soja Sieb. et Jan. 1931 (Document part)]. 1931. In: Introductiones, 1928 Zucc., Glycine hispida Maxim.” to 1933-34. Unpublished register of seeds received by the Anderson (1954, p. 199) writes that this little handbook Agricultural Experiment Station (Estacion Experimental is more inclusive than any other. “If, for instance, someone Agronomica) at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. 134 p. See p. tells you that a fruit in a native market is a monkey apple, 55, no. 220. Unpublished manuscript. 41 cm. [Spa]* you can refer to Willis and learn that in the West Indies this • Summary: Two soybean varieties were sent by the School name is applied to a species of Anona. By turning to the of Agronomy, Salto, Uruguay, to Alfredo Herrera at the entry under Anona, one learns that four other species of Department of Agriculture experiment station at Santiago de Anona from the American tropics are widely grown as las Vegas, Cuba. The varieties are: Soja Pekin [Peking], and tropical fruits...” Address: Cambridge, England. Soja hispida. Address: Estacion Experimental Agronomica, Santiago de las Vagas, Cuba. 96. [Introduction of soybeans to Cuba from the USA on 15 Feb. 1932 (Document part)]. 1932. In: Introductiones, 1928 93. [Introduction of soybeans to Cuba from the USA on 10 to 1933-34. Unpublished register of seeds received by the Aug. 1931 (Document part)]. 1931. In: Introductiones, 1928 Agricultural Experiment Station (Estacion Experimental to 1933-34. Unpublished register of seeds received by the Agronomica) at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. 134 p. See p. Agricultural Experiment Station (Estacion Experimental 87, no. 42. Unpublished manuscript. 41 cm. [Spa]* Agronomica) at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. 134 p. See p. • Summary: The Department of Agriculture experiment 75, no. 7. Unpublished manuscript. 41 cm. [Spa]* station at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, received 5 varieties

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 43 of soybeans from the Bureau of Plant Industry in 100. [Introduction of soybeans to Cuba from the USA on 23 Washington, DC. All were grown in 1931 at Arlington Farm Nov. 1932 (Document part)]. 1932. In: Introductiones, 1928 in Virginia, USA. The varieties are: Ito San, unnamed to 1933-34. Unpublished register of seeds received by the variety, Haberlandt, Harbinsoy, Medium Green (Guelph). Agricultural Experiment Station (Estacion Experimental Address: Estacion Experimental Agronomica, Santiago de Agronomica) at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. 134 p. See p. las Vagas, Cuba. 104, no. 24. Unpublished manuscript. 41 cm. [Spa]* • Summary: The Department of Botany of the experiment 97. González, A. de J. 1932. Cultivo y utilizacion de la soya station at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, received one como forraje [Cultivation and use of the soybean as forage]. soybean variety (named simply “Yellow”) from René A. Revista de Agricultura, Comercio y Trabajo (Cuba) 14(3):5- Jersin, representing the Corn Product Refining Co., 17 42. Sept. [12 ref. Spa] Battery Place, New York. Address: Estacion Experimental • Summary: Contents: General considerations. Agricultural Agronomica, Santiago de las Vagas, Cuba. history of the uses of soya. Botanical characters. Varieties. The soil and its preparation. Legume bacteria. Inoculation. 101. Hansen, Louis A. 1933. The soy bean as human food. Importance of calcium. Planting soya. Fertilizers. Diseases Life and Health 48(2):21-23, 27. Feb. Also in J. of the and insects (lists many names in Spanish). Other pests. Jamaica Agric. Soc., March 1933, p. 147-50. Yield. Threshing and warehouse rent. Soya and Sudan • Summary: This is a good introduction to the soybean, grass. Soya and chicharo de vaca. Utilization of the green based largely on information provided by Dr. A.A. Horvath forage. Making hay. Silage. Use of the seeds. Food for milk (until recently of the health section, U.S. Bureau of Mines) cows. Food for beef cattle. Food for hogs. Food for horses and William J. Morse (senior agronomist at the USDA and mules. Food for barnyard fowl. Balanced rations. Bureau of Plant Industry). Discusses: History of the soy Chemical composition and digestibility. Summary. bean in Asia (especially China), nutritional benefits, soy The paper is based in large part on findings of bean flour, soy bean milk, and soy sauce. experiment stations of the United States. Numerous tables Photos show: (1) Two men standing in a field of tall show the return in seed for various varieties, chemical soybeans. (2) A person grinding soybeans with a stone mill composition of seed of various varieties, chemical to make soy bean milk in China. (3) A “Chinese courtyard composition of soy hay (Mammoth variety), and digestible with pots of fermented soybeans and brine from which the nutrients of soybeans in the various forms in which they are well-known soy sauce is made.” (4) Steamed soy beans used for animal feed. A graph shows the digestible protein about to be made into miso in Japan. in soy cake as compared with other animal feeds. Address: Note: In 1968 Hansen wrote a book titled From So Zootecnico, Section of Animal Industry. Small a Dream, about Madison College (Madison, Tennessee), which pioneered soyfoods in the United States. 98. Horvath, A.A. 1932. El frijol “Soya” como alimento nacional [The soybean as a national food]. Revista de 102. Hansen, Louis A. 1933. The soy bean as human food. Agricultura, Comercio y Trabajo (Cuba) 14(3):43-56. Sept. J. of the Jamaica Agricultural Society 37(3):147-51. March. [Spa] • Summary: This is a reprint of an article first published in • Summary: This is a translation of Horvath 1927, “The Life and Health, Feb., 1933 (p. 21-23, 27). Soybean as Human Food.” Address: Peking Union Medical College, China. 103. Hunter, Herbert; Leake, Hugh Martin. 1933. Recent advances in agricultural plant breeding. London: J. & A. 99. Revista de Agricultura, Comercio y Trabajo Churchill. x + 361 p. See p. 344-48. Foreword by Sir (Cuba).1932. Fomento del cultivo de la soya en Cuba Rowland H. Biffen. Illust. Author index. Subject index. 21 [Promotion of the cultivation of soybeans in Cuba]. 14(3):3- cm. [15 soy ref] 4. Sept. [Spa] • Summary: The section titled “Soy Bean (Glycine soja • Summary: In 1929 Dr. Eugenio Molinet, the honorable Sieb. et Zucc.)” gives a review of the literature concerning Secretary of Agriculture, Commerce and Work, became recent advances in breeding the soy bean, an annual aware of studies and experiments related to the adaptation belonging to the natural order Leguminosae. Address: 1. of soya to Cuba. He ordered studies and experiments to be Plant Breeding Inst., School of Agriculture, Cambridge; 2. conducted relating to the adaptation of the soybean to Cuba. Formerly Director of Agriculture, United Provinces, India, These were accomplished with great success by the and Principal of the Imperial College of Tropical Agricultural Experiment Station of Santiago de las Vegas, Agriculture, Trinidad. and they will be of considerable importance for Cuba. Address: Havana, Cuba. 104. Morse, W.J. 1934. Utilizacion de las habas soya [Utilization of soybeans]. Revista de Agricultura, Comercio

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 44 y Trabajo (Cuba) 14(52):77-90. April. [Spa] recommend large scale cultivation in view of the very heavy • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Soybeans for human damage done by the rain, they are, however, continuing food: Dried beans, coffee substitute, toasted soybeans, fresh with their experiment, because there is no reason why soya green or vegetable beans (Habas frescas o legumbres), bean should not become accustomed to the environmental soybean flour, soy sprouts (retoños tiernos), soy sauce, conditions to which it is subjected. A limited quantity of soybean vegetable milk, tofu (cuajada o queso de habas seed is available at the present time from plots recently soya), soy oil. Soybeans for livestock: Soybeans for hay, for harvested, and it is particularly pleasing to note that the pea pasture, for ensilage, for fresh forage, for grain. Soybeans in the pod is larger than formerly. Farmers are advised by for oil. Soybean flour and cake. Soybeans for soil the Department to proceed cautiously before putting in large improvement. Address: USDA, Washington, DC, USA. acreage of this very fastidious crop. “Those farmers who are willing to make a trial can 105. McEwen, J.M. 1934. The soya bean. J. of the Jamaica obtain seeds for planting. The price of soya bean oil is $23 Agricultural Society 38:428-29. July. per ton.” • Summary: “The soya bean has been grown with fair success in small quantities in Trinidad, provided that the 107. Weber, G.M.; Alsberg, C.L. 1934. The American seed is inoculated with the correct strain of legume bacteria. vegetable-shortening industry: Its origin and development If uninoculated seed is planted in soil which does not (Continued–Document part II). Stanford, California: contain this bacteria, growth will not be satisfactory... Under Stanford University Press. 359 p. See p. 80-105. Fats and West Indian conditions it seldom grows taller than two feet. Oils Studies No. 5. [200+ ref] “The plant is comparatively free from serious pests and • Summary: Continuation. From 1890 to World War I: By diseases. The crop-period varies with variety and locality, 1900 U.S. consumption of lard compound was close to one- the extremes being about 2½ and 6 months. In Jamaica 3-4 third that of lard. The term “vegetable compound” appeared. months would probably be sufficient.” Address: Dip. Agric. After the 1890s the principal outlets for compound (marketed chiefly as an inexpensive substitute for lard) were 106. J. of the Jamaica Agricultural Society.1934. Growing probably bakeries, restaurants, and other food soya beans in British Guiana. A gamble with the weather: establishments–rather than the household trade. In the early Experiments by Agricultural Department. 38:568. Sept. years, more compound was sold in bulk than into the retail Extracted from the Daily Chronicle, Georgetown, British trade. The most widely sold retail brand was Fairbank’s Guiana, 13 Aug. 1934. Cottolene. • Summary: “Georgetown, Wed., Aug. 1. Extensive Several new technical developments led to market cultivation of Soya Beans is a gamble with the weather, growth. In 1891 Eckstein developed a deodorization process experiments have definitely proved. Beans grown in this and in 1899 Wesson developed an improved vacuum country compare very favourably with those grown in other deodorization process; this set a new standard for parts of the world. The Imperial Institute which examined a cottonseed oil quality and led to rapid expansion. In 1900 sample of beans sent by the Director of Agriculture in 1928, Snowdrift was introduced–the first compound to grow out reported that the beans were of normal composition and of the Wesson process. In the 1890s lard sold for 50-85% contained the usual high percentage of crude proteins. The more than cottonseed oil, and the latter product was percentage of oil (18.6) was satisfactory, the usual oil growing rapidly. content of soya beans ranging between 16 and 19 per cent. According to the 1903 Yearbook of the U.S. Department “Experiments. Following the publication of this report, of Agriculture (Daugherty 1904, p. 411-26) American high hopes were entertained of large scale cultivation of housewives have always had “a somewhat inexplicable soya beans. Experiments carried out by the Department of prejudice against the use of vegetable oil for cooking Agriculture at Cecilia and in the North West District have purposes.” They preferred lard, but by 1903 a small portion shown that if favourable weather conditions obtain a good of this lard was being replaced by vegetable oils, which crop of 1,500 lb. to 2,000 lb. per acre could be reaped, but gained surreptitious access to the American kitchen under bad crops were more in evidence than good crops. If rain the guise and packages suggestive of lard (p. 79). came at the critical moment, the crop would be practically The American Cotton Oil Trust (formed in 1884 and destroyed and rendered useless, and it is for this reason that, transformed in 1889 into the American Cotton Oil Co.) and in the opinion of the Department of Agriculture, the risk is the Southern Cotton Oil Company (formed in 1887), too great for the farmer to undertake with any measure of composed of both cottonseed crushers and oil refiners, confidence that he will obtain a good crop. worked to prevent complete control of compound by the “An improvement. The whole question therefore meat packers. Armour & Co. was the first large meat packer depends entirely on climatic conditions between flowering that undertook to refine its own lard, and was also one of and harvesting periods. While the Department do not the pioneers in compound production. Meat packers

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 45 dominated the compound industry until the outbreak of place for itself in a market long almost completely World War I. But why would they produce a product that dominated by lard. competed with their own lard? Because it allowed them to Prior to 1900, statistics on the production of lard and dispose of oleostearin or edible tallow. One slaughtered compound are virtually non-existent; they are fragmentary steer yielded only 20 lb of oleo and stearin, so it was not from 1900 to 1922. Compound largely found a market in abundant. The non-packer compounders grew increasingly addition to rather than as a substitute for lard, and it was the concerned over their dependence upon their competitors for principal outlet for cottonseed oil. Continued. Address: 1. animal hardening fats–until the advent of hydrogenation in Formerly Research Associate, Food Research Inst; 2. 1909. Chemists at the cottonseed oil producing companies Director, FRI. intensified their research for suitable substitutes for oleostearin and tallow, and soon found these substitutes 108. Fennah, R.G. 1935. A preliminary list of the within the resources of their own laboratories. The packers Pentatomidae of Trinidad, B.W.I. Tropical Agriculture started buying oil mills in 1902, and the refiners by 1905. (Trinidad) 12(7):192-94. July. Federal inspection of “lard compounds” began shortly after • Summary: B.W.I. is the British West Indies. Among the passage of the Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906. They had to Hemiptera-Heteroptera, in the family Pentatomide, contain over 50% lard and vegetable oils had to be listed on subfamily Pentatomine, the following species have been the label (p. 90). collected from soy beans (Genera in parentheses denote the The advent of hydrogenation in 1909 had profound original genus. For each location the initials of the collector economic effects. It eliminated the need for oleostearin and are given): Euschistus (Pentatoma) atrox, Westwood at freed the cottonseed oil producers of dependence on their Diego Martin 1921, San Juan 1922, St. Augustine 1933. competitors, the meat packers. Hydrogenation also Nezara (Simex) viridula, var. smaragdula, Fabricius at St. improved and stabilized off-grade oils so they could be used Augustine 1933. Piezodorus (Rhaphigaster) guildinii, more freely in compounds without risk of deterioration (p. Westwood at St. Augustine 1933. Thyanta (Cimex) Perditor, 93), Procter & Gamble (P&G), prior to its acquisition of the Fabricius at St. Augustine 1933. Sphyrocoris (Pachycoris) rights to the Normann/Crosfield patent in 1909, was a soap obliquus, Germar at St. Augustine 1933. manufacturer that made no edible products. P&G started Note 1. It is unusual that there has apparently never experimental production and marketing at wholesale of a been a city or county named St. Augustine in Trinidad. The shortening containing hydrogenated oil and a very small nearest place by that name is in Florida. R.G. Fennah made amount of oleostearin–but the use of oleostearin was soon most of the collections in St. Augustine. As of 1988 one of completely abandoned. In 1911 P&G put out a retail these insects was named Edessa meditabunda. package under the name Crisco, which was an abbreviation Note 2. Concerning biological control–The next article of the words “crystallized cotton oil.” The company had the on p. 194, titled “Toads save sugar crop,” summarizes an wisdom to market it as a new vegetable product, not as a article from the journal Nature (8 Dec. 1934, p. 877). The lard imitation, and the absence of any animal fat was summary begins: “Biological control seldom extends to the featured in its extensive and persistent nationwide importation of Amphibia...” Toads were imported to eat advertising. Soon many other companies began hardening May-beetles. oils by hydrogenation. There followed a long period of litigation, initiated by P&G for alleged infringement of 109. Stehlé, H. 1935. Le soja [The soybean]. Revue patents. In the end, the patents were held to be invalid and Agricole (Guadeloupe) 7(9):249-56. Aug. [8 ref. Fre] the way was opened for the general use of hydrogenation in • Summary: Contents: Introduction and history in producing compound and other foods. By 1912 the effects Guadeloupe. The soybean plant. Agricultural utilization. of the hydrogenation process were beginning to manifest Food value. Industrial uses. Soybean cultivation: Climatic themselves; by that year the production of compound was needs, soil, preparation of the seedbed, planting, varieties, estimated to be more than half that of lard. By 1914 harvesting and yields. Conclusion. hydrogenation had attained considerable commercial “The soybean is a plant of multiple uses. Its cultivation importance, allowing compounds to become increasingly could be of great interest here. Already in 1928 the independent. Selling on average for 90% the price of lard introduction of the seeds of this legume were made by the from 1890 to 1913, they gradually won over new customers Service of Agriculture, and in spite of bad conditions from because of their low cost. From the 1890s to World War I, very clayey soil at the breeding nursery in Pointe-à-Pitre, large quantities of compound were exported to Europe good results were obtained. An area of 6 ares (600 square (peak, 37 million lb in 1907) and the West Indies (peak, 32 meters) was planted in 1929 from the seeds harvested at the million lb in 1908). By the start of World War I, a largely same spot in 1928.” vegetable cooking fat had been able to make an important Industrial uses include soy flour, soy oil from which is derived lecithin and glycerines, which are used in the

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 46 production of soaps, candles, margarines, linoleums, paints, (1.30 to 1.50 meters) yielding a large quantity of green varnishes, artificial rubber, special inks, lubricants, and material and suitable for forage production; (2) medium tall illuminants. In North Africa soya oil competes with olive varieties (0.50 to 0.80 meters); (3) dwarf varieties (0.20 to oil. Its drying properties lead it to be classified between 0.40 meters). linseed oil and cottonseed oil. From the seeds one can “The principal varieties are:–Very early varieties extract a milk, in the form of a condensed liquid or (duration of growth period: 80 to 90 days): Artolfi, pulverized, and casein which can be made into sojalithe. Arlington, Aksarben, Easycook, Hamilton and Hoosier. Soybean cake is an excellent animal feed. Early varieties (growth period: 90 to 100 days): Austin, Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) Ebony, Hahto, Ilsoy, Goshen Prolific, and Virginia. Semi- that gives soybean production or area statistics for any early varieties (growth period: 100 to 110 days): Barchet, Caribbean country or major island (Guadeloupe). Chiquita, Dixia [sic, Dixie], Dunfield, George Washington, and Wilson Five. Semi-late varieties (growth period: 120 to 110. Méndez Roig, Ferdinand. 1935. Soybeans in Puerto 130 days): Herman, Medium Green, Mammoth Yellow, Rico. Puerto Rico. Unpublished manuscript. * Merko and Sherwood. Late varieties (growth period: 130 to • Summary: Juan Pastor Rodriguez (1947, p. 3) notes that 150 days): Biloxi, Tarheel Black, Ito San, Minsoy, Old Méndez, at Río Piedras, started preliminary work with Dominion and Mikado. soybeans in 1934. “The varieties particularly recommended by the Experiment Station of Sao Simao are as follows:–For seed 111. Kaltenbach, D.; Legros, J. 1936. Soya: Selection, production: Artolfi, Aksarben, Chiquita, Herman, Tarheel classification of varieties, varieties cultivated in various Black, Hamilton and Haberlandt. The seeds of these countries: Latin America (Document part). Monthly Bulletin varieties are very rich in oil. For forage production: Biloxi, of Science and Practical Agriculture (International Institute Wilson Five, Mammoth Yellow, Goshen Prolific, Ebony and of Agriculture, Rome) 27(5):180T-84T. May. Virginia. For human consumption: Easycook, Hahto and • Summary: “3. Argentina. The first trials in acclimatisation Hoosier. A table (p. 183) gives the composition of the of soya in Argentina were carried out, it appears, in 1908 at principal varieties of soya cultivated in Brazil: Peking, the Experimental Station of Córdoba. It was not, however, Wilson Five, Minsoy, Dunfield, Mandarin, Haberlandt, until 1924 that trials of any real economic importance were Virginia, Habaro, Dixie, Mammoth Yellow, Chiquita, made. At that time the Seed Section, dependent on the Tarheel Black. Division of Experiment Stations, purchased seed of 15 “6. Chile. The first trials in soya acclimatisation in Chile varieties of soya from the United States and distributed it date back to 1934 In 1934 this cultivation emerged from the among agricultural schools, experiment stations and about experimental into the practical stage. Investigations on the 6,000 farmers throughout the principal parts of the country. acclimatisation of various introduced varieties were carried From this distribution a considerable amount of information out chiefly by the Experiment Station of the National may be obtained on the adaptation of the various varieties to Agricultural Society. These trials were made with 27 the different zones of the country... The chief results were varieties. At present 4 of these varieties are recommended obtained at the Experiment Station of Puerta de Diaz [which for cultivation, namely: Ito San, Dunfield, Illini and is situated in the valley of la Lerma], Department of Salta, Manchu.” and Loreto, Department of Misiones. “Ito San.–The variety is the most wide-spread and the “4. Bermuda. Soya has been cultivated here for several most adaptable... The growth period, at the Experiment years. The Department of Agriculture has recommended its Station, is from 110 to 120 days. In many parts of the use as green manure and as a feed for livestock. There are country this period is prolonged to as much as 150 days. no native varieties. The only variety introduced is This variety gives good results from Anconcaga to Bio-Bio. Mammoth Yellow, the growth period of which allows It is most suitable for the regions of Maule, Nuble and Bio- sowing to take place at the beginning and harvesting at the Bio on account of its hardiness. It, however, has the end of summer. disadvantage of having pods which open” [shatter]... “5. Brazil. Investigations on the adaptation of different Dunfield and Illini give very good results in the regions of varieties of soya to the particular conditions of Brazil were Curico and Talca. Manchu matures a little later than and are carried out at the Experiment Station of Sao Simao. Dunfield and Ito San. It is particularly suitable for the Trials were made with the following varieties a detailed central zone. description of which will be found under the heading of the “In general, these 4 varieties yield seed of excellent United States... quality and a high oil content. When sown and grown under “As a result of the first investigations it was possible to favourable conditions, the growth period allows harvesting classify all these varieties into 5 groups according to their to take place in March. The average yield in seed per precocity. They were also divided into: (1) tall varieties hectare on the farms is 16.1 quintals. In the course of trials

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 47 carried out by the Experiment Station of the National one time for this crop has diminished greatly and at present Agricultural Society at Santiago, Chimbarongo, San different varieties of haricot beans are preferred for Fernando and Talca, these varieties gave a yield of 33.6, consumption. On the other hand, owing to the limited area 24.2, 30.2, and 37.7 quintals, respectively. The yields in oil of the country, commercial cultivation of soya for industrial vary round about 19%; at times as much as 22.5% has been purposes does not offer sufficiently advantageous prospects. obtained.” Note: This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 2001) Note 1. 1 quintal = 100 kg. Note 2. This is the earliest concerning soybeans in Costa Rica, or the cultivation of document seen concerning soybeans in Chile, or the soybeans in Costa Rica. cultivation of soybeans in Chile. This document contains the “9. Cuba. Soya grows in all the provinces of Cuba, earliest date seen for soybeans in Chile, or the cultivation of chiefly in Havana, Pinar del Rio and Santa Clara. Trials soybeans in Chile (1934). The source of these soybeans is with this crop are carried out by the Secretariat for unknown. See also a French version of this document by the Agriculture and the Agricultural Experiment Station of Institut International d’Agriculture (1936) which gives Santiago de las Vegas. 1924 as the date of the first soybean trials in Chile; we think “In Cuba no native varieties are cultivated. The varieties the 1934 date is more likely to be correct. Address: Rome, introduced are as follows: Soya S.P.I. 40.125, Wilson Five, Italy. Bocket, Biloxi, Arlington, Mammoth Yellow, Columbia, Peking, Otootan, Ito San, Dixie, Midwest, Haberlandt, 112. Kaltenbach, D.; Legros, J. 1936. Soya: Selection, Chiquita, Illini, Dunfield, Tokio, Virginia, Early Brown, classification of varieties, varieties cultivated in various George Washington, Tarheel Black, Lexington, Harbinsoy, countries: Latin America (Document part). Monthly Bulletin Hispida, Mansoy. The variety Otootan has given the best of Science and Practical Agriculture (International Institute results in the deep, dry soils of the region of Havana. It of Agriculture, Rome) 27(5):184T-87T. May. yields abundant leaf material and a large harvest of seed. • Summary: “7. Colombia. Soya is a crop for temperate “10. Dominican Republic. The Department of countries, but may be acclimatised to the hot regions of Agriculture carried out numerous trials with soya several Colombia as demonstrated at the Agricultural Experiment years ago and came to the conclusion that, even when the Stations of Valle Cauca and Tolima and in various regions soil was treated with materials specially imported for this of the Administration of Choco. It is probable that certain purpose, the trials were unsatisfactory. Consequently, this varieties from England and North Canada might be adapted plant has never been cultivated in this country except for to the cool soils of the country. Important trials in experimental purposes. Note: This is the earliest document acclimatisation are now in progress in all the agricultural seen (Dec. 2008) concerning soybeans in the Dominican experiment stations in Colombia: Palmira, Armero Republic, or the cultivation of soybeans in the Dominican (Tohima), and Tulio Ospina, in the government of Republic. This document contains the earliest date seen for Antioquia... The varieties which have given the best results soybeans in the Dominican Republic, or the cultivation of are: Brazilian Yellow, Manchu, Lexington and Biloxi... soybeans in the Dominican Republic (several years before “Generally speaking the varieties which have given the 1936). The source of these soybeans is unknown. best results in Colombia are as follows: Biloxi, Otootan, “11. Equator [Ecuador]. The Direction of Agriculture Brazilian, Mammoth Yellow, Hahto, Laredo, Lexington, has recently imported a few varieties of soya with a view to Taikozan (black), Midwest or Mongol, Hollybrook, encouraging the introduction of this crop. Trials with these Easycook, Manchu, Korea (light brownish colour), Virginia, varieties are now in progress. Note: This is the earliest Wilson Five. The growth period varies from 75 to 100 days document seen (Jan. 2001) concerning soybeans in Ecuador, for the early varieties and 100 to 170 days for the late or the cultivation of soybeans in Ecuador. This document varieties. In respect of yield in seed, the Agricultural contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in Ecuador, or Experiment Station of Valle has obtained the following the cultivation of soybeans in Ecuador (1936). The source results:–Biloxi: 1,500 to 2,000 kg. Otootan: 1,600 to 2,200 of these soybeans is unknown. kg. Mammoth Yellow: 1,000 to 1,500 kg. Hollybrook: 1,400 “12. Guadeloupe. Soya cultivation has been tried in this to 1,800 kg. Laredo: 1,500 to 2,200 kg. Farmers in country. The Service of Agriculture (le Service de Colombia wishing to obtain soya seed can apply to the l’Agriculture) has recently introduced a certain number of Agricultural Experiment Station of Palmira and the Farmers’ varieties, which have been distributed to planters and grown Society of Antioquia. in gardens.” A summary of the observations made by Mr. “8. Costa Rica. A certain number of tests have been Hazael-Massieux on 5 varieties cultivated in the Botanical made in this country with soya with both good and bad Garden is given. results. The crops suffered either from attacks by nematodes “13. Guatemala. The cultivation of soya, restricted to a which infest the roots or from the excessive humidity of the limited area, is beginning to give good results. Setbacks region. For this reason the enthusiasm which was shown at were experienced at first owing to the fact that the necessary

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 48 nitrogen is not used in cultivation. On the other hand, this Mammoth. The first two have given the best results. Note 3. leguminous plant did not find markets easily as the native This is the earliest document seen concerning the cultivation population were unappreciative. At the present time this of soybeans in Mexico (one of two documents). This situation is reversed as the natives now consume soya and document contains the third earliest date seen for soybean in large quantities of soya are being sown in the regions of Mexico (1925), and the second earliest date seen for the Pinula and Salama. It is also grown in Alta Verapaz.” Note: cultivation of soybeans in Mexico (1925). The source of This is the second earliest document seen (Jan. 2001) these soybeans is unknown. concerning soybeans in Guatemala, or the cultivation of “17. Peru. Trials in acclimatising soya were first started soybeans in Guatemala. This document contains the second in Peru in 1928, and have not yet passed the experimental earliest date seen for soybeans in Guatemala, or the stage. These trials are carried out chiefly by the Experiment cultivation of soybeans in Guatemala (May 1936). The Stations of Moquega, Ancash, Piura, Lambayeque and La source of these soybeans is unknown. Note that the Molina, at Lima. Note 4. This is the earliest document seen soybeans may well have been introduced to Guatemala (Jan. 2001) concerning soybeans in Peru, or the cultivation before 1936. Address: Rome, Italy. of soybeans in Peru. This document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in Peru, or the cultivation of 113. Kaltenbach, D.; Legros, J. 1936. Soya: Selection, soybeans in Peru (1928). The source of these soybeans is classification of varieties, varieties cultivated in various unknown. countries: Latin America (Document part). Monthly Bulletin “18. Porto Rico [Puerto Rico]. An attempt was made to of Science and Practical Agriculture (International Institute introduce soya growing into Porto Rico in 1912. Different of Agriculture, Rome) 27(5):187T-89T. May. trials were carried out for establishing this crop, but without • Summary: “14. British Guiana [Guyana]. Soya growing success as farmers were not interested in this plant. was introduced in 1927. Trials in acclimatisation were “19. Salvador [El Salvador]. In 1932, the government of carried out by the Agricultural Experiment Stations. There is Salvador imported soya seeds from Brazil for the purpose of no cultivation on a commercial scale. Only introduced acclimatisation. Up to the present the results have not been varieties are grown, the best being Caracas White [perhaps sufficiently definite for any deductions to be made. In fact, from Venezuela?]. Efforts have been directed towards these results are sometimes positive and sometimes finding a variety adapted both to forage and seed negative, without discovering any reason for the lack of production. Soya is grown in places where the soil is light. success. interesting commercial information on the soybean. The yields in seeds vary from 1,500 to 2,500 lb per acre. Note 5. This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 2001) “15. Dutch Guiana [Suriname]. Soya is grown here concerning soybeans in El Salvador, or the cultivation of solely by farmers from Java. It is not a commercial product soybeans in El Salvador. This document contains the earliest and is generally consumed by the producers. The variety date seen for soybeans in El Salvador, or the cultivation of grown is one with black seeds which was imported in 1905 soybeans in El Salvador (1932). The source of these by Mr. Van Hall. It is grown in light, sandy soils. An soybeans was Brazil. average yield is obtained of 6 to 12 quintals of seed per “20. Uruguay. On account of the economic importance hectare. Note: 1 quintal = 100 kg. soya might have for this country, the Industrial and Forage “The Experiment Station of Paramaribo imported, Plants Section, from the date of its foundation in 1929, several years ago, numerous varieties from the United States undertook an extensive study of this plant. As a point of and Java. The trials in cultivation carried out in the departure, abundant material was assembled for the purpose Experiment Garden have shown that none of these varieties of study from all parts of the world. The first trials in give as good results as the variety imported in 1905. Note 1. cultivation were made with two varieties, Biloxi, which This document contains the earliest date seen (March 2001) originated from trials carried out in 1925-1926; and a for soybeans in Suriname, or the cultivation of soybeans in yellow variety of soya which was subsequently recognised Suriname (1905). The source of these soybeans is unknown, to be the variety Mammoth. The Section received, in but it may well have been Java. Note 2. This is the earliest November, 1929, a large collection from the Plant document seen (March 2001) concerning the work of Production Institute of Leningrad, including 66 varieties. Indonesians (farmers from Java) with soybeans overseas. This collection was afterward completed by other varieties “16. Mexico. The first trials in soya growing date back from North America and other parts of the world, so that at to 1925. Investigations in acclimatisation are now carried present the Section has 233 varieties available. In the spring out by the Direction of Agriculture in the states of Vera Cruz of 1929, the section undertook trials in cultivation and and Mexico, at the Agricultural School of Ciudad Juarez adaptation,... in 1933-1934 of the 233 varieties cultivated, and in the region of Tuxtepec, State of Caxaca [sic, Oaxaca, only 28 were retained, so that up to the present, 205 in southeast Mexico].” The following varieties have been varieties have been eliminated. Of the varieties retained, introduced to Mexico: Virginia, Laredo, Hollybrook, and only 10 appear to be very promising;... all the soya from

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 49 seed obtained from Brillmayr [Brillmayer] in Austria and Looney No. 3, Loxitan, Mamloxi, Mammoth Brown, large quantities from the Industrial Plants Institute at Mammoth Yellow, Mammoth 01, Mamotan, Mamredo, Leningrad and from Germany, proved to be quite unsuitable Manchu, Matthews J.P., Midwest, Otootan, Peking, Sable, for cultivation in Uruguay. All this shows the fundamental Sable Selection, Tanloxi, Tarheel Black, Tokio, Virginia, importance of the biological problem of adaptation. George Washington, Wilson. “It may be said that, at present, the varieties of soya best Varieties grown in Iowa (p. 172T): Hamilton, Black adapted to cultivation in Uruguay are the following: (1) Eyebrow, Dunfield, Midwest, Mansoy, Wilson, Manchu, Varieties cultivated for industrial purposes.–These are Illini, Mukden. almost all varieties with light coloured seeds, with the Varieties grown in New York (p. 173T): Hamilton, exception of 3 varieties in which the colour of the seeds is Black Eyebrow, Dunfield, Midwest, Mansoy, Wilson, Ito entirely different from that required by industry, namely, the San, Haberlandt, Illinois 13-19. varieties Biloxi, with brown seed; Hispida Moench Baird Varieties grown in Wisconsin (p. 173T-174T): Black with brown seed; Hispida Moench Ednce, with black seed Eyebrow, Early Green, Ito San, Manchu, Midwest. Address: [Note 6. Is this Edna, which had black seed?]. (2) Varieties Rome, Italy. suitable only for forage production.–Laredo and Otootan. Generally speaking, it may be said that according to the 115. Heilman, Paul. 1936. Re: Cultivation of soybeans in investigations carried out by Professor Henry, Chief of the Cuba. Letter to Agricultural Experiment Station (Estacion Industrial and Forage Plant Section of Estanzuela, the 4 Experimental Agronomica) at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, most important varieties of soya best adapted to June 16. 1 p. [Spa]* environmental conditions in Uruguay, are as follows: • Summary: Mr. Heliman of the Ford Motor Company in Mammoth, Laredo, Linea genetica 4-a, Japonesa.” Address: Havana is very interested in cultivating soybeans in Cuba Rome, Italy. and would like to see a field of soybeans. Address: Ford Motor Co., Havana, Cuba. 114. Kaltenbach, D.; Legros, J. 1936. Soya: Selection, classification of varieties, varieties cultivated in various 116. Compania Nacional de Aceites. 1936. Re: Making soy countries. Monthly Bulletin of Science and Practical oil in Cuba. Letter to Agricultural Experiment Station Agriculture (International Institute of Agriculture, Rome) (Estacion Experimental Agronomica) at Santiago de las 27(5):165T-89T. May. Vegas, Cuba, Sept. 10. 1 p. [Spa]* • Summary: Contents: Part 2. IV. Varieties cultivated in the • Summary: Located in Havana, Cuba, this company is different countries. A. America (continued): United States making soybean oil from imported soybeans. Address: (conclusion). Principal states of the Union where soya is Havana, Cuba. grown (conclusion: Gives a little history and lists the most popular varieties and how/where grown): Massachusetts, 117. Fors, Alberto J. 1936. El frijol soya, materia prima para Ohio, Mississippi, Iowa, Maryland, New York, Wisconsin. la produccion de aceite [The soybean, raw material for the Canada. Argentina. Bermuda. Brazil. Chile. Colombia. production of oil]. Revista de Agricultura (Cuba) 19(8- Costa Rica. Cuba. Dominican Republic. Equator [Ecuador], 9):64-66. Aug/Sept. [Spa] Guadeloupe, Guatemala, British Guiana, Dutch Guiana • Summary: Briefly describes the importance of the [Suriname], Mexico, Peru, Porto Rico [Puerto Rico], soybean as a raw material for the production of oil. At the Salvador, Uruguay. end of the article are listed the products obtained from the Varieties grown in Massachusetts (p. 166T): Minsoy, soybean. These include 24 food products (incl. refined soy Mandarin, Wisconsin Black, Soysota, Chestnut, Habato, Ito flour, refined soy oil, chocolate and cocoa with soya, San, Pinpu, Wea, Manchu, Black Eyebrow, Dunfield, Illini, sausages with soy flour, soy bread, soy macaroni, gluten Mansoy, Harbinsoy, Medium Green, Wilson 5 [Wilson- flour and soy casein, soy lard (mantecado de soya = Five], Ilsoy, Peking, Virginia. shortening), foods for children and diabetics, Varieties grown in Ohio (p. 167T): Dunfield, Illini, oleomargarine, soy sprouts (retoños de soya), soy cheese Kingwa, Manchu, Peking, Pekwa, Manchuria, Manchuria (queso de soya = tofu), biscuits made with soy cream, La- 13177, Mukden, Muksen, Mandell. Choy soy sauce, soya bouillon, low-fat soy mayonnaise, Varieties grown in Mississippi (p. 169T-172T): Table IV soymilk), 6 concentrated feeds for domestic animals, and 14 (p. 170T) shows “Production (in bushels per acre) of soya industrial soy products (incl. paints, enamels, linoleum, varieties, studied at the Experiment Station of Delta, glycerine, varnish, artificial adhesive rubber, candles, Stoneville, compared with 5 standard varieties (in 1934). lubricants). Biloxi, White Biloxi, Coker’s 31-15, Coker’s 31-9, The article begins: “The soybean (el frijol soya) is a Delnoshat, Delsta, Dixie, Ebony, Goshen, Kingwa, Laredo bush which grows to a height of, at most, 3½ feet, but its (Southern), Lexington, Looney No. 1, Looney No. 2, industrial possibilities and its agricultural worth are

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 50 gigantic. One cannot explain why the cultivation of this “The production of soybeans in the Western World is plant in Cuba is still at the test stage. During the past year of concentrated largely in the Corn Belt States of the United 1935, the United States harvested not less than 24 million States. Beginning with the experiments of Haberlandt in quintales [1 quintal = 100 pounds] of this bean. The Austria in 1877, the soybean has been grown soybean also does well in our climate and in the majority of experimentally in most of the European countries but in our soils, with the advantage over the black bean that two general the climatic conditions are not well suited to its crops per year can be harvested. culture with the possible exception of certain regions, such “We are importing for our consumption about 6 million as the Ukraine in the U.S.S.R. Varying degrees of success kg of oil extracted from this bean which, with some have been obtained in different regions of Africa, especially industrial products derived from the same, represent an South Africa where yields of 25 to 35 bushels per acre have annual expenditure which approximates, on average, one been obtained. Experiments in nearly all South American million pesos. The soybean is not a future possibility: it is countries and Mexico have shown some successful results money in the hand of those who plant it. Cuba has oil [as] in Argentina and Cuba but acreage is not extensive. In extraction plants which can process all the soybeans we can Canada, considerable interest had been shown in the crop harvest. Why don’t you plant soya? Not only do we import but its culture–about 15,000 acres–is confined chiefly at large quantities of soy oil, for we are large consumers of present to the Province of Ontario. The future trend of the oils and fats, but we also bring in concentrated feeds for crop for commercial purposes undoubtedly will be milk cows, chickens, and various other substances derived concentrated largely in the United States, Canada, and from the soybean.” The article ends with these words certain regions of the U.S.S.R.” written in large letters: Plant soybeans! Address: A table (p. 56) shows the increase in production of Propagaganda de la Inspeccion Provinical de Agricultura de soybeans (in million bushels) during the 10-year period la Habana. A Cargo de Ingeniero A.J. Fors. from 1925 to 1935 in the world’s top five producing countries: Manchuria 92.67 -> 140.4. United States 5.190 -> 118. Morse, W.J. 1936. Soybeans in the United States: In 39.64. Chosen (Korea) 18.72 -> 21.96. Japan 18.31 -> relation to world production and trade. Proceedings of the 13.31 (1933). Netherland India [later Indonesia] 3.536 -> American Soybean Assoc. p. 55-64. 16th annual meeting. 6.676 (1934). Held 14-16 Sept. in Iowa. [2 ref] “Bean trade was an ancient and flourishing institution • Summary: The slow advance of soybean “cultivation in when the ports of China were first opened to the commerce Western Countries was undoubtedly due to the lack of of the Western World. In 1835, Newchwang (Yingkow, adapted varieties for various soil and climatic conditions. Yingkou), in South Manchuria, was an important port of Increase of acreage and production in the United States is shipment for the great coastal trade in beans, bean cake, and closely correlated with the introduction of varieties from the bean oil to the ports of southern Chinese provinces and Orient. In less than thirty years the acreage of soybeans in other oriental regions. Manchuria is still the chief source of the United States has increased a hundred fold–from about world trade in soybeans and from here the beans and bean 50,000 acres in 1907 to nearly 5½ million acres in 1935. products oil and cake move principally to other provinces of During this period the United States Department of China, Japan, the Philippines, the East Indies, and to other Agriculture has brought about 10,000 introductions of countries of Northwest Europe. In 1908, about 7,000,000 soybeans from the soybean regions of the Far East and the bushels of beans were shipped out through the port of culture of the crop has spread from a few states in the early Dairen, chiefly to Chinese and Japanese ports. For the days to twenty-seven states at the present time. period 1925-1929, the average annual shipments to China, “In Manchuria, often called ‘the land of beans,’ the Japan, and European countries were 62,353,566 bushels. soybean is grown to a greater extent than in any other The first successful shipment from Manchuria to Europe country. It occupies about 25 per cent of the cultivated area was made to an English oil mill in 1907, and as an and is relied on by the Manchurian farmer as a cash crop. important source of vegetable oil and animal feed the beans With its rise as an international trade commodity, it is truly soon found a market not only in English oil mills but in the ‘Wealth of Manchuria.’ Chosen [Korea] and Japan are other European countries and America. Since 1931, when large producers and southward from China the soybean is American-grown soybeans were first exported to European cultivated to some extent in India, Siam [later renamed markets, chiefly to the oil mills of Germany, there has been Thailand], the Philippines, Cochin China, and during the an open European market to the American farmer. With past decade the production has nearly doubled in the Dutch economical methods of production and high quality beans, East Indies. In Siberia extensive experiments have been America is in a position to compete for the 50,000,000- under way to extend the cultivation of the crop but progress bushel trade in European markets.” has been slow and Siberian beans have not yet been a factor Two tables (p. 58) show international imports and in international trade. exports of soybeans by major trading countries for an

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 51 average 5-year period (1925-29) and for 1934. The leading as to ensure the establishment of the crop. It gives results importers in 1934 (preliminary, with imports in million even in districts where the lupin will not grow” (p. 124-25). bushels) are: Germany 33.57. Japan 20.29. Denmark 9.910. Page 131 notes, in the chapter on “Tea,” that in about United Kingdom 6.615. Netherlands 4.695. Sweden 3.426. 1905, on the suggestion of Dr. H.H. Mann, the first Italy 0.739. United States 0.006. The leading exporters in Scientific Officer employed by the India Tea Association, 1934 are: Manchuria 44.21 (down from 62.35 in 1925-29). Mr. Claud Bald of Tukvar Tea Estate, Darjeeling [as of 1994 Japan 0.025. Netherlands 0.0009. in West Bengal, India], introduced Glycine soja as a green “In recent years, the oil milling industry of Manchuria crop in the hill districts. It is listed as one of the leguminous has declined quite markedly. During the height of plants (ground crops) now commonly used for shade and processing beans for oil and cake, more than 90 mills were green manure in tea cultivation. in operation, while late in 1930 not more than 25 mills were Pages 209-10 describe the use of Glycine max Merr. in crushing beans. The decline in this industry has been due 10 tropical countries: “India: In Assam, it is grown as a chiefly to a decreased demand for bean cake as fertilizer, the garden crop in the hills, has been tried as a green manure for low price of silver, and almost the entire suspension of bean sugarcane in limed soil with success. It is used as a rotation oil export due to the development of the oil extraction crop with sugarcane, and also as a green manure in Bihar. In industry in Europe. In European countries it has become Patna, it is cultivated as a fodder crop and green manure more profitable to import soybeans than to import bean oil.” plant, grown in rotation with spring cereals. In the United Two tables (p. 59) show international imports and Provinces, it is sparingly cultivated for its pods which are exports of soybean oil by major trading countries for an used as green vegetable. Introduced within comparatively average 5-year period (1925-29) and for 1934. The leading recent times into Bombay; not used as a green manure, importers in 1934 (preliminary, with imports in million lb) established in an acclimatisation station, but has not got are: Netherlands 44.00. Belgium 27.60. United Kingdom beyond that stage of introduction. Only sparingly cultivated 24.13. Austria 22.07. Morocco 20.28. Sweden 12.55. Also in Punjab for its fruit, not used in any other way. Grown listed are: Norway 8.701. Algeria 0.004. The leading only for seed in Burma, never as a cover or green manure exporters of soybeans in 1934 (preliminary, with imports in plant, date of introduction unknown, probably indigenous. million lb) are: Manchuria 122.6. Denmark 41.80. Used for green manuring of tea in the Darjeeling districts. Netherlands 26.05. Germany 24.99. Sweden 8.98. Japan At Tocklai, the plant was found to do best in shady places; it 7.95 United States 2.040. is considered very effective in keeping down weeds and “Practically all exports of soybean cake and meal have preventing soil erosion. originated in Manchuria and average about 1,375,000 tons “Ceylon: A white-seeded variety is reported to have for the five-year period 1926-31. About 70 per cent of this made good growth at Peradeniya, but on another occasion, exportation went mainly to Japan, Chosen, and China. Cake the crop was completely destroyed by Kalutara snails. and meal shipments to European countries went chiefly to “Netherlands Indies: Has long been cultivated in Java, Germany, although considerable quantities were exported to and is now almost universally grown in the drier parts of the Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Finland. The island. It is to be recommended as a green manure for average importation of soybean meal and cake into the rubber and also for perennial plants. Experiments are being United States for the five-year period 1930-1935 was carried out on its use as a green manure for irrigated rice at 31,726 tons.” high altitudes, where other green manure plants (Crotalaria “The rise of the soybean to a crop of special importance juncea, C. anagyroides, Tephrosia candida) have not such a in the world’s commerce and in the industry of the United vigorous growth. It is too soon to obtain any results. States is one of the most remarkable agricultural “Philippines: It has long been grown in the Batangas developments of recent times.” Address: Bureau of Plant Province and is of considerable local value as a food. Its use Industry, USDA, Washington, DC. as a green manure and as a temporary cover crop is of recent date. When grown on rich soils, covers spacings of 119. International Institute of Agriculture. 1936. Use of 60 cm. The crop was found very productive in Bukidnon leguminous plants in tropical countries as green manure, as and Lanao, below 700 metres altitude. cover and as shade. Villa Umberto 1, Rome: IIA. 262 p. See “Mauritius: Introduced many years ago, but not much p. 124-25, 130-31, 209-10. Index. 24 cm. [50+* ref] grown in the island; not utilized as a green manure. • Summary: In the Belgian Congo, Lupins and Soja hispida “Nyasaland: Used as a rotation crop with tobacco and are practically the only plants used in Kivu as soil cereals, and also in various other ways; good results are improvers in coffee plantations. “Soja hispida was obtained. introduced in 1931, it gives very good results in the coffee “Sierra Leone: It was introduced from Russia in 1913 plantations as green manure. This plant yields 25,000 kg. of and from England in 1928, but without success. Note: This green material per hectare, and sows itself in such a degree document contains the earliest clear date seen for soybeans

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 52 in Sierra Leone, or for cultivation of soybeans in Sierra (incl. Tonkin, Annam, Laos, Cambodia, and Cochinchine), Leone (1913) (one of three documents). The source of these Japan, Palestine, Siam. soybeans was Russia. 4d. Africa (p. 146): French West Africa, Algeria, “Belgian Congo: Introduced into Kivu in 1931; gives Belgian Congo, Cyrenaica, Egypt, Eritrea, Madagascar, very good results when utilized as a green manure for Morocco, Mauritius (Ile Maurice), Reunion (Réunion), coffee. It furnishes about 25 tons of green material per Rhodesia, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Tripolitania, Tunisia, hectare; it is self-sowing; results are obtained where even Union of South Africa. the lupin will not grow. At Uele, it was found to be of little 4e. Oceania (p. 153): Australia, Fiji Islands, Hawaii, value, being too susceptible to disease and it is also a host New Caledonia, New Zealand, Philippines. plant for Helopeltis. B. Utilization of soya (p. 158): 1. The soybean in human “Trinidad: Occasionally cultivated as pulse, but is not nutrition and in industry: Whole soybeans, chart of the uses used at all for other purposes. of whole soybeans, use of soya in the green state (green “Peru: Experiments are now being carried out for the vegetable soybeans), soy sauce (dau-tuong of the acclimatisation of this species.” Annamites, or toyo, named shoyu by the Japanese, or chau- At the end of this book is an excellent “Index of yau or chiang yoo by the Chinese), condiments and sauces leguminous plants” with scientific names only listed based on soya in the Netherlands Indies (tempe, ontjom, alphabetically. Includes: Arachis hypogea Linn, p. 155, 178. tempemori and tempe kedele [various types of tempeh and Psophocarpus tetragonolobus D.C., 237. Pueraria onchom, p. 168-70]), tao tjo [Indonesian-style miso], tao dji Thunbergiana Benth, see P. hirsuta Schneider. p. 238. [soy nuggets], ketjap, ketiap benteng [Indonesian-style soy Address: Rome, Italy. sauce], soymilk (le lait de soja), yuba (crème de lait de soja), tofu (le fromage de soja) and fermented tofu (des 120. Institut International d’Agriculture (International fromages fermentés, made by Li Yu-ying near Paris), Institute of Agriculture). 1936. Le soja dans le monde [The soymilk casein (caséine du lait de soja, for industrial use, soybean in the world]. Rome, Italy: Imprimerie de la including vegetable albumin, or galalithe [galalith]” Chambre des Deputes, Charles Colombo. viii + 282 p. [isolated soy protein], and artificial wool), soy lecithin Bibliography, p. 276-82. No index. 25 cm. [90 ref. Fre] (lécithine de soja), soy flour (la farine de soja, incl. soy • Summary: A superb early work, containing extensive bread, soy pastries, and soy cocoa). original information, looking at developments with 2. Soy oil (p. 194): Food uses, industrial uses (including soybeans and soyfoods country by country, worldwide. soaps, products resembling petroleum, paints, varnishes, Contents. Preface (p. 1). A. Culture of soy (soja; p. 4): 1. linoleum, and artificial rubber), extraction, directory of U.S. Botanical description, selection, classification of the manufacturers of materials and equipment for soybean varieties. 2. Culture properly said. 3. Enemies and illnesses. processing, directory of U.S. and Canadian manufacturers 4. Culture in the various countries: 4a. The Americas (p. of food products based on soya (produits alimentaires à 38): Antigua, Argentina, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, Chile, base de soja, p. 205-06), directory of U.S. manufacturers of Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, industrial soy products (p. 206-07). USA (gives details on all varieties grown, and describes 3. Soybean in the feeding of domestic animals (p. 207): production, history, varieties, and cultural practices in North Forage, hay, silage, pasture, soybean seeds, the minerals in Carolina, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, soybeans, soya as a feed for dairy cows, cattle, buffaloes, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, Ohio, West Virginia, sheep, hogs, horses and mules, poultry. Wisconsin, Conclusion), Guadeloupe, Guatemala, British 4. Use of soya as fertilizer (p. 257). C. The trade of soya Guiana, Dutch Guiana, British Honduras [Belize], Jamaica, and of its by-products (p. 363): Production of soybeans in Barbados, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Peru, Puerto the principal countries, economic importance of soybean Rico, El Salvador, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay. culture in the USA, soybean trade/commerce including 4b. Europe (p. 101): Germany, the Danubian countries, tables of the major importers and exporters, and amounts Austria, Spain, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, traded annually in 1931-1934, price of soybeans, cost of Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Switzerland, production. Czechoslovakia, Turkey, USSR. List by region and country of people and organizations 4c. Asia (p. 128): Ceylon, China and Manchuria, that responded to a questionnaire sent by IIA (p. 273-76). Cyprus, Federated States of Malaysia, British India (incl. Bibliography of main publications consulted, listed by Punjab, Bihar and Orissa, Burma, Berar, Madras Presidency, region and country of publication. Bombay Presidency, Bengal (incl. Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Reunion (Ile de la Réunion): “The soybean (Le Soja) is and the district of Darjeeling), Assam, North-West Frontier only cultivated as an experimental crop, on a few square Province, United Provinces), Netherlands Indies, Indochina meters at the agronomic station” (p. 148).

Fiji (Iles Fidji): Soybean cultivation is not yet practiced the practical stage. Note: This document contains the second in this colony; however soybean seeds are currently being earliest date seen for soybeans in Chile, or the cultivation of imported in order to conduct a trial. soybeans in Chile (1934; 1924 would be the earliest date by New Caledonia: In 1928 soybean cultivation was 9 years). The source of these soybeans is unknown. introduced to New Caledonia. Cuba: Soya was cultivated for the first in 1917 at the Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2007) agronomic experiment station of Las Vegas. concerning soybeans in Bhutan, Costa Rica, Dominican “Jamaica: This legume has never been grown as a Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Israel, Jamaica, commercial crop in Jamaica. However, several experimental Madagascar, Morocco, New Caledonia, Palestine, Peru, or plots have been cultivated with success. The first Réunion, or the cultivation of soybeans in Bhutan, Costa experiments go back to the year 1905. There are no Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, indigenous varieties, and the varieties that have been Guatemala, Israel, Jamaica, Madagascar, Mexico, the introduced are not identified. Research has been focused on Middle East. Morocco, New Caledonia, Palestine, Peru, or resistance to the warm climate. Soybean culture in Jamaica Réunion. It is also the earliest document seen (Dec. 2007) could be extended, for the country does not presently concerning soybeans in connection with (but not yet in) produce any foods having a high protein content. In 1934 Cyprus; it is stated that soybeans are not grown on the the Department of Agriculture published a brochure on island of Cyprus. Soybean culture is not practiced in the soybean culture targeted at the agriculturists and farmers of Italian colonies of Eritrea (Erythrée, now part of Ethiopia) the island.” or Cyrenaica (Cyrénaïque, now part of Libya). Note: This document contains the earliest date seen Note 2. This document contains the earliest date seen (Dec. 2008) for soybeans in Jamaica, or the cultivation of (June 2007) for soybeans in Bhutan, New Caledonia, or soybeans in Jamaica (1905). The source of these soybeans is Réunion, or the cultivation of soybeans in New Caledonia unknown. (1928), or Bhutan or Réunion (1936) (One of two Martinique: This is an island in the Windward Islands of documents). the eastern West Indies. No attempts to introduce soybeans Note 3. This is the earliest French-language document have been made in Martinique. seen (Jun. 2000) that mentions tempeh, which it calls Montserrat: This is an island in the Leeward Islands of “tempe” (p. 168). It notes that, in general, the indigenous the British West Indies. Soybean culture has never been able people of the Netherlands Indies use soybeans mainly to to be established with success. Sporadic trials were make tempe, a product which, throughout central and conducted in 1913 and 1915, but these trials had to be eastern Java, takes the place reserved for ontjom in western abandoned since the crop is not economical under local Java. Tempeh is found in two forms: either in large flat conditions. Note: This document contains the earliest date cakes which are cut at the time of sale into small square seen for soybeans in Montserrat or other British Dependent morsels, or wrapped in folded banana leaves. A detailed Territories in the Caribbean, or the cultivation of soybeans description of the preparation of each of these two types of in Montserrat or other British Dependent Territories in the tempeh is given as well as another type of tempe, called Caribbean (1913 or before) (one of two documents). The tempemori, which is made with soybeans and coconut source of these soybeans is unknown, but it could have been presscake. Trinidad. Soybean culture is not known to be practiced in the Soybean culture is not known to be practiced in the following countries or colonies: Antigua, Barbados, British following countries or colonies: Antigua, Barbados, British Honduras (renamed Belize in about 1975), Trinidad and Honduras (renamed Belize in about 1975), Trinidad and Tobago. Address: Rome, Italy. Tobago. Address: Rome, Italy.

121. Institut International d’Agriculture (International 122. New World-Sun Daily. 1936. [The New World-Sun Institute of Agriculture). 1936. Amérique [Soybeans in Daily year book, 1936]. San Francisco, California: New Latin America (Document part)]. In: Le Soja dans le Monde World-Sun Daily. 438 p. 22 x 30 cm. [Jap; Eng]* [The Soybean in the World]. 1936. Rome: Imprimerie de la • Summary: Directory of Japanese American businesses and Chambre des Deputes, Charles Colombo. viii + 282 p. See individuals for California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, p. 38-100. [Fre] Colorado, Wyoming, Nebraska, Texas, New Mexico, • Summary: The following information is not contained in Illinois, Michigan, New York, New Jersey, Washington, the 1936 English language translation/edition of this D.C., Ohio, Wisconsin, Florida, Oregon, Washington, document by Kaltenbach and Legros: Chile: The first trials Mexico, Cuba and Panama. Address: San Francisco, in soya acclimatization in Chile date back to 1924 [the 1936 California. English edition says 1934, which is probably correct]; since 1934 this crop has left the experimental stage and entered

123. Sampson, Hugh Charles. 1936. Cultivated crop plants soybeans in Southern Rhodesia. Note 3. This is the earliest of the British Empire and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan document seen (July 2008) that clearly refers to soybeans in (topical and sub-tropical): Based on information which has Fiji or the cultivation of soybeans in Fiji. been supplied by the Departments of Agriculture concerned. (c) Still under trial or established on an acclimatisation Kew Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Additional station in Baroda [India], Bermuda (as a green manure), Series XII. vii + 251 p. See p. 85, 201. (London: H.M. Bombay, British Guiana [later renamed Guyana] (1905; Stationery Office). [5 ref] Venezuela, 1913; Trinidad, 1927), Central Provinces • Summary: “The information furnished in this Inventory of [India], Cyprus, Grenada, Kenya, Madras, Mauritius, Cultivated Crop Plants, which was asked for by the Mysore (2 varieties from Java are promising), New Guinea Conference of Colonial Directors of Agriculture held in (black and white seeded kinds), Nigeria (from U.S.A. and 1931, is based on the replies to a questionnaire issued by the Fiji), Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Punjab, St. Kitts, St. Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and forwarded Lucia (Trinidad, 1925), St. Vincent, Seychelles, Sind by the several Departments of State concerned to all [became part of Pakistan in Aug. 1947; capital is Karachi], Tropical and Sub- Tropical countries of the British Empire Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Tanganyika Territory, Trinidad. and to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. A copy of this (d) Introduced, but the cultivation has subsequently questionnaire, together with the explanatory notes and disappeared or has been abandoned, in Basutoland covering letter, is printed as Appendix B to this publication. (abandoned as the seed shatters badly), Ceylon, Dominica. The information thus furnished has of necessity had to be (e) Introduced but has failed to become established in condensed. There may be, and probably are, numerous Antigua, Gambia, Gold Coast [Ghana] (Russia, 1929), errors. The officers who have made these returns may not in Montserrat, North Borneo, Palestine, Sierra Leone (S. some cases have had the necessary facilities to enable them Russia, 1913; Botanic Garden, Regent’s Park, England, definitely to determine the species of the plant referred to, 1928). nor have they always the knowledge requisite for the task.” Pages 201-04 give a detailed description of Glycine max “Where the actual date of an introduction, and the including: Introduction, plant habit, leaves, flowers and country from which the plant was introduced are known, fertilisation, fruit, seeds, conclusion. these are shown in brackets after the name of the country Note 4. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) concerned.” concerning soybeans in The Bahamas, Basutoland (later A major part of the book is titled “List of Cultivated renamed Lesotho), Palestine, the Seychelles, or Saint Crop Plants,” arranged by Genus name. Pages 85-86 discuss Vincent and the Grenadines, or the cultivation of soybeans Glycine Linn. Leguminosae. in The Bahamas, Basutoland, Palestine, the Seychelles, or Glycine javanica Linn. Tropical Africa and Asia. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. This document contains ‘Rhodesian Kudzu Vine.’ A fodder plant. An indigenous or the earliest date seen for soybeans in the Bahamas, early introduction in Southern Rhodesia. Note 1. This is the Basutoland, the Seychelles, or Saint Vincent and the earliest document seen that uses the name “Rhodesian Grenadines, or the cultivation of soybeans in The Bahamas, Kudzu Vine.” Basutoland, the Seychelles, or Saint Vincent and the Glycine max (Linn.) Merr. Known as “Gari kalai” in Grenadines (1936 or before). The source of these soybeans Bengal, “Pe-ngapi” in Burma, “Vilayati Chowra” in Sind, is unknown. and “Kachang sapon” in Malay. “There appear to be two Note 5. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2007) types; the northern type whose seeds are rounded in shape concerning soybeans in Cyprus, or the cultivation of and often light colored and which grow on an erect plant, soybeans in Cyprus. This document contains the earliest and the more tropical type which has a flattened seed, often date seen for soybeans in Cyprus, or the cultivation of dark colored, on a plant with a definite trailing habit. soybeans in Cyprus (1936). The source of these soybeans is (a) Indigenous or an early introduction in Burma, unknown. However another document published the same Sarawak [joined Malaysia in 1963], and the United year contradicts this claim: Institut International Provinces [became a state of India, Uttar Pradesh, in 1947]. d’Agriculture (International Institute of Agriculture). 1936. (b) Successfully introduced in Assam, Bahamas, Bengal Le soja dans le monde [The soybean in the world] (which (many varieties), Bihar & Orissa, Fiji, Hyderabad, North- see). Unfortunately, Sampson gives no details about the West Frontier [became part of Pakistan in 1947], soybeans said to be cultivated in each country. Queensland, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, S.S. & Note 6. This document contains the earliest date seen F.M.S. [Straits Settlements & Federated Malay States; later for soybeans in Guyana, or the cultivation of soybeans in Singapore and Malaysia] (by Chinese), Uganda Guyana (1905). The source of these soybeans is unknown. (occasionally), W. Australia (occasionally). Note 2. This is Note 7. This is the earliest document seen (July 2008) the earliest document seen (Jan. 2000) that clearly refers to concerning soybeans in New Guinea, or the cultivation of soybeans in Southern Rhodesia or the cultivation of soybeans in New Guinea. This document contains the

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 55 earliest date seen for soybeans in New Guinea, or the (INIFAT), managed by the Cuban Department of Agriculture cultivation of soybeans in New Guinea (1936 or before). (Departamento de Agricultura). Archival file on soybeans However New Guinea is an island (the second largest in the in Cuba: Docket (Legajo) 2, file 9. Address: Cuba. world, after Greenland), which (as of 2007) is administratively divided into Western New Guinea, a 125. Maruri, Aurelio. 1937. Cultivo del frijol soya province of Indonesia (formerly known as Irian Jaya and [Cultivation of soybeans]. Revista de Agricultura (Cuba) formerly part of the Dutch East Indies) on the West and the 20(1):37-49. Jan. [Spa] independent country of Papua New Guinea (formerly Address: B.S., Cuba. British New Guinea) on the east. Since this is an article about plants of the British Empire, the soybeans were 126. Revista de Agricultura (Cuba).1937. La pequena planta almost certainly grown in what is today Papua New Guinea. honorable [Little honorable plant]. 20(2):67-69. Feb. [1 ref. Note 8. This document contains the earliest clear date Spa] seen for soybeans in Sierra Leone, or the cultivation of • Summary: This is a translation by Prof. Miquel A. Valdiva soybeans in Sierra Leone (1913) (one of three documents). of the Time magazine article of 12 Oct. 1936. Discusses the The source of these soybeans was probably South Russia value of the soybean crop to the United States, the via Great Britain. increasing acreage planted in soybeans, their uses as food, Note 9. This is the earliest document seen (March 2006) and in the factory, and the utilization of the beans in the that clearly refers to soybeans in Northern Rhodesia (later Ford Motor Co. plant. Address: Chicago, Illinois, USA. Zambia), or the cultivation of soybeans in Northern Rhodesia. This document contains the earliest clear date 127. Revista de Agricultura (Cuba).1937. El frijol que se ha seen for soybeans in Northern Rhodesia, or the cultivation hecho famoso [The bean that has become famous]. 20(4- of soybeans in Northern Rhodesia (1936 or before). The 5):30-36. April/May. [Spa] source of these soybeans is unknown. • Summary: Describes the soybean, its history in the United Note 10. This document contains the earliest date seen States, the advantages of planting it, its uses as oil and for soybeans in Venezuela, or the cultivation of soybeans in vegetable milk, its use in industry, and prospects for the Venezuela (1913). The source of these soybeans is future. Contains eight photos: (1) William Morse of the unknown. Soybeans were probably being cultivated in USDA standing in front of many floor-to-ceiling shelves Venezuela in 1913, but we cannot be certain from this filled with food products made from soybeans. (2) Green document. vegetable soybeans in their opened pods. (3) Horse-drawn In 1905, Jos. Burtt-Davy, government agrostologist and carts with sacks of soybeans and silos filled with soybeans botanist in Transvaal, South Africa, notes (p. 261): “On in Manchuria. (4) William Morse pouring whole soybeans January 1st Mr. H.C. Sampson, B.Sc., was transferred from into his left hand from a can held in his right hand. On a the Education Department to be my assistant for Seed and nearby wooden box, apparently containing the same type of Plant Introduction.” Address: Economic Botanist, Royal soybeans, is written in Japanese (from right to left) “Hakka Botanic Gardens, Kew; Indian Agricultural Service, Retired. mamé,” which means “peppermint soybeans.” (5) Two farmers in a field of shocked soybeans. (6) A Korean girl 124. Department of Agriculture (Departamento de pounding soybeans in a tall wooden mortar. (7) A Chinese Agricultura). 1937. [Soybean varieties that have germinated courtyard filled with vats of fermenting soy sauce, each in Cuba]. Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba: Department of covered with a conical braided bamboo lid. (8) Two farmers Agriculture (Departamento de Agricultura). Unpublished wearing straw hats inspecting soybeans in a field. documents. [Spa]* • Summary: On 15 Jan. 1937 the following are all the 128. Revista de Agricultura (Cuba).1937. Más información soybean varieties that have germinated in Cuba owned by sobre el frijol soya y su importancia industrial [More the Cuban Department of Agriculture: Virginia, Mammoth information on the soybean and its industrial importance]. Brown, Brown C.5, Pekin [Peking], Tarheel Black, George 20(6):111-13. June. [Spa] Washington, Otootan, Dixie, Illini, Hispida, Columbia, Ito • Summary: Discusses: Value of soybean oil, results of San, Tokyo, Wilson 5 [Wilson-Five], Dunfield, Mid West paint exposure tests made at Washington, D.C., in [Midwest], Mammoth Yellow, Hahto. In the museum are the connection with the Institute of Industrial Research, green following varieties that have not germinated in Cuba: vegetable soybeans (frijoles verdes), dry soybeans, starch, Chiquita, Haberlandt, Medium Green, Lexington, Mansoy, flour, methods of extracting the oil, use of the cake or meal Harbinsoy. as food, commercial food products made from the beans, Note: This archival document is found (Jan. 1996) at and their chemical trade uses. According to information Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, at the Instituto de from Mr. Carlos Portela, Cuban consul in Oslo, Norway, at Investgaciones Fundamantales Agricultura Tropical least 3 Norwegian firms in Oslo would like to establish

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 56 commercial relations with companies in Cuba. They are: wide range of conditions and uses undoubtedly has been Ths. Bang-Hansen, Alf. Axelsen, and Falgel & Co. Address: one of the most important factors in increased acreage and Cuba. seed production.” “Extensive cooperative investigations with more than 129. Revista de Agricultura (Cuba).1937. El valor 3,000 introductions and selections of soybeans have been alimenticio e industrial del frijol soya [The food and carried on during the last three or four years with industrial value of the soybean]. 20(7):30-36. July. Adapted experiment stations and special cooperators in 44 states and from a publication by the New Jersey Agricultural the insular possessions, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Many of Experiment Station. [Spa] these selections gave outstanding results when compared • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Soybean oil and its with standard varieties in different sections and are being constituents. Soybean phosphatides. Whole soy flour. increased for more extensive field tests. Several of the Commercial enzymes. Conclusions. varieties in different sections were found especially suitable A table shows the composition of the soybean (in terms for use as green shelled beans, dry edible beans, or beans of of the three constituents of most value to industry): Oil high oil and protein content, as commercial beans. 20%, phosphatides 2%, protein 40%. The Ford Motor Co. is “In 1936, more than 5,000 individual soybean plant now using soya oil extensively. selections from introductions and natural hybrids were under test at Arlington Farm. Although improvement work 130. Morse, W.J. 1937. Soybean variety studies of the at Arlington has been largely plant selection, some United States Department of Agriculture. Proceedings of the hybridization work has been started, especially with the American Soybean Assoc. p. 16-18. 17th annual meeting. wild soybean and the most promising cultivated types. Oil Held 14-16 Sept. at Urbana, Illinois. and protein studies have been conducted along with the • Summary: “One of the outstanding results of soybean breeding work, analyses being made of introductions grown improvement work in the United States has been, the in the same and under different environmental conditions. realization of the importance of varietal adaptation... An extensive series of varieties, introductions and selections Varietal adaptation is obviously the reason why practically at Arlington Farm ranged from 12 to 26 per cent oil and every locality in the soybean regions of the Orient has its from 28 to 50 per cent protein... In view of the interest in own local varieties... Of the large number of introductions soybean oil for paint purposes, studies were conducted to obtained from Asia, the same variety rarely has been show the range in iodine number. The results of these secured a second time unless introduced from the same investigations showed a range from 118 to 143 for domestic locality... Before numerous introductions were made by the varieties and 155 for the wild soybean. Department, beginning in 1898, there were not more than “The increasing use of soybeans for food has resulted in eight varieties of soybeans grown in this country, and the a demand for varieties especially suited for various food culture of these varieties was confined to limited areas in a purposes. Extensive cooperative cooking experiments with few states... Seed samples were obtained through consuls, the Bureau of Home Economics of the Department of missionaries, seedsmen, government agencies, and foreign Agriculture and with several state experiment stations have explorers until by 1909 we had 175 varieties; by 1913, 427 shown considerable variation in flavor and cooking quality varieties; by 1919, 629 varieties, by 1925, 1133 varieties, in both the green and dry beans of edible varieties from the and at the present time more than 2,500 distinct types. Since Orient. The most promising of these have been named and 1989 the Department of Agriculture has made more than distributed to special cooperators by several state 10,000 introductions of soybeans from China, Manchuria, experiment stations. Some of these varieties are especially Japan, Chosen [Korea], Java, Sumatra, Siberia, and India. valuable as green shelled beans, flour, dry edible beans, This large collection, ranging in time of maturity from 75 to roasted salted beans [soynuts], bean curd, bean milk, and 200 or more days, has show wide differences in adaptation bean sprouts.” Address: Bureau of Plant Industry, USDA, to soil and climatic conditions...” Washington, DC. After preliminary testing at Arlington Farm, Virginia, the introductions are sent to various experiment stations for 131. Mendez, Ferdinand. 1937. Annual report of the cooperative studies... assistant agronomist for the fiscal year 1935-36. Puerto “The soybean has been used chiefly as a forage crop in Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report. p. 82- the United States and for many years breeding work tended 84. For the fiscal year 1935-36. largely toward the development of varieties for hay, silage, • Summary: The first section, titled “Preliminary tests with and pasture. With the rapid development during the past few soybeans” notes that 9 soybean varieties were planted on years of the soybean for oil, food and industrial purposes, the station grounds [at Rio Piedras]. Eight of these “were acreage for bean production has increased greatly. The supplied by the Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S.D.A., thru the improvement and development of varieties adapted to a Office of Extension Service of the College of Agriculture

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 57 and Mechanic Arts, and the P.R. Agricultural Experiment Agriculture (Departamento de Agricultura). Unpublished Station at Mayagüez [Mayaguez]. They were the documents. [Spa]* following:” Hahto, Rokusun, Higan Mame, Cha Mame, • Summary: A list dated 18 Nov. 1938 shows 23 soybean Yellow Mammoth, Easycook 17, Haberlandt, and Illini. varieties in Cuba. The following are not found in the list of “Except for the yellow Mammoth, which is used for 15 Jan. 1937 (which see): Georgian, Nendell, Avoyelles, FC industrial purposes, the others are edible varieties used 22494, White Biloxi, Higan, Mane, Hayseed, Palmetto, mostly for human food. The other variety, Otootan, used for Charles, Mancapin [Macoupin], and Clemson. hay, was received from the station at Santiago de Las Vegas, Note: This archival document is found (Jan. 1996) at Cuba. Details of germination, growth, height, time of Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, at the Instituto de blooming, pod forming and filling, harvesting, shattering, Investgaciones Fundamantales Agricultura Tropical disease, and insect pests are given. Eight positive (INIFAT), managed by the Cuban Department of Agriculture conclusions are given. (Departamento de Agricultura). Archival file on soybeans The 2nd section, “Cooking tests,” states: “Dry seed of in Cuba: Docket (Legajo) 2, file 9. Address: Cuba. the edible varieties tested was sent to the office of the Home Demonstration Work of the Agriculture Extension Service 136. Fairchild, David. 1938. Frank N. Meyer (Document of the University of Puerto Rico to study their culinary part). In: D. Fairchild. 1938. The World Was My Garden: qualities.” A report concluded: “The varieties Hahto and Travels of a Plant Explorer. New York, NY: Charles Yellow Mammoth are the ones which taste best.” Address: Scribner’s Sons. xiv + 494 p. See p. 314-16, 345-46, 454- B.S., Asst. Agronomist, Div. of Phytotechnics, Univ. of 55. Assisted by Elizabeth and Alfred Kay. Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras. • Summary: In 1905 matters of considerable moment were taking place at Fairchild’s office in the Section of Foreign 132. Johnson, E.F. 1938. Re: Sending new soybean varieties Seed and Plant Introduction. “A young Hollander had come to Cuba. Letter to Ing. Antonio Portuondo, Agricultural to America [in Oct. 1901]. His name was Frank N. Meyer, Experiment Station (Estacion Experimental Agronomica) at and he had been head gardener under Hugo De Vries in Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, Jan. 26. 1 p. [Spa]* Amsterdam. It seemed possible that Meyer might prove to • Summary: “Soybean” Johnson, who went to Cuba on be the man we had been looking for to send to China. vacation, is sending the experiment station 3 new soybean “‘He’s a strange fellow,’ said Pieters. ‘A bit erratic varieties with pedigrees: Mandell, Macoupin, and Higan perhaps, for he doesn’t seem to care about staying in one Mame. Address: Purina Mills, St. Louis, Missouri. place. He had a letter to Erwin Smith, and Erwin gave him a job in the greenhouses, but Meyer spent all his spare time 133. Morse, W.J. 1938. Re: Sending new soybean varieties tramping around the country. He walked down to Mt. to Cuba. Letter to Ing. Antonio Portuondo, Agricultural Vernon through the fields along the river, and on the way Experiment Station (Estacion Experimental Agronomica) at back spent the night in an old barn. Meyer told me that he Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, Jan. 28. 1 p. [Spa]* heard noises around the barn and thought it must be the • Summary: Morse is sending the experiment station 2 Indians. In fact, Meyer was surprised that he had not seen ounces each of 10 different soybean varieties. Cuba is any redskins during the whole trip. Like so many European apparently interested in using soybeans for human foods. boys, he has been fascinated by James Fenimore Cooper’s Address: U.S. Dep. of Agriculture, Washington, DC. novels and thought the Indians still occupied the country. From Washington he went to Cuba, California and Mexico. 134. Axtmayer, Joseph H.; Hernandez, G.R.; Cook, D.H. I understand that he walked hundreds of miles in Mexico. 1938. The nutritive values of some forage crops of Puerto Recently he has been at the Shaw School of Botany in St. Rico. II. Legumes, grasses and a mixture. Puerto Rico Univ. Louis’ [Missouri]. J. of Agriculture 22(4):455-481. Oct. [9 ref] “I was much impressed with the fact that Meyer was a • Summary: Soybean fodder was fed green to sheep. “Soy great walker, for I knew that there were no roads in China, beans in the full pod stage of maturity yield the highest and a man must either be carried in a sedan-chair or walk if value for the total digestible nutrients followed closely by he is to get anywhere throughout the interior. the pigeon pea in the before-flowering stage.” Address: “Pieters wired to Meyer to come to Washington, and I Dep. of Chemistry, School of Tropical Medicine, San Juan, remember our first interview as plainly as though it were Puerto Rico. yesterday. It was a boiling hot day and Meyer was one of those full-blooded men who had spent his life out-of-doors 135. Department of Agriculture (Departamento de and perspired freely. He cared nothing about his dress. Agricultura). 1938. [Soybean varieties that have germinated Somewhere he had picked up a striped shirt, and when he in Cuba]. Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba: Department of came to see me it was wringing wet and the stripes had run. But he sat on the edge of the chair with an eagerness and

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 58 quick intelligence that won me in an instant. His lack of another cable reported that a search for his body was being pose, his willingness to work for any reasonable sum, and made and a third cable said that it had been found thirty his evident passion for plants, all were evident in that first miles above the city of Wuhu. interview. Meyer told me that some of the bamboos which “Meyer had so endeared himself to every one in the Mr. Lathrop and I had sent to California had been planted force that the shock was a very real one. While we were in by a stubborn plant pathologist who did not know enough to our first sorrow over his death, his last letter came... mulch them and would not let Meyer do it either. They had “‘Concerning substitutes for dairy products,’ he [Frank died in consequence, and, as Meyer told me about it, his N. Meyer] remarked that ‘the hundred and one different eyes filled with tears. From that moment Meyer and I were manufactures of the soy bean supply this protein, but I must friends, and for thirteen years I travelled with him, in spirit admit that it will take some time for the white races to if not in body, through the farms, gardens, forests and acquire a taste for the large majority of these products.’ deserts of Asia. “I had written Meyer that we were putting in three “I was anxious to introduce Meyer to Marian’s family, hundred acres of soy beans and he was much interested, as but he was so unconventionally dressed that I tried to spruce it was the largest area of this bean yet grown in America... him up a bit before taking him there to dinner. I even He closed his last letter with the words ‘Times certainly are presented him with a tuxedo thinking that he would need it sad and mad, and from a scientific standpoint, so utterly in the Orient, but he brought it back three years afterwards unnecessary.’ and dragged it out of his trunk, green with mold. He “I have always been at a loss to understand his fascinated Mr. and Mrs. Bell and all who met him by his disappearance, for no evidence of foul play was found. keen interest in everything he saw, and by his eagerness to Meyer’s death will remain a mystery to his friends. I called learn.” the members of our little staff together and we held a When Frank Meyer returned to San Francisco [in July touching memorial meeting... Then I read them his will. He 1908] from his first 3 years in China, his collection of 77 had left a thousand dollars to be spent by the office force in different species and varieties of plants included 18 named an outing somewhere in his honor, or, if the force so voted, varieties of the soy bean, with descriptions of their it could be divided equally among all the members and, as characteristics and the uses to which they were put. He also there were a hundred, this would mean ten dollars to each had “several varieties of a small bean (Phaseolus angularis) person. used by the Chinese as a vegetable when sprouted...” “It was the unanimous opinion of the Force that we “Meyer was a most economical traveler; he walked instead should have a medal made in his honor, call it the Meyer of being carried in a sedan chair as are most travelers in the Medal, and present it for meritorious work in the field of interior of China, and he lived in Chinese inns and ate Plant Introduction. My old friend the medalist Theodore native food. Spicer Simson offered to make the medal, and produced “Meyer’s arrival in Washington was of course an event what I think is a unique and interesting one. It has already to be celebrated by the Office, for everybody had read his been given to ten investigators in plant introduction” (p. letters filled with glimpses people and customs. Marian and 455). I gave a bonfire party at ‘In the Woods’ one moonlight night Photos of Frank Meyer appear on the following pages: to which the entire Office was invited. We were none of us 314B (best one, with walking stick in China), 344D, 376A, orators, but, with such ceremony and speeches as we were 396D, and 444C. A photo (p. 456B) shows David Fairchild capable of, we complimented the explorer on the success of presenting the Meyer Medal to Charles Torrey Simpson, this three years of strenuous, even dangerous, plant hunting with Barbour Lathrop looking on. Address: USDA. in China” (p. 345). A great letter writer, Meyer and Fairchild became very 137. Jones, D.G. 1938. Notes on the inoculation of soya close friends. Meyer’s second trip (1909-12) was to far beans and on the application of Fantestex to certain crop western China and the Caucasus. His third trip was to plants. Dissertation presented for the Associateship of the northwestern China; when Meyer returned from this trip, Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture (AICTA). * Fairchild met him in Seattle, Washington. • Summary: The author observed nodulation of Pages 454-55 discuss the work and death of Frank N. uninoculated soya beans in Trinidad. Note: This dissertation Meyer. Before he left on his fourth trip to China in 1916, he is housed in the West Indian Collection of the University of wrote his will. Fairchild notes, “He often spoke of not the West Indies, Library, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad coming back, and I always tried to stop him from thinking and Tobago. Address: Trinidad. about death. On June 4, 1918, a cablegram came from the Consul at Nanking. It read, ‘Frank Meyer, Department 138. Morse, W.J. 1939. Soybeans–The world around. Agriculture, disappeared from steamer in this consular Proceedings of the American Soybean Assoc. p. 39-44. 19th district en route Hankow to Shanghai, June 2d.’ Later annual meeting. Held 11-12 Sept. at Madison, Wisconsin.

• Summary: Contents: Introduction. Asia: China, A table (p. 43) gives “Acreage, production, and imports Manchoukuo [Manchuria], Chosen (Korea), Japan, of soybeans by countries (Compiled from official sources),” Netherlands Indies [Indonesia], Philippine Islands. Europe. based largely on 1938 statistics. The countries are: Austria, Rumania. North and South America. Africa. Australia. Belgo-Luxembourg [Belgium], British Malaya, Bulgaria, In Europe, production is presently “confined largely to Canada, China, Chosen (Korea), Czechoslovakia, Denmark, European Russia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, France, Germany, Hongkong, Italy, Japan, and Rumania. In Europe as a whole, slightly more than 3 Kwantung, Latvia, Manchoukuo, Netherlands, Netherlands million bushels of seed were produced in 1938, 80 per cent Indies, Norway, Poland-Danzig, Rumania, Sweden, Taiwan of which was produced in Bulgaria, Rumania, and (Formosa), United Kingdom, United States, U.S.S.R. Yugoslavia. The largest increase has been in Rumania, due (Russia), Yugoslavia. chiefly to the fact that Germany, by guaranteeing purchases, Leading soybean producers are: China 217,192,000 has given a certain stability to cultivation... Russian bushels (1936), Manchoukuo 170,269,000 bushels, United scientists have for the past several years carried on States 57,665,000 bushels, Chosen 18,480,000 bushels, extensive experiments with the soybean. At the present time Japan 13,473,000 bushels (1937), Netherlands Indies the principal areas of cultivation are the Ukraine and certain 9,873,000 bushels (production minus seed for planting), regions in northern Caucasus. U.S.S.R. 2,502,000 bushels, Rumania 1,804,000 bushels. “Previous to the World War, Europe absorbed about 50 Leading soybean importers include: Germany per cent of the exports of soybeans from Asiatic countries, 28,766,356 bushels (the world’s largest soybean importer), the largest of the imports being taken by the United Japan 27,796,787 bushels (#2 worldwide), Estonia 195,475 Kingdom, with Denmark and the Netherlands taking the bushels, Latvia 86,347 bushels, and Poland-Danzig 19,106 remainder. In the post-war period [after World War I] bushels. important changes took place, Germany taking first place as Note: This is the earliest document seen (Feb. 2005) an importer and other nations entering into the international concerning soybeans in Estonia. This document contains the trade in the bean and its products. At present Germany still earliest date seen for soybeans in Estonia (1938). Address: holds first place as an importer of soybeans, followed by USDA Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, DC. Denmark, England, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Among other countries that have increased their imports are France, 139. Hennefrund, Helen E. comp. 1939. The peanut Norway, Latvia, and Italy... industry: A selected list of references on the economic In South America, soybeans are at the experimental aspects of the industry, 1920-1939. USDA Bureau of stage. “Successful results have been obtained in Cuba, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Economics Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and in some parts of Mexico.” Bibliography No. 80. viii + 238 p. Nov. 28 cm. [641 ref] “Africa: Extensive experiments have been conducted • Summary: This bibliography was compiled under the with the soybean in various parts of Africa for many years direction of Mary G. Lacy, librarian at the Bureau of but as yet it is an unfamiliar crop to the majority of African Agricultural Economics. Contents: Foreword, by Mary farmers. It has been successfully cultivated in the upland, Lacy. Sources consulted. General. United States: General, midland, and coast districts of Natal and throughout Agricultural Adjustment Program, cost of production and Gambia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and the Gold Coast Colony. labor requirements, grading and standardization, legislation, In the cotton and corn growing districts of Belgian Congo markets and marketing, mechanization, periodicals, the soybean has been grown successfully for forage and Philippine Islands, statistics, storage, utilization (general, food purposes. Results in all cases, however, indicate that feed and its nutritive value, peanut butter, peanut oil). more and better varieties, and improved methods of culture Foreign countries: General, Algeria, Argentina, and harvesting are essential before the soybean becomes a Australia, Belgium and Belgian Congo, Brazil, British factor of much economic importance in African agriculture. Empire, British East Africa, British West Africa, Bulgaria, The crop is advised more as a crop for domestic use than the Canada, Ceylon, China, Colombia, Cuba, Denmark, Egypt, European market. It is of interest to note that in 1938 nearly France, French West Africa (incl. Senegal, French Guinea), 4 million pounds of soybean meal were used in native Germany, India, Indo-China, Italy, Japan and Manchuria, rations in the mine compounds of South Africa. Malaya, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands and Dutch East “Australia: Successful results have been obtained with a Indies, Palestine, Poland, Portugal and Colonies, Rhodesia, few American varieties in Victoria and Queensland, but thus South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Thailand (Siam), far efforts to establish the soybean as a commercial crop Tunis [Tunisia], Turkey, Union of Soviet Socialist have been disappointing. At the present time, however, Republics, Uruguay, West Indies (British), Yugoslavia. more extensive tests are being conducted to obtain adapted Pages 1-145 contain 641 bibliographic references varieties in order to produce beans on a commercial scale.” (partially annotated), arranged by subject as shown above. Pages 146-238 are indexes.

The Foreword notes: “This bibliography supersedes and and the soybean is cultivated more or less also in the brings up to date a typewritten list by Vajen E. Hitz issued Philippines, Siam, Cochin China, Netherland India [later in 1931 entitled ‘The peanut industry: Selected references Indonesia], and India. In other parts of the world, on the economic aspects of the industry... 1920 to date.’ It particularly Germany, England, Soviet Union, France, Italy, contains references to books, pamphlets, and periodical Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Mexico, Argentina, Cuba, articles relating to the economic aspects of the peanut Canada, New South Wales, New Zealand, Algeria, Egypt, industry in the United States and in foreign countries from British East Africa, South Africa, and Spain, various 1920 through the first five months of 1939... Call numbers degrees of success have been obtained.” following the citations are those of the U.S. Department of The section on diseases discusses the following: Purple Agriculture Library, unless otherwise noted. ‘Libr. Congr.’ spot of seeds, bacterial blight, bacterial pustule, mosaic, preceding a call number indicates that the publication is in wilt, brown spot, sunburn or aphid injury, downy mildew, the Library of Congress.” Address: USDA Bureau of pod and stem blight, anthracnose, sclerotial stem rot, frog- Agricultural Economics. eye spots, and Pythium root rot. A table (p. 6-7) shows different varieties of soybeans 140. Morse, W.J.; Cartter, J.L. 1939. Soybeans: Culture and recommended for four different uses (seed, forage, green varieties. USDA Farmers’ Bulletin No. 1520 (Revised ed.). vegetable, or dry edible), classified by the length of the 39 p. Nov. Revision of April 1927 edition, further revised in growing season. Green vegetable–Very early (100 days or 1949. less): Agate, Sioux. Early (101 to 110 days): Bansei, Chusei, • Summary: Contents: History. Description. Distribution Goku, Kanro, Waseda. Medium early (111 to 120 days): and production. Climatic adaptations. Soil preferences, Fuji, Hakote, Hiro, Hokkaido, Jogun, Kura, Osaya, Sato, Varieties (classified by length of growing season into 7 Shiro, Sousei, Suru, Toku, Willomi. Medium (121 to 130 groups, and divided within each group into “Seed, forage, days): Chame, Funk Delicious, Imperial. Medium late (131 green vegetable, and dry edible” types). Description of to 140 days): Aoda, Hahto, Higan, Rokusun. Late (141 to varieties (describes 125 varieties). Preparation of the 160 days): Nanda. seedbed. Fertilizers and lime. Inoculation. Time of seeding. Dry edible–Early (101 to 110 days): Bansei, Chusei, Methods of seeding. Rate of seeding. Depth of seeding. Goku, Kanro, Waseda. Medium early (111 to 120 days): Cultivation. Soybeans in rotations. Soybeans in mixtures. Hokkaido, Jogun, Osaya, Sousei, Suru, Toku, Willomi. Soybeans drilled in small grains. Cost of production. Insect Medium (121 to 130 days): Funk Delicious, Imperial. enemies of soybeans. Soybean diseases. Other enemies of Medium late (131 to 140 days): Easycook*, Haberlandt*, soybeans. Higan, Rokusun, Tokyo*. Late (141 to 160 days): Nanda. “History: Ancient Chinese literature reveals that the Note: All dry edible varieties except three (Easycook, soybean was extensively cultivated and highly valued as a Haberlandt, and Tokyo–which are followed by an asterisk food centuries before written records were kept. The first (*)) are also included in the green vegetable group. But record of the plant is contained in a materia medica many in the green vegetable group are not included in the describing the plants of China, written by Emperor Sheng dry edible group. Nung in 2838 B.C. Methods of culture, varieties for Detailed descriptions of the following 125 varieties are different purposes, and numerous uses are repeatedly given (p. 7-17): Agate, A.K., Aksarben, Aoda, Arksoy, mentioned in later records, indicating the soybean to be of Avoyelles, Bansei, Barchet, Biloxi, Black Beauty (same as very ancient cultivation and perhaps one of the oldest crops Ebony), Black Eyebrow, Cayuga, Chame, Charlee, Chernie, grown by man. It was considered the most important Chestnut, Chiquita, Chusei, Clemson, Columbia, Creole, cultivated legume and one of the five sacred grains essential Delnoshat, Delsta, Dixie, Dunfield, Early Green (same as to the existence of Chinese civilization. Soybean seed was Medium Green), Early Virginia Brown (same as Virginia), sown yearly with great ceremony by the emperors of China, Early Wilson (same as Wilson), Early Wisconsin Black and poets through the ages have extolled the virtues of the (same as Wisconsin Black), Early Yellow (same as Ito San), plant in its services to humanity. Easycook, Ebony, Elton, Fuji, Funk Delicious, George “The soybean was first made known to Europeans by Washington, Georgian, Goku, Guelph (same as Medium Engelbert Kaempfer, a German botanist, who spent 2 years, Green), Habaro, Haberlandt, Hahto, Hakote, Harbinsoy, 1691-92, in Japan. Seed sent by Chinese missionaries was Hayseed, Herman, Higan, Hiro, Hokkaido, Hollybrook, planted as early as 1740 in botanic gardens in France...” Hongkong, Hoosier, Hurrelbrink, Illini, Ilsoy, Imperial, “Distribution and production: The soybean is grown to a Indiana Hollybrook (same as Midwest), Ito San, Jogun, greater extent in Manchuria than in any other country in the Kanro, Kingwa, Kura, Laredo, Large Brown (same as world. It occupies about 25 percent of the total cultivated Mammoth Brown), Large Yellow (same as Mammoth area and is relied upon by the Manchurian farmer as a cash Yellow), Late Yellow (same as Mammoth Yellow), crop. China, Japan, and Chosen [Korea] are large producers Lexington, Macoupin, Mamloxi, Mammoth Brown,

Mammoth Yellow, Mamredo, Manchu, Mandarin, Mandell, Bambarra Groundnuts [Bambara; Voandzeia subterranea Mansoy, Medium Early Green (same as Medium Green), (L.) Thouras var. subterranea] are being made with a view Medium Early Yellow (same as Ito San), Medium Green, of selecting the best types for supplementing the native diet. Medium Yellow (same as Midwest), Midwest, Minsoy, Several new varieties of these crops have been obtained Missoy, Monetta, Morse, Mukden, Nanda, Nanking, from other countries.” Address: Senior Botanist, Botanical Norredo, Northern Hollybrook (same as Midwest), Section, Bukalasa, Uganda. Ogemaw, Old Dominion, Oloxi (formerly Coker’s Black Beauty), Osaya, Otootan, Ozark, Palmetto, Pee Dee 142. Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual (Coker’s 31-15), Peking, Pine Dell Perfection, Pinpu, Report.1940. Vegetable crop investigations. p. 45-62. For Richland, Rokusun, Sato, Scioto, Shiro, Sioux, Sooty, the year 1939. Oct. See p. 46-47. Sousei, Southern Green, Southern Prolific, Soysota, Suru, • Summary: The section titled “Winter seed production for Tarheel Black, Toku, Tokyo, Virginia (selection {19186-D} northern crops” (p. 46-47) notes that Puerto Rico is adapted from the Morse variety at Arlington Experiment Farm in to winter seed production of crops such as soybeans grown 1907), Waseda, Wea, White Biloxi, Willomi, Wilson, in the continental United States. A few seed of 2 varieties of Wilson-Five, Wisconsin Black, Woods’ Yellow, Yelredo (a soybeans (9 seed of one variety and 25 of the other) were nonshattering selection, Coker’s 319), Yokoten. Address: 1. received and planted at Mayaguez during the first week of Senior Agronomist; 2. Assoc. Agronomist, Div. of Forage March. Both grew and yielded well. If the original lot of 34 Crops and Diseases; Both: USDA Bureau of Plant Industry, seed had been planted during the first week of October Washington, DC. 1938, two crops could have been grown before the last satisfactory planting date on the continent. Therefore Puerto 141. Nye, G.W. 1939. Reports of the botanical section: Rico can be used to speed up the breeding program of Report of the Senior Botanist, Bukalasa. Uganda soybeans (and certain other crops) on the continent. A photo Protectorate Department of Agriculture, Annual Report. (p. 47) shows 3 mature soybean plants, each overflowing Part II. p. 42-56. For the year ended June 30, 1938. See p. with pods, indicating “something of the seed-producing 54, 56. capacity of this crop when grown in Puerto Rico.” Address: • Summary: The section titled “Soy Beans” states: The Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. importance of Soy beans from a nutritional standpoint needs no emphasis. Excellent crops have been obtained at 143. Strayer, George M. 1940. Editorial–Development of Bukalasa in both seasons, i.e., early and late rains and there domestic markets: Rumor that Cuba may increase duties on is every reason to expect higher yields as the seed becomes soybean oil and other oils which compete with peanut oil. acclimatized and soils become infected with the nodule Soybean oil in shortening. Soybean Digest. Dec. p. 6. forming organism. Actually, nodule formation has only • Summary: This is the first editorial in Soybean Digest occurred on one very small plot at Bukalasa. Numerous signed by George Strayer. It has no title, and the word varieties have been obtained from America and South “editorial” does not appear anywhere on the full page of Africa, and these are being increased for proper yield trials. text. At the top left is the American Soybean Association’s Considerable variation in earliness, straw production, etc. circular logo with an outline map of North and South was observed.” America superimposed on an almost-round soybean with its A trial of three soybean varieties gave the following hilum at the top. Around the top border is written the yields in pounds/acre: Barberton Y 1 1,060, Serere 840, Association’s name. Below that: “Founded 1920–Organized Laredo 25. Note: Barberton Y1 originated in South Africa, 1925.” Serere is an agricultural station in Uganda, and Laredo “It has been our contention that the big field work of the originated in the USA. American Soybean Association is in the development and “Barberton Y 1 [which originated in South Africa] was stimulation of new uses and markets within our nation. definitely earlier maturing than Serere. The Serere variety Toward that end we should be pointing our efforts. Trade selected by Mr. Hosking in Trinidad appears to be very barriers between states make a likely place to start. The last suitable for forage owing to the large amount of vegetable annual convention took definite steps when it adopted a material produced. Quarter-acre increase plots sown in the resolution to that effect. late rains gave yields at the rate of 664 lbs. per acre for “Now a new angle develops. Rumor has it that there is a Local and 626 for Barberton Y 1, which were very movement afoot in Cuba to increase the duties on soybean satisfactory. Very little disease occurred, although at that oil and other oils which compete with peanut oil. A strong time of the year Cercospora is usually very severe on all influence in the move, so the story goes, is a representative types of beans.” of an American company growing large acreages of peanuts The last section titled “Other Crops” notes: “Collections there. of Yams, Tannias, Sweet Potatoes, Peas, Soy Beans and

“A slight increase in the duty would exclude soybean adopted on a large scale by the natives of most parts of oil. Last year Cuba imported over 100 million pounds of Uganda. Occasional plots are seen, planted with seed fats and oils. A good share of that was American soybean obtained from Indian shops, and the produce is sold locally oil. There should be no discrimination between it and lard, to Indians for food. Recently numerous varieties of soy- with which it competes in Cuban markets. Yet the proposed bean have been imported for trial at Bukalasa, as this crop duties do not apply to lard. may prove a valuable addition to the native diet and prove “With the United States now making huge loans to Latin useful as a food which can be stored against famine or food American countries it would seem that this is no time to be shortage. Distribution of the new varieties has already making trade concessions too. In fact, it would seem an commenced on a small scale to selected native cultivators, opportune time to be obtaining such concessions–not giving and the few who have taken the trouble to persevere with them. the beans as a food have found them very palatable. At Officials of the American Soybean Association have Bukalasa it has been found essential to sow soy-beans in the called this matter to the attention of Hon. Cordell Hull, early rains, but at Kampala very good crops have been Secretary of State, and requested that he advise the Cuban obtained in the second rains. At Serere good results have government, through diplomatic channels, to weigh been obtained with a mass selected variety imported from carefully the potential dangers of such action. Instead of Trinidad.” Address: Director of Agriculture, Uganda. higher duties, American vegetable oil growers should be granted further concessions in both crude and hydrogenated 145. Soybean Digest.1941. Cuba suspends consumption tax; oils in order to equalize our trade balance with Cuba. action seen as answer to rumor of new tariff. Jan. p. 10. “Soybean oil is only one of several domestically • Summary: Effective January 1, 1941, the Cuban produced oils which compete for the same market. Usage is Government suspended the consumption tax of 1 percent on determined by relative price. Cottonseed oil, peanut oil, all oils and fats. The suspension applies to imported as well linseed oil, corn oil, and lard all are in direct competition... as domestically produced oils and fats. “Last year Cuba Discrimination against one, favors all the others.” imported over 100 million pounds of fats and oils, part of “For the first time since the World War the American which was soybean oil from the United States.” farmer finds himself in the position of producing sufficient fats and oils to supply the domestic market. From the 146. [Letzgus, E.V.; Vergnaud, Henri]. 1941. But de la standpoint of national defense, this is strategically sound.” Revue [Objectives of the International Soya Revue]. Revue For a year the Surplus Marketing Administration has Internationale du Soja 1(1):1-3. Feb. [Fre] been making lard available to families using the food stamp • Summary: The soybean first appeared in France in 1740, plan of distribution. The hog producers favored this, applied Italy 1740, USA 1804, Austria-Hungary 1870, Switzerland pressure, and were rewarded. Most of us in the lard 1873, Poland and Czechoslovakia 1890, Argentina 1904, producing belt have not yet awakened to the fact that Jamaica 1905, Romania 1910, Porto Rico 1912 (Incorrect, encouraging such measures we were discriminating against 1903), Great Britain 1914 (Incorrect), Cuba 1917, Germany the markets for our own soybean oil and thus our cash 1920 (Incorrect), Mexico 1925, USSR and British Guyana soybeans... We do believe the housewife should be the 1927 (Incorrect, 1911), Peru 1928, El Salvador 1932. judge of which shortening she is to use. Note 1. The source of many of these dates was probably “Awake to that belief, the Institute of Shortening Kaltenbach and Legros (1936), or Le Soya dans le Monde Manufacturers requested the Surplus Marketing (1936). Administration to include other shortenings along with lard. Note 2. The term “(Incorrect)” after a date indicates that The request was refused. Objection seemed to be to the subsequent research has shown the date to be substantially blended compounds of vegetable and animal fats.” Address: incorrect, usually too late. Secretary, American Soybean Assoc., Hudson, Iowa. Note 3. This document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in Argentina, or the cultivation of soybeans in 144. Tothill, J.D. 1940. Agriculture in Uganda. London: Argentina (1904). The source of these soybeans is Oxford University Press, Humphrey Milford. 551 p. See p. unknown. The source of this date is also unknown–and 104-05, 181-82. suspect. Address: Paris. • Summary: At the Bukalasa Experiment station, soybeans were included in crop trials in about 1923. In the late 1930s 147. Matagrin, Am. 1941. La culture du soja dans l’Empire soybeans were included in the plant-breeding program, français [The cultivation of soybeans in the French empire]. which was chiefly concerned with cotton. Revue Internationale des Produits Coloniaux et du Material The section titled Soy-Bean (Glycine max) (p. 181-82) Colonial 16(183):102-05. Aug. [Fre] notes that “This crop was tried during the early experiments • Summary: Discusses the status of soybean cultivation in of the Department of Agriculture, but has not yet been Guadeloupe (many trials are underway), Martinique

(soybeans have not yet been introduced there), Indochina bushels. Production: 7,880,000 bushels. Average price per (Tonkin [15-20,000 ha], Annam [750 ha], Laos, Cambodia, bushel received by farmers: $1.88. Cochin China; soy is of little importance in the last 3 Table 393 (p. 299) gives U.S. soybean production and regions), French West Africa (Unsatisfactory trials were farm disposition statistics for the years 1924-1940, made in 1923 and 1926 at the experimental station at including: Total production, used for seed (total, or home Soninkoura. In 1935 trials started again at the Banankoro grown), fed to livestock, sold. station. Note: Both stations are probably in today’s Mali), Table 394 (p. 300) gives U.S. soybean statistics for Algeria (soybeans are not presently cultivated there), acreage, yield, production, and season average price Madagascar (soybean cultivation was introduced in 1911), received by farmers, by States, average 1929-38, annual Morocco (trials were started almost 15 years ago [i.e. about 1939 and 1940. The states are: New York, New Jersey, 1927], but cultivation is still at an experimental stage), the Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Island of Reunion (soybeans are cultivated only Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Delaware, experimentally at the Agronomic Station), Tunisia (soy is of Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South little practical importance there at present, though forage Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, trials are being conducted), New Caledonia (soybean culture Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas, and was introduced in 1928; the future does not look bright). USA total. Note: This is the earliest document concerning soybean Table 395 (p. 301) gives soybean statistics for acreage cultivation in the Pacific Islands (New Caledonia)–not and production in specified countries, average 1930-34, and including Hawaii, Australia, or New Zealand. annual 1935 to 1940. The countries are China, Manchuria, United States, Chosen [Korea], Japan, Taiwan, Netherlands 148. Becker, Joseph A.; Froulich, Paul; Jackson, D.; et al. Indies, Rumania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and 1941. Agricultural statistics, 1941. Washington, DC: U.S. estimated world total. Government Printing Office. 731 p. For soybeans and soy Table 396 (p. 302) gives the average price per bushel of products see p. 7, 299-305, 490, 494, 496, 519, 523. soybeans received by U.S. farmers each month and season • Summary: “This volume presents information formerly average from 1930 to 1940. published (until 1935) in the statistical section of the Table 397 (p. 302) titled “Soybeans for seed” gives the Yearbook of Agriculture” (p. 1). “Export and import average wholesale price per bushel at Baltimore and St. statistics of the United States include trade with the Louis, 1931-1941, each month from Jan. to May and Philippine Islands. They also include any trade between average. foreign countries and Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico, but Table 398 (p. 302) titled “Soybeans for crushing” gives do not include shipments between continental United States the average price per bushel, U.S. No. 2 Yellow, bulk, and these possessions. Prior to January 1, 1935, the Virgin carlots, net track Chicago, 1933-40, each month from Oct. Islands of the United States were treated in the same manner to Sept. as the Philippine Islands, but since that date the Virgin Table 399 (p. 303) gives statistics on amount of Islands are treated in the same manner as Alaska, Hawaii, soybeans crushed, and production, imports, and exports of and Puerto Rico.” (p. 5). A bushel of soybeans weighs 60 lb soybean oil (crude basis), and soybean cake and meal, USA, and a gallon of soybean oil weighs 7.5 lb (p. 7). Note: No 1930-1940. separate statistics are given for soybeans or soybean Table 400 (p. 303) gives the average price per pound of products grown in or exported to or from Alaska, Hawaii, soybean oil (domestic crude) in tank cars, midwestern mills, Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands. 1929-1940, each month and yearly average. Table 392 (p. 299) gives U.S. soybean acreage statistics Table 401 (p. 303) gives the average price per pound of for the years 1924-1940, including: Acreage grown alone soybean oil (domestic crude) in drums, New York, 1931- for all purposes, total acreage (incl. half the interplanted 1940, each month and yearly average. acres), acreage harvested for beans, yield per acre, Table 402 (p. 304) gives the average price per ton of production, price (dollars/bushel), farm value (in 1,000 soybean meal (41% protein), at Chicago, 1930-1940, each dollars), foreign trade (imports and exports, year beginning month and yearly average. in July). In 1924 for soybeans: Acreage grown alone for all Table 403 (p. 305) for soybeans and soybean oil, gives purposes: 1,567,000. Total acreage: 1,782,000. Acreage international trade (exports and imports), averages 1925- harvested for beans: 448,000. Yield per acre: 11.0 bushels. 1934, annual 1938, 1939. For soybeans: Principal exporting Production: 4,947,000 bushels. Average price per bushel countries–China, Manchuria, United States, total. Principal received by farmers: $2.46. importing countries–Germany, Japan, Denmark, United The corresponding figures in 1928 were: Acreage grown Kingdom, Sweden, Italy, Netherlands, Canada, total. For alone for all purposes: 2,154,000. Total acreage: 2,439,000. soybean oil: Principal exporting countries–China, Acreage harvested for beans: 579,000. Yield per acre: 13.6 Manchuria, Denmark, Japan, Sweden, total. Principal

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 64 importing countries–Netherlands, United Kingdom, Italy, from seeds kept over from one year to the next.” Germany, United States, Belgium, Chile, France, Morocco, “These are the difficulties which would attend Norway, Algeria, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Canada, USSR, commercial plantings, but better success may be expected in total. garden plots where small quantities of seed may be sown at Table 659 (p. 490) gives U.S. exports (in pounds) of a time and where it is not necessary always to wait until the vegetable oils (incl. corn, cottonseed, linseed, cocoa butter, seeds reach maturity before reaping. coconut, peanut, and soybean oil) from 1914 to 1939. “For culinary purposes the types with hairless pods can Table 617 (p. 455) gives statistics on oleomargarine– be reaped young and cooked in the pods, or when the seeds materials used in manufacture, USA, 1924-1940. are well grown but still green they may be extracted from Concerning soybean oil: Less than 500 lb were used in 1924 the pods and cooked as pigeon peas. The mature and dried and 1925, but 33,000 lb were used in 1926. The first beans may be cooked like dry pigeon peas.” significant amount was used in 1930: 2.25 million lb. Note: Additional statistics on oleomargarine production and 150. Dale, W.T. 1943. Preliminary study of the plant viruses consumption in the USA are given on p. 454-57. of Trinidad. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 20(12):228-35. Table 660 (p. 494) gives U.S. imports (in pounds) of Dec. [27 ref] oilseeds (incl. soybeans {but no data given for 1918-1926}, • Summary: A few soya beans on the College farm were sesame seeds, rapeseed) and vegetable oils (incl. olive oil, found suffering from symptoms very similar to those of palm oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, perilla oil, rapeseed oil, soya bean mosaic, but “as far as is known, that virus has soybean oil, and tung oil) from 1914 to 1939. never been transferred to any host other than the soya bean Table 662 gives imports of principal agricultural by artificial inoculation.” Discusses Cerotoma ruficornis. products (incl. soybean and soybean oil) into the United In an experiment, 30 soya bean plants, the source of States, by countries, each year 1932-1940. The source cowpea mosaic virus inoculum, were inoculated with the countries for soybean (p. 519) are: Kwantung, Japan, China, virus and 27 plants were infected. The incubation period Germany, other countries, total. The source countries for was 10-12 days. Address: Mycology Dep., Imperial College soybean oil (p. 523) are: Kwantung, Japan, China, of Tropical Agriculture. Netherlands, other countries, total. Address: U.S. Dep. of Agriculture, Yearbook Statistical Committee, Washington, 151. Mayo, J.K. 1945. Soya beans in Nigeria. Tropical DC. Agriculture (Trinidad) 22(12):226-29. Dec. [10 ref] • Summary: “The first recorded trial of soya beans was 149. Proceedings of the Agricultural Society of Trinidad made in 1910 at Ibadan. The crop was a failure. and Tobago.1943. Soya beans. 43(Part 3):213-14. For the “In 1928, in response to requests to the United States quarter ending Sept. 1943. and Southern Rhodesia for fodder legumes likely to succeed • Summary: “In these days when attention is being turned in Nigeria, the Department of Agriculture received several to any agricultural product which can be used as food for varieties of soya beans. These were grown for some years at man or animals or which can be manufactured into a Kano, Zaria, Yandev and Ibadan. Yields up to 500 lb. per commodity to replace another which cannot at present be acre were recorded at Zaria in small scale trials and nodules imported under war conditions it is not surprising that much developed without inoculation. As a fodder plant it was attention is being given to the Soya Bean from which such a found inferior to other plants, as an export crop it had no large number of commodities are already being prospect at that time in competition with Manchuria, and as manufactured. a food for human beings it was not seriously considered. “The Soya Bean is not commonly grown in Trinidad and Trials were discontinued in 1933. The best of these varieties people are asking why this crop does not figure more seemed to be Otootan (black seed) which gave 500 lb. per largely among our cultivations. There are two reasons; one, acre at Zaria and 430 lb. at Yandev in 1930 and 1932. Five that it is a crop more suitable to countries of lower rainfall, varieties from Russia were discarded after two years’ trial. and secondly, it hardly pays to grow where cultivation “The Missions, especially the Church of the Brethren methods are still in the hand forking stage. Mission at Garkidda on the plateau and the Leper “A fairly wide range of varieties has been grown in Settlement in Itu in the Eastern Provinces have, from time to Trinidad at one time and another, but only two have proved time, introduced and tried a number of varieties. They grow successful. These are the Yellow Mammoth or Venezuelan the crop solely as a food for human beings Yellow variety and the Otootan variety, the former of which “In 1937, tropical varieties were introduced and tried by can be grown for culinary purposes. The Otootan is more of the Botanist at Ibadan and Zaria. These varieties came from a hay type... Trinidad, British Guiana, Malaya, India, the Philippines, “Under Trinidad conditions Soya Beans do not retain Ceylon, the Dutch East Indies, the United States and South viability for very long and poor germination often results Africa... From 1940 onward the more promising varieties

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 65 were grown at most of our farms with very variable cream, packed in half-pint cartons, whips exactly as regular success... variable yields were recorded sometimes as high cream. It puffs up quickly to triple its bulk and may be used as 800-1,200 lb. seed per acre, the best yielders being for dressing up pies and cakes and other delicacies. Malaya and Benares... In the Cameroons soya beans have “The company has spent nearly $60,000 for new plant been tried at Bamenda (4,500 ft.) and Esosong (3,300 ft.) facilities and machinery to increase production. Mr. Rich which lies on a slope of Mount Kupe... said it is the nation’s only producer of soybean cream. “The peasants have not begun to grow soya beans in “‘We are producing approximately 1,000,000 half-pints Nigeria, except here and there under the direct a month but we expect we will have to step up production encouragement and example of Europeans, e.g. at Yandev further in the near future,’ Mr. Rich said. ‘Our plant is and Ilorin, in the Anchau ‘corridor’ in Zaria Province, and working 24 hours a day, seven days a week and employs 47 near Bamenda... workers.’ “Dr. Ogle carried out a controlled experiment on school “Mr. Rich also is owner of the Wilber Farms Dairy, children in Lagos in 1942 using soya bean milk and flour. which is housed in the building in front of the structure She concluded that ‘it is dangerous as well as difficult to occupied by Rich Products. interfere with native diets’ and recommended that further “Mr. Rich said the volume of sales of the soybean tests with steamed flour and soya bean milk be carried out product already exceeds milk sales by the dairy.” and beans distributed to teachers and health workers for trial A photo shows Robert Rich and employee Marshall in their homes... The army tried soya beans as part of the Golding standing next to a mixing vat. Rich is examining a rations of West African troops in 1944, but further trials by temperature gauge as Golding “dumps a 50-pound cake of the Medical Department are needed.” Address: Senior soy fat into a pasteurizer containing soy milk.” The caption Botanist, Dep. of Agriculture, Nigeria. reads: “Soybeans offer competition for ‘Bossie.’”

152. Contreras C., Moisés. 1946. La soya; su cultivo y su 155. Business Week.1946. Soybean whip: Buffalo dairy is importancia [The soybean; its cultivation and importance]. meeting housewives’ need for whipping cream substitute. Ciudad Trujillo, Dominican Republic: Secretaria de Estado New product nationally distributed. Oct. 12. p. 44, 46. de Agricultura, Pecuaria, y Colonizacion. 12 p. March. • Summary: The story of Rich Products Corp. “Long before [Spa] present shortages developed, the Wilber Farms Dairy of • Summary: Contains many recipes. Address: Agron., Buffalo foresaw an extended scarcity of whipping cream. Republica Dominiciana. Wilber’s president, Robert E. Rich, then formed the Rich Products Corp. and began experimenting with a substitute 153. White, David G. 1946. Food-crop investigations. made from soybeans. Now the new product is hitting the Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual market under the brand name ‘Whip Topping,’ with initial Report. p. 30. For the year 1945. March. distribution in 30 states, Alaska, Hawaii, and Bermuda. • Summary: The section titled “Seed production” has a Other areas will be added as more product becomes subsection on “Seed of sweet corn and soybeans grown to available. increase local food production.” In cooperation with the “Frozen package–Whip Topping consists of soy protein, War Emergency Program of the Insular Government, 3,581 vegetable fat, carbohydrates, salt, flavoring, and coloring. pounds of Seminole variety soybeans were furnished for The mixture is sold in a frozen state and is said to fluff up distribution–along with sweet corn and yams (Dioscorea like regular cream.” sp.). Address: Plant Physiologist, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. Note: This is the earliest major article seen on Rich Products Corp. It is not clear exactly what is meant by the 154. Collins, Jimmy. 1946. Company converts soybeans term “soy protein.” into ‘cream’ whip. Buffalo Evening News (New York). Sept. 18. 156. Roque, Arturo. 1946. Effect of day length on soybean • Summary: “The Rich Products Corporation, 1149 Niagara yields. University of Puerto Rico (Rio Piedras, San Juan) St., formed only a year ago, has hit the post-war consumer Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report p. 48-50. market with a new whipping cream derived from soybeans. For the years 1943-1944. [Eng]* Demand is exceeding production. The product already is being marketed in 30 states, Alaska, Hawaii and Bermuda, 157. Rodriguez, Juan Pastor. 1947. Soybean trials in Puerto and will be distributed in other areas. Rico. Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin “Headed by the youthful Robert E. Rich, the company No. 74. 17 p. Sept. Summarized in Soybean Digest, Nov. markets the soybean cream under the trade name of ‘Whip 1948, p. 38. [10 ref. Eng] Topping.’ The product consists of soy protein, vegetable fat, • Summary: “Previous work done in Puerto Rico: During carbohydrates, salt, flavoring and coloring. The soybean the last 27 years several attempts have been made to

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 66 introduce and establish soybean culture in this Island. In Note: This bulletin was also published in Spanish as no. 1917 the Food Commission (1918) distributed soybeans for 75, one month later. Address: Assoc. Agronomist, Rio trial in various places in the island. In its first annual report Piedras, Puerto Rico. the results recorded with soybeans were uniformly good, but neither the data nor the names of the varieties tried were 158. Rodriguez, Juan Pastor. 1947. La soya en Puerto Rico published. [The soybean in Puerto Rico]. Univ. de Puerto Rico “In 1918 Acosta Henríquez (1919) at Mayagüez Estacion Experimental Agricola, Bulletin No. 75. 24 p. Oct. [Mayaguez] planted the following soybean varieties: [Spa]* Mammoth Yellow, Ito Sam [sic, Ito San], Wilson Five, • Summary: This bulletin was also published in English as Tokyo, Haberlandt, Manchu, Virginia, and Early Green. no. 74, one month earlier. Address: Assoc. Agron. Rio With these introductions an average production of 1.128 Piedras, Puerto Rico. tons of dry hay per acre were obtained. Bregger, (1921-23) working as a Plant Breeder in Mayagüez, performed some 159. Dale, W.T. 1949. Observations on a virus disease of experimental work with some soybean varieties of recent cowpea in Trinidad. Annals of Applied Biology 36(3):327- introduction. Of six varieties of soybean tried, Biloxi and 33. Sept. [13 ref] Otootan set a large number of pods but were attacked by a • Summary: Reported that soybeans are naturally infected disease which caused practically all of the seeds to shrivel by cowpea severe mosaic virus (CSMV) in Trinidad. in the pods. Individual selections of the Hahto variety were Discusses Aphis craccivora, and Cerotoma trifurcata. made in the hope of obtaining a strain more adaptable to Address: Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad. Puerto Rico. This variety has fairly large, flat seeds suggestive of lima beans and might be useful in the human 160. Large, Alix. 1949. Le soja dans l’alimentation dietary as a substitute for the latter, either dry or green. Hatienne [The soybean in the Haitian diet]. Revue “The Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station Internationale du Soja 9(51):37. [Fre] started in 1935 the importation of a large number of • Summary: “The trials conducted at the Section of soybean varieties. Among the several hundred varieties Horticulture and Agronomy have revealed that certain introduced and planted at Mayagüez, the Station varieties of soya [Seminole, and Venezuela] are perfectly recommended the Seminole as an outstanding variety adapted to the Haitian ecology. This conclusion refutes the among the edible soybean varieties tried. No experimental assertion often set forth that the tropics are not suited for the data were published on comparative yields showing the exploitation of this legume. While waiting for the industrial superiority of the Seminole variety. Méndez, (1935) at Río utilization of the plant, it is in our highest interest to use the Piedras, started preliminary work with soybeans in 1934. recommended varieties starting now. We have already “In a varietal test performed in 1937-1938, the Biloxi confirmed their adaptation to our climate. Other than their variety outyielded the Wilson Black, the Manloxi [sic, great potential for forage, they can be planted during the Mamloxi] and the Laredo varieties... The Otootan variety summer season when all other legumes and many other continued to be the best as regards green forage production. legumes are under attack from stink bugs (punaises). Their The following year, the Otootan, Biloxi, Clemson, and Pee hardiness is combined with their remarkable prolificness, Dee were the top-ranking, forage-yielding varieties of a for in bad seasons we have obtained yields of 3,000 lb/ha group of 24 varieties tried. (1,364 kg/ha). If their low oil content (15-17% in our “In 1941-1942, the results of preliminary tests of laboratory) does not designate them as an oil source, their previous years were again confirmed with higher yields of high protein content (35%) recommends them especially in forage being obtained in the summer plantings. the Haitian diet... “Varieties as Rokusum [Rokusun], Easy Cook “When soaked overnight in fresh water then boiled for [Easycook] and Mammoth Yellow were recommended to be 3-4 hours, they were edible. When soaked in salted water, used as green vegetable or dry grain. Méndez’s work was the cooking took less time the following day, especially if extended to Isabela where 28 varieties already tried at Río some bicarbonate was added. The seeds do not become soft Piedras were tested under irrigation conditions at the Isabela and form a sauce like most other legumes, but they can Agricultural Substation. Trials were started at this easily be prepared with rice or corn. They had a nutty Substation in 1939, with soybean varieties suited for grain aftertaste, but were rather agreeable to eat. Most of the and for hay, or green forage. The samples were planted on a workers and the employees of my Section have eaten them variety test for yields. The best yielder under Isabela and found them to taste rather good. Granted, the difficulty conditions were Avoyelle, Palmetto, Otootan, Clemson and of cooking them won’t satisfy the delicate palate of city U.S.D.A. 86722. With these varieties a trial was started on dwellers, who have easy access to the other legumes that June 13, 1941...” they are used to enjoying. But the poor of the plains, who often undergo terrible famine and whose diet is deficient in

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 67 protein and fat would be very happy to find soya in difficult exceptionally rich in oil: about 15 per cent. of the dry seed. times... They grow best in sub-tropical climates. “Soya, with its combination of 35% protein and 15% “Repeated attempts have been made to grow and fat, seems to us ideal to balance and complement the acclimatise the Soya bean in Trinidad but although it peasant diet, and possibly the diet of all Haitians. If so many produces a small crop it is apparently not well enough countries are already using this legume (fève), why can’t we suited to our climatic conditions to make its culture do the same. It is used to prepare soups, boiled in water, profitable. A variety imported from Venezuela some years made into a souffle, a salad, etc. We could do the same ago has been attended with better results, but so far it does thing. not show much promise as a field crop for this Colony.” Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) An entry for Arachis hypogaea (Ground nut. Monkey concerning soybeans in Haiti, or the cultivation of soybeans nut. Earth nut. Peanut) appears on p. 71. Address: 1. O.B.E. in Haiti. This document contains the earliest date seen for [Officer of the Order of the British Empire], Associate of soybeans in Haiti, or the cultivation of soybeans in Haiti Honour of the Royal Horticultural Society, Late Deputy (1949). The source of these soybeans is unknown. Address: Director of Agriculture, Trinidad, and Late Director of Chef de la Section d’Horticulture et d’Agronomie de Port Agriculture, Zanzibar; 2. A.I.C.T.A. [Associate of the au Prince. Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture], D.I.C.T.A [Diploma of the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture], 161. Soybean Digest.1950. Exports to Cuba. Nov. p. 20. Agricultural Officer, Kenya. • Summary: Exports of soybean oil to Cuba from the USA in 1949 amounted to 4,812 tons, crude oil equivalent, more 165. Science News Letter.1952. Meatless diet adequate: than to any other country in the Western Hemisphere except Both vegetarian and carnivorous types of diet adequate to Canada, and 2.5 times the annual average quantity sold to feed mankind. Milk and other foods of animal origin are not Cuba in 1935-39. necessary for nourishment. 61:70. Feb. 2. [7 ref] • Summary: Dr. Robert S. Harris of the Massachusetts 162. Jamaica Department of Agriculture, Bulletin Institute of Technology (MIT) recently declared at the (Kingston).1950. Investigations, 1948-49. No. 45. 110 p. International Conference on Vitamins (held in Havana, For the years 1948-49. New Series. See p. 47-50. * Cuba) that “Both the vegetarian type and the carnivorous • Summary: type of diet can adequately feed mankind.” There is not The section “Soy bean variety trial” discusses soy enough land in the world to feed all mankind on a meat and beans. In the section titled “Forage crops and legumes” (p. milk type of diet. “It does not matter whether the calcium 48-59), the subsection on “Forage crop drying trials” (p. 49- comes from milk or tortilla, whether the iron comes from 50) mentions soybeans three times, including variety trials. meat or tampala, whether the niacin comes from liver or Also: Groundnut trials are in progress. peanuts, whether the tryptophan comes from eggs or soybeans, or whether the calories come from wheat or rice, 163. Jamaica Department of Agriculture, Bulletin so long as the nutrients are available.” Address: Nutritional (Kingston).1951. Investigations, 1949-50. No. 47. 127 p. Biochemistry Labs., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts. For 1949-1950. New Series. See p. 48-50. • Summary: In the section on “Field crops,” the chapter 166. Soybean Digest.1953. 23 million meals of Multi- titled “Pulses” (p. 48-50) discuss soya bean, cowpea, and purpose food. March. p. 19. kidney beans varietal trials. The named soya bean varieties • Summary: “Nearly 23 million 3-cent meals of the ‘Multi- tested in 1949 were Hahto, Venezuelan, Local selection, Purpose’ food have been distributed on the hunger fronts of White Biloxi, Virginia, and Mammoth Yellow. the world, according to a report issued by the non-profit The section on “Oil Seeds” (p. 44-48) mentions peanuts, Meals for Millions Foundation, Los Angeles... sesame, sunflower, safflower, rape, and okra. “More than 1¼ million meals, the report states, have gone to feed Korean refugees (813,000 meals since last 164. Williams, R.O.; Williams, R.O., Jr. 1951. The useful June). Shipments to India total 3,880,000 meals of which and ornamental plants of Trinidad and Tobago. Revised 4th nearly a million have been shipped since June. Popularity of ed. Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Printed by Guardian the food has been enhanced by development of special Commercial Printery. 335 p. See p. 174. No index. 22 cm. native recipes printed in the Korean and Tamil languages. • Summary: The entry on page 174 reads: “Glycine max. “Significant shipments have gone to the Middle East, Leguminosae–Papilionatae. Soya bean. An erect annual Hong Kong, Formosa, Burma, Africa, Arabia, Japan, plant about 15 inches high, with branching hairy stems: Philippines, Latin America, Europe, and Caribbean and native of China and Japan. The seeds borne 3 to 4 in the pod South Pacific Islands. are of great commercial importance being for legumes

“World-wide distribution has been through 133 established since 1926, when A.R. Saunders at American relief and religious agencies and health Potchefstroom began a breeding program. “Hitherto, departments of foreign governments... soyabean production has been approximately 700 short tons “For further information or to make contributions per annum. Imported and locally produced seed are used in contact Meals for Millions Foundation, 648 South the diet of native mine labourers and more particularly by Broadway, Los Angeles 14, California.” convalescents. The oil content is too low for profitable Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2007) extraction by ordinary crushing methods which leave about concerning soybean products (soy flour) in Arabia [this 6 per cent of oil in the cake. Facilities for the solvent term usually refers to the Arabian Peninsula, but in this case extraction and fractionation of vegetable oils have led to a it may well refer to Saudi Arabia]; soybeans as such have greater demand for soyabeans. not yet been reported. This document contains the earliest “Soyabeans are frequently grazed or used as hay... It is date seen for soybean products in Arabia (March 1953); an important hay crop, but difficult to cure.” Apart from soybeans as such had not yet been reported by that date. lupins (Lupinus albus, L. luteus, and L. angustifolius) planted in late summer, soyabeans are the best annual 167. Whyte, R.O.; Nilsson-Leissner, G.; Trumble, H.C. legume used at the Dohne Research Station. 1953. Legumes in agriculture. FAO Agricultural Studies No. In Madagascar (p. 142-43) soyabeans have given good 21. 367 p. April. [97 ref] results at the Station agronomique du Lac Alaotra. In • Summary: Contents: Part I. 1. Economic botany of Pakistan, in East Bengal (p. 145) soyabeans are being legumes. 2. Ecological and biotic relationships. 3. Relation grown on an experimental basis. A number of improved to soil fertility. 4. Alternate Husbandry. 5. Association with varieties have been developed and are being distributed to grasses. 6. Use as animal feed. 7. Tropics and sub-tropics. 8. growers. In Burma (p. 148) and in Thailand (p. 149) Poisonous plants and weeds. 9. The significance of soyabeans are cultivated. symbiotic nitrogen fixation. 10. Plant introduction and “Plant introduction in Australia (C.S.I.R.O.): Almost exploration. 11. Adaptation, strain variation and breeding. immediately after the establishment of the Division of Plant 12. Investigation and testing of improved strains. 13. Industry (then the Division of Economic Botany) in 1928, a Production of seed. Plant Introduction Section was formed to rationalize the Soyabeans and the genus Glycine are discussed in detail introduction and testing of plants for all parts of Australia. on pages 275-78; they are grown in the Philippines, Siam, Among the many other plants discussed are peanuts India, the East Indies, Natal, Transvaal, Argentina (incl. the (Arachis, p. 254-55), milk vetches (Astragalus, p. 255, incl. northeastern province of Corrientes), Uruguay. “The most Genge), Derris (= Deguelia, p 268), kudzu (Pueraria, p. widespread species is Glycine javanica (East Indies, 317-21), including long sections on regular kudzu (P. Manchuria, tropical Asia, Abyssinia [Ethiopia], tropical East thunbergiana = P. hirsuta = P. triloba = Dolichos japonicus Africa, and parts of South Africa). In Queensland, this = Pachyrhhizus trilobus) and on tropical kudzu or puero (P. perennial slender species is an outstanding slender legume phaseoloides = P. javanica), and Voandzeia (the Bambarra among more recent introductions, possessing all the groundnut, Madagascar peanut, Juga bean or earth pea; characteristics of a good pasture species, since it makes Voandzeia subterranea is a native of Africa). Address: Plant good growth, is palatable, and seeds prolifically. It has also Production Branch, Agriculture Div., FAO, Rome, Italy. shown great promise in Paraguay. In Africa, it is an excellent substitute for kudzu with similar climatic 168. Glidden Co. (The). 1955. Annual report, 37th for the requirements. It does not yield so much, but sets seeds fiscal year ended October 31, 1954. Cleveland, Ohio. readily and is therefore easier to propagate... Glycine falcata • Summary: Sales for the year were $209.083 million. Net is a herb occurring in the semi-arid grasslands of earnings before taxes were $14.235 million. Net profit after Queensland and is considered a promising pasture plant. It taxes and all charges was $7.093 million. Dwight P. Joyce produces underground pods.” has replaced his father as president of the company. In 1954 Soyabeans are discussed briefly at a number of Glidden sold its Indianapolis (Indiana) live stock and countries where they are grown, including in the tropics and poultry feed business, but not the plant. sub-tropics. In Jamaica (p. 105), soyabeans are “Your Directors have approved the immediate start of recommended in a 1-year rotation with maize in higher construction of a 6.5 million-bushel terminal grain storage lands with terra rossa. In Nicaragua (p. 108) soyabeans elevator to be located on the Calumet River in Chicago. The appear to be well adapted. In El Salvador (p. 108-09) the new elevator will be the second largest in the Chicago National Centre of Agronomy recommends soyabeans as a switching area and will cost more than $5 million. This source of fodder. In Northern Nigeria (p. 119) the soyabean additional capacity will be of material aid to our Chemurgy is used as young green fodder; its composition is given. In Division in its soybean crushing and grain merchandising South Africa (p. 138-39) soyabeans have been well- operations located in Chicago and Indianapolis. The

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 69 elevator is also advantageously located in relation to (Geneva) No. 29. 237 p. [313 ref] handling grain for export when the St. Lawrence Seaway is • Summary: Contents: Introduction. 1. Evolution of infant completed.” feeding in the Western world. 2. Present infant-feeding “During the year we were able to sell our full productive practices in the subtropics and tropics. 3. Present status of capacity of isolated protein, soya flour and lecithin nutritional disease among infants in the subtropics and products. We are now in the process of materially tropics. 4. Methods of improving infant feeding in the expanding this capacity and further major expansion is in subtropics and tropics. 5. Prevention of kwashiorkor. the planning stage.” Acknowledgements. Annexes: 1. Summary of suggested “We have adopted an aggressive marketing policy on methods of infant feeding in the subtropics and tropics. 2. Glidden ‘RG’ Soya Lecithin, a dietary source of choline, Questionnaire for use in investigating methods of infant inositol and phosphorus. Present sales of this product are feeding. Illustrations. References. Index. substantial even though it has not previously been In the chapter titled “Prevention of kwashiorkor,” pages advertised.” An illustration shows a bottle of Glidden “RG” 160-62 review and discuss the use of the soya bean to Soya Lecithin with a hand pouring soybeans into it and prevent protein deficiency in infant nutrition: (1) Soya-bean many people (no taller than the bottle) around it. emulsion is “also known as soya ‘milk.’” Work in the USA, “We have licensed major paint producers in Australia, Philippines, Hong Kong, Thailand, and Indonesia is France, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Holland, discussed. (2) Soya-bean curd, “also known as soya Italy, Great Britain, Finland, Iceland, Japan and Cuba to ‘cheese’” [tofu], is rich in calcium but is lacking in the manufacture Spred Satin and a number of companion lines.” vitamin-B complex. “Nevertheless, it can be an extremely “Without departing from our concept of decentralized valuable food, and, according to Platt (personal divisional research, we established the Central Organic communication) is far superior to other soya products in Research Laboratory in Chicago. This laboratory is engaged infant feeding.” (3) Fungus-digested soya beans or tempeh with projects in the field of organic chemistry and nutrition from Indonesia contains vitamin B-12 and is not expensive. for our Chemurgy, Food and Paint Divisions. We plan to It is very digestible and can be ground up and added to emphasize and expand our research work still further.” steamed rice for feeding older infants. (4) “Miscellaneous. At the end of comments by Dwight P. Joyce, president, Various other prepared soya products are of great nutritional is a brief obituary (“In Memoriam”) for Adrian D. Joyce value, but are probably unsuitable for infants.” These (1872-1954), founder of The Glidden Company, which include miso and soy sauce. “A simple method of “pays tribute to a man who achieved greatness in his career preparation which requires further investigation is that of and as a human being.” Address: Cleveland, Ohio. grinding the roasted beans into a flour, which can be added to gruels or soups. The roasted bean is certainly palatable 169. Thayne Muller, E. 1955. Frijol de soya [Soybeans]. but its digestibility for children is unknown, as is the effect Havana, Cuba: Pioneer Seeds, Inc. 13 p. Sept. [Spa] of roasting on the trypsin inhibitor and on the amino-acid • Summary: In the prologue “E. Thayne Muller” of Pioneer composition.” Address: WHO Visiting Prof. of Paediatrics, Seeds, Inc., expresses gratitude to Dr. Gonzalo del Cristo, All-India Inst. of Hygiene and Public Health, Calcutta. Vice President and Director of the Agricultural Division of Formerly, Senior Lecturer in Pediatrics, University College the Cuban Bank for Agricultural and Industrial Promotion of the West Indies, Jamaica. Nutrition Consultant, World (Banco de Fomento Agrícola e Industrial de Cuba), to all Health Organization. the officials of BANFAIC and of the Ministry of Agriculture for their valuable cooperation in our experimental plans for 172. Waterlow, J.; Vergara, A. 1956. Protein malnutrition in the agricultural development and planting of soybeans, and Brazil. FAO Nutritional Studies No. 14. 40 p. March. Also to Ingeniero Raul E. Alonso Olive, Chief of the Department published as “La Malnutrition Protéique au Brésil” in of Agriculture’s Agricultural Experiment Stations, for his Bulletin de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (Bulletin technical help in the preparation of this pamphlet. W.H.O.) No. 15, p. 165-201. [58 ref] Note: Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba on 1 Jan. • Summary: This was one of the surveys made by United 1959. Address: Pioneer Seeds Inc., Habana, Cuba. Nations agencies in the late 1940s and early 1950s which showed the prevalence of protein calorie malnutrition. 170. Muller, T. 1955. El cultivo del frijol soya [Cultivation Discusses the difference between this condition (also called of soybeans]. Havana, Cuba: Estación Experimental kwashiorkor) and marasmus. In the treatment of this Agronómica de Santiago de las Vegas. 12 p. [Spa]* condition, dried skimmed milk gives the best results since it Address: Habana, Cuba. also cures the dermatosis–but it is relatively expensive. Contents: Prefatory note. 1. Medical aspects of the 171. Jelliffe, D.B. 1955. Infant nutrition in the subtropics problem. 2. Natural history of distrofia pluricarencial in and tropics. World Health Organization Monograph Series

Brazil. 3. Prevention. 4. Proposals for further investigations. capita consumption of both margarine and butter are higher 5. Summary and conclusions. than in the USA, and margarine consumption passed that of Page 29 notes: “Soybean is a rich source of protein and butter in the mid-1940s. may be prepared in a variety of ways. It has been shown Page 70: Estimated per caput consumption margarine in that soybean preparations of various kinds are effective in major countries worldwide in 1938, and 1946 to 1953. The treating kwashiorkor. The possibility of extending its use in countries are: United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil and of making available preparation of soymilk, Canada, Norway, Netherlands, Sweden, USA, Finland, particularly for use in the Amazon region, is receiving Denmark, Western Germany, and Belgium. Clearly attention.” Europeans, and especially those in Scandinavian or northern Note: This is the third earliest English-language European countries, are the leading margarine consumers. document seen (May 2006) that contains the word In 1938 the leading countries were Denmark (47.4 lb/ “soymilk” (one of two documents). Address: 1. Dr., capita), Norway (141.2), and Sweden (10.5); USA was 2.9. University College of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, In 1953 the leaders were Norway (51.1), Netherlands and WHO Consultant; 2. Dr., FAO Regional Officer for (40.8), and Denmark (40.1); USA was 7.9. Latin America, Santiago, Chile. Page 71. Fats used in the production of margarine in the United Kingdom (1937-1953; soy oil started in 1951 and is 173. Jelliffe, D.B.; Arroyave, G.; Aguirre, F.; Aguirre, A.; insignificant). In 1938 UK margarines were made from 53% Scrimshaw, N.S. 1956. The amino-acid composition of vegetable oils (groundnut was the leader, followed by certain tropical pulses and cereals. J. of Tropical Medicine coconut), 41% marine oils, and 6% animal fats. In 1953 UK and Hygiene 59(9):216-17. Sept. [7 ref] margarines were made from 91% vegetable oils (groundnut • Summary: Gives the nutritional composition of 21 tropical was still the leader, followed by coconut), 8.8% marine oils, pulses and cereals, including scientific name, English name, and 0.2% animal fats. local name, country of origin, moisture, nitrogen, niacin, Page 72: Fats used in the production of margarine in the tryptophane, lysine, methionine, and cystine. USA (1938-1953; soybean oil passed cottonseed oil in For Soya bean: Moisture 10.6%, nitrogen 6.4%, 1951). In 1938 U.S. margarines were made from 93.6% tryptophane 0.29%, lysine 2.04%, methionine 0.82%, vegetable oils (cottonseed was the leader, followed by cystine 0.88%, niacin 0.77 mg/100 gm. Address: 1. Late coconut then soybean oil), and 6.3% animal fats. In 1953 Dep. of Medicine, University College of the West Indies, U.S. margarines were made from 98.9% vegetable oils Jamaica; 2-5. Inst. of Nutrition of Central America and (soybean oil was now the leader, followed by cottonseed), Panama (INCAP), Guatemala. and 1.1% animal fats. Page 73: Fats used in the production of margarine in 174. Schwitzer, M.K. 1956. Margarine and cooking fats: certain countries (1937-1952) In 1951-53 soybean oil Their history and world trade. II (Document part). In: M.K. comprised the following percentage of all oils used to make Schwitzer. 1956. Margarine and Other Food Fats: Their margarine is these countries: Australia 0%, Canada 50%, History, Production and Use. New York, NY: Interscience Denmark 5%, Netherlands 5%, Norway 3%, Sweden 0%. Publishers, Inc. 385 p. See p. 59-78. Chap. 2. [52 ref] Page 75: Production of cooking fat (shortening), 1938, • Summary: Tables: Table 8 (p. 67) shows margarine and 1946-53, in the UK, Canada, Germany, and USA. production in major countries worldwide in 1938, and 1946 World production of “lard substitutes” is considerably to 1953. The countries are: United Kingdom, Australia, smaller than that of margarine, and the USA and the UK are Canada, South Africa, British Caribbean, Austria, Belgium, the only major manufacturers. Total production in these Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, countries grew from 868,000 tons in 1938 to 1,075,000 tons Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Soviet Union, Sweden United in 1953. In 1953 the leading producers were USA (748,000 States. Production in these countries totaled 1,350,000 tons tons), United Kingdom (209,000 tons), and Canada (61,000 in 1938, dropping to 949,000 tons in 1946, then rising tons). In Germany shortening is called Plattenfett and steadily to 2,618,000 tons in 1953. In 1938 Germany was by Kunstspeisefett. far the leading producer (439,000 tons), followed by United Page 76. Fats used in the production of cooking fat in Kingdom (208,000), and USA (172,000). In 1953 the three the UK (1937-1953; soy is not mentioned). largest producers were USA (577,000 tons), Germany Page 76: Fats used in the production of cooking fat in (573,000), and United Kingdom (406,000). Holland was the the United Kingdom (1937-1953; soybean oil is not world’s largest margarine exporter. mentioned). Page 69: Graph of per capita consumption of margarine Page 77: Fats used in the production of cooking fat in and butter in the UK and USA, 1938-1953. During this the USA (1938 and 1946-1953; soybean oil had passed time, butter consumption decreased and margarine cottonseed oil by 1946). In 1938 U.S. shortenings were consumption increased in both countries. In the UK, per made from 91.7% vegetable oils (cottonseed was by far the

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 71 leader, followed by soybean then palm oil), 8.2% animal Pelican, Ogden, Yellow Mamloxi, and Mandarin. For fats, and 0.1% marine oils. In 1953 U.S. shortenings were forage: Palmetto, Improved Pelican, Biloxi, Otootan, and made from 18.6% vegetable oils (soybean oil was now by Santa Maria. The best time for planting was thought to be far the leader, followed by cottonseed), and 16.2% animal from July 1 to Aug. 30. Address: Estacion Experimental de fats (mostly lard). Address: Highgate, UK. Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba.

175. Bulletin d’Information de l’INEAC (Institut National 178. Soybean Digest.1958. Soybean, olive oils lead in Pour l’Etude Agronomique du Congo Belge).1957. Cuban market. July. p. 23. Description du matériel d’élite sélectionné récemment par la • Summary: “Whenever income permits, the average Division des Plantes vivrières de Yangambi [Description of consumer usually prefers olive oil to less expensive oils. elite material recently selected by the Division of Food However, ‘imitation’ olive oil (soybean oil with flavor and Plants at Yangambi]. 6(1):47-59. See p. 52-59. [Fre] color added) is gaining popularity as a substitute, chiefly • Summary: Yangambi is in today’s Zaire. A table titled because of price advantage to the consumer... A new plant, “Characteristics of the latest varieties of soybean selected which will produce soybean oil and meal, is expected to by the Station of Yangambi” gives details on each of these open in September. The plant is said to have the capacity for six varieties: Otootan (from Ruanda), Otootan (from Brazil), processing 33,000 bushels of soybeans per month. The Palmetto (from Brazil), Jubittan 109 (from Southern operating firm expects to import all the soybeans from the Rhodesia), SH 162 (from South Africa), Soja Trinidad (from United States.” Trinidad via Nigeria). For each is given: 8 botanical characteristics, 3 agronomic characteristics (yield, duration 179. Roach, Howard L. 1958. Program of the Soybean of vegetative state, and height), weight of 1,000 seeds, and Council of America: Export market development activities percentage of protein and lipids in the seeds. of the Council now include European and Asiatic Photos show: Four different views of peanut pods, continents, Central and South America. Soybean Digest. peanuts in the pods, and shelled peanuts. Six different views Sept. p. 28-29. of soybean pods, soybean in the pods, and shelled soybeans. • Summary: The Soybean Council of America, born in 1956, is financed by voluntary contributions of 1/10¢ per 176. Instituto Nacional de Reforma Economica. 1957. La bushel on soybeans grown in the United States; one half of soya: Su presente y su porvenir en Cuba [The soybean: Its this amount or 1/20¢ per bushel to be contributed by the present status and future in Cuba]. Carta Publica Quincinae processing industry, and the growers share, 1/20¢, to be No. 43. 29 p. June 15. [Spa]* collected by the handlers from the growers. “Over 80% of • Summary: This very interesting document was published the processing industry is now voluntarily contributing 1/ only 18 months before the Cuban Revolution took power in 20¢ per bushel to finance the Council...” Jan. 1959. Address: Cuba. “The activities of the Council are controlled by a board composed of growers, processors, and handlers, this board 177. González Diaz, Enrique; Ramos Ledon, Leandro; carefully allocating a budget of $130,000 during the current Alonso Olive, Raul. 1958. El cultivo del frijol soya year.” [Cultivation of soybeans]. Havana, Cuba: Banco de The Council, which is working to create new markets, Fomento Agrícola e Industrial de Cuba (BANFAIC). 18 p. has established an overseas office in Rome, Italy, for the [Spa]* direction of our European activities. “Under the supervision • Summary: In 1958 the Cuban Bank for Agricultural and of the European office is an office for Italy and an office for Industrial Promotion (Banco de Fomento Agrícola e Spain. These offices are possible through cooperation with Industrial de Cuba; BANFAIC), in cooperation with the the USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service, and part of their Agricultural Experiment Station at Santiago de las Vegas, costs are paid for through the use of counterpart funds published this bulletin, which was the first major document generated through the sale of commodities under Public on soybeans in Cuba published after the Cuban revolution Law 480.” of 1955. It describes the areas of soybean extension located The Council presently has a technical representative, in the savannah areas of Santo Domingo (province of Villa accompanied by a representative from the Foreign Clara), in the estate ‘Pablo’ (Ciego de Avila), and in the rice- Agricultural Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, growing area of southern Pinar del Rio. The objectives of making a survey of market possibilities in the Caribbean soybean cultivation are: extraction of the oil to replace some area, starting at Bermuda, and going through the Bahamas, of the $30,000,000 worth of imported vegetable oils and the Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Leeward Islands and use of the cake for feeding all classes of livestock. Of the Windward Islands. soybean varieties evaluated, the following were “In September another technical representative will visit recommended for use of the seeds: Palmetto, Improved Chili, Peru, Equador, and Colombia to survey the possibility

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 72 of increased markets in that area for soybeans and soybean “Although Dr. Miller has certificates to practice products.” medicine in nine of the 49 states and 11 foreign countries, A portrait photo shows Howard Roach. and even at his age retains a steady hand for surgery cases, Note: This is the earliest document seen (March 2001) he continues to devote much time to the development and concerning the activities of the American Soybean perfection of soybean foods. Association in Latin America, in the Caribbean, or in South “Despite his full life as a general medical practitioner, America. Address: President, Soybean Council of America, and many years spent superintending numerous Chinese Plainfield, Iowa. sanitarium-hospitals, serving as president of the Seventh- Day Adventist mission in prewar China, managing and 180. Roberts, Lydia J. 1958. Beginnings of the editing the Chinese Signs of the Times, authoring many Recommended Dietary Allowances. J. of the American medical books and articles and lecturing around the world, Dietetic Assoc. 34(9):903-08. Sept. [41 ref] he has managed to continue his soybean research and • Summary: The dietary allowances officially came into experimentation whatever his location. being in May 1941, at the National Nutrition Conference “From 1939 to 1950, while medical director of the which met in Washington, DC, at the request of President Mount Vernon, Ohio, sanitarium and hospital, he opened a Franklin D. Roosevelt. They were the result of more than a research laboratory where he developed a new improved year’s hard work on the part of a group of devoted nutrition soy milk, soy-olive sandwich spread, and numerous other workers–including the author. This paper discusses nutritious foods made from soybeans and grains, and developments prior to May 1941. Address: PhD, Visiting initiated the International Nutrition Laboratory of America Prof., Univ. of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras. which later became the INRF which he has heavily endowed. 181. Soybean Digest.1958. Harry Willis Miller honorary life “In 1951 he sold his growing soybean food industry to member [of American Soybean Association] 1958. Sept. p. the Loma Linda Food Co. and came to Arlington, 10-11. California, where he now makes his home and spends as • Summary: “Dr. Harry Willis Miller, director of the much time as possible in the new laboratory placed at his international Nutrition Research Foundation [INRF], disposal by Loma Linda. Two years ago, the World Health Arlington, California, was born 79 years ago in Ludlow Organization became interested in Dr. Miller’s progress in Falls, Ohio. Although renowned as one of the world’s developing a superior soy milk and modeled a million- leading thyroid surgeons, he also has spent many years in dollar factory in Indonesia after the Loma Linda food soybean research and has done much to perfect and promote factory which he had pioneered in Mount Vernon, Ohio. At soybean food products on the American market. the present time WHO is also providing $30,000 for an “As a medical missionary sent to pioneer the work of intensive 2-year infant nutrition research program at a Seventh-Day Adventists in China from 1903 to 1911, he leading U.S. hospital using his soy milk formula. wondered how he could aid the millions of undernourished “Since his appointment as director of the INRF, has Chinese children–hundreds of infants dying daily from laboratory and experimental work have been frequently malnutrition. interrupted to answer please for help from his medical “After years of investigation and practical colleagues in foreign lands. From 1954-1956 he went to experimentation with one of the most staple foods in China, Penang and Formosa to serve as medical director and he discovered a method of ‘milking’ soybeans and perfected surgeon for the hospitals there, took a similar post for 2 a palatable formula suitable for both infants and adults. months in Trinidad in 1956, another in Libya in 1957, and “The response to the product was spectacular. To meet he is now filling the post of medical director and surgeon at the immediate demand machinery was shipped to China, the Tokyo Sanitarium-Hospital in Japan during a 6-month and under Dr. Miller’s management the first modern leave of absence by an SDA medical-missionary. vegetable milk plant in the world was put into operation. “Despite his present busy daily routine at the sanitarium Until the outbreak of war in Shanghai in 1937, fresh he is continuing his work with soybeans and has a nearby soybean milk was delivered daily to hundreds of homes in tofu shop deliver soy milk daily to the sanitarium in 5- Shanghai. gallon containers. Since his arrival he has introduced soy “For the service he rendered to the people of Free China whipping cream for daily use at the sanitarium and routinely in saving the lives of countless thousands of infants with the prescribes soy milk to allergic Chinese infants. He writes use of soybean milk and for his untiring efforts in that he was surprised to find that the soy milk he helped establishing a dozen or so sanitariums-hospital clinics in the perfect for the Loma Linda Food Co. is now obtainable by Orient, he has received National China’s highest honor. In military personnel at the U.S. army post exchanges in Japan. 1956 Dr. Miller was decorated with the Brilliant Blue Star “While other men have rightly taken up golf, fishing, or by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek himself. other hobbies, Dr. Miller has devoted most of his spare time

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 73 to research and development of vegetable foods. ‘Soybeans • Summary: Liming of acid soils in Puerto Rico have been my lifetime hobby,’ he declares. Small wonder he significantly increased yields of soybeans grown for green is known from East to West as the man who gets ‘milk from manure. an iron cow.’ “Over the years Dr. Miller has been among the most 185. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the active supporters of the American Soybean Association. He United Nations), Plant Production. 1959. Tabulated was chosen an honorary life member of the Association at information on tropical and subtropical grain legumes. the Des Moines convention. The award was made in his Rome, Italy: FAO. xiv + 367 p. 28 x 21 cm. absence in Tokyo during the annual banquet.” • Summary: This publication was compiled from the replies Photos show: (1) Dr. and Mrs. Miller with Madam and of questionnaires submitted to agricultural stations, or other Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. (2) Dr. Miller in Libya in organizations, in tropical and subtropical countries. 1957–standing outdoors and dressed in his plain white Information is given on morphology and habit, uses, yield, doctor’s outfit. (3) “C.G. Simcox presents honorary life and quality of grain and/or forage. Among the many species membership award to C.P. Miles, manager Loma Linda considered are soybeans, peanuts, winged beans, and Food Co., Mt. Vernon, Ohio, in behalf of Dr. H.W. Miller. bambarra groundnuts (Voandzeia subterranea). An Award will be formally presented to Dr. Miller in Tokyo by appendix gives the geographical location of the contributing Shizuko Hayashi, managing director of the Japanese stations and countries, together with data on local American Soybean Institute.” temperature, precipitation and soil type. This work is in English, only, but French and Spanish equivalents of the 182. Soybean Digest.1958. Caribbean is a growing market headings are given. [for U.S. soybean products]. Nov. p. 19. Page vii shows the various countries from which • Summary: Mexico and the Caribbean represent a growing information on the cultivated soybean was collected. At market for soybean oil meal and mixed feeds, and for least one page is devoted to the soybean in each of these vegetable oils made in the USA. A report was conducted, countries, as follows: (1) Angola (p. 90). Local name: Soja sponsored by the Soybean Council of America and the Preta. Station submitting information: Estacao Agricola USDA. A two-man team surveyed the area in late summer. Central, Vila Salasar. Seed yield: 1,400 kg/ha. Uses: Green Countries discussed in their report are: Mexico, Cuba, manure, human consumption, livestock feed, oil extraction. Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Island of Curacao, Angola #2 (p. 107). Station submitting: Estacao de West Indies Federation, British Guiana, Surinam, Bahamas. Melhoramento de Plantas, Nova Lisboa for variety Medium Concerning the “Island of Curacao. Entirely an import Yellow. Seed yield: 500–2,500 kg/ha. Uses: Human economy supplied principally by U.S. produced soybean oil. consumption, livestock feed, oil extraction. (2) Belgian Its needs are adequately cared for. Congo (p. 91). Station submitting: I.N.E.A.C. Station, “There is a substantial quantity of mixed feeds Gandajika. Seed yield: 260-850 kg/ha. Use: Human containing soybean oil meal imported from the United consumption. (3) Jamaica (p. 92). Station submitting: States and sold in one or two bag lots to small farmers.” Department of Agriculture, Kingston. Seed yield: 1,080 kg/ Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2008) ha. Uses: Green manure, human consumption, livestock concerning soybean products (soy oil) in Netherlands feed. (4) Puerto Rico (p. 93). Local names: Habichuela Dependencies in the Caribbean (Island of Curacao); Soya, Haba Soya. Station submitting: U.S. Federal soybeans as such have not yet been reported. This document Agricultural Experiment Station, Mayaguez. Seed yield: contains the earliest date seen (Dec. 2008) for soybean 1,620–2,160 kg/ha. Uses: Green manure, human products (soy oil) in Netherlands Dependencies in the consumption, livestock feed, oil extraction. Caribbean (Island of Curacao) (by 1958); soybeans as such (5) Southern Rhodesia (p. 94). Station submitting: had not yet been reported by that date. Agricultural Experiment Station, Salisbury. Seed yield: 1,500 kg/ha. Uses: Human consumption, livestock feed. (6) 183. Hernández-Medina, E.; Lugo-López, M. 1958. Thailand (p. 95). Local names: Tua Luang, Tua Nao, Tua Observations on the boron-manganese relationships in Mei Tai. Station submitting: Mehjo Agricultural Experiment soybean and corn plants. J. of Agriculture, University of Station, Mehjo. Seed yield: Not given. Uses: Human Puerto Rico 42(1):27-34. [6 ref]* consumption, livestock feed, oil extraction. (7) Belgian Address: Univ. of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. Congo (p. 96-98, 100, 102, 104, 105, 108, 109, 112, 113). Local names: Soja. Stations submitting: I.N.E.A.C., 184. Lugo-López, M.A.; et al. 1959. Response of some Yangambi for varieties 37/S/38/345/666 (introduced from tropical soils and crops of Puerto Rico to applications of South Africa), Atootan (Otootan; introduced from Brazil), lime. University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Jubitan 109 (introduced from Southern Rhodesia), Palmetto Station, Technical Paper No. 28. 19 p. [31 ref]* (introduced from Brazil), and Trinidad (introduced from

Nigeria), I.N.E.A.C. Station, Nioka, Ituri for varieties the protein present in the original flakes is left in the soy Atootan SH. 030 and Herman SH. 02 (both introduced from protein concentrate. USA), INEAC Station, Bambesa for varieties E.35 and “Soy protein concentrate is recommended for use in S.H.E. 43, I.N.E.A.C. Station, Keyberg, Elisabethville for cereal products, high protein breads, baked goods and variety K 92/6/2/2/1, I.N.E.A.C. Station, Mont Howa, Ituri prepared bakery mixes. It may be used as a binder in meat for variety Mammoth, I.N.E.A.C. Station Rubona, Ruanda products, as a protein supplement in baby and geriatric for variety Palmetto. Seed yields: 1,000–1,500 kg/ha (2 foods and other dietary specialties. It is useful in adding varieties at Yangambi), and 500 kg/ha at Nioka. Uses: Green desirable body and shelf life to caramel and fudge.” Soy manure, human consumption, livestock feed, oil extraction. protein concentrates sell for about $0.22 per pound, and (8) Australia (p. 99). Station submitting: Department of isolated soy proteins for about $0.35 per pound. Photos Agriculture and Stock, Brisbane, Queensland for variety show: (1) J.W. Hayward (portrait). (2) A ship bound for Clemson Non-shatter. Source of crop: Introduced from the Puerto Rico being loaded with 30 tons of soybean oil from a USA. Seed yield: Not given. Uses: Human consumption, tanker. The U.S. “is the world’s largest exporter of fats and livestock feed, oil extraction. oils.” (3) A combine, coming toward the viewer, harvesting (9) Morocco (p. 101). Station submitting: Centre de soybeans. (4) A few of the food and non-food items that Recherches Agronomiques for variety Gibson S.C. 335. contain soybean products: Lecithin, cake mix, shortening, Seed yield: 400-500 kg/ha. Uses: Green manure, human shampoo, margarine, floor enamel, dessert topping, lipstick, consumption, livestock feed, oil extraction. (10) Brazil (p. gasoline. (5) Swine in wooden pens at the A.E. Staley Mfg. 103). Station submitting: Instituto Agronomico, Campinas, Co. research center. Swine are a major consumer of soybean Sao Paulo. Variety name: I.A.455. Seed yield: 1,200–1,600 meal in the United States. kg/ha. Uses: Erosion control, green manure, human Tables show: (1) Approximate Cost of 1,000 calories consumption, livestock feed, oil extraction. (11) India (p. from 3 sources: Soybean oil 2.2 cents. Wheat flour 3.2 110). Station submitting: Department of Agriculture, cents. Rice 3.8 cents. (2) Typical fatty acid composition of Nagpur, Madhya Pradesh for varieties S.B. 5 and S.B. 8. soybean oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, and some other Seed yield: 1,486 and 1,172 kg/ha. Uses: Livestock feed. vegetable oils (cottonseed, corn, peanut, safflower, olive). (12) Ceylon (p. 114). Station submitting: Agricultural (3) Approximate analysis of the natural or crude grades of Research Station, Maha Illupallama for variety Yellow lecithin: 35% soybean oil, 20% phosphatidyl choline, 20% (introduced from India). Seed yield: 860–1,080 kg/ha. Uses: phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 2o% inositol phosphatide, 5% Green manure, livestock feed, oil extraction. Address: sugars, sterols, moisture, etc. (4) Estimated amount of Rome, Italy. soybean meal used in different types of livestock and poultry feeds. (5) Production of protein concentrates in the 186. Hayward, J.W. 1962. The increase in U.S. soybeans in form of cake and meal, as from soybeans, cottonseed, milk recent years: Production and use of soybeans and products products, tankage and meat scraps, linseed, etc. have increased more rapidly than any other U.S. industry. Soybean Digest. May. p. 17-26. [11 ref] 187. Meals for Millions. 1963. Friendship food for a hungry • Summary: Contents: Introduction: Remarkable increase in world. Distribution of relief shipments, September 1946– production since 1924, characteristics which have increased May 15, 1963. 215 West 7th Street, Los Angeles 14, the popularity of U.S. soybeans, importance of mechanized California. 4 p. Undated. [2 ref] production, organizations currently allied with U.S. soybean • Summary: Total distribution of MPF (Multi-Purpose production. Soybean oil. Soy lecithin (food and industrial Food) up to 15 May 1963 was 12,830,416 pounds, uses). Soybean meal. Soy protein: Soy flour and/or grits. comprising 102.6 million meals. Countries receiving over Soy protein as concentrate and isolate (“soy protein 20,000 pounds, in descending order of amount received, concentrate and isolated soy protein”). Industrial use of soy were: India (1,979,748 lb), Korea (1,356,110), Japan protein products. Conclusions. (541,102), Hong Kong (394,259), China (358,957, stopped “The 70% protein product is called a soy protein in 1951), Brazil (312,244), Germany (206,185), United concentrate. It is a semi-refined product with a protein States (183,366), Philippines (146,943), Haiti (139,823), content of approximately 70% to 75% on a moisture-free France (126,022), Pakistan (101,041), Congo (86,101), basis, and in a range of 66% to 68% protein on an ‘as is’ Austria (82,159), Tanganyika (77,997) Mexico (65,722) basis. This protein concentrate is prepared from special soy Burma (63,554), Taiwan (58,639), Lebanon (56,910), flakes by removal of water soluble nonprotein constituents, Canada (51,836), Ceylon (38,428), Israel (38,280), Jamaica such as minerals and carbohydrates and certain factors (38,171), Greece (38,133), Vietnam (37,524), Italy responsible for the undesirable flavor and bitterness (36,768), Indonesia (35,873), Jordan (33,375), Hungary sometimes associated with the soy flour or grit products (33,165), New Guinea (31,535), Gabon (27,704), Liberia which have not been properly processed. In general, most of (27,187), Okinawa (23,640), Malaya (23,454), Morocco

(22,736), Chile (22,721), Iran (21,482), Peru (21,374), Other countries which received MFM shipments by 15 Honduras (21,168), Bolivia (20,860), Nepal (20,626), May 1963 are: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Borneo (20,053). Basseterre [Probably refers to the island, Basse-Terre (or The following countries (listed alphabetically) were Guadeloupe proper) which is the western half of early recipients of soy-based Multi-Purpose Food from Guadeloupe, separated from the other half, Grand-Terre, by Meals for Millions, and were late in introducing soybeans to a narrow channel. As of 1994 Guadeloupe is a French the country: Bahamas (received 6 shipments totaling 2,079 Overseas Department. Probably not the seaport on St. lb between 1 July 1960 and 31 Dec. 1962). Basutoland Christopher Island, capital of St. Christopher-Nevis–since [Lesotho] (received 2 shipments totaling 1,539 lb between 1 that is not a country], Belgium, Cambodia, Republic of July 1960 and 31 Dec. 1962). Bolivia (received 2 shipments Cameroun [Cameroon], Canal Zone, Colombia, Costa Rica, totaling 1,634 lb between Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1960). Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, British Honduras (received 5 shipments totaling 11,319 lb Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, England, Eritrea, Ethiopia, between Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1960; renamed Belize in French West Indies, Gambia, Ghana, Goa [former about 1975). Cape Verde Islands (received 1 shipment of Portuguese possession; annexed by India in 1962; became a 2,007 lb between Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1960; independent state of India in 1987], Grenada, Guatemala, Haute Volta since 1975). Caroline Islands (received 2 shipments totaling [Upper Volta, later Burkina Faso], Iraq, Kenya, Laos, Libya, 2,008 lb between Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1960; renamed Macao, Madeira Islands [autonomous region of Portugal in Federated States of Micronesia in 1986). Central African east Atlantic Ocean, 600 miles due west of Casablanca, off Republic (received 1 shipment of 2,025 lb between 1 July the coast of Morocco], Mauritius Islands, Montserrat [island 1960 and 31 Dec. 1962). Eritrea (received 1 shipment in the West Indies], Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, totaling 2,025 lb between Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1969). Northern Rhodesia [later Zambia], Nyasaland [later Fiji Islands (received 2 shipments totaling 2,052 lb between Malawi], Oman, Paraguay, Persian Gulf, Poland, Puerto Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1969). Finland (received 1 shipment Rico, Ruanda Urundi, Rumania [Romania], Ryukyu Islands, of 2,040 lb between Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1960). Gabon American Samoa, Santa Lucia [probably Saint Lucia island (received 3 shipments totaling 17,660 lb between Sept. in the Caribbean], Sicily, Sierra Leone, South Africa, 1946 and 30 June 1960). Guam (received 3 shipments Southern Rhodesia [later Zimbabwe], Spain, Surinam totaling 4,995 lb between 1 July 1960 and 31 Dec. 1962). [Suriname], Switzerland, Thailand, Trieste [Italy], Tunisia, Guadalcanal ([later part of the Solomon Islands] received 1 Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia. shipment of 513 lb between Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1960). Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2007) Iraq (received 3 shipments totaling 8,122 lb between Sept. concerning soybean products (soy flour in MPF) in British 1946 and 30 June 1960). Jordan (received 9 shipments Honduras [Belize], Cape Verde, Caroline Islands, Eritrea, totaling 28,839 lb between Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1960). Iraq, Lesotho, Liberia, Luxembourg, Marshall Islands, New Liberia (received 10 shipments totaling 21,949 lb between Hebrides [Vanuatu], Oman, Samoa (American), Tonga, or Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1960). Luxemburg [Luxembourg] Western Samoa. Soybeans as such have not yet been (received 1 shipment of 5,130 lb between Sept. 1946 and 30 reported in these countries. June 1960). Marshall Islands (received 1 shipment of 739 lb This document contains the earliest date seen (July between Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1960). Mozambique 2008) for soybean products (soy flour in MPF) in Bolivia (received 3 shipments totaling 7,641 lb between Sept. 1946 (June 1960), British Honduras (June 1960), Cape Verde and 30 June 1960). New Hebrides [later Vanuatu] (received (June 1960), Central African Republic (Dec. 1962), Eritrea 1 shipment of 513 lb between Sept. 1946 and 30 June (June 1960), Iraq (June 1960), Lesotho (Dec. 1962), Liberia 1960). Oman (received 4 shipments totaling 10,659 lb (June 1960), Luxembourg (June 1960), Marshall Islands between Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1960). Panama (received 1 (June 1960), New Hebrides (June 1960; Vanuatu), Oman shipment of 96 lb between Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1960). (June 1960), Samoa (American) (June 1960), Tonga (Dec. Samoa (American) (received 6 shipments totaling 6,480 lb 1962), or Western Samoa (May 1963). Soybeans as such between Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1960). Somali (received 1 had not yet been reported by that date in these various shipment of 270 lb between 1 July 1960 and 31 Dec. 1962). countries. Address: Los Angeles, California. Swaziland (received 1 shipment of 621 lb between 1 July 1960 and 31 Dec. 1962). Tonga Islands [Kingdom of Tonga, 188. Ezedinma, F.O.C. 1964. The soybean in Nigeria. independent since 1970] (received 5 shipments totaling Proceedings of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria 3:13-16. 6,723 lb between 1 July 1960 and 31 Dec. 1962). Virgin Papers Presented at the Annual General Meeting. [10 ref] Islands [USA] (received 2 shipments totaling 2,113 lb • Summary: “The soybean was probably introduced into between Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1960). Western Samoa Nigeria in 1908. It was first reported in 1910 (in the Annual [independent since 1962] (received 1 shipment of 1,026 lb Report of the Nigeria Department of Agriculture) that between 1 Jan. 1963 and 15 May 1963). soybeans planted at Moor Plantation, Ibadan, on 1.35 acres

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 76 failed. Introductions of new varieties were made in the years soybeans in Nigeria (1910). The source of these soybeans is following but there was no indication that a successful crop unknown. Address: Federal Dep. of Agricultural Research, was obtained from these. The soybean was probably taken Moor Plantation, Ibadan. from Ibadan to Samaru in 1928. In 1937, ten varieties were obtained from the United States of America and one each 189. De, Sasanka S. 1965. The present state of protein-rich from Malaya and British Guiana. Of these, only one U.S. food development in Asia and the Far East. J. of Nutrition variety, Otootan, the Malayan and Creole from British and Dietetics (India) 2(3):166-76. July. [23 ref] Guiana [Guyana] survived; the rest either failed to • Summary: Gives an excellent account of soymilk germinate in the first planting or failed in the second year production in Asia during the mid-1960s and a brief history planting. Two varieties obtained from Ottawa [Ontario, of the FAO/WHO/UNICEF/Protein-rich food program. Canada] in 1938 did not germinate at Ibadan. A variety “The First International Conference sponsored by FAO, which had been brought into Itu in Eastern Nigeria was WHO and Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation (New York) held in taken to Moor Plantation in 1940 and further introductions Jamaica in 1953, discussed the biological, technical and were made in the same year from the Philippines (six pathological aspects of protein malnutrition. The next varieties) and Trinidad [Lesser Antilles] (one variety). Eight Conference on ‘Human protein requirements and their varieties were introduced from Southern Rhodesia in 1942, fulfillments in practice’ held in Princeton in 1955 under the and in 1949 a total of 11 varieties were obtained from India, same sponsorship, gave detailed consideration to the testing Ceylon, and the Philippines. By 1954, there were 38 of new protein rich foods before their use in child feeding varieties in the collection at Samaru and this had increased was recommended. to 60 including some pure line selections by 1960. More “The Protein Advisory Group (PAG) was established by varieties of soybeans have been introduced by the various the Director-General of WHO in 1955 to ‘act on behalf of Regional Ministries of Agriculture in recent years, notably WHO in rendering advice to FAO and UNICEF on the by the International Development Services working in safety and suitability for human consumption of proposed Western Nigeria. The problem of poor germination of new protein-rich foods.’ The PAG... became a tripartite soybean introductions is still experienced... FAO/WHO/UNICEF Protein Advisory Group in 1961.” “Although the early attempts to grow soybeans in the Soybean milk: “In 1939, K.S. Lo established a firm forest belt of Southern Nigeria failed owing essentially to known as ‘Hong Kong Soyabean Products’ to produce the poor quality of imported seeds, subsequent trials in the sterilized bottled soya milk. The two plants of the firm in guinea savanna belt proved successful. In 1928, soybeans Hong Kong produce 12,000 cases (24 x 7-oz. bottles per were successfully grown at the Samaru Experimental case) a day.” Station. This success apparently encouraged the formulation Also discusses miso, natto, tempeh, full-fat soya flour, of a programme which eventually resulted in the issue of soya presscake and meal, groundnut protein isolate. seeds to subsistent farmers in the adjoining districts in order Address: Regional Office for Asia and Far East, FAO, to establish soybean as a cash crop... A world shortage of Bangkok, Thailand. oil-seeds immediately after World War II accelerated the drive for increased soybean production in Nigeria. A variety 190. Roig y Mesa, Juan Tomas. 1965. Diccinario botanico ‘Malayan,’ which showed promise of yielding above 1100 de nombres vulgares Cubanos. Tercera edicion, ampliada y kg/ha was multiplied and issued to farmers about 1946. corregida. Tomo II. [Botanical dictionary of Cuban “Following an initial export of 10 tons (25,110 kg) from vernacular names. 3rd ed. Enlarged and revised. Vol. II]. Nigeria in 1947, soybean became a cash crop and was Havana, Cuba: Editora del Consejo Nacional de grown in parts of the three provinces of Benue, Katsina and Universidades. See p. 880. [Spa] Zaria.” The main production area was the Tiv Division of • Summary: “This interesting leguminous plant was Benue Province where output grew from 10.5 tons in 1946 introduced to Cuba by the Estación Agronómica (Estación to 700 tons in 1948. Experimental Agrónomica de Santiago de Las Vegas); it Today “Benue Province [in east central Nigeria] is the originated in China. Its grains or seeds have great most important soybean producing area in the country. From nutritional value and from them various products can be this ‘nucleus’ soybean has spread into the adjoining districts extracted. The agronomic station has experimentally of Plateau, Niger, Kabba, as well as Ogoja and Abakaliki cultivated different varieties of this legume, a nutritious provinces in Eastern Nigeria.” The amount of soybeans oilseed, and has noted that the following are good purchased for export increased steadily from 10 tons in producers, and well acclimatized: Biloxi (brown seeded), 1947 to a peak of 15,860 tons in 1963. Yields of soybean in Mammoth Yellow (yellow seeded), Ottotan [sic, Otootan] Nigeria range from 340 to 1120 kg/ha. (black seeded). These were introduced from the United Note: This document contains the earliest date seen for States. Among the most recent introductions, the variety soybeans in Nigeria (probably 1908), or the cultivation of Trinitaria, from Argentina, has also given good yields.”

Address: Doctor en Ciencas Naturales; Doctor en Farmacia; 192. Reuter. 1966. Brazilian Navy stops Russian ship. Times Perito Químico Agrónomo; Jefe de la Sección de Plantas (London). Oct. 27. p. 1, col. 6. Medicinales de la Estación Experimental Agronómica, • Summary: The Russian cargo ship Sretzen was intercepted Santiagode las Vegas; Profesor de Botánica de la Escuela by a Brazilian warship yesterday and escorted to Salvador, Forestal. Brazil, to unload cargo said to be heading for Cuba. Brazil acted after receiving information that the Russian vessel 191. Bharath, Sam. 1966. A note on the cultivation of “was bound for Havana with a cargo of soya flour loaded in soyabeans and groundnuts with special reference to Santos, the port of Sao Paulo.” “More than 100 tons of soya Trinidad and Tobago. J. of the Agricultural Society of flour was unloaded and stored in a local warehouse.” Trinidad and Tobago 66(2):171-82. June. • Summary: Contents: Introduction to soyabean. Varieties. 193. Soybean Digest.1967. Howard U. tests protein foods. Climatic requirements. Soils. Culture. History of production Jan. p. 30. in Trinidad. Possibilities of increasing production in • Summary: A group of foreign students at Howard Trinidad and Tobago. Summary. Groundnuts. University, in Washington, DC, will serve on a taste panel The soyabean is not a tropical species. “Except for as part of a USDA effort to develop low-cost high-protein Indonesia, there is no important producing country in the plant foods for areas of the world where proteins are tropics. Attempts have been made to develop the crop in expensive or in short supply. The university attracts home tropical Africa but these have been only moderately economics students from Africa, Asia, and the West Indies– successful. Nigeria produced 27,000 tons and Tanganyika regions most in need of such foods. Recipes including such 2,000 tons in 1962. In the latter country soyabeans have novel ingredients as cottonseed, soy, and peanut flour have been found to be a more economic crop than groundnuts, been researched and tested for acceptability for more than a chiefly because of the ease of mechanisation and year by USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) food consequent lower labour requirement.” specialist Georgia Schlosser. Now she will have a chance to “History of production in Trinidad: In order to increase test them on natives of those countries. A photo shows a local food production during the War [World War II], group of black students and faculty at Howard University. several varieties were imported and released to farmers and school gardens. Some of the varieties formed pods but the 194. Inglett, George E.; Blessin, C.W.; Bookwalter, G.N. crop did not become popular since the flavour of both green 1968. Flavor aspects of cereal-oilseed-based food products. beans and dried seeds are not as attractive as other legumes Food Product Development 2(2):66. April/May. Presented at already grown, such as red salad beans or black-eyed peas the 154th National American Chemical Society Meeting, [cowpeas]. These locally grown legumes also give higher Chicago, Illinois, Sept. 10-15, 1967. [10 ref] yields.” • Summary: Discusses CSM [corn, soy, milk], its “In 1948 R. Moosai-Maharaj introduced a Venezuelan applications, and flavor constituents. CSM contains variety to the farmers of the Oropouche Lagoon and some processed corn meal, toasted soy flour, and nonfat dried crops were grown in the dry season but again the crop never milk. Proper heat treatment destroys the lipid active caught on. The author compared a black-seeded variety with enzymes: lipases, lipoxidase, and peroxidases. the Venezuelan cream variety at the St. Augustine Station in Table I lists locations of CSM acceptability trials: 1957 and 1958 and yields of 1,000 lbs. per acre of dried Bolivia, Colombia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, beans were obtained from the black-seeded variety but only Guatemala, Honduras, Venezuela, Peru, Greece, Spain, 500 lbs. per acre from the cream variety. The seeds have Portugal, Jordan, Turkey, Yemen, Malagasy, Senegal, Sierra since been lost at the St. Augustine Station but Darsan at the Leone, Tanzania, Macao, Singapore, Taiwan. U.W.I. has maintained these varieties in a museum plot. Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2007) Incidentally the black-seeded varieties are used for the concerning soybean products (cereal-soy blends) in Yemen. preparation by fermentation of soy sauce (Se-ow) and yields This document contains the earliest date seen for soybean of these varieties are generally lower than cream or yellow products (cereal-soy blends) in Yemen (1968); soybeans as seeded varieties.” such had not yet been reported by that date. Address: Conclusion: Soyabeans can be grown in Trinidad and USDA, Peoria, Illinois. Tobago, but it is unlikely that Trinidadians will ever find the soyabean an attractive addition to their diet. Varieties better 195. Radley, R.W. 1968. The prospects for soyabean adapted to Trinidad and better information on cultivation are production in Trinidad and Tobago. J. of the Agricultural needed before farmers can be asked to grow the crop Society of Trinidad and Tobago 68(2):165-88. June. [10 ref] commercially. Address: M.Sc. • Summary: In 1965 over 3 million lb of soybean oil was imported into Trinidad and Tobago at a value of almost $1 million, to supplement locally produced coconut oil. And

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 78 about 10 million lb of soybean meal and cake was imported, He concluded by noting that the unit cost of a ton of largely from the USA and Brazil, for the production of soybeans (in foreign currency) ranged from $63.55 to livestock feed, at a cost of more than $1 million. $94.40 when produced in Cuba. Imported soybeans cost In 1965, against this background, a soybean research from $135.00 to $150.00 per ton (including freight and program was initiated in the Faculty of Agriculture, insurance). Address: Cuba. University of the West Indies. “Sporadic attempts have been made to introduce soyabean into the Caribbean region 199. Samuels, G. 1969. The influence of time of planting on (many of them have unfortunately not been documented) food crop production in Puerto Rico. Caribbean Farming during the last 30 years but with limited success.” 1(4):24-26. * The future of the soybean in the area lies in its • Summary: In Puerto Rico (18º north latitude), highest relationship to maize (corn). Maize and soybean rotations soybean yields are obtained from plantings in June, July, are proposed for Trinidad. Address: Dep. of Crop Science, and August. Univ. of the West Indies. 200. Patiño, Victor Manuel. 1969. Plantas cultivadas y 196. Milner, M. 1968. Oilseed proteins. In: FAO: Protein animales domesticos en América equinoccial. Tomo IV. Foods for the Caribbean. CF/15648. See p. 55-57. * Plantas introducidas [Cultivated plants and domesticated • Summary: The potential of oilseeds as new sources of animals in equinoctial America. Vol. 4. Introduced plants]. edible protein is discussed. Data on the nutritive value of Cali, Colombia: Published by the author. 574 p. See p. 97- soybean, cottonseed and groundnut are presented together 98. Illust. Index. 24 cm. [12 soy ref. Spa] with food processing notes. • Summary: In chapter III, titled “Granos y menestras (Grains and legumes”), the section on “Soya, soja” (p. 97- 197. Guzmán, Iván; Döbereiner, Johanna. 1969. [Effect of 98) states: “This legume, a native of East Asia (Extremo Azotobacter chroococcum and tryptophan on the inoculation Oriente), has been known by Europeans since 1712, thanks of soy bean (Glycine max) with Rhizobium japonicum]. to Englebert Kaempfer, who introduced it under the Chinese Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiologia y Parasitologia [sic, Japanese] name ‘daidsu.’... It was introduced to the 11(3):133-36. July/Sept. [14 ref. Eng; spa] United States at the request of Benjamin Franklin (Klose • Summary: This study, which was a greenhouse 1950, p. 14). Many thousands of varieties have been experiment with factorial design, found highly significant imported since than (Klose, p. 134-35). At Rio de Janeiro differences in nodule numbers, nodule weight, plant weight, [Brazil] it has been raised since the end of the 19th century, nitrogen content and total plant nitrogen due to inoculation by the Botanical Garden (Barbosa Rodrigues, 1908, p. 124). with differently effective strains of Rhizobium bacteria. It “The soybean was not well accepted initially in tropical also found a significant increase in nodule weight, plant Latin America because the introduced varieties were not weight, and total plant nitrogen with Azotobacter bacteria. well adapted to the day length. Only when day-length Both types of bacteria, when in the root nodules of legumes, neutral varieties from Manchuria were introduced, did the fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. plant start to succeed (Schwanitz 1966, p. 119-20). Tryptophan did not have any significant effect, probably “Russian botanists found soya cultivated in Guatemala because of its rapid decomposition in the non-sterile sand. and in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, in about 1925 Address: 1. Assoc. Prof. of Soil Microbiology and (Bukasov 1930, p. 541). Phytopathology of the Universidad Autónoma de Santo “In the Canal Zone it was introduced at about the same Domingo, Dominican Republic; 2. Engenheiro Agrônomo period, although with results that were not very encouraging do Instituto de Pesquisas e Experimentaçáo Agropecuárias (Canal Zone Gardens 1924, p. 9). do Centro Sul e bolsista do Conselho Nacional de “To be sure of the data of Hipólito Ruiz, the first Pesquisas. equinoctial country to which the soybean was introduced was Peru. The illustrious botanist found in Huamalíes [a 198. Porres Mateo, A. 1969. Efecto de la población en el province in the department of Huanuco in central Peru], rendimiento del frijol de soya y de la interacción cultivated, a plant whose name at that time was Dolichos poblacional por fertilización utilizando tres niveles de soja L. (Ruiz, 1952, I, p. 201). fertilización [Effect of population on the yield of soybeans “This legume, which originated in Asia, was introduced and on the interaction of population with fertilizer used at by the Agricultural Station [of Palmira] in Colombia at the three different levels]. Havana, Cuba: JUCEPLAN. 5 p. beginning of 1929 through the importation of the varieties [Spa]* Biloxi, Otoo-tan, and Barchet from the Agricultural • Summary: From 1968 to 1972 the author conducted Experiment Station at Crowley, Louisiana. These varieties economic studies on the cultivation of soybeans on the were planted at the Palmira station on 23 March 1929. On estate Delicias Grandes, at Alquízar, in Habana province. the following April 16 the soybean variety Mammoth

Yellow was planted, brought from Cuba by the agronomic Renewed interest in the crop in Uganda developed in engineer Dr. Rafael R. Camacho... On 23 Oct. 1929 these about 1965 in response to three factors: 1. Recognition of four varieties were planted a second time. That same year, the need for agricultural diversification. 2. Interest in distribution of the seeds to the public began. Later, the potential production by European buyers. 3. Pressure from varieties Hollybrook, Aksarben and Laredo were introduced groups primarily interested in the problems of human (Durán Castro: Molina Garces, 1930, p. 47, 15). malnutrition. “The variety Seminole was introduced [to Palmira, Serious work was restarted with cooperation between Colombia] from the experiment station at Santiago de las the Uganda government at Kawanda Research Station at Vegas, Cuba, on 21 Oct. 1947, and the varieties Biloxi, 1965 and the Faculty of Agriculture at the University Farm, Otoo-tan, and Mammoth Yellow, which were already Kabanyolo with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation known, were reintroduced. The varieties Palmetto and in 1966. Dominicana would come from Turrialba [Costa Rica] on 23 The author carried out a number of agronomic Nov. 1947. On 28 July 1948 the varieties Mukden, Virginia, investigations and studied such factors as spacing, fertilizer O-too-tan, Trinitaria, and Illini were received from the response, planting date, the effect of weed competition, and ministry of agriculture of Argentina. On 14 Feb. 1949 the the response of the crop to weed-control measures, both variety Bansei was received, sent by the Office of Foreign mechanical and chemical. Several seed yields in excess of Agricultural Relations (Villegas Duque: García Vásquez, 2,530 kg/ha were recorded, and these performances led to 1936, p. 28). Note: How could a 1936 document discuss increased optimism about the crop. events of 1947-1949? This 1936 citation must be a mistake! Note: During the 1960s and part of the 1970s, Makerere “Other introductions [to Colombia] were made starting University in Uganda was also called (sort of as an in 1950.” Other legumes discussed in this chapter include administrative title) the University of East Africa. It was adsuki [azuki], Phaseolus angularis (Willd.) W.F. Wight (p. supported by the 2 other countries in the East African 99), and seguidillas or asparagus bean [winged bean], Community (Kenya and Tanzania) and accepted a quota of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (p. 101). students from each country. The Community was formed in Note 1. This document contains the earliest reliable date 1967 and disbanded in 1977. When the other countries built seen for soybeans in Colombia, or the cultivation of their own universities, the name “University of East Africa” soybeans in Colombia (March 1929). The source of these stopped being used. But Makerere Univ. still exists. soybeans was the Agricultural Experiment Station at Note: This document contains the earliest date seen for Crowley, Louisiana, USA. soybeans in Uganda, or the cultivation of soybeans in Note 2. The first Japanese immigrants (25 people) to Uganda (1913; one of two documents). The source of these Colombia arrived in Oct. 1929. It is not clear if or when soybeans was probably one of the four countries listed they first grew soybeans in Colombia. above. Address: Kampala, Uganda. Note 3. This is the earliest Spanish-language document seen (Jan. 2005) that mentions azuki beans, which it calls 202. Oakes, A.J. 1970. Legumes in the U.S. Virgin Islands. adsuki. Address: Cali, Colombia. Turrialba (Costa Rica) 20(2):153-65. April/June. See p. 157-60. [46 ref] 201. Rubaihayo, P.R. 1969. Investigations into some aspects • Summary: This article, received for publication in April of the production of genetic improvement of soyabean 1969, contains extensive information on soybeans. More (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in Uganda. MSc thesis, than 80 soybean lines, comprising introductions from University of East Africa (Makerere University College), Central and South America, and established varieties from Kampala, Uganda. * the continental United States, were evaluated in variety • Summary: Between 1913 and 1960 fifty-three soybean trials from 1962 to 1965 at the Virgin Islands Agricultural cultivars were introduced to Uganda from the United States, Experiment Station, Kingshill, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin South Africa, Nigeria, and Trinidad. Past information on Islands. Starting on Sept. 13 each year, the soybeans were research and development is presented. According to planted at 2-week intervals at the onset of the wet season Uganda Department of Agriculture records, experimental and harvested during the ensuing dry season in January. The yields of the order of 1,100 kg/ha were being obtained in varieties Biloxi and Otootan produced the most growth. 1955 without the use of fertilizers. Soybean exports Improved Pelican and Yellow Gatan were among the others between 1944 and 1952 rose to a peak of 4,314 tons valued tested. at £38,799 before declining. These soybeans were grown as “During long day lengths, the plant continues vegetative part of Uganda’s contribution to Britain’s war-time and growth and, under field conditions, initiates flowering when post-war needs. Thereafter the market collapsed and the daylength period has shortened below a critical level. production fell to a low level but persisted nevertheless over This critical day-length factor is specific for each variety... large areas of Uganda. The optimum planting time for soybeans in the Southern

United States occurs when the day length reaches or incl. Okinawa, Sakishima, and Amami island groups. Self exceeds 14.5 hours. Day lengths of this duration are never governing from 1966. Returned to Japan in 1972] 227, attained at the latitude of the Virgin Islands. Available soil Vietnam 38,127. moisture is often the controlling factor which determines the Latin America total 45,291: Bolivia 72, Brazil 19,851, planting date of the crop in the dry Tropics, including the Chile 2,605, Colombia 1,696, Costa Rica 142, Dominica 4, Virgin Islands.” Dominican Republic 6,680, Ecuador 608, El Salvador “A combination of factors, including photoperiodic 1,178, Grenada 68, Guatemala 1,773, Guyana 58, Haiti response, soil alkalinity, inadequate and poor distribution of 1,585, Honduras 435, Jamaica 124, Martinique [French] 75, rainfall, susceptibility to crop pests [such as soybean-cyst Panama 734, Paraguay 2,477, Peru 4,847, Uruguay 279. nematode], and weed competition contribute to the lack of Grand total: 415,439,000 lb of CSM and WSB. The success in growing soybeans in the Virgin Islands. Based on following amounts of CSM/WSB (in 1,000 lb) were these results, soybeans are not recommended as a forage or distributed by the three groups: Volag 292,587, Government grain crop under local conditions. These results, along with to government 122,851, and WFP 1. Countries receiving similar results from other tropical areas, emphasize the need more than 1 million lb of CSM and WSB combined (in for developing varieties through plant breeding techniques millions of pounds): India 216.2, Nigeria 78.2, Vietnam which are adapted to the dry Tropics.” 38.1, Brazil 19.9, Korea 9.7, Dominican Republic 6.7, Peru Note: In May 1996 Dr. Martin Adjei, agronomist at the 4.8, Mali 4.5, Indonesia 3.7, Philippines 3.1, Gaza 2.7, University of the Virgin Islands, Agricultural Experiment Chile 2.6, Malaysia 2.5, Paraguay 2.5, Sierra Leone 1.8, Station (Kingshill, St. Croix) said that the last soybean trials Guatemala 1.8 Colombia 1.7, Haiti 1.6, Jordan 1.5, El in the Virgin Islands, conducted in the late 1960s and early Salvador 1.2, Jordan West Bank 1.0. 1970s, are described in this document. No soybean research Note: This is the earliest document seen (Feb. 2002) is being done currently. Address: Research Agronomist, concerning soybean products (cereal soy blends) in Crops Research Div., ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland. Martinique, or Panama. This document contains the earliest date seen for soybean products in Martinique, or Panama 203. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1970. The annual (1969); soybeans as such had not yet been reported by that report on activities carried out under the Public Law 480, date. Address: Washington, DC. Phone: 703-875-4901 83d Congress, as amended, during the period January 1 (1991). through December 31, 1969. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. See p. 122-27. Cover reads: 204. Leakey, C.L.A.; Rubaihayo, P.R. 1970. Soyabeans as a Food for Peace: 1969 Annual Report on Public Law 480. potentially valuable crop for agricultural diversification in • Summary: Table 20 is titled “Title II, Public Law 480– central Uganda. East African Agricultural and Forestry Total commodities by program type, fiscal year 1969.” The Journal 36(1):39-44. July. [25 ref] three main program sponsors and distributing agencies are • Summary: Contains an excellent summary from earlier (1) Volag (American voluntary agencies, UNICEF and documents of the history of soybeans in Uganda and East UNRWA [United Nations Relief and Works Agency] unless Africa. “Fifty-three cultivars were introduced to Uganda otherwise noted), (2) Government to government, and (3) between 1913 and 1960 from the United States, South WFP (World Food Program). Each of these are Private Africa, Nigeria, and Trinidad.” Voluntary Organizations (PVO/PVOs), registered with “Uganda probably has the potential to become a major USAID. Only two foods containing soy protein were producer of cheap vegetable protein at a time when all distributed: CSM (Corn soya mix) and WSB (wheat soya predictions point to an increasing world protein shortage.” blend). They were lumped together in the statistics and sent Note: This document contains the earliest date seen for in the following amounts (in thousands of pounds) to the soybeans in Uganda, or the cultivation of soybeans in following continents and countries: Africa total 89,470 lb: Uganda (1913; one of two documents). The source of these Cameroon 600, Congo 162, Dahomey 80, The Gambia 385, soybeans was probably one of the four countries listed Ghana 976, Kenya 478, Lesotho 775, Malawi 39, Mali above. Address: Makerere University College, Kampala, 4,500, Morocco 300, Nigeria 78,232, Senegal 80, Sierra Uganda. Leone 1,810, Tanzania 365, Togo 18, Upper Volta 670. Near East-South Asia total 222,817: Gaza [occupied by 205. Spilsbury, Calvin C. 1970. U.S. soybeans, oil, and Israel since 1967] 2,653, India 216,176, Jordan 1,527, meal have mixed future in Latin America. Foreign Jordan-West Bank [occupied by Israel since 1967] 1,042, Agriculture. Nov. 16. p. 4-6, 12. Lebanon 738, Nepal 18, Pakistan 1, Syria 662. • Summary: The Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Far East total 57,861: Burma 360, Indonesia 3,669, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile have an “exploding” Korea 9,698, Laos 53, Macao 113, Malaysia 2,474, poultry industry, offering a substantial potential market for Philippines 3,140, Ryukyu Islands [located south of Japan, soybean meal. There is also a growing consumption gap for

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 81 edible oils, with domestic supplies down in several East Africa, later Tanganyika], in 1907 and 1909, using seed countries and needs up as populations and incomes both from the U.S.A., but these attempts were unsuccessful [See increase. On the down side, however, there is marked Greenway 1945]. In 1911 further introductions were made success of oilseed self-sufficiency programs in Colombia from China, Japan, and South Africa, and by 1920 the East and Venezuela. Also, there is tight government control of African Departments of Agriculture were conducting trials. soybean and soybean meal imports in most of the countries. During the Second World War special efforts were made to Until this year, Venezuela was the only one of the countries encourage soybean cultivation. crushing U.S. soybeans, with a solvent-extraction plant of “Seed distributions were organized in Buganda, Busoga, the Lurgi type which has been crushing 40,000 tons of U.S. Mbale, Ankole, Toro, Bunyoro, and Lango; and soybeans annually for several years. Colombia is now demonstration plots were planted at some schools to developing its own soybean crop for crushing. The popularize the crop. In most districts progress was very Dominican Republic received in September, its first disappointing and only limited transitory success was shipments of U.S. soybeans for its new solvent-extraction achieved in Masaka, Mengo, and Ankole districts. The plant. The soybean is a new crop for Colombia, but largest estimated acreage of about 40,000, for the country, production–chiefly in the Cauca Valley–has already reached was planted in 1944. During that year 4020 tons were 100,000 tons, compared with 22,500 in 1962. Address: Fats marketed in Buganda but even here the crop was no longer and Oils Div., Foreign Agricultural Service. popular and it had gone out of cultivation in Kyagwe County. After 1944 the acreage of soyabean rapidly 206. Unk, J. 1970. [Possibilities of growing Hungarian declined; currently it is estimated to be less than 1000 acres soyabean varieties in Cuba]. Delkeletdunantuli for the whole country. Mezogazdasagi Kiserleti Intezet Kozlemenyei “Low yields and unprofitable market prices are (Takarmanybazis) 10(2):103-10. [Hun; rus; eng; fre; ger]* probably the main causes of the decline. The low yields Address: Mezogazdasági és Élelmenzésügyi Minisztérium, have been mainly due to bad germination and the use of Budapest, Hungary. poor varieties, or more often mixtures of varieties. Because of difficulties in cooking the soyabean has not been 207. Hartwig, Edgar E. 1970. Growth and reproductive successfully incorporated into local diet; and so its characteristics of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grown cultivation is determined by market price changes. under short-day conditions. Tropical Science 12(1):47-53. However, there are now prospects of establishing local [4 ref] processing industries to convert the bean into more • Summary: Discusses the growth and reproductive acceptable forms which should assist in stimulating local characteristics of soybeans grown at Stoneville, Mississippi use and stabilizing local market prices.” (33º N), Gainesville, Florida (20º N), Mayaguez, Puerto Concerning insect infestation and crop storage: “Soya Rico (18º N), and Uberaba, Brazil (19º S). Nearly all bean is relatively free of pests if stored only for short commercial U.S. soybean varieties flowered in less than 30 periods” (p. 275). Address: Formerly Chief Research days when planted at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. Address: Officer, Dep. of Agriculture, Uganda. Delta Branch, Mississippi Agric. Exp. Station. 209. Hammerton, John L. 1971. The future of soyabean in 208. Jameson, J.D. ed. 1970. Agriculture in Uganda. 2nd ed. the Caribbean. Caribbean Farming 3(1):29-30. March. London: Oxford University Press, Humphrey Milford. 395 • Summary: “Experiments on soyabean have been in p. progress in the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of • Summary: Soya beans are discussed on various pages. “A the West Indies since 1967, and we have now reached the significant response by soya beans to treatment with difficult stage in the development of any new crop–the stage molybdate has been obtained at Namulonge” (p. 83). between small-plot research and large-scale commercial As part of the banana and coffee system, practiced in planting... Satisfactory yields of soyabean, in the order of most fertile parts of Uganda, a wide range of minor crops one to 1.5 ton per acre, have been obtained in Trinidad and are grown, including “soya” (p. 131). The Montane systems Jamaica respectively from experimental plots.” Address: are generally practiced by Bantu people and are based on Agronomist, Faculty of Agriculture, Univ. of the West production of bananas as the main food crop. Many minor Indies, Mona, Jamaica. crops are grown under this system, including “soya” (p. 135). 210. Hammerton, John L. 1971. The future of soyabean in On pages 246-47 is a long section on “Soyabeans,” by the Caribbean. Cajanus: Newsletter of the Caribbean Food S.K. Mukasa (B.Sc., Dip. Agric. (E.A.), Senior Research and Nutrition Institute (Trinidad) 4(5/6):303-08. Reprinted Officer). “The earliest attempts to establish soyabean in East from Caribbean Farming 3(1):29. Hammerton 1971, p. 303. Africa are believed to have been made at Amani [German [1 ref]

• Summary: Experiments on soyabean have been in WSB), Jordan (680 CSM), Jordan-West Bank [occupied by progress in the faculty of Agriculture of the University of Israel since 1967] (1,110 CSM), Lebanon (160 CSM), the West Indies since 1967. “Satisfactory yields of Pakistan (457 WSB), Syria (308 CSM). soyabean, in the order to one to 1.5 ton per acre, have been East Asia (21,530 CSM and 451 WSB): Hong Kong obtained in Trinidad and Jamaica respectively from (384 CSM and 100 WSB), Indonesia (9,245 CSM and 150 experimental plots. This level of yield compares favourably WSB), Korea (4,586 CSM), Laos (275 CSM), Malaysia with that found in many parts of U.S.A... Information on the (220 CSM), Philippines (1,545 CSM and 201 WSB), cost of production of soyabean grown on a field scale in the Ryukyu Islands [located south of Japan, incl. Okinawa, Caribbean is virtually non-existent. So far, very few Sakishima, and Amami island groups. Self governing from attempts at ‘non-experimental’ production have been made 1966. Returned to Japan in 1972] (50 CSM), Vietnam and in those plantings modern methods of mechanised (5,225 CSM). production were not utilized.” Latin America (53,761 CSM and 2,305 WSB): Antigua Discusses planting on large areas, farming techniques, (37 CSM), Bolivia (555 CSM and 173 WSB), Brazil and equipment. Conclusion: The soybean is a potential food (29,919 CSM and 506 WSB), British Honduras [Belize] and industrial crop for the Caribbean. Address: Agronomist, (225 CSM and 20 WSB), Chile (1,726 CSM and 151 WSB), Faculty of Agriculture, Univ. of the West Indies, Mona, Costa Rica (679 CSM and 100 WSB), Dominica (23 CSM), Jamaica. Dominican Republic (7,429 CSM and 105 WSB), Ecuador (1,295 CSM), El Salvador (836 CSM and 200 WSB), 211. Yepes A., S. 1971. [Observations on the evolution of Grenada (114 CSM), Guatemala (1,944 CSM), Guyana (72 the Leguminosae]. Ciencias Agropecuarias, 1 (Ingenieria CSM), Haiti (1,010 CSM), Honduras (674 CSM), Jamaica Agronomica) No. 7. 29 p. [17 ref. Spa]* (208 CSM and 100 WSB), Montserrat (18 CSM), Panama Address: Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes “Indio (765 CSM and 450 WSB), Paraguay (491 CSM and 400 Hatuey” Universidad de la Habana, Cuba. WSB), Peru (5,842 CSM and 100 WSB), St. Kitts (59 CSM), St. Lucia (69 CSM), St. Vincent (30 CSM), Uruguay 212. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1971. The annual (81 CSM). report on activities carried out under the Public Law 480, Grand total by commodity: 317,769,000 lb of CSM and 83d Congress, as amended, during the period January 1 11,347,000 lb of WSB. Agencies distributing the most CSM through December 31, 1970. Washington, DC: U.S. and WSB (in million lb): CARE 180, CRS 68, UNICEF 42. Government Printing Office. 132 p. See p. 113-20. Cover Countries receiving more than 1 million lb of CSM and reads: Food for Peace: 1970 Annual Report on Public Law WSB combined (in millions of pounds): India 189.1, Brazil 480. 30.4, Indonesia 9.3, Dominican Republic 7.5, Peru 5.6, • Summary: Table 19 is titled “Title II, Public Law 480– Vietnam 5.2, Korea 4.6, Guatemala 1.9, Chile 1.8, Total commodities by program sponsor, fiscal year 1970.” Philippines 1.7, Ecuador 1.3, Jordan-West Bank 1.1, Haiti The main program sponsors and distributing agencies, listed 1.0. Address: Washington, DC. Phone: 703-875-4901 alphabetically, are AJJDC (American-Jewish Joint (1991). Distribution Committee), CARE, CRS (Catholic Relief Service), CWS (Church World Service), LWR (Lutheran 213. Farmilant, Eunice. 1972. Macrobiotic cooking. New World Relief), SAWS (Seventh-day Adventist World York, NY: New American Library. 224 p. Foreword by Service), UNICEF, UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Herman Aihara. May. Index. 18 cm. [31 ref] Works Agency), WFP (World Food Program). Each of these • Summary: This pocketbook has a color (beige) photo on are Private Voluntary Organizations (PVO/PVOs), the cover of ears of wheat, one wooden spoon filled with registered with USAID. Only two foods containing soy soybeans and one filled with unpolished rice. It is “A basic protein were distributed: CSM (Corn soya mix) and WSB introductory guide to cooking and eating the macrobiotic (wheat soya blend). They were sent in the following way.” The author’s interest in macrobiotics began in April amounts (in thousands of pounds) to the following 1968. Basic information on soyfoods (especially miso, continents and countries: Africa (50,362 CSM and 6,087 tamari, and tofu) is given on pages 29, 33-38, 213-14. Soy- WSB): Cameroon (82 CSM), Ghana (1,104 CSM and 201 related recipes include: Wheat berries and black beans (i.e. WSB), Malagasy [Madagascar] (425 CSM), Malawi (61 black soybeans, p. 78). Sprouts (incl. soy sprouts, p. 82-83). CSM), Nigeria (41,343 CSM and 5,886 WSB), Rwanda Miso pickles (p. 124-25). Miso soup (p. 128-29). Cream of (200 CSM), Senegal (5,301 CSM), Sierra Leone (699 miso soup (p. 135). Black beans and wheat berries (p. 139). CSM), Tanzania (887 CSM), Togo (260 CSM). There is an entire chapter on miso and tofu (p. 142-46) Near East-South Asia (192,116 CSM and 2,504 WSB): including: What makes miso so beneficial? Barley miso Ceylon (50 WSB), Gaza [occupied by Israel since 1967] (nutritional analysis). Miso-vegetable stew. Miso-rice. Miso (814 CSM and 1,892 WSB), India (189,044 CSM and 105

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 83 stew with vegetables. Miso-vegetable spoon bread. • Summary: The U.S. is rapidly losing its cash soybean oil Homemade tofu (curded with fresh lemon juice). markets in certain Latin American countries. In some Pizza–Macrobiotic style (with miso, p. 149). Chop suey countries the chief problem is price competition from other (with tofu and miso, p. 151-52). Miso bechamel sauce (p. imported oils, principally soybean oil from Brazil; in others, 159). Miso gravy. Simple tahini and tamari sauces (p. 160). it is governmental oil import and resale policies designed to Tempura dip (with tamari). Simple miso spreads (p. 161). protect the expansion of domestic oilseed production. In the Miso-vegetable spread. Miso-watercress spread. Dominican Republic, every effort is being made to attain There is a directory of macrobiotic stores and self-sufficiency in vegetable oil production. Haiti is restaurants in the U.S. (p. 191-203, subdivided reportedly interested in a new soybean crushing complex. alphabetically by state, and within each state alphabetically Jamaica is pushing hard for oil self-sufficiency through by city). The following states have the following number of expanded coconut production. Panama, Ecuador, and Peru stores and restaurants: Alaska 1, Arizona 4, Arkansas 1, are all increasing the imports of U.S. soybean oil. California 32, Colorado 4, Connecticut 18, District of Columbia 3, Florida 14, Georgia 7, Hawaii 2, Illinois 7, 216. Hammerton, John L. 1972. Effects of weed Indiana 2, Iowa 5, Louisiana 4, Maine 14, Maryland 7, competition, defoliation and time of harvest on soyabeans. Massachusetts 51, Michigan 12, Minnesota 3, Mississippi 2, Experimental Agriculture (England) 8(4):333-38. Oct. [13 Missouri 3, Nevada 1, New Hampshire 20, New Jersey 9, ref] New Mexico 3, New York 61, North Carolina 5, Ohio 14, • Summary: Research on soybean within the Faculty of Oklahoma 3, Oregon 2, Pennsylvania 8, Rhode Island 5, Agriculture, University of the West Indies, began in about South Carolina 1, Texas 4, Utah 1, Vermont 26, Virginia 4, 1967 in Trinidad and 1969 in Jamaica. Address: Dep. of Washington 3, Wisconsin 2. Crop Science, Univ. of the West Indies, St. Augustine, There is also a directory of stores, restaurants, and Trinidad. centers outside the U.S. (p. 204-07, subdivided by country). The following countries have the following number of 217. Yang, Y.H. 1972. Soybean foods for the Caribbean. stores, restaurants, or centers: Australia 1, Belgium 2, Brazil Jamaica: Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute. * 2, Canada 15, Denmark 4, France 29, Germany 1, Holland (Netherlands) 2, India 1, Italy 1, Japan 3, Portugal 1, Puerto 218. Ashworth, A.; Milner, P.F.; Waterlow, J.C.; Walker, Rico 1, Spain 1, Sweden 1, Switzerland 2, United Kingdom: R.B. 1973. Absorption of iron from maize (Zea mays L.) England 13, Scotland 1, Vietnam 2. and soya beans (Glycine hispida Max.) in Jamaican infants. A list of wholesale distributors in the U.S. (p. 208-09) British J. of Nutrition 29(2):269-78. March. [22 ref] includes Shiloh Farms (Route 59, Sulfur Springs, • Summary: Suggests that soy products are inhibitory to Arkansas), Erewhon Trading Co. (8003 W. Beverly Blvd., nonheme iron absorption. Address: 1-3. Tropical Los Angeles, California 90048), Chico San Foods (1262 Metabolism Research Unit and Dep. of Hematology, Univ. Humboldt Ave., Chico, California 95926), Erewhon Trading of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; 4. Dep. of Botany, Co. (33 Farnsworth St., Boston, Massachusetts 02210), Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA. Deer Valley Farms (Guilford, New York 13780), Infinity Food Co. (171 Duane, New York, NY 10013), Mottel Foods 219. Asgrow Seed Co. 1973. Isn’t it time a seed company (451 Washington, New York, NY 10013), Juniper Farms did something about improving soybean yields? Asgrow is (Box 100, Sugar Loaf, NY 10981), Pioneer Specialty Foods committed to it! (Ad). Soybean Digest. Oct. Inside front (Fargo, North Dakota 58100), Merit Food Co. (Pill Hill cover. Lane, Box 177, Bally, Pennsylvania 19503), Essene (58th & • Summary: The top half of this full-page black-and-white Grays Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19143). ad shows a photo of single soybean in the middle of a large, soft, elegant cushion. The bottom half indicates that Asgrow 214. Soybean Digest.1972. Will the soybean crop move to researchers are now developing new soybean varieties, but the tropics? Aug. p. 40. they are not yet ready. “And no other seed company is • Summary: In Puerto Rico, test fields produced 3 crops of qualified to take the lead in the development of new and soybeans a year, with 50 bu/acre for each crop on average, improved soybean varieties. or 9,000 lb/acre each year. Brazil is presently the only “Asgrow has more than 50 years experience in research tropical country with substantial soybean production. and production of high yielding vegetable beans. As a result, Asgrow has developed and expertise... not only in 215. Foreign Agriculture.1972. U.S. vegetable oil mission breeding and producing, but in processing and handling of to Latin America reports oil sales down, potential for beans. extremely delicate bean seeds. And soybean seeds are so Sept. 4. p. 5-6, 12. thin-skinned that a hard bump or a fall of a few extra inches can dramatically reduce seedling vigor.

“Asgrow expertise is now being put to work in a Address: Station de Recherches Zootechniques, Centre de soybean research program... a program designed to develop Recherches Agronomiques des Antilles et de la Guyane, new varieties worthy of the Asgrow brandmark.” INRA, Domaine Duclos, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe. The Asgrow soybean variety development program has “strategically located research stations that are preparing to 222. León, J.P. 1973. Evaluación de 14 variedades de soya develop new soybean varieties at the rate of three [Evaluation of 14 varieties of soybeans]. Cuba: INIFAT, generations a year... with winter research work in Florida Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Archival report (Informe de and Puerto Rico. archivo). Unpublished manuscript. [Spa]* “Asgrow soybean researchers will be working on the • Summary: The author found the best varieties to be development of varieties that will be worth waiting for. Improved Pelican, Abura, and Calzadilla no. 1. Address: Their variety development goals call for higher yields, more Cuba. uniform emergence, better seedling vigor, better standability, easier combining, and better resistance to 223. Adams, Ruth B. 1973. Callaloo and pastelles too: Plus disease, insects and weather stress. hundreds of other delightful recipes. Mountain View, Get to know our Asgrow Seed dealer... he’s a seedsman. California: Pacific Press Publishing Assoc. 192 p. No index. He’ll be the first to know about future Asgrow soybean 21 cm. varieties.” • Summary: This Seventh-day Adventist lacto-ovo- Regional Offices: San Antonio, Texas; Tracy, California; vegetarian cookbook, hampered by its lack of an index, Plant City, Florida; Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania; Oxford, plays down the fact that it avoids flesh foods and contains a Indiana. strong flavor of the West Indies. The chapter on Entrées has Note 1. This is the earliest document seen concerning a recipe for making gluten, and uses gluten in many recipes, Asgrow and soybeans. It is also the earliest document seen such as Glutenburger casserole (p. 41), Onions and gluten that uses the word “Agronomic” in connection with Asgrow. cutlets (p. 48), Gluten macaroni (p. 49), and Pastelles (p. 49; And it is the earliest Asgrow ad seen in Soybean Digest. which also calls for “2 cups cubed soya meat or homemade This ad also appeared in the Dec. 1973 issue (p. 3) and the protose”). The various Nut Meat recipes (p. 43-44, Feb. 1974 issue (p. 2a) of this magazine. An identical color resembling Nuteena) each contain peanut butter; one version of this ad appeared in the Nov. 1974 and Dec. 1974 contains gluten. The various Protose recipes (p. 44-45) each issues of this magazine (inside front cover). contain peanut butter or commercial Protose; one contains Note 2. The cushion in the ad is intended to emphasize gluten. Marmite and soy sauce are sometimes used the importance of careful, gentle handling when processing interchangeably as a seasoning, as in soups (p. 87). Very soybeans for seed to prevent cracking and ensure high vigor little soy is used. and viability. Address: Subsidiary of The Upjohn Company, Agronomic Headquarters: P.O. Box 2010, Des Moines, 224. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1973. The annual Iowa 50310. report on activities carried out under the Public Law 480, 83d Congress, as amended, during the period January 1 220. Dion, H.G. 1973. Sugarcane beef in Barbados. Rural through December 31, 1972. Washington, DC: U.S. Life 18(2):9-12. * Government Printing Office. See p. 103-10. • Summary: Barbados is planning a thousand-head feedlot • Summary: Table 18 is titled “Title II, Public Law 480, using sugarcane pith as the main feed. With this locally total commodities shipped by program sponsor, fiscal year produced beef, it hopes to meet at least some of the needs of 1972.” The main program sponsors and distributing the tourist hotel industry. The long-term economics of the agencies, listed alphabetically, are AJJDC (American- sugarcane-cattle complex indicate that in the end it will be Jewish Joint Distribution Committee), CARE, CRS less expensive and easier to feed cattle on sugarcane pith (Catholic Relief Service), CWS (Church World Service), and urea plus supplements than with, for example, corn and LWR (Lutheran World Relief), SAWS (Seventh-day soybean meal. In the future, beef is likely to be exported Adventist World Service), UNICEF, UNRWA (United from the sugarcane areas of the tropics to cities in the Nations Relief and Works Agency), WRC (World Relief temperate areas. Commission). Each of these are Private Voluntary Organizations (PVO/PVOs), registered with USAID. The 221. Dividich, J. Le. 1973. Valeur protidique des graines de following foods containing soy protein were distributed: Vigna sinensis et de feverole: comparaison chez le rat avec CSM (corn soya mix), WSB (wheat soya blend), and small le tourteau de soja [Protein value of seeds of Vigna sinensis amounts of soya flour. The vegetable oil which was shipped and field bean [Vicia faba]: comparison with soya bean to many countries was soybean oil; it is not recorded here. oilmeal for rats]. Annales de Zootechnie 22(3):267-277. The foods containing soy protein were sent in the following [Fre; eng]* amounts (in thousands of pounds) to the following

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 85 continents and countries: Africa (8,131 CSM and 5,311 soybeans in the developing world. J. of the American Oil WSB): Botswana (2,198 CSM), Burundi (99 CSM), Chemists’ Soc. 51(1):150A-151A. Jan. Proceedings, World Cameroon (220 CSM and 245 WSB), Central African Soy Protein Conference, Munich, Germany, Nov. 11-14, Republic (153 CSM), Gabon (33 WSB), Gambia (271 1973. CSM), Ghana (1,056 CSM and 150 WSB), Guinea (100 • Summary: Contents: Abstract. Introduction. Problems face CSM), Liberia (243 CSM and 111 WSB), Malawi (132 soybean adaptation. Approaching these problems. CSM), Morocco (676 CSM and 54 WSB), Nigeria (867 International resource base for soybeans. CSM and 4,124 WSB), Rwanda (173 CSM), Senegal (300 The Agency for Industrial Development (AID, in the CSM), Sierra Leone (1,510 CSM), Tanzania (96 CSM), Department of State) is sponsoring a development program Tunisia (4 CSM and 43 WSB), Upper Volta (33 CSM and to increase soybean yields and utilization in tropical and 41 WSB), Zaire (510 WSB and 30 soya flour). subtropical countries. This research is being conducted Near East-South Asia (348,766 CSM and 97,345 WSB): under grants ($500,000 each awarded in Sept. 1973) to the Afghanistan (699 CSM), Ceylon (1,462 WSB), Gaza University of Illinois (Champaign) and the University of [occupied by Israel since 1967] (1,622 CSM and 1,410 Puerto Rico (Mayaguez). The Illinois-Puerto Rico research WSB), India (234,993 CSM and 27,006 WSB and 8,726 is further coordinated with various international centers soya flour), Jordan (2,137 CSM), Jordan-West Bank which are directly interested in developing soybean [occupied by Israel since 1967] (758 CSM and 1,067 WSB), production: International Institute for Tropical (IITA) in Lebanon (385 CSM), Nepal (55 WSB), Pakistan (1,197 Nigeria, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the CSM and 325 WSB), Syria (570 CSM), Turkey (275 WSB), Philippines, and the International Center for Tropical NESA regional; emergency feeding of East Pakistani Agriculture (CIAT) in Colombia. children by UNICEF (106,405 CSM and 65,745 WSB). The Food Science Department at the University of Far East [East Asia] (27,014 CSM and 4,121 WSB): Illinois has recently developed a simple method for direct China, Republic of [Taiwan] (15 CSM), Indonesia (6,791 utilization of whole soybeans for human food. Broken or CSM and 2,380 WSB), Korea (2,347 CSM), Laos (1,699 cracked beans are removed, the whole beans are soaked for CSM and 1,741 WSB), Malaysia (102 CSM), Philippines 6-8 hours in a 0.5% solution of sodium bicarbonate and (9,107 CSM), Vietnam (6,953 CSM). baking soda, then they are drained and cooked for 20-30 Latin America (63,980 CSM and 31,274 WSB): Bolivia minutes in a similar solution. The resulting beans are tender (2,197 CSM and 660 WSB), Brazil (25,171 CSM and and bland in taste. Address: Agency for International 11,204 WSB), British Honduras [Belize] (507 CSM and 215 Development (AID), Dep. of State, Washington, DC. WSB), Chile (300 CSM and 2,812 WSB), Colombia (6,284 CSM and 4,608 WSB), Costa Rica (3,042 CSM), Dominica 226. Choudhury, Parimal; Rodriguez de Zapata, L.; (2 CSM), Dominican Republic (8,118 CSM and 3,309 Gonzalez Garcia, S. 1974. Economic feasibility of WSB), Ecuador (2,013 CSM and 1,722 WSB), El Salvador establishing a soybean processing plant in Puerto Rico. (1,195 CSM), Grenada (11 CSM), Guatemala (2,037 CSM Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. and 962 WSB), Guyana (370 CSM and 474 WSB), Haiti 234. 27 p. Feb. [6 ref] (1,121 CSM), Honduras (716 CSM and 51 WSB), Jamaica • Summary: “A 400-ton-per day capacity soybean (364 CSM and 198 WSB), Nicaragua (375 CSM and 760 processing plant on the South Coast of Puerto Rico would WSB), Panama (409 CSM and 639 WSB), Paraguay (759 be economically feasible according to our estimate. Total CSM), Peru (7,850 CSM and 3,806 WSB), St. Vincent (17 production of the plant would be entirely absorbed by the CSM), Surinam (2 CSM), Uruguay (950 CSM and 284 local market... An initial investment of $5,775,000 would be WSB). needed for land, buildings, and machinery and an additional Grand total by commodity: 447,891,000 lb of CSM and $3,670,000 for initial working capital.” Address: Rio 138,051,000 lb of WSB. Agencies distributing the most Piedras, Puerto Rico. CSM and WSB (in million lb): CARE 268, UNICEF 174, CRS 89. 227. Sistachs, M.; Leon, J.J. 1974. Control of weeds in Note: This is the earliest document seen (April 2004) soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Cuban J. of concerning soybean products (Corn-Soy Meal) in Agricultural Science (Cuba) 8(1):89-94. March. [12 ref. Botswana. This document contains the earliest date seen for Eng] soybean products in Botswana (1972); soybeans as such had • Summary: Field trials showed that application of not yet been reported by that date. Address: Washington, fluorodifen (3 kg/ha worked best under Cuban conditions) DC. Phone: 703-875-4901 (1991). controlled 90% of the weeds infesting soybeans and resulted in good seed yield. Address: Instituto de Ciencia 225. Parman, G.K. 1974. Agency for International Animal, Apartado 24, San José de las Lajas, La Habana, Development’s program for development and utilization of Cuba.

• Summary: Contents: Abstract (Spanish). Introduction. 228. Abrams, Raúl. 1974. University of Puerto Rico 211(d) Photoperiod response. Varieties and population density. soybean program. INTSOY Series No. 2. p. 16-19. Soils and fertilizers. Inoculation. Mycorrhizal fungi. Proceedings of the Workshop on Soybeans for Tropical and Diseases and insects. Summary. Subtropical Conditions (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois “The rapid increase in world demand for soybeans and at Urbana-Champaign). soybean products indicates a need for developing new • Summary: In Oct. 1973 the University of Puerto Rico, production areas. Many tropical areas need the protein and Mayaguez Campus, received a 211(d) grant/donation of oil that soybeans can provide. Economic situations favor $500,000 from USAID (State Department). The major local production where this is feasible. My limited objectives of the Puerto Rico program are to increase and experience with soybeans in the tropics suggests that improve the capabilities of the university in order to provide soybean production can be profitable in many tropical needed training, research, and information linkages, areas.” technical assistance and consultation on major problems “We normally plant soybeans 20 to 50 days before day related to limiting diseases and associated insect pests and lengths are longest. Seed development takes place when cultural practices of soybeans and other food legumes in the days are shortening. In northern U.S., we use this part of the tropics and subtropics. The University of Illinois, which photoperiod cycle because temperature changes force us received a similar grant, will be working with the University into it. In southern U.S., we use it because we get higher of Puerto Rico on these problems related to soybean yields by doing so. diseases, including identification of sources of resistance. “A similar relationship between photoperiod and plant Address: Chairman and Prof., Agronomy Dep., College of development cycles probably is best for tropical locations. Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez My concept of the combination of plant and environmental Campus. traits that would be near optimum for low elevation, tropical locations is as follows:” 229. Hammerton, John L. 1974. Weed control in soyabeans. “1. A determinate variety planted 20 to 50 days before INTSOY Series No. 2. p. 97-108. Proceedings of the maximum day length... 4. About 120 days from planting to Workshop on Soybeans for Tropical and Subtropical maturity. 5. About 15 nodes; 30 to 36 inches stem length.” Conditions (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana- “We recognize that the length of the dark period actually Champaign). [19 ref] controls plant responses. However, we will follow the • Summary: Contents: Abstract (Spanish). Introduction. established pattern, which uses the reciprocal terms. Day Effects of weeds on soybeans. Weed floras (mainly those length and photoperiod are used interchangeable. reported from plantings in Jamaica and Trinidad). Weed “At 0º latitude, effective day length is assumed to be control: Herbicides, preplant incorporated treatments, pre- constant at 12 hours and 48 minutes.” emergence treatments (the brand names of many herbicides “Small seeds usually maintain better quality during the are given), cultural methods (such as rolling cultivators). maturation process, deteriorate less if harvesting is delayed, Conclusions. and are damaged less during threshing and handling. Thus, Tables 1-4 show the effects of weeds on yields. “In small seeded varieties probably would be a more attractive general, absence of weed control reduces yields by about food source, and they will produce better stands at lower 50%, though I suspect that losses could go much higher seeding rates, because there are more seeds per pound and given certain weed floras and/or environmental checks.” seeds germinate better. Much “greater attention needs to be given to crop “Soils and Fertilizers: rotation [for weed control], particularly where relatively “Soybeans can be grown on almost any soil type that large-scale mechanical production of food (and other short- will provide adequate but not excessive moisture. Lime is term) crops is considered.” Farmers should be aware of the often needed to produce a more favorable pH and to supply damage of some herbicide residues to soybean yields. calcium and magnesium.” “Soyabeans are particularly sensitive to triazine residues: “Dr. Norman Schenk and I found mycorrhizal fungi on heavy applications of atrazine, for example, should be made soybean roots in all fields examined in Florida in 1969. The to a preceding corn crop.” Address: Univ. of the West species prevalent varied as soil environments varied. Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica. Inoculating plants with one species increased seed yield 53%. Ross and Harper increased seed yields 29% by 230. Hinson, Kuell. 1974. Tropical production of soybeans. inoculating with a species that we did not find in our Florida INTSOY Series No. 2. p. 38-54. Proceedings of the survey.” Workshop on Soybeans for Tropical and Subtropical “Mycorrhizal fungi that colonize soybean roots Conditions (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana- apparently are widespread in the U.S.” Champaign). [Eng; spa]

Graphs show: (1) Photoperiod cycles at 0, 10, and 20º Specific results for all varieties tested are given for Sri north latitude assuming effective day length when the sun is Lanka (4 sites), Philippines (2 sites), Puerto Rico (2 sites), less than 6º below the horizon. Shows that the effective day Pakistan, and Indonesia. At most locations the protein and length is shortest in Dec. [winter solstice] and longest in oil content was greater than when the same varieties were June [summer solstice]. (2) Assumed plant development grown in the USA. cycles for Jupiter soybeans planted on June 1 (right) and A comparison of the Appendix of this report (p. 33-37, March 1 (left) at 20º north latitude. Shows periods of floral unnumbered) with the “International soybean variety initiation, flowering, and maturity. Address: Research experiment: First report of results” (Whigham, Oct. 1975. Agronomist, USDA, ARS, Southern Region, Florida- INTSOY Series No. 8) shows that cooperators in six Antilles Area, Gainesville, Florida. countries who were sent soybeans for trials did not send back any results: They were: (1) South Yemen–Dr. H. Idris, 231. INTSOY. 1974. Proceedings of the Workshop on Agricultural Research Station, El Kod, Aden, South Soybeans for Tropical and Subtropical Conditions. INTSOY Democratic Yemen. Note: This is the earliest document seen Series No. 2. 185 p. May. Held 4-6 Feb. 1974 at Univ. of (Dec. 2007) concerning soybeans in Yemen. (2) Sudan–Dr. Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus (College of Agric., Univ. of M.O.M. Salih, Director of Agric. Research Corp., Wad Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). Proceedings of the Medani, Sudan; (3) Tonga–Mr. Merle M. Anders, Workshop on Soybeans for Tropical and Subtropical Agronomist, Dep. of Agriculture, Box 14, Nuku’alofa, Conditions (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana- Tonga. Note, however, that Mr. Anders reported his results Champaign). [50+ ref] in 1976 in the Fiji Agricultural Journal 38(2):77-80. • Summary: 21 papers by various authors were presented at Note: This is the earliest document seen (July 2008) this conference. Many are cited separately. Address: Univ. concerning soybeans in Tonga; they arrived there in 1973 of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. and were planted by Anders on 27 June 1973 (See Anders 1976). The source of these soybeans was INTSOY at the 232. Whigham, D.K. 1974. International variety trials. University of Illinois. INTSOY Series No. 2. p. 20-37. Proceedings of the (4) Guatemala–Dr. Albert N. Plant, USAID, Guatemala Workshop on Soybeans for Tropical and Subtropical City, and Dr. Ricardo Bressani, Jefe de la Div. de Ciencias Conditions (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana- Agricolas y de Alimentos, Carretera Roosevelt, Zone 11–AP Champaign). [Eng; spa] Postal 1188, Guatemala; (5) Iran–Dr. N.C. Amirshahi, Head, • Summary: “The INTSOY variety evaluation trials were Dep. of Agronomy, Karaj Agric. College, Univ. of Tehran, established in early 1973 to determine the adaptability of Iran; (6) Iraq–Mr. Haji Abdul Sattar, Director, Research Ind. soybeans throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of Crops, Abu Ghraib Agricultural Research Station, Baghdad, the world. Commercially available soybean varieties were Iraq. For a report on the results of these trials, see Fadhil- used because of the quantity of seed required. Large Alzubaidi 1975. Note: This is the earliest document seen quantities of experimental lines were not available.” (Dec. 2007) concerning soybeans in Iraq. In 1973, soybean trials were conducted in 33 different The cooperator in Belize in 1973 was (p. 35): Dr. J.P. countries. In 11 of these countries, FAO cooperated in the Cal, Agronomist, Department of Agriculture, Central Farm– trials. The 1973 trials consisted of 20 varieties which were Belmopan, Caijo District, Belize, British Honduras. No replicated four times in a randomized complete block results for soybeans in Belize are given. design. Table I titled “1973 INTSOY variety evaluation The cooperator in Nicaragua in 1973 was (p. 36): Mr. trials” (p. 22) lists the names of the 33 cooperating countries Mack H. McLendon, Deputy Food & Agri. Officer, USAID/ and the number of variety trials conducted by each country Nicaragua, c/o American Embassy, Managua, Nicaragua. during 1973. A total of 90 trials (the number for each No results for soybeans in Nicaragua are given. Address: country is shown after the country name) were conducted Asst. Prof., Dep. of Agronomy, INTSOY, Univ. of Illinois at during the year. An asterisk (*) shows the 11 countries in Urbana-Champaign. which FAO cooperated. Africa: Egypt* 1, Ethiopia* 3, Ghana 3, Kenya 1, Sierra Leone 2, Somalia* 2, South 233. Sistachs, E. 1974. Nodulation studies in soybeans: The Yemen* 1, Sudan* 1, Tanzania 3. influence of concentration, form and time of application of Asia: Afghanistan* 1, India 2, Indonesia 5, Malaysia 2, combined nitrogen on symbiotic response. Cuban J. of Pakistan* 3, Philippines 3, South Viet Nam 3, Sri Lanka 12, Agricultural Science (Cuba) 8(2):203-09. July. [11 ref. Eng] Taiwan 2, Thailand 7, Tonga 2. • Summary: Nodulation of the primary roots of soybean Mesoamerica: Belize 3, Costa Rica 4, Guatemala 2, plants grown from inoculated seeds in sand culture was Mexico 3, Nicaragua 1, Puerto Rico 6. much reduced by the application of up to 150 mg of Middle East: Iran* 1, Iraq* 1, Jordan* 2, Syria 1. nitrogen per pot in the forms of urea and ammonium nitrate South America: Colombia 3, Ecuador 2, Peru 2. at the time of planting. Less reduction occurred when the

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 88 nitrogen was applied after the reserves in the soybean 236. Soybean Digest.1974. New agreement to increase cotyledons had been exhausted. This indicates that once identified soy oil use. Sept. p. 28. nodulation has started it will continue regardless of nitrogen • Summary: “U.S. soybean producers may be seeing an availability. Nodulation of the secondary roots was reduced increased use of U.S.-produced, identified soy oil and by urea regardless of the time of application; it was either shortening in the Caribbean and Middle East areas as the not reduced or much less reduced by ammonium nitrate. result of an export incentive agreement signed in late July The growth and nitrogen content of well-nodulated plants between ASA [American Soybean Assoc.] market were not improved by the addition of ammonium nitrate. development officials and Antonio Teijeiro of the Cadur Address: Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado 24, San José Trading Corp. of Miami, Florida... de las Lajas, La Habana, Cuba. “All identified soy oil marketed by Teijeiro is produced in the U.S. and sold under the ‘Olivano’ brand name. When 234. INTSOY Newsletter (Urbana, Illinois).1974. What is the first contract was signed in 1972, Teijeiro was marketing INTSOY? No. 1. p. 1. Aug. [5 ref] only about $250,000 worth of oil in the Caribbean. Through • Summary: “The International Soybean Program Teijeiro’s contact with ASA, however, activities expanded (INTSOY) is a cooperative program between the College of this past year to the Middle East (primarily Saudi Arabia Agriculture of the University of Illinois at Urbana- and Kuwait). Cadur’s sales have now increased to $1.5 Champaign and the University of Puerto Rico, College of million for the Caribbean and Middle East. Agricultural Sciences, Mayaguez.” “The success of this promotion program can be seen in “INTSOY was formally established in 1973...” Nassau [capital of the Bahamas] in the Caribbean. When the “INTSOY is concerned with all phases of soybeans from program was started [1971], soy oil was fourth on the planting the seed to consumption. These phases include market, but now 3 years later, soy oil is first in the market– production, harvesting, marketing, processing, and well ahead of other competitors. utilization. INTSOY’s major interest is in the exploitation of “‘Soy oil has had an image problem in the Middle East, the unique potential of soybeans as a source of protein fir but new technology which improved the quality is proving direct human consumption. Research centers primarily on that it can be as good as any other oil. It is improving its the problems of tropical and subtropical environments but is position based on the fact that all these countries consider also concerned with nutrition and processing as ways to American products the finest in quality and dependability,’ expand use of soybean protein foods in human diets.” Teijeiro said.” “Currently, USAID and the Rockefeller Foundation Note: This may be the earliest document seen (Dec provide most of the financial support, but a broadened base 2007) concerning soybean products (soy oil) in Kuwait, or of support is needed to attain the full potential that rests in Saudi Arabia. This document may contain the earliest date INTSOY.” seen for soybean products in Kuwait, or Saudi Arabia On page 2 is brief description of each of INTSOY’s five (1974); soybeans as such had not yet been reported by that publications; a single copy of each will be mailed on request date. free of charge. Also, a list of the INTSOY professional staff. William N. Thompson is director. Address: 113 Mumford 237. Peterson, Franklynn. 1974. The bean that’s making Hall, Urbana, IL 61801. Phone: (217) 333-6422. meat obsolete. Popular Mechanics 142:84-87, 188. Oct. • Summary: The subtitle continues: “Scientists are finding 235. Soybean Digest.1974. The golden bean is the hope of new ways to use the soybean, a staple for thousands of the world. Sept. p. 23. years, in creating new foods for a hungry world.” A full- • Summary: Edythe Robertson of ARA World Food page flowchart shows how soybeans are processed to make Systems has used “six of the newly developed soy-fortified a variety of end products. “Almost fully automated plants food products to produce a highly acceptable school lunch can process 200,000 bushels of soybeans a day. Every part for malnourished children of Kingston, Jamaica... Results of of the bean is useful, even the hull, which goes into animal the lunch program (served at no cost to the school children) feed. Meat analogs are textured soy products made to look are reported to be very satisfactory... Mrs. Robertson and taste like chicken or ham.” A table, based on 1973 explained: ‘Jamaica’s school lunch program is a successful figures from Kansas State Univ., shows the comparative first in the islands of the Western Hemisphere and cost of a pound of protein from various sources: 50% dramatizes the need for new approaches for reaching the [whole] soy flour is the least expensive at $0.14, followed undernourished children of the developing nations through by wheat germ $0.27, 70% protein [defatted] soy flour the cooperative efforts of the agribusiness community. The $0.30, wheat $0.38, isolated soy protein $0.40, milk solids golden bean is the hope of both rich and poor countries of $0.44, yeast $0.67, eggs $0.85, and beef $4.20. This a the world.’” pound of protein from beef costs 30 times as much as a pound of protein from soy flour.

“Vegetarian members among the Seventh Day Adventists experimented with soybean foods as early as the 239. Chagauramas Agricultural Development Project. 1974. 1930s, hatching at least two commercially successful Mechanized production of corn, soyabean & sorghum: Final companies in the process. To this day, one of them markets report of the activities of the pilot commercial farm carried 50 meat look-alikes made from soybeans. The other out in 1971 to 1974. Macqueripe (Chagauramas), Trinidad: company once invited Fidel Castro to lunch at a church CADP. Dec. school in Cuba. ‘Best pork chops I ever ate,’ said the • Summary: In 1968 when Dr. Eric Williams, the Prime Premier as he wiped his beard. But the soybean ‘pork Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, visited West Germany, he chops’ had never even been close to a pig. requested technical assistance for his country’s agricultural “Soybeans began to come into their own as an important sector. “Of the several projects put forward, final approval food source in the United States after the 1969 White House was given by both Governments to the present project– Conference on Food, Nutrition and Health. Experts at that Establishment of a Pilot Commercial Farm and a Plant meeting concluded that over a third of the people in this Breeding and Seed Production Station. Chaguaramas affluent country were surviving on faulty diets. To help (Tucker Valley) was chosen as the ideal site for the overcome the problem, scientists developed new food Project,... The Project was named Chaguaramas Agricultural technologies to provide low-cost but highly nutritious foods Development Project (CADP). The first Director, Prof. for school-lunch programs, day-care centers, hospitals and Brucher, arrived in early December, 1971, to initiate the other institutional feeding centers.” Project. Actual land clearing began on 7th January, 1970.” Soybeans tested on 4.20 acres (1.70 ha) produced 3,360 238. Soybean Digest.1974. The international outlook of the lb or 800 lb/acre (897 kg/ha; 13.3 bushels/acre). This is soybean market. Oct. p. 8-10. yield is quite low. Address: Chagauramas, Trinidad. • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Western Europe. Italy (Ferruzzi). Japan. Taiwan and Korea. Latin America. 240. Araujo, J.E. 1974. Soya y maíz en novedoso sistema de “Italy: ASA’s [American Soybean Assoc.] already made asociación de cultivos [Soybeans and corn in a new a solid start in expanding soy oil prospects in Europe with cropping system]. Agro (Dominican Republic) 3(15):38-39. an identified soy oil campaign now in its second year in [Spa]* Italy. Watts calls the agreement with Ferruzzi and Company the one outstanding market development activity carried out 241. Garcia, R. de J. 1974. Aputes sobre el cultivo de la in Europe recently. soya [Notes on the cultivation of soya]. Agro (Dominican “‘Di Soia Si Vivra’ (with soy we live), Italian Republic) 3(19):25-27. [Spa]* housewives heard again and again during the advertising campaign. And soy oil sold. ‘After 7 months, over 50% of 242. Pichardo, R.A.; et al. 1974. Resultados de ensayos de the Ferruzzi production at his two plants was identified soy herbicidas en oleaginosas (maní y soya) [Results of oil. After 12 months, 96% of it was identified soy,’ Watts herbicide trials on oilseeds (peanuts, and soybeans)]. San says. ‘In the 12 months of the campaign about 20 million Cristóbal, Dominican Republic: Instituto Politécnico lbs. of soy oil were sold to the Italian people.’ Loyola. Informe no. 3. 5 p. [Spa]* “A major competitor began a similar campaign on its • Summary: Also published in 1974 in Agro (Dominican own only a few weeks after Ferruzzi started his promotion Republic) 3(20):33-35. Address: Dominican Republic. effort. ‘Now, at least 11 brands of soy oil are on the shelves in Italy,’ reports Watts.” 243. Pichardo, R.A.; et al. 1974. Resultados de ensayos de Note: This is the earliest document seen (April 2007) herbicidas en oleaginosas, maní y soya [Results of herbicide concerning the work of Ferruzzi and Co. with soybeans. trials on oilseeds, peanuts, and soybeans]. Agro (Dominican A pie chart shows 1974-75 soybean sales commitments: Republic) 3(20):33-35. [Spa]* EEC 45%, other Western Europe 6.1%, Japan 21.9%, China • Summary: Also published in 1974 as Informe No. 3, by 4%, other 4%, undesignated 19.5%. the Instituto Politécnico Loyola (San Cristóbal, Dominican Tables show: (1) U.S. soybean exports (July to June Republic). Address: Dominican Republic. fiscal year basis) for two years (1972-73, and 1973-74) in quantity (million bushels) and value (million dollars) to: 244. Sistachs, E. 1974. Estudios de nodulación en soya: EEC, Spain, Canada, Israel, Japan, Soviet Union, China, Influencia de la concentración, fuente y momento de Taiwan, unidentified (transshipments), other. (2) U.S. aplicación de nitrógeno mineral sobre la simbiosis [Studies soybean meal exports; the five biggest buyers are West on soybean nodulation: Influence of the concentration, Germany, Japan, Italy, Netherlands, and Poland-Danzig. (3) source and time of application of mineral nitrogen on the U.S. soy oil exports; the five biggest buyers are Pakistan, symbiosis]. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agricola 8(2):211- Peru, Mexico, Canada, and Yugoslavia. 18. [Spa]*

Address: Cuba. Jewish Joint Distribution Committee), CARE, CRS (Catholic Relief Service), CWS (Church World Service), 245. Sistachs, E.; Leon, J.J. 1974. Control químico de LWR (Lutheran World Relief), SAWS (Seventh-day malezas en soya (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) [Chemical Adventist World Service), UNICEF, UNRWA (United control of weeds in soybeans]. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Nations Relief and Works Agency), and WRC (World Relief Agricola 8(1):95-110. [Spa]* Commission). All of these are Private Voluntary • Summary: Two doses of 6 herbicides were applied to Organizations (PVO/PVOs), registered with USAID. The soybeans. Fluorodifen controlled 90% of the weeds, and its following foods containing soy protein were distributed: application is recommended at the rate of 3 kg/ha. Address: CSM (corn soya mix), WSB (wheat soya blend), and small Cuba. amounts of soya flour. The vegetable oil which was shipped to many countries was soybean oil; it is not recorded here. 246. Rachie, K.O.; Roberts, L.M. 1974. Grain legumes of The foods containing soy protein were sent in the following the lowland tropics. Advances in Agronomy 26:1-132. See p. amounts (in thousands of pounds) to the following 83-85. [493 ref] continents and countries: Africa (24,340 CSM and 6,8857 • Summary: The main plants discussed are peanuts, pigeon WSB): Algeria (1 WSB), Botswana (1,398 CSM), Burundi peas, cowpeas, and mung beans. However under “Humid (464 CSM), Cameroon (47 CSM), Central African Republic Tropics” (p. 83-85) is a rather long discussion of soybeans, (67 CSM), Chad (1 CSM and 1 WSB), Congo (115 WSB), which “has been extensively grown for a long time as a Dahomey (124 CSM), Ethiopia (395 CSM), Gabon (46 basic food crop of the low elevations in southeastern Asia WSB), Gambia (211 CSM), Ghana (843 CSM and 1,272 (Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia). More recently, WSB), Ivory Coast (546 WSB), Kenya (409 CSM and 400 investigations in India, the West Indies, and both East and WSB), Lesotho (299 WSB), Liberia (1,247 CSM and 487 West Africa have demonstrated that soybeans can be very WSB), Malagasy (365 CSM and 2 WSB), Malawi (210 successfully grown in the lowland tropics under favorable CSM), Mali (230 CSM), Mauritania (235 CSM), Morocco conditions. At present there is no other species that can so (908 CSM and 890 WSB), Niger (289 CSM), Nigeria consistently produce on a hectare per day basis both high (1,197 CSM), Rwanda (82 CSM and 570 WSB), Senegal yields of good quality protein and oil. The main deterrent to (643 CSM), Sierra Leone (2,309 CSM), Sudan (3,826 increasing production of this species in many tropical CSM), Swaziland (57 CSM), Tanzania (3,991 CSM and 5 regions is lack of markets and understanding of its WSB), Togo (1,083 CSM and 1,562 WSB), Tunisia (2,368 cultivation and utilization.” Discusses: Adaptation and CSM and 485 WSB), Upper Volta (878 CSM and 14 WSB), problems. Utilization (“green beans (vegetable),” split, Zaire (419 WSB and 190 WSB), Zambia (44 CSM). sprouted, soy milk, soy sauce, tofu, tempeh). Recent Europe (27 CSM): Malta (27 CSM). investigations. Near East-South Asia (269,188 CSM and 94,141 WSB): “Perhaps the most successful campaign to introduce Afghanistan (1 CSM), Bangladesh (99794 CSM and 54,631 soybeans and find solutions to production and utilization CSB), Egypt (3,593 CSM and 2 WSB), Gaza [occupied by problems has been in India with assistance from a USAID- Israel since 1967] (1,509 CSM and 3,564 WSB), India sponsored contract with the University of Illinois. In Africa, (156,216 CSM and 15,768 WSB and 775 soya flour), Iraq French-sponsored research organizations have centered (997 CSM), Jordan (2,319 CSM and 536 WSB), Jordan- their activities mainly in Madagascar with testing and West Bank [occupied by Israel since 1967] (549 CSM and management experiments in the Cameroons [Cameroon] 1,186 WSB), Lebanon (227 CSM and 411 WSB), Nepal and Centralafrique [central Africa].” In English-speaking (1,000 CSM and 55 WSB), Pakistan (9,933 WSB), Sri Africa, breeding programs are in place in Tanzania and Lanka (1,000 WSB and 50 soya flour), Syria (470 CSM and Nigeria. Address: 1. International Inst. of Tropical 473 WSB), Turkey (6,582 WSB), Yemen (People’s Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; 1-2. The Rockefeller Democratic Republic of Yemen, or South Yemen) (151 Foundation, New York, New York. CSM), Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic) (2,513 CSM). East Asia (41,450 CSM and 20,694 WSB): Fiji (2 CSM 247. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1974. The annual and 2 WSB), Indonesia (268 CSM and 12,981 WSB), Korea report on activities carried out under the Public Law 480, (1,997 CSM), Laos (2,378 CSM and 750 WSB), Macao (29 83d Congress, as amended, during the period January 1 CSM), Malaysia (1,124 CSM and 65 WSB), Philippines through December 31, 1973. Washington, DC: U.S. (22,416 CSM), Singapore (10 WSB), Vietnam (13,236 CSM Government Printing Office. See p. 94-101. and 6,886 WSB). • Summary: Table 18 is titled “Title II, Public Law 480– Latin America (94,598 CSM and 42,404 WSB): Bolivia total commodities shipped by program sponsor, fiscal year (1,534 CSM), Brazil (33,197 CSM and 5,676 WSB), British 1973.” The main program sponsors and distributing Honduras [Belize] (333 CSM and 110 WSB), Chile (548 agencies, listed alphabetically, are AJJDC (American- CSM and 6,038 WSB), Colombia (13,043 CSM and 5,202

WSB), Costa Rica (2,792 CSM), Dominica (78 CSM), plans are underway for the government to build a soybean Dominican Republic (11,584 CSM and 3,486 WSB), and rice bran crushing plant. Ecuador (2,253 CSM and 5,446 WSB), El Salvador (1,343 Jamaica: Soybeans are not grown in Jamaica and are not CSM and 2,466 WSB), Grenada (41 CSM), Guatemala used for food in the home or village. However considerable (4,007 CSM and 1,090 WSB), Guyana (631 CSM), Haiti interest was shown in using soybeans in school lunch (1,581 CSM and 3,395 WSB), Honduras (1,297 CSM and programs. 1,523 WSB), Jamaica (1,150 CSM and 657 WSB), Mexico: During 1974-75, thirty sets of village process Nicaragua (6,850 CSM and 4,126 WSB), Panama (853 equipment for making soy flour were delivered to Mexico CSM and 699 WSB), Paraguay (3,385 CSM), Peru (7,522 through the auspices of UNICEF. One unit was delivered to CSM and 1,993 WSB), St. Lucia (81 CSM), St. Vincent (51 the National University of Mexico where workers studied CSM), Trinidad and Tobago (2 CSM and 1 WSB), Uruguay the process and its applications for traditional Mexican food (442 CSM and 496 WSB). products. Grand total: 429,603,000 lb of CSM and 164,124,000 lb Panama: Panama grows no soybeans and does not use of WSB. Agencies distributing the most CSM and WSB (in soybeans in foods. They use fairly large quantities of million lb): CARE 204, UNICEF 163, CRS 151. soybean meal (39,000 tons in 1973) for animal feeding and Note: This is the earliest document seen (April 2004) some firms are interested in using defatted soy flours and concerning soybean products (soy flour, CSM, or WSB) in textured soy protein (TSP) for foods. Chad, Mauritania, and Niger. This document contains the Trinidad: Soybeans are not grown or used as food in earliest date seen for soybean products (cereal-soy blends) homes or villages. Local experiments are being conducted in Chad, Mauritania, and Niger (1973); soybeans as such under a project agreement between the governments of West had not yet been reported by that date. Address: Germany and Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad has Washington, DC. Phone: 703-875-4901 (1991). considerable interest in soybeans but no processing plants. A chain of Hi-Lo supermarkets sells a soy-protein beef- 248. Mustakas, G.C. 1975. Trip report to Jamaica, Haiti, burger that contains 25% textured soy flour. Dominican Republic, Trinidad, Guyana, Venezuela, Venezuela: With a population of 12 million people, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, soybeans were still not being produced by 1975, although Guatemala, and Mexico, March-April 1975. * about 55,000 tons of soybeans and 83,000 tons of soybean • Summary: G.C. Mustakas of the Northern Regional meal were imported in 1974. Soybeans are not used as Research Center, Peoria, Illinois, made this trip in March- foods in homes or villages. Venezuela has a few small April 1975 to learn about uses of soybeans in Latin soybean crushers. One company (Proteinal S.A.) makes America. The trip was sponsored by the American Soybean edible soy flours. Address: NRRL, Peoria, Illinois. Assoc. and the U.S. Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS). Colombia: Soybeans are not used as foods in this 249. Sistachs, M.; Leon, J.J. 1975. Critical period of weed country. Although considerable effort is being made to competition on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Cuban introduce soy foods here, they are all in the experimental J. of Agricultural Science (Cuba) 9(2):237-41. July. [12 ref. stages. In 1975 some 156,000 tons of soybeans were grown Eng] in Colombia, which has 5 oilseed processors. Grasas S.A. • Summary: Results showed that weed competition has a 220 tons/day solvent extraction plant that now decreased soybean yield from 4% to 39% depending on the processes soybeans and other oilseeds. length of time the weeds were allowed to grow. The best Costa Rica: Soybeans are not produced or consumed as time to weed is 20 to 50 days after planting. Address: a food, though experimentation is being carried out at the Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado 24, San José de las University of Costa Rica and also with CARE. Lajas, La Habana, Cuba. Dominican Republic: Soybeans are not grown or used as food here. About 6,250 ha were planted in 1974 on an 250. Sistachs, M.; Neyra, M.; Aladro, T.; Leon, J.J. 1975. experimental basis. Soybean oil is imported. Industria Plant density, fertilization methods and weed control in Lavador’s oilseed crushing plant plans to increase soybeans. Cuban J. of Agricultural Science (Cuba) production to 300 tons/day, and with the expansion hopes to 9(2):243-53. July. [19 ref. Eng] produce soy food products in some form. • Summary: Populations between 161,000 and 375,000 Ecuador: In 1974 the country produced 1,000 tons of plants/ha and broadcasting or band application of fertilizer soybeans. did not affect plant yields significantly. Best weed control Guyana: Soybeans are not grown or used at foods in was achieved with trifluralin, which should be applied at no homes or villages. Food imports are very restricted. Some more than 0.5 kg/ha lest the number and weight of root 60 acres of soybeans have been grown experimentally, and nodules be reduced. Address: Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado 24, San José de las Lajas, La Habana, Cuba.

This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2007) that 251. Ugarte, J.; Preston, T.R. 1975. Soybean meal as a clearly refers to the cultivation of soybeans in Pakistan after protein supplement for steers fattened on molasses/urea the country became Pakistan. On 16 May 1973 nineteen based diets. Cuban J. of Agricultural Science (Cuba) varieties were planted at Swat. Lee 68 gave the highest 9(2):119-23. July. [14 ref. Eng] yield, 4,826 kg/ha. On 24 May 1973 sixteen varieties were • Summary: Based on these experiments, soybean meal is planted at Mansehra. Jupiter gave the highest yield, 4,911 recommended as a protein source for animals on a diet of kg/ha. The cooperator at both locations was S. Badshah. restricted forage but with free access to molasses/urea. Note: This is the 2nd earliest document seen (Dec. Address: 1. Finca “El Pilar,” Bauta, La Habana; 2. Instituto 2007) concerning soybeans in Jordan, or the cultivation of de Cienca Animal, Apartado 24. soybeans in Jordan. This document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in Jordan, or the cultivation of soybeans 252. Whigham, D.K. 1975. International soybean variety in Jordan (9 April 1974). Sixteen varieties were tested at experiment: First report of results. INTSOY Series No. 8. Deir Alla by cooperators Nabil Katrhuda and A. 161 p. Oct. (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana- Hammoudeh. Semmes gave the highest yield, 3,688 kg/ha. Champaign). [4 ref] This document also contains the second earliest date • Summary: Contents: Foreword. Introduction. Materials seen for soybeans in Lesotho, or the cultivation of soybeans and methods. Results and discussion. Summary. References. in Lesotho (21 Dec. 1973). It describes the first systematic Information and summary tables. Agronomic data from soybean trials in Lesotho. Seventeen varieties were tested at 1973 and 1974 trials is given for the following countries Ralinku, Quthing District. Bragg gave the highest yield, 673 and sites: Africa: Egypt (Bahteem), Ethiopia (Awassa), kg/ha. Ghana (Legon), Lesotho (Ralinku), Sierra Leone (Njala), Note: This is the 2nd earliest document seen (Jan. 2001) Somalia (Afgoi), Tanzania (Ilonga, Njombe). concerning soybeans in Somalia, or the cultivation of Asia: Afghanistan (Kabul), India (Jabalpur, Pantnagar), soybeans in Somalia. This document contains the 2nd Indonesia (Bogor, Citayam, Jogjakarta), Malaysia earliest date seen for soybeans in Somalia, or the cultivation (Serdany), Pakistan (Mansehra, Swat), Philippines (La of soybeans in Somalia (1974; no month is given). The Granja, Los Baños), Sri Lanka (Alutharama, earliest document was by Vivenza (1928). Twenty varieties Angunukulapalessa, Bandarawela, Gannoruwa, Maha were tested at Afgoi. Bonus gave the highest yield, 1,171 Illuppallama, Paranthan, Ratmalagara), Taiwan (Ping Tung, kg/ha. AVRDC–Shanhua), Thailand (Chiangmai University, Khon Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2007) Kaen, Lop Buri, Maejo Experiment Station, Suwan Farm), concerning soybeans in Syria, or the cultivation of soybeans Vietnam (Darlac Province). in Syria. This document contains the earliest date seen for Mesoamerica: Belize (Central Farm), Costa Rica soybeans in Syria, or the cultivation of soybeans in Syria (Hacienda Tempisque, Taboga), Mexico (Chiapas, (25 April 1974). Sixteen varieties were tested at Douma by Tampico), Nicaragua (Leon), Puerto Rico (Isabela, Lajas, Syria’s Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform–the Mayaguez). cooperator. Cutler 71 gave the highest yield, 1,223 kg/ha. Middle East: Jordan (Deir Alla), Syria (Douma). The source of all these soybeans was INTSOY (at the South America: Colombia (Palmira), Ecuador (Boliche, University of Illinois in the USA) for ISVEX trials. Pichilingue, Portoviejo), Peru (La Molina). Note: This is the earliest document seen (June 2007) 253. Delgado, A.; Elias, A.; Veitia, J.L.; Alfonso, F. 1975. that clearly refers to the cultivation of soybeans in The use of pasture for beef production. 3. Different protein Afghanistan. This document contains the earliest date seen sources for molasses/urea supplementation to bulls during for the cultivation of soybeans in Afghanistan (23 May the dry season. Cuban J. of Agricultural Science (Cuba) 1973). Eight varieties were tested at Kabul by cooperator 9(3):255-62. Nov. [33 ref. Eng] S.A. Rahman Mohmand. Cutler 71 gave the highest yield, • Summary: During the dry season in Cuba bulls were 2,952 kg/ha. grazing on pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens). Their diet In Belize, twenty varieties were tested at Central Farm was supplemented with molasses or urea plus a protein by cooperators D. Cole and J. Cal, being planted on 5 Nov. source: fish meal, soybean meal, sunflower meal, or 1973. Improved Pelican gave the highest yield, 1,680 kg/ha. cottonseed meal. Liveweight gains were increased to 0.77 This is the 2nd earliest document seen (Jan. 2001) that kg/day from 0.37 kg/day with protein supplementation. clearly refers to the cultivation of soybeans in Nicaragua There were no significant differences in weight increases (25 Jan. 1974). On 25 Jan. 1974, under the direction of based on the type of protein source used. Fermin Balerdi, twenty varieties of soybeans were planted Note: This is the earliest English-language document at Proyecto Adelante, Leon, Nicaragua. Improved Pelican seen (Oct. 2007) that contains the term “sunflower meal.” gave the highest yield, 2511 kg/ha.

Address: Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado 24, San José chez le porc de 35 kg [Cane final molasses in the feeding of de las Lajas, La Habana, Cuba. pigs: effect of energy content of the diets on the performance of pigs; metabolism of nitrogen in pigs of 35 254. Dividich, J. Le; Seve, B. 1975. Valeur energetique et kg]. In: Journees de la Recherches Porcine en France. Paris: azotee de Vigna sinensis pour le porc: effet de la cuisson et Institut Technique du Proc. See p. 145-150. [Fre]* comparison avec le tourteau de soja [Energy and nitrogen Address: Station de Recherches Zootechniques, INRA, values of Vigna sinensis for pigs: effect of cooking and CRAAG, Domaine Duclos, 97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, comparison with soya bean oil meal]. Annales de French West Indies. Zootechnie 24(1):13-20. [Fre; eng]* Address: Station de Recherches Zootechniques, Centre de 261. Martin, Franklin W.; Ruberté, Ruth M. 1975. Edible Recherches Agronomiques des Antilles et de la Guyane, leaves of the tropics. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico: Mayagüez I.N.R.A., 97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe. Inst. of Tropical Agriculture. vii + 235 p. See p. 36. Illust. Index. 23 cm. [63* ref] 255. Dividich, J. Le; Canope, I.; Hedreville, F.; Despois, E. • Summary: In Chapter 3, titled “Some fruits, vegetables, 1975. Une nouvelle source energetique et azotee pour and ornamental plants that also bear edible leaves,” in the l’alimentation du porc en finition aux Antelles: le son fin de section on Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean) we read (p. 36) ble [A new source of energy and protein for feeding that soybean varieties “have been developed for the tropics, finishing pigs in the Antilles: fine wheat bran]. Nouvelles the immature pods of which are cooked as a green Agronomiques des Antilles et de la Guyane 1(4):284-292. vegetable. It is not widely known that the young leaves are [Fre; eng; spa]* equally edible.” Address: Mayagüez Inst. of Tropical Address: Station de Recherches sur l’Elevage des Porcs, Agriculture, and Agricultural Research Service, Southern CNRZ, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France. Region, USDA.

256. Sistachs, E.; et al. 1975. Estudio de la población, 262. Roig y Mesa, Juan Tomas. 1975. Diccionario botanico método de fertilización, y control de malezas en el cultivo de nombres vulgares Cubanos [Botanical dictionary of de la soya [Study of the population, method of fertilization, Cuban vernacular names]. Havana, Cuba: Ed. Pueblo y and control of weeds in the cultivation of soybeans]. Revista Educacion. [Spa]* Cubana de Ciencia Agricola 9(2):251-61. [Spa]* • Summary: The soybean was introduced to Cuba in 1904 Address: Cuba. by the EEA (Estación Experimental Agronómica de Santiago de Las Vegas, currently INIFAT, the Experimental 257. Sistachs, E.; Leon, J.J. 1975. Estudio del período Agronomical Station) from the USA, but it was possibly crítico de competencia de malas hierbas en el cultivo de la already found in the Isla de la Juventud, used by the soya (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) [Study of the critical period Japanese to prepare a kind of cheese called ‘tofu.’ (dau phu of competition from weeds in the cultivation of soybeans]. in Vietnamese). Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agricola 9(2):245-50. [Spa]* Note: This document contains the earliest date seen for Address: Cuba. soybeans in Cuba (1904), or the cultivation of soybeans in Cuba (1904 or 1904; one of three documents). The source 258. Ugarte, J.; Preston, T.R. 1975. Harina de soya como of these soybeans was the USA. Note: Although these suplemento proteico a novillos en ceba con dietas de miel- soybeans were introduced in 1904, they may not have been urea [Soy flour as a protein supplement for young bulls cultivated until 1905 (see Cruz 1906). being fattened with diets of honey-urea]. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agricola 9(2):125-29. [Spa]* 263. Tenne, F.D.; Mengistu, A.; Sinclair, J.B. 1975. Address: Cuba. Occurrence and identification of Bacillus subtilis associated with soybean seeds from six geographical countries. 259. Bird, J.; Sanchez, J.; Rodriguez, R.L.; Julia, F.J. 1975. Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society Rucageous (whitefly-transmitted) viruses in Puerto Rico. In: 2:91 (Abst. NC-45). J. Bird and K. Maramorosch, eds. 1975. Tropical Diseases • Summary: The six countries are China, Ethiopia, Pakistan, of Legumes. New York: Academic Press. See p. 3-25. * Puerto Rico, Thailand, and USA. Bacillus subtilis appears to • Summary: Discusses Bemisia tabaci. be an omnipresent seed-borne bacterium on soybeans; it can cause seed decay under conditions of high moisture and 260. Dividich, J. Le; Canope, I. 1975. Utilisation de la temperature. Address: All: Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL melasse finale de canne a sucre dans l’alimentation du prc: 61801. influence de la teneur en energie des regimes sur les performances du porcelet; utilsation metabolique de l’azote

264. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1975. The annual global action. Washington, DC. viii + 271 p. Illust. No report on activities carried out under Public Law 480, 83d index. 28 cm. Congress, as amended, during the period July 1, 1973 • Summary: Contains detailed population information on through June 30, 1974. Washington, DC: U.S. Government every country in the world, listed alphabetically by region. Printing Office. See table 17. Contents: Some highlights: The world population situation. • Summary: Table 17 is titled “Title II, Public Law 480– Region and country situations: Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin total commodities shipped by program sponsor, fiscal year America, Caribbean Islands, Near East, Northern America, 1974.” The main program sponsors and distributing Oceania. Aid to developing countries: Multilateral agencies, agencies, listed alphabetically, are AJJDC (American- USAID, private organizations. Demographic data. World Jewish Joint Distribution Committee), CARE, CRS population data. Glossary. Address: 1754 N Street, N.W., (Catholic Relief Service), CWS (Church World Service), Washington, DC 20036. LWR (Lutheran World Relief), SAWS (Seventh-day Adventist World Service), UNICEF, UNRWA (United 267. Soos, T.; Papp, L.; Mir, M.V. 1976. [The effect of Nations Relief and Works Agency), and WRC (World Relief Rhizobium inoculation on four soybean varieties grown in Commission). All of these are Private Voluntary Cuba]. Agrokemia es Talajtan Kiskonyvtara 25(1-2):139-44. Organizations (PVO/PVOs), registered with USAID. The June. [7 ref. Hun; eng; rus]* following foods containing soy protein were distributed: • Summary: A rhizobium inoculum named Rhizoleg-soya CSM (corn soya mix), CSB (corn soya blend), WSB (wheat was manufactured and tested in field experiments on the soya blend), and small amounts of soya flour. The vegetable yield of 4 soybeans grown on a large scale in Cuba. The oil which was shipped to many countries was soybean oil; it inoculum was effective in promoting root nodule formation is not recorded here. and increasing yields of all 4 varieties. Address: Veterinary Foods containing soy protein were distributed to the Biologicals and Feedstuffs Co., Budapest, Hungary. following countries or areas: Africa: Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African 268. Mustakas, Gus C. 1976. Trip report on visit to Meals Republic, Chad, Congo–Belgian, Dahomey, Ethiopia, for Millions (MFM) Foundation, 1800 Olympic Boulevard, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Santa Monica, California 90406, on June 21-22, 1976. Liberia, Malagasy, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Peoria, Illinois. 3 p. July 16. Typed, with signature on Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somali letterhead. [1 ref] Republic, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Rhodesia, • Summary: This is a report for the ED [Engineering and Upper Volta, Zaire, Zambia. Development Laboratory] files. Contents: Personnel Near East–South Asia: Bangladesh, British Solomon contacted: Mark Sterner, Hank Sterner, and Gideon Zeidler. Islands, Egypt, Gaza, India (incl. soy flour), Gaza, Jordan– What is MFM? Examples of six projects in various East, Jordan–West Bank, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, countries: (1) Soy milk project in Korea; (2) Soy beverage Turkey, Yemen, Palestine Refugee Program. project in Cairo, Egypt; (3) Weaning food in Ghana; (4) East Asia: Cambodia, Indonesia, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Leaf protein in India; (5) Food processing project in Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam. Jamaica; (6) Soy beverage project in Ecuador. NRRC Latin America: Antigua, Bolivia, Brazil, British cooperative program with MFM–Soy beverage in Ecuador. Honduras, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Training institute: International Institute of Protein Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Technology (IIPFT; offers two 4-week courses in Santa Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Monica roughly twice each year). Extruder and texturized Paraguay, Peru, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Uruguay. soy protein research. Patent policy. Future research at Address: Washington, DC. Phone: 703-875-4901 (1991). MFM. Future research cooperation with NRRC. Address: USDA ARS Northern Regional Research Center, Peoria, 265. Times (London).1976. Dinner at the home of the Illinois 61604. calypso: Good food guide. April 17. p. 7. • Summary: A review of restaurants in Kingston, the capital 269. Lashley, U. 1976. Re: Soybeans and soybean foods in of Jamaica. At the Korea Restaurant, the mixed vegetables Trinidad. Letter to H.L. Wang and associates at Northern “had the slightly sweet taste characteristic of Korean and Regional Research Center, Oct. 2 p. * Japanese soya sauces. The seaweed, deep fried, would not • Summary: Originally it was planned to grow soybeans in have been missed.” Trinidad, and crush them for oil (to replace coconut oil) and meal (to feed to livestock). In Dec. 1975 Lever Brothers 266. Population Reference Bureau, Inc. 1976. World successfully crushed 7,000 kg of soybeans as a test. But population growth and response: 1965-1975, a decade of then it was realized that the soy protein could be better utilized as a food. “Crop production personnel in the

Chaguaramas Agricultural Development Project (CADP) including soybeans) from Puerto Rico to St. Thomas (in the and Home Economists at the John Donaldson Technical U.S. Virgin Islands). They noted that the fungal disease had Institute have been collaborating to refine, demonstrate, and also been found in Cuba and Trinidad. promote the production and utilization of locally grown “Of significance is the fact that Hiratsuka (1935) soya. To this end, the agronomists have published a booklet considers P. vignae Arthur to be a synonym of the soybean on the growing of Soya while the Home Economists have rust organism, P. pachyrhizi. Additional names reduced by produced several booklets and pamphlets with information Hiratsuka to synonymy with P. pachyrhizi are: Uredo vignae on preparing dishes from soybeans. A booklet is about to be Bres., Uredo sojae Hennings, Uredo concors Arthur, published. Physopella concors Arthur, Phakopsora sojae Fujikuro, “It might be of interest to you to note that Guyana, St. Phakopsora sojae Sawada, and Uromyces sojae Miura non Kitts, and Trinidad and Tobago have embarked upon a Sydow.” program of Corn/Soya production in the hinterland of Note: Ono et al. (1992, p. 836) consider this soybean Guyana as part of the Caribbean Food Plan. rust to be the more benign P. meibomiae. Address: 1. “It is envisaged that soon a programme will be Research plant pathologist, ARS / USDA, Mayaguez Inst. of formulated with the Extension Division in the Ministry of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 70, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Agriculture, Lands and Fisheries to exhibit soya growing at 00708. vantage points in rural Trinidad and Tobago with accompanying demonstrations by Home Economists in food 272. Whigham, D.K. 1976. International soybean variety preparation. I am currently working in conjunction with the experiment: Second report of results. INTSOY Series No. Government Broadcasting and Film Unit to produce a 11. vi + 223 p. Dec. (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at documentary on ‘Soya for Food.’ I am dealing with basic Urbana-Champaign). steps Cleaning, Soaking, and Blanching: I also hope to deal • Summary: Contents: Foreword. Introduction. Materials with the preparation of: 1. Soy milk, soy/choc milk; 2. Soy and methods. Results and discussion. Summary. Information fudge, soy/choc fudge–a candy. 3. Soy/almond paste– and summary tables. Agronomic data from 1974 trials is marzipan. 4. Soynut butter. 5. Soy nuts. 6. Curried given for the following countries and sites: Africa: Angola soybeans. 7. Phulouri (an East Indian dish using dhal).” (Nova Lisboa), Cameroon (Wum), Egypt (Bahteem, Seds), (Cited by H.L. Wang, et al. 1979. Soybeans as human food– Ethiopia (Awassa, Bako, Debre Zeit, Jimma), Ghana Unprocessed and simply processed. p. 33). Address: Home (Kwadaso, Legon), Ivory Coast (Abidjan, Dekokaka, economist, John Donaldson Technical Inst., Ministry of N’Dakro), Nigeria (Kadawa), Rhodesia (Salisbury), Sierra Education, Port of Spain, Trinidad. Leone (Njala), Swaziland (Malkerns), Zambia (Kitwe). Asia: Afghanistan (Baghlan), India (Pantnagar), 270. INTSOY Series.1976. Conference delegates. No. 10. p. Indonesia (Muneng), Malaysia (Serdany), Nepal xii-xv. R.M. Goodman, ed. Expanding the Use of Soybeans (Khumaltar), Pakistan (Parachinar, Sarai Naurang, Swat, (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). Tandojam, Tarnab), Philippines (La Carlota, Los Baños), Sri • Summary: The following number of participants came Lanka (Alutharama, Angunukulapalessa, Bandirippuwa, from the following countries: Australia (3). Bangladesh (4). Gannoruwa, Kilinochchi, Maha Illuppallama, Maskeliya, Hong Kong (1). India (4). Indonesia (20). Iran (6). Iraq (1). Puttalam, Ratmalagara, Thirunelvely), Taiwan (Shanhua, S. Japan (6). Malaysia (12). Pakistan (1). Philippines (9). Shanmugasundaram [AVRDC]), Thailand (Chiang Mai, Puerto Rico (4). Saudi Arabia (3). Singapore (2). South Khon Kaen, Maejo). Korea (3). Sri Lanka (5). Switzerland (1). Taiwan (8). Europe: Spain (Madrid). Thailand (120). United Kingdom (2). USA (17). Mesoamerica: Costa Rica (Las Juntas, Taboga), Ten patrons of the conference are also listed. Dominican Republic (Santiago), El Salvador (Santa Cruz Porrillo), Mexico (Apatzingan, Uxmal), Panama (Tocumen), 271. Vakili, N.G.; Bromfield, K.R. 1976. Phakopsora rust Puerto Rico (Isabela, Lajas, Mayaguez), Trinidad and on soybean and other legumes in Puerto Rico. Plant Disease Tobago (Port of Spain). Reporter 60(12):995-99. Dec. [6 ref] Middle East: Iran (Karaj), Israel (Bet Dagan), Jordan • Summary: In June 1976 Phakopsora pachyrhizi (soybean (Wadi Dhuleil), Lebanon (Beqa’a), Saudi Arabia (Riyadh, rust) was observed on the soybean variety Williams; by Wadi Jizan). August the varieties Biloxi, Hardee, and Santa Rosa, South America: Bolivia (Abapo-Izozog, Palometillas, growing nearby, were also rusted. The authors note: “To our Santa Cruz, Villa Montes), Colombia (Ibague, Motilonia), knowledge, this is... the first observation of Phakopsora on Ecuador (Boliche, Pichilingue, Portoviejo), Guyana (Ebini, soybean in the western hemisphere.” As early as 1926 Mon Repos), Venezuela (Maracay). Seaver and Chardon reported Phakopsora vingae (probably Note: This is the second earliest document seen (Dec. a name for Phakopsora rust) on three legumes (not 2007) that clearly refers to the cultivation of soybeans in

Lebanon, and the first that refers to variety trials. This Agriculture International Soybean Program. 140 p. Illust. document contains the earliest clear date seen for the No index. 28 cm. [84 ref] cultivation of soybeans in Lebanon (26 April 1974). Seven • Summary: Final report on Contract AID/CM/ta-c-73-19. varieties were tested at Beqa’a by cooperator S. Abu- April 1, 1973 to March 31, 1976. Submitted to the U.S. Shakra. Bonus gave the highest yield, 771 kg/ha. Agency for International Development, Department or This document contains an early date for cultural trials State, Washington, DC. The principal investigator and of soybeans in Panama (5 Sept. 1974). On 5 Sept. 1974, contractor was William N. Thompson. Total AID funding of under the direction of Juan Jose Franco P., fifteen varieties contract to date: $980,605. of soybeans were planted at Tocumen. Bonus gave the Summary of accomplishments: “An extensive program highest yield, 3,678 kg/ha. in soybean variety evaluation was conducted to acquire This document also contains the second earliest date information on soybean varieties having potential for home seen for soybeans in Swaziland, or the cultivation of and commercial production in the less-developed countries soybeans in Swaziland (25 Nov. 1974). Fifteen varieties of the tropics and subtropics. By the third year of contract were tested at Malkerns. Bragg gave the highest yield, 3,126 operations, 90 countries had volunteered to participate in kg/ha. the program. Seed from varieties exhibiting promising The source of all these soybeans was INTSOY (at the production characteristics was increased in Puerto Rico and University of Illinois, USA) for ISVEX trials. Address: was distributed during the last quarter of the contract for use College of Agriculture, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana- in preliminary observation trials at selected locations in six Champaign. countries... “Research in soybean food use led to development of 273. Dividich, J. Le; Canope, I.; Hedreville, F.; Despois, E. concepts for rapid preparation of weaning foods and 1976. Possibilites d’emploi aux Antilles du son fin de ble soybean-cereal patties, a procedure for preparation of a dans l’alimentation du porc en finition [Possibility of using soybean beverage for village use and the appropriate fine wheat bran for feeding finishing pigs in the Antilles]. technologies for home and village level preparation of the In: Journees de la Recherche Porcine en France. Paris: foods and beverage. A study was made on the effects of Institut Technique du Porc. See p. 25-28. [9 ref. Fre]* using corn, rice or wheat flour as ingredients in drum dried Address: Station de Recherches sur l’Elevage des Porcs, soy-cereal weaning foods. Investigations were carried out CNRZ, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France. on water uptake and use of sodium and ammonium bicarbonate and their effect/relationship to tenderness of 274. Farm (The). 1976. Astronaut–Sister Farms. 156 Drakes cooked soybeans. Protein efficiency ratios were determined Lane, Summertown, TN 38483. 1 p. Unpublished on many prototype foods made wholly or partly from field manuscript. Mimeographed. varieties of soybeans. • Summary: Gives the name and address (and in some cases “Dissemination of research results was accelerated the phone number) of 15 sister Farms related to The Farm in through an active publication series, a newsletter, regional Summertown, Tennessee. They are located in: Ettrick, workshops, training courses, and country programs. The Wisconsin. Louisa, Virginia. Franklyn, New York. Eckert, soybean development network was expanded through Colorado. Mobile, Alabama. Warner, New Hampshire. formal linkages between INTSOY and national and Futone, Missouri. near Hampton, Nova Scotia, Canada. international organizations and with a host of individuals Utuado, Puerto Rico. Columbia, Kentucky. San Rafael, and institutions who share INTSOY’s interest ‘to expand the California. Parkton, North Carolina. Wileyville, West use of soybeans for human food.’” Virginia. Lafayette, Tennessee. Nashville, Tennessee. Appendix IV (p. 97-134), titled “Soybean Food Use,” Address: Summertown, Tennessee. summarizes accomplishments in more detail. An innovative sock filter and cradle filter for soymilk are illustrated and 275. Garel, D. 1976. The experience and major constraints described. Appendix V, Project Output, is a bibliography of on the commercial production of soyabeans in Jamaica. In: publications resulting from this research in the fields of: Proceedings of the Tenth West Indies Agricultural Soybean variety development (8 publications), Taxonomic Economics Conference. Volume II. Workshop papers. St. Information Retrieval System (TAXIR; 5), Insect control Augustine, Trinidad: Caribbean Agro-Economic Society and entomological studies (36), Soybean pathology (24 with the Univ. of the West Indies. [4 ref]* publications). Address: INTSOY, Univ. of Illinois. Address: Dep. of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture, Jamaica. 277. Nurse, O.M.; Wilson, C. 1976. The cereal grain industry in Trinidad and Tobago: Scope and programmes for 276. INTSOY. 1976. Development of improved varieties of expansion. Proceedings of the West Indies Agricultural soybeans. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois, College of

Economics Conference (Trinidad and Tobago) 10(2):30-45. which is a cross between Jupiter (imported from Florida) [14 ref. Eng]* and a variety originating in Uganda. UWI 1 is capable of • Summary: In order to solve the cereal/grain development yielding 2,0000 lb/acre. “The experiment was financed by problem (as for maize or soya beans), Caribbean nations Jamaica Nutrition Holdings, the Ministry of Agriculture and must take a regional rather than a national approach. If Seprod Limited. The University of the West Indies provided Guyana and Belize can produce soybeans more cheaply the land and other facilities.” than Trinidad and Tobago, then they should do so, and This article is from The Jamaican Daily News, 6 June Trinidad and Tobago should import them from these 1976. countries within the region rather than from even lower-cost sources outside the region. Address: Commonwealth 281. Inprint Caribbean Ltd. 1976. Soybean cookbook: A Caribbean Regional Secretariat, Georgetown, Guyana. guide to more nutritional cooking. Port of Spain, Trinidad: Inprint Caribbean Ltd. 48 p. 278. Sistachs, M. 1976. Inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer • Summary: After discussing the nutritional value of experiments on soybeans in Cuba. In: P.S. Nutman, ed. soybeans, this cookbook gives recipes, mostly for using 1976. International Biological Programme, No. 7. whole soybeans, but also for making and/or using full fatted Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Plants. Cambridge, England, soyflour, soymilk, okara, and soynuts. Early in 1976 the and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. xxviii + publisher was “approached by representatives of the 584 p. See p. 281-88. Meeting held Sept. 1973 at Chaguaramas Agricultural Development Project to edit and Edinburgh, Scotland. [Eng]* publish a soybean cookbook for distribution in Trinidad and Address: Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Havana, Cuba. Tobago. The German partners in the project at Chaguaramas were about to hand over the project to the Trinidad and 279. Andrews, R. 1976. Food and nutrition activities in Tobago Government, after six years of a cooperative effort, Trinidad and Tobago. Cajanus: Newsletter of the Caribbean and it was felt that such a publication would make the Food and Nutrition Institute (Trinidad) 9(3):158-63. project, and soya, more widely known to the people of • Summary: In the section on “New Agricultural Products” Trinidad and Tobago.” The cookbook was the idea and we read: “Soya beans: The objective of the Pilot dream of Dr. H. Seidel, one of the German agricultural Commercial Farm Project was to determine the economic experts on the project. Publication costs were supported by feasibility of relatively large scale highly mechanized local companies who advertised in the book and some of systems of local production of corn, soya bean and whose food products were listed by name in various recipes. sorghum. Soya has a yield of 1,518.1 lbs. per acre, while the Soy-related advertisers include Worthington Foods (via yields for corn are generally twice as high as that in Trinidad Health Foods; p. 31) and Bontrae (via Quesnel & neighbouring countries... Six hundred acres of soya have Fernandez; p. 32). been cultivated at Piarco, and 500 acres at Chaguaramas, “Over the past four years in Trinidad and Tobago, and this project has proved successful. Local factories can through efforts at the Chaguaramas Agricultural adapt their machinery to produce oil, and the meal can Development Project (a cooperative venture between the readily be used for livestock feed. Government of Trinidad and Tobago and West Germany), “The Chaguaramas Agricultural Project has tested soya considerable success has been achieved in the production of beans successfully for making a variety of foodstuffs this rich bean” (p. 6-7). Address: Trinidad. including sausages, cakes, bread, and pastry. The Ministry of Agriculture is now producing soya bean seeds which are 282. Jackobs, J.A. 1976. INTSOY, an international to be sold at a subsidized rate to farmers.” programme for soybean improvement. In: M.A. Rifai, ed. Based on a paper presented at the CFNI Workshop in 1976. ASEAN Grain Legumes. Bogor, Indonesia: Central Food Economics and Food and Nutrition Policy, Trinidad, Research Institute of Agriculture. 225 p. See p. 129-30. March 1976. Address: Director of Planning, Ministry of • Summary: “Intsoy, an international programme for Planning and Development, Trinidad and Tobago. soybean improvement, was proposed to develop efficient methods of soybean production and the development of 280. Cajanus: Newsletter of the Caribbean Food and improved varieties. It is also concerned with the potential Nutrition Institute (Trinidad).1976. Hybrid soya bean being markets and utilization of the crop. developed. 9(3):186-87. [1 ref] “The headquarters of the project are at the University of • Summary: “Soya bean hybrids which are suited to Illinois and the University of Puerto Rico. It is financed at Jamaican conditions are being developed on an present through a contract with U.S.A.I.D.” experimental plot at the University of the West Indies, says “The concept of an international soybean programme Dr. Charles Panton, Technical Director of Jamaica Nutrition arose out of the experience of the University of Illinois in Holdings Limited.” The most successful hybrid is UWI 1, collaborating in the All-India Soybean Improvement

Scheme. Illinois staff worked with Indian colleagues at two tou fu (soybean curd; yen-lu is the Chinese name for nigari), main centres, Jabalpur and Pantnagar.” Address: MUCIA tou fu nao (soft curd), tou fu kan (dry / firm bean curd), Advisor, Univ. of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. chien chang (pressed tofu sheets), yu tou fu (fried tou fu), tung tou fu (frozen tou fu), tou fu pi (protein-lipid film; 283. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1976. The annual yuba), huang tou ya (yellow bean sprout or soybean sprout), report on activities carried out under Public Law 480, 83d mao tou (hairy bean, green soybean, or immature soybean), Congress, as amended, during the period July 1, 1974 dry soybeans (roasting and frying, stewing and boiling), through June 30, 1975. Washington, DC: U.S. Government roasted soybean flour. Fermented soybean foods. Printing Office. See table 17. Production and consumption of soybeans (China and • Summary: Table 17 is titled “Title II, Public Law 480– Taiwan). total commodities shipped by program sponsor, fiscal year Japan: Tofu (soybean curd), kinugoshi tofu, processed 1975.” The main program sponsors and distributing tofu products (aburage or age, nama-age and ganmo), kori agencies, listed alphabetically, are AJJDC (American- tofu (dried-frozen tofu), yaki tofu (grill tofu), yuba (protein- Jewish Joint Distribution Committee), CARE, CRS lipid film), soybean milk, gô (ground soybean mash), daizu (Catholic Relief Service), CWS (Church World Service), no moyashi (soybean sprouts), edamame (green vegetable LWR (Lutheran World Relief), SAWS (Seventh-day soybeans), whole soybeans, kinako. Fermented soybean Adventist World Service), UNICEF, UNRWA (United foods: Production and consumption. Nations Relief and Works Agency), and WRC (World Relief Korea: Tubu (soybean curd), soybean sprouts, whole Commission). All of these are Private Voluntary soybeans (green soybeans, parched or roasted soybeans, Organizations (PVO/PVOs), registered with USAID. The boiled soybeans), soybean flour, soysauce, bean paste following foods containing soy protein were distributed: [Korean miso], natto, production and consumption of Soy fortified sorghum grits (SFSG), CSM (Corn soya mix), soybeans. WSB (wheat soya blend), and small amounts of soya flour. Indonesia: Tahu or tahoo (soybean curd), bubuk kedele The vegetable oil which was shipped to many countries was (soybean powder), tempe kedele, tempe gembus [the name soybean oil; it is not recorded here. in Central and East Java for okara tempeh], oncom tahu [the Foods containing soy protein were distributed to the name in West Java for okara onchom], other soybean following countries or areas: British Solomon Islands, India, products (soybean sprouts, green soybeans, roasted and Indonesia, Khmer Republic [Cambodia], Korea, Laos, boiled soybeans, kecap or soysauce, tauco or bean paste Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Vietnam. [miso]), food mixtures (Saridele, Tempe-fish-rice or TFR, Afghanistan, Egypt, Gaza, Jordan–East Bank, Jordan– Soy-rice baby food, soybean residue [okara]-fish-rice), West Bank, Morocco, Tunisia, Yemen. production and consumption of soybeans. Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Thailand. Philippines: Soybean sprouts, soybean coffee, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, soybean cake (made from equal amounts of soybean flour Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malagasy and wheat flour), soybean milk, tou fu and processed tou fu Republic, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, products, production and consumption. Burma. India. Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia Malaysia. Nepal. Singapore. Sri Lanka (Ceylon). Vietnam. Republic, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Upper Volta, Zaire. West Asia [Middle East; Iran and Turkey]. References– Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Soybean food uses in Asia. Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, 2. Soybean food uses and production in Africa. Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Ethiopia: Injera, wots and allichas, kitta, dabbo, dabokolo, Peru. Address: Washington, DC. Phone: 703-875-4901 porridge. Kenya. Morocco. Nigeria: Whole soybeans, (1991). soybean paste, corn-soy mixtures (soy-ogi). Tanzania. Uganda. Production. References–Soybean food uses in 284. Wang, H.L.; Mustakas, G.C.; Wolf, W.J.; Wang, L.C.; Africa. Hesseltine, C.W.; Bagley, E.B. 1976. An inventory of 3. Soybean food uses and production in Europe [both information on the utilization of unprocessed and simply Eastern and Western]. 4. Soybean food uses and production processed soybeans as human food. Peoria, Illinois: USDA in Latin America. Argentina. Bolivia. Brazil. Chile. Northern Regional Research Center, Interdepartmental Colombia. Ecuador. Guyana. Paraguay. Peru. Uruguay. Report. AID AG/TAB-225-12-76. 197 p. AID contract Venezuela (fried arepas with textured soy). Mexico: New report. Undated. No index. 27 cm. Spiral bound. [65 ref] village process, commercial developments of soy-based • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Home and village food products, Gilford Harrison, Ruth Orellana, Seguras traditional soybean foods by country. 1. Soybean food uses Social. Honduras. Costa Rica. Panama. Dominican and production in Asia. Soaking dry soybeans. In China: Republic. Jamaica. Haiti. Trinidad. References–Soybean Tou chiang (soybean milk; preparation, ways of serving), food uses in Latin America.

5. Soybean food uses and production in North America. (tonnes / metric tons, p. 50). Tofu and others rose from United States: Oriental populations, vegetarian communes, 508,000 in 1970 to 539,000 in 1974. Miso rose from The Farm in Tennessee. Canada. References–Soybean food 177,000 in 1970 to 192,000 in 1974. Shoyu rose from uses in North America. 6. Soybean food uses in Oceania. 13,000 in 1970 to 14,000 in 1974. (5) Defatted soybean Australia. New Zealand. 7. Summary of soybean food uses. meal used in the production of traditional foods in Japan, Traditional soybean foods: Soybean milk, soybean curd and 1970-74 (tonnes / metric tons, p. 51). Shoyu rose from processed soybean curd products, protein-lipid film, 163,000 in 1970 to 176,000 in 1974. Tofu and others was soybean sprout, tempe (tempeh), green soybeans, boiled constant at 130,000 from 1971 to 1973. Miso decreased soybeans, roasted soybeans, soybean flour, soysauce, from 4,000 in 1970 to 2,000 in 1974. (6) Production of fermented soybean paste, fermented whole soybeans traditional soybean foods in Japan, 1970-74 (tonnes / metric [Toushih, hamanatto], natto, fermented soybean curd. tons, p. 52). Tofu and others rose from 1,867,800 in 1970 to Experimental soybean foods: Whole soybean foods, 2,264,900 in 1973. Shoyu rose from 1,334,1000 in 1970 to soybean paste, soy flour, soy beverage. Production and 1,455,800 in 1974. Miso rose from 552,200 in 1970 to consumption. 587,200 in 1974. (7) Production and food use of beans 8. Recent simple soybean processes, other than [various types] and consumption of some soybean products traditional. Simple village process for processing whole in Korea, 1964-1967 (p. 56-57). In 1967 consumption (in soybeans: Equipment, process, sanitation requirements, tonnes / metric tons) was: Bean curd 290,000. Bean sprouts quality of product, evaluation of product in formulas and 270,000. Bean sauce 69,700. Bean paste 27,700. Total: 11.6 procedures for family and institutional use in developing kg per capita per year. (8) Soybean production in Indonesia, countries. NRRC village process. Foods from whole 1960-1974 (p. 65). It rose from 442,862 tons in 1960 to soybeans developed at the University of Illinois (drum dried 550,000 tons in 1974. (9) Consumption of soybeans in flakes, canned and homecooked soybeans, soy beverages various parts of Indonesia in 1970 (p. 66). (10) Production and beverage products, spreads, snacks). of soybean foods in the province of Central Java, 1968- Ways of cooking and serving soybeans in the American 1972 (tons, p. 67). Kecap rose from 914,695 in 1968 to diet. 9. Industrial processes. Industrial production and 1,524,000 in 1972. Tahu decreased from 18,570 in 1978 to selling prices of edible soybean protein products. 10. 17,000 in 1972. Tempe rose from 506 in 1968 to 39,000 in Barriers to acceptability and utilization of soybeans in food 1972. (11) Area planted to soybeans and total soybean and research recommendations: Availability. Cultural and production in Thailand, 1964-1974 (p. 70). Area rose from social factors. Texture. Flavor. Nutrition and food safety. 213,000 rais (6.25 rais = 1 ha) in 1964 to 1,016,000 rais in Technology development. Technology transfer. Research 1974. Production (in metric tons) rose from 31,300 in 1964 recommendations [concerning each of the above barriers]. to 252,400 in 1974. (12) Utilization of soybeans by Concerning Morocco: Cereal-soy blends have been used soybean-consuming countries, 1964-66 (based on FAO extensively in Morocco; in fiscal year 1974 some 14.7 1971 Food Balance Sheets, 1964-66 average, p. 150). The million lb were shipped to Morocco. Mmbaga (1975) countries leading in per capita consumption (kg/person/ reported that soy flour is being used in making porridge, year) are: China (PRC) 6.7. Japan 5.1. Korea(s) 5.0. with 1 part soy flour to 3 parts maize / corn flour. Singapore 4.3. Indonesia 2.8. Malaysia 2.6. Taiwan (ROC) Tables show: (1) Soybean production and imports in 1.1. (13) Amounts of cereal-soy blends distributed under Taiwan, 1962-1975 (tonnes = metric tons, p. 33). Title II, Public Law 480 in fiscal year 1974 (p. 152-155). Production rose from a 53,000 tonnes in 1962 to a peak of (14) U.S. exports of full-fat soy flour, 1974-75 (p. 156). 75,200 tonnes in 1967, then fell to 61,900 tonnes in 1975. Note: This is the earliest English-language document Imports skyrocketed from 62,400 tonnes in 1962 to a record seen (Feb. 2004) that uses the word “tubu” to refer to 827,300 tonnes in 1975. (2) Consumption of soybean foods Korean-style tofu. Address: Northern Regional Research in Taiwan, 1964-1974 (kg/capita/year, p. 34). Total soybean Center, Agricultural Research Service, Department of foods not including tofu rose from 1.08 kg in 1964 to a peak Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604. of 2.61 kg in 1972 then fell to 1.99 kg in 1974. Consumption of tofu (80% water) rose from 18.75 kg in 285. Hafner, Fred. 1977. A tribute to Dr. Henry Borsook–An 1964 to a peak of 33.89 kg in 1972, then fell to 32.04 kg in account of a man, a product, and a project. Unpublished 1974. (3) Supply and disposition of soybeans in Japan, manuscript. 6 p. Oct. 14. Unpublished manuscript. 1971-1974 (p. 49). Total supply is beginning stocks, plus • Summary: In 1942 (during World War II) when Clifford domestic production, and imports. Total disposition is Clinton need help in developing a nutritious food from non- crushing, plus traditional foods and feed. In 1974 imports rationed materials to feed non-paying “customers” in his accounted for 87.5% of the supply, and crushing accounted cafeteria on Olive Street in downtown Los Angeles, he for 71.0% of the disposition. (4) Whole soybeans used in contacted Dr. Henry Borsook, a biochemist at Cal-Tech. Mr. the production of traditional foods in Japan, 1970-74 Clinton offered Dr. Borsook a monetary grant if he would

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 100 undertake the project; Dr. Borsook accepted. Borsook used • Summary: For 1972 to 1976 a program of selection from partially defatted soy grits or soy flour plus essential the variety Improved Pelican was initiated. The selections vitamins and minerals as the basic formula, then added salt, 229-2, 502, and Casado were found to be best. When spices, and hydrolyzed vegetable protein. “The resulting planted in August and January, they showed their product when mixed with water and heated in an oven superiority to the original Improved Pelican in terms of formed a high protein, nutritious and tasty mush. This yield and seed quality. Address: Cuba. product was served from the steam table of the Clifton Cafeteria to those who had no money but were hungry and 288. Geoffroy, F. 1977. Les dechets de banane dans deserving of care. The product was well received by the l’alimentation des caprins laitiers en zone tropicale humide destitute vagrants who looked to Mr. Clinton for a “hand [Banana waste in the nutrition of dairy goats in the humid out”; the developmental work of Dr. Borsook had met the tropics]. Nouvelles Agronomiques des Anitlles et de la need of the emergency created by the war. Guyane 3(3-4):291-302. [12 ref. Fre]* “Mr. Clinton was able to contract with Gentry, Inc. of Address: Station Recherches Zootechniques, INRA– Oxnard, California, to manufacture the product; Gentry was Antilles-Guyane, Domaine Duclos, 97170 Petit-Bourg, selected because they had available the spices needed for Guadeloupe, French West Indies. the product, as well as the blending facilities.” In 1946 when World War II came to an end the Meals 289. Lencrerot, P. 1977. Effet de l’epoque et de la density for Millions (MFM) Foundation was born and the Borsook du semis chez deux varietes de soja (Glucine max) placees formula, renamed MPF, became the key component of a dans des conditions pedoclimatiques differentes [Effect of program to fight hunger throughout the world. Among the sowing date and density on two soyabean varieties in many fine people associated with the Foundation were Dr. different soil and climatic conditions]. Nouvelles Borsook, Clifford Clinton, Edmond Clinton, Florence Rose, Agronomiques des Antilles et de la Guyane 2(3-4):344-359. Ernest Chamberlain, Hazel Hopkins, Bea Azedo, Reg [11 ref. Fre; eng]* Helfferich, Elsie Russell, Lloyd Bellisime, Gerlad Miller, Address: Station d’Amelioration des Plantes, INRA, 97170 Col. “Sandy” Saunders, Larry Lyvman, Neal O’Donnell, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe. Mark Sterner, Don Ebright and Peter Davies to name a few. In 1958 General Mills relieved Gentry as the 290. Dookeran, M.R. ed. 1977. Soybean. Your food of the manufacturer of MPF. Eventually partially defatted soy grits future. Twenty simple recipes. Chaguaramas Agricultural were replaced by fully defatted soy grits, giving the product Development Project, Macqueripe, Chaguaramas, Trinidad, a higher protein content. And the following essential West Indies. 11 p. vitamins were added to the formula: Vitamin C, vitamin E, • Summary: Over the past four years Trinidad and Tobago vitamin B-6, and vitamin 12. has achieved considerable success in the production of this Dr. Albert Schweitzer [who died in 1965] used MPF rich bean at the Chaguaramas Agricultural Development extensively at his hospital in Lambarene, Gabon. Dr. Tom Project. Address: [Chief Technical Officer, Ministry of Dooley used MPF in his MEDICO hospital in Laos. 80,000 Agriculture]. lb of MPF were used in the Biafran war in Nigeria. During the prisoner exchange with Cuba’s Castro in the mid-1960s, 291. Jimenez, F. 1977. Performance of vegetables at over 800,000 lb of MPF were shipped to Cuba and Mayaguez, Puerto Rico during the rainy season–1976. converted into MPF sausage. After earthquakes in Morocco, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico: Mayaguez Inst. of Tropical Turkey, and Central and South America, MPF was donated Agriculture. 9 p. * in time to relieve severe cases of protein shortage. In 1960 it • Summary: The torrential rainfalls of the Mayaguez rainy was flown to needy orphanages in Morocco. season provide excellent conditions for tests of vegetable production in the hot, humid tropics. Winged bean, peanut, 286. Coombs, C.W.; Billings, C.J.; Porter, J.E. 1977. The soybean, and green podded bean were among the vegetables effect of yellow split peas (Pisum sativum) and other pulses tested. Note: Available from the Agricultural Information on the productivity of certain strains of Sitophilus oryzae Bank for Asia (Philippines). Address: Mayaguez Inst. of Coleoptera Curculionidae and the ability of other strains to Tropical Agriculture, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. breed thereon. J. of Stored Products Research 13(2):53-58. * 292. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1977. The annual report on activities carried out under Public Law 480, 83d 287. Cueto, I. 1977. Informe sobre el mejoramiento de la Congress, as amended, during the period July 1, 1975 soya [Report on the improvement of soybeans]. Cuba: through September 30, 1976. Washington, DC: U.S. INIFAT, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Archival report Government Printing Office. See table 17. (Informe de archivo). Unpublished manuscript. [Spa]*

• Summary: Table 18 is titled “Title II, Public Law 480– steers. Cuban J. of Agricultural Science (Cuba) 12(1):43- total commodities shipped by program sponsor, fiscal year 49. March. [23 ref. Eng; rus] 1976.” The main program sponsors and distributing • Summary: Protein sources included soybean meal, fish agencies, listed alphabetically, are AJJDC (American- meal, and torula yeast in treated bagasse pith-based diets. Jewish Joint Distribution Committee), CARE, CRS The effect of the protein source on live weight gains, intake, (Catholic Relief Service), CWS (Church World Service), or conversion was not significant. Address: Instituto de LWR (Lutheran World Relief), SAWS (Seventh-day Cienca Animal, Apartado 24, San Jose de las Lajas, Habana, Adventist World Service), UNICEF, UNRWA (United Cuba. Nations Relief and Works Agency), and WRC (World Relief Commission). All of these are Private Voluntary 295. Foreign Agriculture.1978. Meat boom sparking Latin Organizations (PVO/PVOs), registered with USAID. The American demand for U.S. soy products. July 10. p. 2-5. following foods containing soy protein were distributed: • Summary: Some of the world’s fastest rates of population Soy fortified sorghum grits (SFSG), CSB (corn soya blend), growth, together with chronic protein deficits and rising CSM (corn soya mix), WSB (wheat soya blend), and small incomes, are stimulating meat production in Latin America. amounts of soya flour. The vegetable oil which was shipped Last year, the U.S. shipped $357 million worth of soybeans to many countries was soybean oil; it is not recorded here. and soybean products to Latin America, more than doubling Foods containing soy protein were distributed to the the figure for 1976. Dr. Don H. Bushman, animal following countries or areas: Near East: Bhutan, Egypt, nutritionist with the Mexico City office of the American Gaza, Jordan, Jordan West Bank, Morocco, Tunisia, Yemen. Soybean Association (ASA) sees shipments of U.S. Latin America: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa soybeans and meal to the region rising by at least 50% in Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, the next 5 years. Mexico was the market for nearly half of Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, all U.S. exports of soybeans and products to the region last Paraguay, Peru. year. Peru was a $40.6 million market for U.S. soybeans and Africa: Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape products (largely oil) last year. The third largest U.S. market Verde, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, in Latin America is Venezuela. U.S. exports of soybeans and Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malagasy, Malawi, Mauritania, soybean meal to Latin America in 1977 were as follows Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra (figures in thousands of tonnes): Mexico, 519.4; Venezuela, Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia. 157.2; Jamaica, 49.4; Dominican Republic, 26.9; El Asia: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Korea, Nepal, Salvador, 22.4; Peru, 20.8. Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka. Address: Washington, DC. Phone: 703-875-4901 (1991). 296. Albornoz, A. 1978. La pustula bacteriana de la soya en Cuba [Soybean bacterial pustule in Cuba]. Agrotecnia de 293. Villegas, Carmen. comp. 1977. Camote, maní, soya, en Cuba 10(2):65-69. July. [Spa; eng]* América Latina, 1970-1975; una bibliografía parcialmente • Summary: Describes a disease affecting the leaves, pods, anotada [Sweet potatoes, peanuts, and soybeans in Latin and germination of soybeans. Tests show the disease is America, 1970-1975: A partially annotated bibliography]. caused by Xanthosomas phaseoli var. sojense. Address: IICA. Documentacion e Informacion Agricola No. 54. vi + Laboratorio Central Central de Diagnostico, Ministerio de la 90 p. For soya, see p. 29-76. 28 cm. (Turrialba, Costa Rica, Agricultura, Havana, Cuba. IICA. Programa Cooperattivo para el Desarollo del Tropioco Americano). [391 ref. Spa] 297. Valdivie, M.; Elias, A. 1978. Torula yeast developed in • Summary: IICA is the Instituto Interamericano de final molasses and dried for broiler fattening 4. In wheat Ciencias Agricolas (Interamerican Institute of Agricultural diets. Cuban J. of Agricultural Science (Cuba) 12(2):151- Sciences). In the bibliography on soya, the citations (#153 60. July. [11 ref. Eng] to #543) are listed alphabetically by author. There is a • Summary: Soybean meal was included with maize in the geographical index but no subject index or subdivisions. control diet. The possibility of using high percentages of Most of the citations concern soybean agronomy rather than torula yeast is broiler diets was demonstrated, but the yeast utilization. The countries with the largest number of is most effective if properly supplemented. Address: citations are Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico. Address: Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado 24 San Jose de las Turrialba, Costa Rica. Programma Cooperativo para el Lajas, Habana, Cuba. Desarollo del Tropico Americano. 298. Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development 294. Martin, P.C.; Elias, A. 1978. The use of fibrous sugar Institute (CARDI). 1978. Food legume in the Caribbean, cane by-products by the ruminant. 4. NPN/TP ratio and true Central America and Panama: Status and possibilities. protein source in treated bagasse pith diets for fattening

Santiago, Chile: FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean. Aug. CULT-7. 299. Whigham, D.K.; Judy, W.H. 1978. International • Summary: Pages 45-47 state: “2.2. Glycine max soybean variety experiment: Third report of results, 1975. (Soybean): The level of soybean production in the Region is INTSOY Series No. 15. x + 369 p. Aug. (College of Agric., very low, with 709 tonnes being produced on 781 ha (Table Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). 5). Trinidad & Tobago and Guyana are responsible for about • Summary: In the ISVEX trials, soybeans were tested in 70% of the production. While in Trinidad and Surinam the the following regions and countries: Africa: Algeria, crop is grown intercropped with maize or vegetables mainly Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Dahomey, Egypt, Ethiopia, on small farms soybean is being grown on a large scale Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, under the corn-soya project in the intermediate savannahs of Niger, Reunion, Rhodesia (Salisbury), Rwanda, Senegal, Guyana. Under this project, it is proposed to establish a Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Upper Volta, large area in soybean in Guyana and Belize. Zambia. The main variety used in the region is Jupiter. The Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Korea, CADP Seed Farm in Trinidad produces seed of this variety. Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand. The produce is generally processed for both human and Europe: Hungary, Italy, Spain, Yugoslavia. animal consumption. Mesoamerica: Bahamas, Belize, Costa Rica, Honduras, Soybean is a relatively new crop to the area and, except Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad & for the large scale projects planned for Guyana and Belize, Tobago. it is not envisaged that it will make an immediate impact on Middle East: Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi the food legume situation in the region. However, many Arabia. countries are interested in this crop and experiments are North America: United States. continuing to find suitable high-yielding varieties, with Oceania: Fiji, Tahiti. good agronomic characteristics, that are adapted to the area. South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Many of the territories participate in the outreach Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, programmes of the International Soybean Programme Venezuela. (INTSOY).” Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (April 2004) Table 5 (p. 46) shows soybean production and area in concerning soybeans in Niger, or the cultivation of soybeans Central America and the Caribbean (no date is given, but it in Niger. On 3 July 1975 fifteen soybean varieties were is apparently for 1976): (1) Trinidad & Tobago: 250 tonnes planted at Maradi, Niger; two days later the same 15 of soybeans are produced on 222 ha (1000 kg/ha). (2) varieties were planted at Gaya, Niger. The research was Guyana: 245 tonnes are produced on 243 ha (1008 kg/ha). conducted under the auspices of the Director, Institut de (3) Costa Rica: 100 tonnes are produced on 100 ha (1000 Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales (IRAT), Station de kg/ha). (4) Nicaragua: 90 tonnes are produced on 166 ha Tarna, B.P. 6, Maradi, Niger. At Maradi, Forrest gave the (545 kg/ha). (5) Surinam: 24 tonnes are produced on 50 ha highest yield, 3,501 kg/ha and nine varieties gave yields of (500 kg/ha). Total: 709 tonnes are produced on 781 ha (811 over 3,000 kg/ha. At Gaya, Jupiter gave the highest yield, kg/ha). 1,925 kg/ha. Details are given on soybean production in Guyana, Note 2. This is the second earliest document seen (Jan. Trinidad and Tobago, and Nicaragua. In Guyana, soybeans 2002) for the cultivation of soybeans in French Guiana (12 are processed for both human and animal consumption and Dec. 1975). On 12 Dec. 1975, cooperators Mr. J. Larcher marketed through the Food Corporation. “Production targets and Mr. P. Midras (Institut de Recherches Agronomiques were 420 ha in 1978, rising to 850 ha in 1981.” In Trinidad Tropicales, Station de Cabassou, B.P. 60, 97301 Cayenne, and Tobago the crop is used as fodder, and “is consumed French Guiana), planted fifteen varieties of soybeans at 70% fresh and 30% dried. The demand always exceeds Cayenne. Jupiter gave the highest yield, 3,445 kg/ha. supply and about 1,500 tonnes are imported annually for Note 3. This is the 2nd earliest document seen (April use mainly as animal feed.” 2005) concerning soybeans in French Polynesia (or Tahiti), In Nicaragua: “Soybean is grown mainly in the Sebarco or the cultivation of soybeans in French Polynesia. This and Motoigalpa districts with a mean elevation of 500 document contains the 2nd earliest date seen for soybeans meters and with an average rainfall of 800 mm. Production on French Polynesia, or the cultivation of soybeans on has increased from approximately 2.3 tonnes in 1972 to 90 French Polynesia (3 Dec. 1975). Thirteen varieties were tonnes in 1976. Almost all production is mechanized on tested at Papeete (capital of French Polynesia on the island medium sized farms (16-25 ha), with an average yield of of Tahiti), under the direction of Mr. Jean-Louis Reboul and 800 kg/ha from pure stands.” Mr. Robert Yau-Akui, Service de l’Economie Rurale, B.P. Note: It is not whether the following is from the 1st ed. 100, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia. Davis gave the of Aug. 1978 or the 2nd ed. of July 1983. highest yield, 4,902 kg/ha.

This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 2005) Puerto Rico and Iowa. The strain was tested for yield in concerning soybeans in Niger, or the cultivation of soybeans Iowa during 1972 to 1977, and in the Northern Regional in Niger. This document contains the earliest date seen for Soybean Tests in 1975.” soybeans in Niger, or the cultivation of soybeans in Niger (3 A table summarizes the results of these two tests, July 1975). Fifteen varieties were tested at Maradi under the comparing Vinton, Hark, and Disoy. Yield (bu/acre): 47.0 / direction of IRAT, Station de Tarna, B.P. 6, Maradi, Niger. 46.7 / 37.4. Seed size (g/100 seed): 23.7 / 16.4 / 26.6. Seed Forrest gave the highest yield, 3,501 kg/ha. On 5 July 1975, protein content: 44.5% / 42.0% / 42.6%. Seed oil content: fifteen varieties were tested at Gaya; Jupiter gave the 19.5% / 20.4% / -. highest yield, 1,925 kg/ha. Vinton is Group I maturity. The seeds are dull yellow This document also contains an early clear date seen for with yellow hila. Discusses disease susceptibility. “Seed of soybeans in Senegal, and the cultivation of soybeans in Vinton was produced by the foundation seed organization in Senegal (9 July 1975; one of two documents). Fifteen Iowa during 1977. Foundation seed will be distributed in varieties were tested at Sefa under the direction of Mr. Jean 1978 to seed producers in Iowa who are engaged in the Durovray, C.N.R.A., Sefa, Senegal. Jupiter gave the highest production of large-seeded varieties for specialty use. yield, 2,025 kg/ha. Breeder seed will be maintained by the Iowa Agricultural This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 2005) Experiment Station. Each agency will be responsible for its concerning soybeans in Martinique, or the cultivation of own publicity with the understanding that the date for soybeans in Martinique. This document contains the earliest simultaneous release will be October 23, 1978.” date seen for soybeans on Martinique, or the cultivation of Note: This is the earliest document seen (July 2000) that soybeans on Martinique (10 April 1975). Fifteen varieties mentions the soybean variety Vinton. Address: Ames, Iowa. were tested at Fort de France, under the direction of Mr. Daly, IRAT, Le Lamentin, B.P. 427, Fort de France, 301. Judy, W.H.; Whigham, D.K. 1978. International Martinique. Improved Pelican gave the highest yield, 2,154 soybean variety experiment: Fourth report of results, 1976. kg/ha. INTSOY Series No. 16. x + 401 p. Oct. (College of Agric., This is the earliest reliable document seen (March 2006) Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). concerning soybeans in Togo, or the cultivation of soybeans • Summary: In the ISVEX trials, soybeans were tested in in Togo. This document contains the earliest solid date seen the following regions and countries: Africa: Algeria, Benin, for soybeans in Togo or the cultivation of soybeans in Togo Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Empire, (2 May 1975). On May 2 fifteen varieties of soybeans were Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, planted at Davié in southern Togo under the direction of Mr. Lesotho, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Somalia, Sudan, J. Marquette, Le Chef de la Mission, IRAT au Togo, B.P. Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Upper Volta, Zaire, 1163, Lome, Togo. Davis gave the best yield, 3,563 kg/ha. Zambia. On May 7 fifteen varieties were grown at Amoutchou; Asia: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Jupiter gave the best yield, 3,667 kg/ha. On July 8 eleven Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand. varieties were grown at Kitangbao; Jupiter gave the best Europe: Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, yield, 3,292 kg/ha. The source of the soybeans in each Yugoslavia. country was INTSOY for ISVEX trials. Address: College of Mesoamerica: Bahamas, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Agriculture, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago. Middle East: Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia. 300. Iowa Agric. Exp. Station. 1978. Notice of release of North America: United States. Vinton soybean to seed producers. Ames, Iowa. 2 p. Oct. 23. Oceania: New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Tahiti, Hawaii. Unpublished typescript. 28 cm. South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, • Summary: “The Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station and Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay. the Cooperators listed above [Puerto Rico Agric. Exp. Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2006) Station and USDA] announce the release of a new soybean concerning soybeans in Botswana, or the cultivation of variety named Vinton. It was developed as a large-seeded soybeans in Botswana. This document contains the earliest specialty variety, and is not intended for general commercial date seen for soybeans in Botswana, or the cultivation of production. It is superior to a large-seeded variety of similar soybeans in Botswana (3 Nov. 1976). On 3 Nov. 1976, maturity, Disoy, in yield and protein content of the seed. under the direction of Ms. Lynn A. Miller (Mahalapye Rural “Vinton is an F-5-derived line from a four-way cross. Training Center, Box 300, Mahalapye, Botswana), twelve The F-1 of a Magna x Disoy cross was mated to Provar, and varieties of soybeans were planted at Mahalapye. Ransom the F-1 plants from the three-way cross were mated to Hark. gave the best yield, 3,244 kg/ha. On 25 Nov. 1976 sixteen These crosses were made in Iowa and generation advance varieties were planted at Gaborone. Davis gave the best from F-1 to F-5 was carried out by single-seed descent in yield, 1,668 kg/ha.

Note 2. This is the second earliest document seen (April Urbana, IL, and Dep. of Crop Protection, Univ. of Puerto 2004) concerning soybeans in Gabon, or the cultivation of Rico, Mayaguez, PR 00708. soybeans in Gabon–but the first that gives details. This document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in 303. Perez-Escolar, R.; Scott, T.W.; Lugo-Lopez, M.A. Gabon, or the cultivation of soybeans in Gabon (30 Sept. 1978. Legume and winged bean and nonlegume and 1976). Eight varieties of soybeans were grown at Ntoum, soybean residues as sources of N [nitrogen] in oxisols and under the direction of Mr. J. van Amerongen and Mr. G. Van utisols. J. of Agriculture of University of Puerto Rico. de Plas (Project CIAM, B.P. 5, Ntoum, Gabon). Jupiter gave 62(4):361-66. Oct. [8 ref. Eng; spa]* the best yield, 1,159 kg/ha. • Summary: In the initial crop soybean yields were only fair Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (July 2008) (1,680–1,792 kg/ha). However yields of mungbeans (1,125– concerning soybeans in New Hebrides [later renamed 2,044 kg/ha), winged beans (1,456–2,800 kg/ha), and corn Vanuatu], or the cultivation of soybeans in New Hebrides. (4,480–6,123 gg/ha) were good. In the second crop (corn at This document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans both sites), grain yields were dramatically higher as a result in New Hebrides, or the cultivation of soybeans in New of nitrogen fertilizer, regardless of the previous crop. On the Hebrides (25 June 1976). Sixteen varieties of soybeans were ultisol, corn tended to yield more following legumes than grown at Port Vila, under the direction of Mr. B.L. following corn, but differences were not statistically Weightman (Dep. of Agriculture, Tagabe Agricultural significant. About 80% of the maximum corn yield was Station, Port Vila, New Hebrides). Calland gave the best attained when corn followed legumes and no nitrogen yield, 2,581 kg/ha. Port-Vila, on the island of Efate (Éfaté), fertilizer was applied, especially in the ultisol. is the capital of Vanuatu. Note 3. This document also contains the earliest date 304. Bromfield, K.R. 1978. Comparison of four cultures of seen (Jan. 2001) for ISVEX soybean trials in the Central the soybean rust pathogen, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, from African Empire/Republic, or the cultivation of ISVEX widely separated geographical areas (Abstract). soybeans in the Central African Empire/Republic (28 June Phytopathology News 12(9):140. * 1976). Thirteen varieties of soybeans were grown at • Summary: Soybean accessions from Australia, India, Bossangoa. Davis gave the best yield, 1,780 kg/ha. Puerto Rico, and Taiwan were inoculated with isolates of The source of the soybeans in each country was soybean rust. INTSOY for ISVEX trials. Address: College of Agriculture, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. 305. Montiel, N.; Borra, E. 1978. Sustición del pienso por pellets de soya en vacas de mediana producción 302. Paschal, E.H., II; Ellis, M.A. 1978. Variation in seed [Substitution of fodder by soya pellets fed to cows in quality characteristics of tropically grown soybeans. Crop average production]. Havana, Cuba: Empresa Agropecuaria- Science 18(5):837-40. Sept/Oct. [13 ref] Genética del Este. Archival report (Informe de archivo). • Summary: “Twenty-four soybean collections were grown Unpublished manuscript. [Spa]* in two different seasons in Puerto Rico to determine the • Summary: The authors prepared and analyzed made from extent of variation in the incidence of seed infection by various dehydrated forages ground to a powder. Soybeans fungi and its effect on seed viability under tropical were harvested at the seed-forming stage. Soy pellets had conditions.” Seed quality is a major obstacle to the twice as much protein as those made from Bermuda cruzada expansion of soybean production in the tropics, where there (16.9% vs. 8.2%). is high temperature and humidity. Yet soybeans have been Note: Factories for the dehydration of forages were cultivated for ages in Southeast Asia (as in Indonesia) where installed in different municipalities of Cuba. Address: Cuba. conditions are unfavorable to the production of high quality seed, so varieties that perform well under these conditions 306. García, Juan L.; Diaz, Humberto; González, L.A. 1978. might exist. INTSOY as initiated research to improve seed Principales enfermedades de la soya (Glycine max L., Merr.) quality in soybean varieties adapted to tropical conditions. en la provincia de La Habana [Major soybean diseases in This study found that many of the varieties that yielded seed the province of La Habana]. Ciencias de la Agricultura with superior quality were, indeed, from Southeast Asia. (Cuba) No. 3. p. 175-78. [5 ref. Spa] Table 1 shows the origin or parentage of 24 soybean • Summary: Describes 40 soybean diseases (of which 15 accesses. Twenty of these have PI (Plant Introduction) occur frequently) identified in experimental fields in the numbers and four have names: Arisoy, Hardee, Improved province of La Habana during the years 1976 and 1977. Pelican, and Jupiter. The origin of those with PI numbers is: Address: INIFAT (Instituto de Investigaciones Australia, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Hawaii, India, Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical), Havana, Cuba. Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, Surinam, Tanzania, and Thailand. Address: Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Illinois,

307. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1978. The annual observations and host range of soybean rust, Phakopsora report on activities carried out under Public Law 480, 83d pachyrhizi, in Puerto Rico, by Nader G. Vakili (p. 4-15). 3. Congress, as amended, during the period October 1, 1976 Review of research on soybean rust, by K.R. Bromfield (p. through September 30, 1977. Washington, DC: U.S. 16-23). 4. Sources of resistance to soybean rust, by Richard Government Printing Office. See table 18. L. Bernard (p. 24-25). 5. Breeding soybeans for rust • Summary: Table 18 is titled “Title II, Public Law 480– resistance, by E.E. Hartwig (p. 26-29)... 9. Summary total commodities shipped by program sponsor, fiscal year statement, by James B. Sinclair. Questions and answers. 1977.” The main program sponsors and distributing Workshop participants (directory). Address: Research Plant agencies, listed alphabetically, are AJJDC (American- Pathologist, MITA, Agricultural Research Service. Jewish Joint Distribution Committee), CARE, CRS (Catholic Relief Service), CWS (Church World Service), 309. Wang, H.L.; Mustakas, G.C.; Wolf, W.J.; Wang, L.C.; LWR (Lutheran World Relief), SAWS (Seventh-day Hesseltine, C.W.; Bagley, E.B. 1979. Soybeans as human Adventist World Service), UNICEF, UNRWA (United food: Unprocessed and simply processed. USDA Utilization Nations Relief and Works Agency), and WRC (World Relief Research Report No. 5. iv + 54 p. Jan. Slightly revised, July Commission). All of these are Private Voluntary 1979. Jan. No index. 28 cm. Compiled for USAID. [50+ Organizations (PVO/PVOs), registered with USAID. The ref] following foods containing soy protein were distributed: • Summary: Contents: Introduction. 1. Soybean food uses Soy fortified corn meal (SFCM), soy fortified sorghum grits in Asia. China: Soaking dry soybeans, tou chiang (soybean (SFSG), CSM (corn soya mix), WSB (wheat soya blend), milk), tou fu (soybean curd), processed tou fu products, tou and small amounts of soya flour. The vegetable oil which fu pi (protein-lipid films), huang tou ya (soybean sprouts), was shipped to many countries was soybean oil; it is not whole soybeans, fermented soybean foods, production and recorded here. consumption. Japan: Tofu (soybean curd), kinugoshi tofu, Foods containing soy protein were distributed to the processed tofu products, yuba (protein-lipid film), soybean following countries or areas: Near East: Bhutan, Egypt, milk, gô (ground soybean mash), daizu no moyashi Gaza, Jordan, Jordan West Bank, Lebanon, Morocco, (soybean sprouts), whole soybeans, fermented soybean Tunisia, Yemen. food, production and consumption. Korea: Tubu (soybean Latin America: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa curd), processed tubu product, soybean sprouts, whole Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, soybeans, soybean flour, fermented soybean food, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Peru. production and consumption. Indonesia: Tahu or tahoo Africa: Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, (soybean curd), bubuk kedele (soybean powder), tempe Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, kedele, tempe gembus [the name in Central and East Java Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, for okara tempeh], oncom tahu [the name in West Java for Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe, okara onchom], other soybean products (soybean sprouts, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, green soybeans, roasted and boiled soybeans, kecap {soy Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Upper Volta, Zambia. sauce}, tauco {soybean paste}), food mixtures, production Asia: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippine and consumption. Thailand: Tofu (tauhu), soy sauce, green Islands, Singapore, Sri Lanka. Address: Washington, DC. soybeans in the pods (tourae). Philippines: Soybean sprouts, Phone: 703-875-4901 (1991). soybean coffee, soybean cake, soybean milk, tou fu and processed tou fu products, production and consumption. 308. Vakili, Nader G. ed. 1978. Proceedings of the Burma. India. Malaysia. Nepal. Singapore. Sri Lanka workshop on soybean rust in the Western Hemisphere. (Ceylon). Vietnam. Middle East. References–Soybean food Washington, DC: USDA Agricultural Research Service. vi + uses in Asia. 2. Soybean food uses in Africa. Ethiopia: 81 p. Held 14-17 Nov. 1976 at Mayaguez Inst. of Tropical Injera, wots and allichas, kitta, dabbo, dabokolo, porridge. Agriculture (MITA), Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. 26 cm. [50+ Kenya. Morocco. Nigeria: Whole soybeans, soybean paste, ref] corn-soy mixtures (soy-ogi). Tanzania. Uganda. Production. • Summary: Most of the writers of the papers at this References–Soybean food uses in Africa. 3. Soybean food workshop believe they have discovered Asian soybean rust uses in Europe and U.S.S.R. 4. Soybean food uses in Latin (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow) in the Western America. Argentina. Bolivia. Brazil. Chile. Colombia. Hemisphere. Soon after the workshop they find that they Ecuador. Guyana. Paraguay. Peru. Uruguay. Venezuela. have discovered a new species of soybean rust, Phakopsora Mexico: New village process, commercial developments. meibomiae, one which is much less aggressive and less Honduras. Costa Rica. Panama. Dominican Republic. harmful to soybeans. Jamaica. Haiti. Trinidad. References–Soybean food uses in Papers include: 1. The history of Phakopsora rust in Latin America. 5. Soybean food uses in North America. Puerto Rico, by Pedro L. Meléndez (p. 1-3, 8 refs). 2. Field United States. Canada. References–Soybean food uses in

North America. 6. Soybean food uses in Australia. 7. 6. 1980 SANA Conference in conjunction with INTSOY & Summary of soybean food uses. Traditional soybean foods: NRRC [at the University of Illinois, Champaign]. 7. Soybean milk, soybean curd and processed soybean curd Children’s educational program with theater and video. IV. products, protein-lipid film, soybean sprouts, tempe Organizational plans. (tempeh), green soybeans, boiled soybeans, roasted The “Summary of progress” section (p. 1) begins: soybeans, soybean flour, soy sauce, fermented soybean “Perceiving a lull in the forward movement of the newly paste, fermented whole soybeans, natto, fermented soybean formed Soycrafters Association, last October I offered to curd. Experimental soybean foods: Whole soybean foods, assume leadership of SANA and to publish its journal, soybean paste, soy flour, soy beverage. Production and Soycraft. The appointed director, Larry Needleman, found consumption. 8. Simple village process for processing himself swamped with work with his new tofu equipment whole soybeans: Equipment, process, sanitation importing company, Bean Machines, Inc., and willingly requirements, quality of product, evaluation of product in handed over the directorship, which consisted of one box of formulas and procedures for family and institutional use in folders and stationery. In January, SANA opened a small developing countries. NRRC village process. 9. Industrial office at the New England Soy Dairy, in Greenfield, production and selling prices of edible soybean protein Massachusetts and David Kilroy joined as advertising and products. 10. Barriers to accepting and using soybeans in production supervisor for Soycraft.” An international food: Availability. Cultural and social factors. Texture. mailing was done to all the 900 names on Bill Shurtleff’s Flavor. Nutrition and food safety. Technology development. mailing list, with about a 10% response. The summer Technology transfer. Address: NRRC, Peoria, Illinois. conference at Hampshire College was a success, attracting “225 people from all over the USA including Hawaii, 310. INTSOY Newsletter (Urbana, Illinois).1979. The Puerto Rico, three from England, one from Switzerland, and INTSOY professional staff. No. 17. p. 1-2. May. a broad mixture of academics, soycrafters, farmers, food • Summary: Titles and areas of expertise of all staff technologists. As of July 28, we had generated 65 new members in Puerto Rico, Illinois, and Peru. members (85 as of 8/27) and 50 subscribers (87 as of 8/27). “On June 1, SANA took new office space in downtown 311. Mughogho, S.K.; Lowendorf, H.S. 1979. The effect of Greenfield, set up files, began to accumulate review copies Rhizobium and fertilizer N on soya bean and cowpea grain [of books] for its library, and purchased an electric yield and biological nitrogen fixation on a Piarco fine sand. typewriter. Essentially, SANA has used its funds to organize Paper presented at a Regional Workshop on Tropical Grain and sponsor the Soycrafters Conference (which cost about Legumes. Held June 1979 at the University of the West $14,000) and publish Soycraft #1, sixty pages long.” Indies, Trinidad. * Two tables (p. 2) compare the types/categories of SANA • Summary: Although inoculation with imported Rhizobium membership and the number of members in each category in japonicum increased early nodulation of soya bean in Piarco January and in July, 1979, before and after the conference. fine sand, uninoculated plants formed nodules, especially Two maps show: (1) The USA and Canada divided into late in the growth cycle. These late-forming nodules were 9 regions. (2) Location of soycraft companies apparently effective, as the uninoculated plants had (manufacturers) on an outline map of the USA. significantly higher yields than the inoculated plants. Why? Addenda: Report of the SANA Committee on Indigenous strains of rhizobia are likely to be well adapted Committees (3 p.). Overview of committees and proposed to local conditions and could be more suitable for use as activities. Organization chart showing relationship of SANA inoculants than imported strains. membership, Regional representatives, executive board, director, and six committees. Address: Director, SANA, 100 312. Leviton, Richard. 1979. Soycrafters Association of Heath Rd., Colrain, Massachusetts 01340. Phone: 413-624- North America. Director’s Report. Colrain, Massachusetts: 5591. SANA. 17 p. July 28. • Summary: Contents: I. Summary of progress. II. Financial 313. Jackson, Ian V.; Nuttall, E.A.; Ibe, I.O.; Perez-Cruet, J. report. III. Proposals to the membership: 1. Establish 1979. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with lecithin. regional coordinators & develop infrastructure; Activities of American J. of Psychiatry 136(11):1458-60. Nov. [12 ref] the RCs. 2. Soyfoods Data Book (SANA would publish its • Summary: “Six patients with moderate to severe tardive own Green Book, like the ASA Blue Book). 3. Soyfoods dyskinesia participated in a 14-day double-blind crossover publicity program. Soycrafters questionnaire (Please comparison of placebo with 50 gm/day of lecithin [L-alpha complete and return to registration desk before leaving Phosphadidyl Choline Type IX-E]. There were no side conference). 4. Lobbying FDA/USDA for acceptance of effects.” The results showed significant improvement in the soyfoods in school lunches. 5. Liaison and cooperation with dyskinesias of all subjects during the trial. Address: 1. Asst. American Soybean Association and Food Protein Council. Prof. of Psychiatry, Univ. of Missouri–Columbia and Chief,

In-Patient Services, Missouri Inst. of Psychiatry, 5400 (SFSG), CSM (corn soya mix), WSB (wheat soya blend), Arsenal St., St. Louis, Missouri 63139; 4. Prof. of and small amounts of soya flour. The vegetable oil which Psychiatry and Chief, Psychiatric Services, Veterans was shipped to many countries was soybean oil; it is not Administration Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico. recorded here. Foods containing soy protein were distributed to the 314. Bromfield, K.R. 1979. Soybean rust in Central following countries or areas: Near East: Bhutan, Egypt, America and in the Caribbean Island. Soybean Rust Gaza, Jordan, Jordan West Bank, Morocco, Tunisia, Yemen. Newsletter 2(1):5. * Latin America: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, • Summary: Soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, was observed on soybean and on common bean plots at the Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Paraguay, Peru. University of Costa Rica, San Jose (elevation 1,200 meters). Africa: Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central The rust lesions on the soybean were similar to those African Empire, Chad, Comoro Islands, Congo, Djibouti, observed earlier on soybean in Puerto Rico. They differed in Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, appearance from lesions on soybean in fields in Asia. Both Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, the Costa Rican ad the Puerto Rican lesions were dark Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome & reddish brown and there were relatively few uredia within Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, each lesion. These were classified as resistant reaction Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Upper Volta, Zaire, types. In contrast, lesions in Asia usually appear light tan Zambia. and are crowded with uredia. Soybean rust was also found Asia: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippine at Turrialba [Costa Rica] (elevation 600 meters) on Islands, Sri Lanka. Dolichos lablab and Phaseolus lunatus (from AVRDC Note: This is the earliest document seen (April 2004) 1992, #067). concerning soybean products (soy flour) in Djibouti, or Guinea Bissau. This document contains the earliest date 315. Bromfield, K.R. 1979. Two different infection types seen for soybean products in Djibouti, or Guinea Bissau under containment greenhouse conditions. Soybean Rust (1978); soybeans as such had not yet been reported by that Newsletter 2(1):6. * date. Address: Washington, DC. Phone: 703-875-4901 • Summary: Two photos show RB and TAN infection types (1991). of soybean rust (from AVRDC 1992, #067). 318. INTSOY Newsletter (Urbana, Illinois).1980. INTSOY 316. Hammerton, J.L. 1979. Weed control in corn (Zea research highlights: Soybean genetic improvement program. mays L.) and peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the No. 20. p. 1-2. Feb. Caribbean. Proceedings of the Caribbean Food Crops • Summary: “The purpose of this program is to identify and Society 15:183-194. [20 ref]* develop high yielding, nutritious soybean varieties suitable Address: Ministry of Agriculture, Belmopan, Belize. for production in tropical and subtropical areas. INTSOY’s breeding program in centered in Puerto Rico, where 317. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1979. The annual soybean accessions and varieties developed by cooperating report on activities carried out under Public Law 480, 83d breeders are grown to identify desirable traits. These traits Congress, as amended, during the period October 1, 1977 are then introduced into existing varieties. Crosses are made through September 30, 1978. Washington, DC: U.S. to produce segregating populations from which superior Government Printing Office. 51 + [38] p. See table 18. 27 lines can be selected.” cm. “The results from six years of variety evaluation have • Summary: Table 18 is titled “Title II, Public Law 480– demonstrated that cultivars developed in temperate zones total commodities shipped by program sponsor, fiscal year can provide large yields under experimental conditions in 1978.” The main program sponsors and distributing the tropics and subtropics. Existing germplasm was found to agencies, listed alphabetically, are AJJDC (American- be more flexible and widely adapted than expected. Jewish Joint Distribution Committee), CARE, CRS Experimental yields have averaged between 2,200 and (Catholic Relief Service), CWS (Church World Service), 3,000 kg/ha, and at selected locations have ranged from LWR (Lutheran World Relief), SAWS (Seventh-day 4,000 to 6,000 kg/ha. The protein content of soybeans Adventist World Service), UNICEF, UNRWA (United grown in the tropics has been comparable to that of Nations Relief and Works Agency), and WRC (World Relief soybeans grown in temperate zones. Commission). All of these are Private Voluntary “The yield potential of soybeans grown in the tropics is Organizations (PVO/PVOs), registered with USAID. The not always related to the maturity group. For example, following foods containing soy protein were distributed: Davis in group IV has consistently yielded more than later Soy fortified corn meal (SFCM), soy fortified sorghum grits maturing varieties at almost all latitudes and altitudes.

Williams in group III has produced larger yields than some tofu, which Fausto thinks is poor in quality and very high in later maturing types, even though it flowered earlier and did price. The company moved to a new location several weeks not grow as tall. However, as a group, later maturing ago (Calle Guayama #14, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico 00917. cultivars yielded more than earlier maturing cultivars.” Phone: 758-4614). Fausto recently sold the natural foods “Analysis of the sources of variance in ISVEX results distribution company that he started after he sold the tofu indicates that yields from the same soybean variety may be company, but he is still actively involved with the affected more by management techniques than by distribution company. Now he is planning to get back into environmental conditions. Crop management skills are the tofu business. Mr. Zaez has offered to sell the tofu clearly an important part of successful soybean cultivation. company back to Fausto, but the price is too high and the “As a result of having conducting ISVEX trials, many plant is not in good condition. So Fausto will start by countries have found that soybeans can be grown importing Lecanto Tofu and Mori-Nu Tofu, then begin to successfully and economically.” Egypt has been a leader in make his own again. He hopes to have his own tofu shop soybean variety development and commercial production– open by the end of 1991. which “has now exceeded 40,000 hectares. Iran, Ivory Talk with Fausto. 1995. May 15. Nature Foods is still Coast, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Syria have imported making tofu in Santurce, but the quality is poor. When he large quantities of seed for soybean production; Benin, introduced this product in 1980 it was sold water packed in India, Kenya, Morocco, Somalia, and the Sudan have a plastic tray. Five years later, after he met his partner purchased smaller quantities.” Federico Rivera Zaez, he started to sell it vacuum packed. Note: This is the earliest known commercial soy product 319. Bahrenfus, J.B.; Fehr, W.R. 1980. Registration of made in Puerto Rico. Weber soybean. Crop Science 20(3):415-16. May/June. [2 ref] 321. Awai, Jane. 1980. Inoculation of soya bean (Glycine • Summary: Registration No. 137, for Weber. Developed in max (L.) Merr.) in Trinidad. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) Iowa and Puerto Rico, it yields about 5% more than Corsoy 58(4):313-18. Oct. [17 ref] and has good resistance to iron deficiency chlorosis. • Summary: In Trinidad, the uninoculated soybean cultivar “Breeder seed of Weber was distributed to foundation seed Jupiter was effectively inoculated by indigenous rhizobia. organizations in Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and South Soya bean is generally assumed to be nodulated only by Dakota for planting in 1979, Breeder seed will be Rhizobium japonicum. In areas new to the crop, these maintained by the Iowa Agric. and Home Economics Exp. organisms are often absent from the soil and inoculation Station.” Address: Research Associate and Prof., Dep. of with suitable strains of R. japonicum is necessary. However, Agronomy, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011. many strains classified as members of the “cowpea miscellany” have been shown to be capable of nodulating 320. Product Name: Nature Foods Organic Tofu Rico. soya bean and the boundaries between the two groups of Manufacturer’s Name: Nature Foods Inc. strains are far from clear. Manufacturer’s Address: Box 40127 Minillas Sta., Experiments were conducted at 3 sites in Trinidad. Santurce, PR 00940. Phone: 809-722-6192 (or 3402). Indigenous rhizobia capable of nodulating soya bean Date of Introduction: 1980. September. appeared to be present at Londenville and Piarco, but Ingredients: Water, soybeans, nigari (natural coagulant). nodules formed on uninoculated plants only late in the Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Packed in water in molded growth of the plants, suggesting a low population of these plastic tray with heat-sealed, peel-off plastic film lid. bacteria. Conclusion: “Although nitrogen fixation can How Stored: Refrigerated. provide sufficient nitrogen for plant growth, it appears that New Product–Documentation: Soyfoods Center. 1980. application of nitrogen fertilizer may be necessary for Sept. Tofu shops and soy dairies in the West (2 pages, maximum yields.” Address: Dep. of Soil Science, U.W.I. typeset). Gives the company’s name, address, and phone [Univ. of the West Indies], St. Augustine, Trinidad. number. Owner: Fausto Carrasquillo. Label. 1982, undated. 3.5 by 3 inches. Self adhesive. 322. Bahrenfus, J.B.; Fehr, W.R. 1980. Registration of Black and green on red. “No preservatives. Keep Vinton soybean. Crop Science 20(5):673-74. Sept/Oct. [4 refrigerated, change water daily.” ref] Letter from Fausto. 1982. May 4. They are producing • Summary: Registration No. 142. Vinton was developed in about 3,000 lb/month of tofu; they had very hard times Iowa and Puerto Rico, and “released in 1977 as a large- economically, but are trying again. seeded specialty soybean because of its higher yield and Talk with Fausto. 1991. Jan. 31. He sold this company percentage of seed protein compared with large-seeded in Aug. 1985 to a lawyer named Federico Rivera Zaez, who public cultivars of similar maturity.” still owns it. Zaez has hired another person who makes the

“Breeder seed of Vinton was distributed to the 327. Product Name: Westico Vege-Mince (Beef-Flavored foundation seed organization in Iowa for planting in 1977. Textured Vegetable Protein). Breeder seed will be maintained by the Iowa Agric. and Manufacturer’s Name: Westico Foods. Home Economics Exp. Station. Manufacturer’s Address: West Indies College, Note: For details, see the release notice for Vinton and Mandeville, Jamaica. “New Soybean Variety” record for Vinton. Address: 1. Date of Introduction: 1980. Research associate; 2. Prof. Both: Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa New Product–Documentation: Letter from Robert State Univ., Ames, IA 50011. Folkenberg. 1983. Feb. 15. “This company, organized in 1970, is presently a fairly small operation, producing about 323. INTSOY Newsletter (Urbana, Illinois).1980. INTSOY 2 tons of TVP each week. We fully expect this rate of research highlights: Seed pathology. No. 23. p. 1-2. Nov. production to increase dramatically in the near future.” • Summary: “In the tropics and subtropics, producers have Form filled out and labels sent by Westico. 1990. June difficulty obtaining good quality seed for planting. This 28. Also in about 1980 Westico Foods started selling Loma problem affects the production of soybeans and other edible Linda Vita-Burger Chunks, Redi-Burger, and Linketts. The legumes. INTSOY pathologists, agronomists, and label for each, which is basically the Loma Linda label, agricultural engineers” in Puerto Rico and Illinois have been states that each food is “Processed by Westico Foods.” “investigating pathological factors that affect seed quality.” Note: This is the earliest known commercial soy product (one of two products) made in Jamaica. 324. Bromfield, K.R.; Melching, J.S.; Kingsolver, C.H. 1980. Virulence and aggressiveness of Phakopsora 328. Poe, Sidney L. 1980. Sampling mites on soybean. In: pachyrhizi isolates causing soybean (Glycine max) cultivar M. Kogan and D.C. Herzog, eds. 1980. Sampling Methods Wayne rust. Phytopathology 70:17-21. * in Soybean Entomology. New York: Springer-Verlag. xxiii + 587 p. See p. 312-23. Chap. 15. [24 ref] 325. Cintron-Velazquez, J. 1980. The development of feeds • Summary: Eight species of phytophagous mites have been for the cichlid fish Sarotherodon aureus (Steindachner) found to attack soybeans in California, Delaware, Florida, using locally available feedstuffs and industrial wastes and Illinois, Maryland, Brazil, Colombia, Puerto Rico, and by-products. MSc thesis, University of Puerto Rico, Trinidad. Mayaguez. 110 p. [Eng]* “Among the important arthropod pests of soybean are • Summary: Tuna fishmeal and trash fishmeal were several species of plant-feeding mites. The Tetranychidae, a approximately equal in value in producing fish growth. Two family of the most damaging species, spin copious webbing experimental diets were formulated using discarded on the plant and, therefore, are commonly called ‘spiders,’ crackers, heated whole soybeans, spent beer and solids, red spiders, or spider mites.” Address: Dep. of Entomology, blood meal, and a vitamin supplement; they showed much Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, VA 24061. promise. Address: Dep. of Marine Sciences, MSc thesis, Univ. of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. 329. Ravalo, Eliodoro J.; Rodda, E.D.; Tenne, F.D.; Sinclair, J.B. 1980. Soybean seed storage under controlled and 326. Product Name: Westico Vege-Steak (Beef-Flavored ambient conditions in tropical environments. In: F.T. Textured Vegetable Protein). Corbin, ed. 1980. World Soybean Research Conference II: Manufacturer’s Name: Westico Foods. Proceedings. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. xv + 897 Manufacturer’s Address: West Indies College, p. See p. 519-32. [13 ref] Mandeville, Jamaica. • Summary: Contents: Materials and methods. Results and Date of Introduction: 1980. discussion. Summary. References. Address: 1. Dep. of How Stored: Shelf stable. Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, New Product–Documentation: Letter from Robert PR 00708; 2-4: Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801. Folkenberg. 1983. Feb. 15. “This company, organized in 1970, is presently a fairly small operation, producing about 330. Product Name: Nature Foods Tempeh. 2 tons of TVP each week. We fully expect this rate of Manufacturer’s Name: Nature Foods Inc. production to increase dramatically in the near future.” Manufacturer’s Address: Box 40127 Minillas Sta., Form filled out and labels sent by Westico. 1990. June Santurce, PR 00940. Phone: 809-722-6192. 28. Date of Introduction: 1981. January. Note: This is the earliest known commercial soy product New Product–Documentation: Soyfoods Center (one of two products) made in Jamaica. Computerized Mailing List. 1981. Jan. 22. Owner: Fausto Carrasquillo. Letter from Fausto. 1982. May 4. They are producing about 500 lb/month of tempeh, using perforated

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 110 trays and banana leaves. “It comes out very good; people Seed weight (g/100 seed): 23.4 / 23.0. Seed protein content: love it.” 44.4% / 44.7%. Seed oil content: 19.9% / 19.1%. Vinton 81 is of Group I maturity, averaging about the 331. Product Name: Tofu. same as Vinton. It has “dull yellow seeds with yellow hila. Manufacturer’s Name: Tofu In-Sted. Vinton 81 can be distinguished from Vinton by its resistance Manufacturer’s Address: Box 805 Frederickstead, St. to phytophthora rot.” “Seed of Vinton 81 was produced by Croix, VI 00840. the foundation seed organization in Iowa during 1981. Date of Introduction: 1981. January. Foundation seed will be distributed in 1982 to seed How Stored: Refrigerated. producers in Iowa who are engaged in the production of New Product–Documentation: Soyfoods Center large-seeded cultivars for specialty use. Breeder seed will be Computerized Mailing List. 1981. Jan. 22. Owner: Monty maintained by the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Thomson. Experiment Station. Each agency will be responsible for its Note: This is the earliest known commercial soy product own publicity with the understanding that the date for made in the U.S. Virgin Islands, or in the Lesser Antilles. simultaneous release will be August 14, 1981.” Note: This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2000) 332. Shurtleff, William. 1981. Dr. Harry Miller: Taking that mentions the soybean variety Vinton 81. Address: soymilk around the world. Soyfoods 1(4):28-36. Winter. Ames, Iowa. • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Growing up (1879- 1902): Birth, early contact with Dr. J.H. Kellogg, marriage. 334. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1981. Dr. Harry W. Early years in China (1903-1911). Washington, DC (1912- Miller: History of his work with soyfoods. Soyfoods Center, 1925). Pioneering soymilk in China (1925-1939): Research, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, CA 94549. 21 p. Sept. 29. development of plant, destruction of plant 13 Aug. 1937, Unpublished typescript. U.S. patent, No. 2,078,962 for soymilk process and • Summary: A comprehensive history of the subject. equipment, work before return to U.S. Introducing soyfoods Contents: Introduction. Growing up (1879-1902): Birth, to America (1939-1949): In Mt. Vernon, new products, early contact with Dr. J.H. Kellogg, marriage. Early years in work with AMA, American Soybean Assoc. speaker and China (1903-1911). Washington, DC (1912-1925). lifetime member 1958, contact with K.S. Lo and Vitasoy. Pioneering soymilk in China (1925-1939): Research, Research and work around the world (1949-1977): Quick development of plant, destruction of plant 13 Aug. 1937, visit to Shanghai, death of second wife, sale of International U.S. patent, No. 2,078,962 for soymilk process and Nutrition Foundation, Taiwan work, Indonesian plant, equipment, work before return to U.S. Introducing soyfoods Trinidad, Libya, Japan, old age and relationship with to America (1939-1949): In Mt. Vernon, new products, William Shurtleff, the “Great Man.” Contains 5 photos, and work with AMA, American Soybean Assoc. speaker and a sidebar titled “Early History of Soymilk.” Address: lifetime member 1958, Vitasoy. Research and work around Lafayette, California. the world (1949-1977): Quick visit to Shanghai, death of second wife, sale of International Nutrition Foundation, 333. Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Taiwan work, Indonesian plant, Trinidad, Libya, Japan, old Station. 1981. Notice of release of Vinton 81 soybeans to age and relationship with William Shurtleff, the “Great seed producers. Ames, Iowa. 2 p. Aug. 14. Unpublished Man.” Address: Lafayette, California. Phone: 415-283- typescript. 28 cm. 2991. • Summary: “The Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station and the cooperators listed above [Puerto 335. Pink, Dave. 1981. Oilseed processor ready to reap area Rico Agric. Exp. Station, Ohio Agricultural Research and advantages. Windsor Star (Essex County, Ontario, Canada). Development Center, and USDA] announce the release of a Nov. 9. p. 25. new soybean cultivar named Vinton 81. It is a large-seeded • Summary: Maple Leaf Monarch (MLM) Company’s specialty cultivar similar in performance to Vinton, but with Windsor plant opened for business in July 1979 with a resistance to races 1 to 3 and 6 to 9 of phytophthora rot capacity to crush 360,000 tonnes of soybeans each year and [caused by Phytophthora megasperma (Drechs.) var. sojae up to 95,000 tonnes “of the softer oilseeds including A.A. Hildebrandt] to which Vinton is susceptible.” rapeseed (or canola), flax, and sunflower seeds.” In Toronto The parents of Vinton 81 include Vinton, Harosoy and the company could crush only 90,000 tonnes of soybeans Higan. “The four backcrosses made in developing Vinton and 50,000 tonnes of flax. The company was hoping that 81 took place in Isabella, Puerto Rico and Ames, Iowa, their new oilseed crushing plant in Windsor, in Canada’s during 1975 to 1977.” A table shows the average soybean heartland, would give it an edge over the performance of the four Vinton 81 lines in Iowa during competition. But after two years in production, company 1980 compared with Vinton. Yield (bu/acre): 54.3 / 53.1. president William Milliken says a Windsor address hasn’t

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 111 made much difference–so far.” Local soybean production Caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, soybean hasn’t grown much; MLM depends on the USA for 40% of rust is diagnosed by the presence of rusty-colored spots or its soybean supply. But Milliken is optimistic that the move lesions on the leaves The host range of the pathogen will eventually pay off. MLM has the best of both worlds. includes at least 87 plant species in 35 genera of First, a 42-acre site on the Detroit River in Windsor’s west papilionaceous legumes. Because of this wide host range, end, gives access to a deep water port. Second, the the fungus has many synonyms. Phakopsora pachyrhizi is surrounding counties of Essex, Kent, and Lambdon, are the name currently accepted, however. First used in 1914, it Canada’s major soybean producing areas. was the only description that included both the telial MLM, which employs about 115 (mostly skilled (sexual) and uredial (asexual) stages. tradesmen) is owned equally by two parent companies: (1) INTSOY and the Asian Vegetable Research and Maple Leaf Mills, a division of Miami, Florida-based Norin Development Center (AVRDC) in Taiwan have sponsored a Corp. which is now controlled by Canadian Pacific Ltd., cooperative research program on soybean rust.” Results of and (2) Lever Bros., a division of the giant European multi- this program are discussed. national Unilever Corp. MLM’s only other Ontario Two maps show: (1) Distribution of soybean rust in the competitor, Victory Soya Mills, has announced no plans to Eastern Hemisphere. (2) Distribution of soybean rust in the crush rapeseed. MLM supplies about 36% of Eastern Western Hemisphere, and the year when first reported. The Canadian soy products from its $60 million Windsor plant– countries and years for soybean rust in the Western slightly behind Victory Soya Mills and slightly ahead of Hemisphere are (in chronological order): Puerto Rico 1913, Canada Packers. MLM had sales of about $200 million in Mexico 1917, USA–Georgia 1922?, Cuba 1926, Trinidad 1980. These three Eastern Canada crushers combined were 1926, St. Thomas 1926, Colombia 1933, Guatemala 1940, able to supply just 80% of Eastern Canada’s one million Brazil 1940 [as P. crotolariae], Venezuela 1943, Chile 1962, tonne soybean meal market last year, with the balance and Costa Rica 1976. coming from U.S. firms. The three crushers supplied Note 1. These same places (except for USA) and dates 172,000 tonnes of soybean oil last year, including small can be found in Bromfield’s major monograph titled amounts exported to North Africa and the Caribbean. Only “Soybean Rust” (1984, p. 7). It is important to note that in 4,000 tonnes of U.S. soybean oil had to be imported into all these places, soybean rust was found on species of Eastern Canada. But the three Eastern crushers can’t legumes, but not always on soybeans. compete with U.S. companies for the Western Canadian Note 2. Letter (e-mail) from Morris Bonde, USDA / market; Minnesota crushers can offer lower prices. MLM ARS Foreign Disease–Weed Science Research Unit. 2005. will continue to run 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, even April 6. The rust reported on soybeans in all these Western though there is a soybean oil surplus. Hemisphere countries can be assumed to be Phakopsora A photo shows William Milliken in a hard hat, standing meibomiae. Ken Bromfield found (prior to 1985) that the outside the MLM mill. Age 60, he is a 35-year veteran of entry for “Georgia, USA, 1922?” was bacterial canker the oil seeds business. rather than soybean rust. Note: This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 2005) that mentions “canola” together with soybeans. The word 337. INTSOY Newsletter (Urbana, Illinois).1981. Two staff “Canola” is derived from CANada + Oil + LOw acid. members transferred. No. 27. p. 2. Nov. Address: Star agriculture reporter. • Summary: “Carl N. Hittle has returned to INTSOY headquarters after extended service in Sri Lanka.” Dr. Hittle 336. INTSOY Newsletter (Urbana, Illinois).1981. INTSOY will coordinate the INTSOY system of variety trials. research highlights: Soybean rust. No. 27. p. 1-2. Nov. “Luis H. Camacho, soybean breeder on the USAID / • Summary: “Rust as a major constraint to soybean INTSOY Peru project since 1978, has transferred to the production in tropical and subtropical areas of the eastern University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Campus. Dr. hemisphere. The disease also threatens production in the Camacho will continue breeding soybean cultivars adapted western hemisphere. All commercial soybean cultivars are to the tropics.” susceptible to soybean rust in the Americas and the Caribbean, where the growing conditions favor rust 338. INTSOY. 1981. International Soybean Program. development. The disease has been reported on soybeans in University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 113 Mumford Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Puerto Rico, and on Hall, 1301 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801. 15 p. 23 x 10 various other legumes throughout tropical America. Rust cm. infection, which causes premature defoliation, can reduce • Summary: “INTSOY is a program of the University of yields by 30 to 50 percent. Losses of 100 percent are Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the University of Puerto sometimes reported.” Rico, Mayagüez Campus, cooperating with international and national organizations to expand the use of soybeans.”

INTSOY was formally established in 1973. The address in Development Project, on the cultivation of Soya Beans, and Puerto Rico is: INTSOY, College of Agricultural Sciences, its ultimate processing to provide the protein component of University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez [Mayaguez], Puerto the feed ration. It has been estimated that under present Rico 00708. production systems, the country would need to import in the Contents: Introduction. Research. Variety testing: eighties, about 200 million lbs of corn and approximately 70 SIEVE (Soybean Initial Evaluation Variety Experiment), million lbs of soya bean meal.” SPOT (Soybean Preliminary Observation Trial), and ISVEX “From the point of view of the efficient allocation of (International Soybean Variety Evaluation Experiment). resources, it seems doubtful whether the solution to the Outreach and education: National programs, conferences livestock feed problem lies in the cultivation of soya beans, and workshops, publications and newsletters, degree-level and not in the alternative uses of sugar-cane, petroleum programs, short courses, visitors. Address: Urbana, Illinois. based feed and fish meal. It is unlikely, on a land capability basis, that the country will have the appropriate resources 339. Judy, W.H.; Jackobs, J.A.; Engelbrecht-Wiggans, E.A. (45,000 acres) in terms of land, to produce its soya bean and 1981. International soybean variety experiment: Sixth report corn requirements, but whatever amount is grown should be of results, 1978. INTSOY Series No. 21. Nov. xi + 305 p. used for direct human consumption or for processing. The (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). possibility of growing soya and corn on a regional basis in • Summary: In the ISVEX trials, soybeans were tested in the hinterlands of Guyana forms part of the Regional Food the following regions and countries: Africa: Algeria, Plan.” Botswana, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Malawi, Morocco, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, 341. Fernández Suárez, Raul. 1981. Un mosaico en soya Tanzania, Upper Volta, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. producido por una cepa del virus del frijol de carita Asia: Bangladesh, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Korea, (CPMV) [A mosaic in soybeans produced by a cowpea Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand. mosaic virus]. Ciencias de la Agricultura (Cuba) No. 10. p. Europe: Italy, Poland, Portugal. 113. [2 ref. Spa] Mesoamerica: Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, • Summary: Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), a synonym for Guatemala, Honduras. cowpea yellow mosaic virus (CYMV), was reported from Middle East: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Turkey. soybeans in Cuba. North America: United States. Oceania: Fiji, Tahiti. 342. Medina-Lopez, Fausto. 1981. Selection of the optimum South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, size and location of a soybean processing plant in Puerto Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru, Rico. PhD thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana- Venezuela. Champaign. 161 p. Page 2775 in volume 42/06-A Results of the first ISVEX trials in Morocco are Dissertation Abstracts International. * reported. Soybeans were grown at three sites: (1) Berkane. Address: Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Date planted: 22 May 1978. Cooperator: M.A. Yacoubi. Best yield: Harcor 3,724 kg/ha. (2) Gharb. Date planted: 13 343. Wood, Brian J.B. 1982. Soy sauce and miso. Economic May 1978. Cooperator: M.A. Yacoubi. Best yield: Elf 3,046 Microbiology 7:39-86. Jan. A.H. Rose, ed. Fermented kg/ha. (3) Tadla. Date planted: 12 June 1978. Cooperator: Foods. [50 ref] Nadah Driss. Best yield: Crawford 3,370 kg/ha. Address: • Summary: Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. The preparation of Univ. of Illinois, Urbana. soy sauce: Introduction, preparation of raw materials (the beans, wheat), mixing, koji, moromi. 3. Of beans, microbes, 340. Cooper, St.G.C.; Bacon, P.R. eds. 1981. The natural and miso: Beans, microbes, miso. 4. Trade in soy sauce: resources of Trinidad and Tobago. London: Edward Arnold Introduction, statistics. Table 1 (p. 64-66) shows exports of (Publishers) Ltd. viii + 223 p. Illust. Maps. 25 cm. See p. soy sauce in 1978, in tonnes (metric tons) from Hong Kong, 150. * Korean Republic, Singapore, Japan, and total, to almost • Summary: The section titled “Legumes” (p. 150) states: every country in the world (with each country’s population “Several varieties of legumes are used in Trinidad and in millions), grouped by region as follows: 1. North Tobago, of which the most important are Pigeon Peas, Split America: Canada, USA (#1)–Regional total imports: Peas, Cowpeas (Black Eye and Gub-Gub), Lentil Peas, Red 6,052.3 tonnes. 2. South and Central America [and kidney beans and Peanuts. There is a major research Caribbean]: Argentina (#3 in region), Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, programme on Pigeon Peas...” Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, “In an effort to provide indigenous feed resources for Honduras, Mexico (#2), Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, ruminants and non-ruminants, the Government has Surinam, Venezuela (#1), Granada, Jamaica, Trinidad and embarked by way of the Chaguaramas Agricultural Tobago, total. Former Dutch West Indies–Regional total

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 113 imports: 1,046.4 tonnes. 3. Europe: Austria, Belgium, the destination of this soy sauce include: Honduras, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France (#4 in region), Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Germany (West #3), Greece, Italy, Netherlands (#2), Former Dutch West Indies [also called Netherlands Antilles; Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK (#1), they are part of the Lesser Antilles and consist of two USSR–Regional total imports: 3,017.7 tonnes. 4. Near and groups of islands in the Caribbean Sea: Curaçao and Middle East: Bahrain (#3), Egypt, India, Iran (#2), Iraq, Bonaire, just off the Venezuelan coast, and Sint Eustatius, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia (#1), United Saba and Sint Maarten, located southeast of the Virgin Arab Emirates, Yemen Arab Republic–Regional total Islands. The islands form an autonomous part of the imports: 1,193.5 tonnes. 5. Far East and Western Pacific: Kingdom of the Netherlands], Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Hong Kong (#3 in region), Indonesia, Japan, Korea United Arab Emirates, Brunei, Sabah, Sarawak, Fiji, Nauru, (South), Macao, Malaysia (#2), Philippines, Sabah (#1; A Oceanea (non-U.S.), Oceanea (U.S.), Papua, Samoa and state of Malaysia from 1963; Formerly British North Tonga, Solomon Islands, Ghana, Malagasy Republic, Togo. Borneo), Sarawak (A state of Malaysia from 1963), Total from Hong Kong: 2,945.3 tonnes, and from Singapore Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand–Regional total imports: 109.5 tonnes. 3,139.4. 6. Pacific and Australasia: Australia (#1 in region), (8) Exports of miso (in tonnes) from South Korea and Cook Islands, Christmas Islands, Fiji, Guam (#2), Nauru, Japan in 1978 to major importing countries worldwide, by New Caledonia, New Hebrides, New Zealand, Oceania region, by country. The leading importers are: USA (622), n.c.s. (#3), Papua New Guinea, Portuguese Timor, Samoa Saudi Arabia (353), Singapore (66), Bahrain (64), and Tonga, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu (Ellis Island), U.S. Netherlands (38), Iran (29), Iraq (29) France (28), German Oceania–Regional total imports: 1,647.5 tonnes. Federal Republic (23), Smaller importers include: Chile, Note: This is the earliest document seen (July 2008) Guyana, Surinam, Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, concerning soybean products (soy sauce) in Kiribati Quatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen Arab (Christmas Islands), in Nauru, in Qatar, or in Tuvalu. This Republic, Sabah, Fiji, Guam, New Hebrides, Papua New document contains the earliest date seen for soybean Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Algeria, Canary Islands, products in Kiribati (Christmas Islands), in Nauru, in Qatar, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Mozambique, South Africa Republic, or in Tuvalu (1978); soybeans as such have not yet been Zaire. reported. Note: This is the earliest document seen (June 2007) 7. Africa: Algeria, Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Gambia, concerning soybean products (miso) in Quatar. This Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malagasy, Malawi, Mauritius (#2 in document contains the earliest date seen for soybean region), Nigeria, South Africa (Republic of, #1), Sudan, products in Quatar (1978); soybeans as such have not yet Réunion Islands (#3), Tanzania, Zaire. Other African been reported. countries–Regional total imports: 365.7 tonnes. World total (9) Exports of miso from South Korea and Japan in imports: 15,731.5 tonnes, of which 6,192.8 tonnes from 1976, 1977, and 1978 (quantity and value each year; no Hong Kong, 1,233.5 tonnes from South Korea, 1,713.6 importing country names are given). tonnes from Singapore, 6,591.6 tonnes from Japan. The 5. Tour of South East Asia: Technical and scientific value in pounds sterling and in pounds sterling per tons of aspects, trade aspects. 6. Acknowledgments. References soy sauce is given for each exporter. The chapter on Trade states: Soy sauce and soy paste Other tables show: (2) Soy sauce exports (in tonnes and (miso) are traded between all countries of South East Asia. value) each year from 1976 to 1976 from Hong Kong, The Korean Republic’s exports nearly quadrupled in South Korea, Singapore, and Japan. A large percentage of tonnage. The Kikkoman Company’s production facility in Hong Kong’s exports are re-exports (probably from China). Wisconsin produced 21,6000 tonnes of soy sauce in 1978. (3) Total soy sauce exports from Japan, 1976-1978, by This was equal to 3 times the total exports from Japan in the container type, with amount and value. (4) Soy sauce and same year. Japan’s total share of the world soy sauce market miso production in Japan every 5 years from 1965 to 1978 remains very healthy. Miso exports are still small in (in tonnes). (5) Soy sauce and miso production in Japan for comparison with soy sauce. On a rising market Japan’s export in 1976, 1977, and 1978. Miso production (in exports still only represent 0.2% of its annual miso tonnes) averaged about 40% of soy sauce production, and production; “clearly there is considerable room for miso exports (in tonnes) averaged about 13% of soy sauce expansion here.” exports. (6) Imports of soy sauce into Hong Kong, Miso is of greater relative importance to Korea than it is Singapore, and the USA from exporting countries in 1978 to Japan. Among the European countries, Belgium and (with figures for exports from China in 1976 and 1977). (7) Holland import the greatest amount of miso on a per capita Re-exports of soy sauce (made in China) from Hong Kong basis. Spain imports a fair amount of miso. The U.S.A. and and Singapore in 1978 to major importing countries Canada had total miso imports totaling about 10% of their worldwide, by region, by country. Small countries that are soy sauce imports.

“In Thailand, there are about 50 soy sauce factories, the naira. The technical partners, Hawaiian Agronomics majority of which are small, producing less than 100 Company (International) of the USA, have started work on kilolitres per year, although it should be noted that most of the project already. Address: Hon. Commissioner for them also produce soybean paste and soybean cheese Agriculture, Benue State. [probably tofu]. The total annual consumption of soy sauce in Thailand is estimated at about 6,000 kilolitres (about 345. Purviance, David. 1982. Re: Upcoming work in 7,200 tonnes). Central America and the Caribbean. The sailing ship Fri. “In Malaysia, there are about 140 soy sauce factories Letter sent to Plenty News subscribers, March 24. 2 p. producing in total an estimated 5.5 million gallons of soy • Summary: “Dear Friends: Since we sent this newsletter to sauce per year according to the proprietor of a leading the printers, our office has been buzzing with some exciting brewery in Kuala Lumpur. This is about 21,000 tonnes per new developments... Plenty has been working in Central annum” (p. 84). Address: Dep. of Applied Microbiology, America and the Caribbean for six years. Our work with Univ., of Strathclyde, Glasgow [Scotland], U.K. soybeans in Guatemala has brought a number of requests for similar help in other parts of the Caribbean. We have 344. Nyiakura, Orban. 1982. Soyabean production in been asked to help set up soybean programs in Jamaica, Nigeria–prospects and problems. In: A.M. Emechebe and Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, and Costa Rica. U.R. Pals, eds. 1982. Proceedings of the Second National The Carib Nation on Dominica has asked Plenty for Meeting of the Nigerian Soybean Scientists. 95 p. See p. 12- assistance in getting outboard motors for their fishing fleet. 18. Held at the Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu They are the last remaining indigenous people in the area Bello Univ., Zaria [Nigeria] 19-20 Feb. 1982. Publication who still have their own land. We will said through the No. II. Caribbean to look into each of these projects and see where • Summary: “Soyabeans were introduced into Nigeria by we can help. the explorers and missionaries. The most popular variety in “The tour will take place on board the Fri, a 105', two- Benue State (Nigeria) is the Malayan. The work on masted sailing ship. Plenty has known the Fri people for soyabean in the northern states of Nigeria dates back to several years, and we’re pleased to be in partnership with 1930 when three varieties were introduced to Samaru from them on this Caribbean project. For the past ten years, the the United States of America. These varieties were later Fri has campaigned on five continents for a balanced found to be low yielding and ill adapted to the environment environment. You may have heard of their efforts to stop of Samaru and were soon discarded. The next introduction French nuclear testing in the South Pacific a few years ago. of soyabean was made by the Botanist of the then Regional More than 200 people have crewed the ship, which is run as Research Station, Samaru, in 1937 when [varieties named] an international collective with unpaid volunteers. She can Malayan, Benares, and Trinidad were brought from Malaya, carry a crew of sixteen and has enough cargo space to allow India and Trinidad, respectively. us to carry food, agricultural tools, a soy demonstration kit, “Further introductions continued in the 1940s from East and other supplies for the people of the islands. Africa, Sudan, U.S.A., South Africa, Ceylon, the Far-East, “Plans now call for the trip to start in late fall, after Eastern Europe and Australia. These introductions were hurricane season. The first step for us is to prepare the Fri grown in various observation plots at Samaru and at the for the cruise. We’re sending two carpenters to Amsterdam Farm Centres throughout the Northern Provinces during the [Netherlands] where the ship is docked for repairs. 1950s.” Reconstruction will begin in early April and continue Nigeria is the leading soybean producing country in through the summer.” Africa, and Benue State is the major producer of soyabeans An illustration shows the ship Fri in the ocean. Note: in Nigeria, accounting for over two-thirds of the country’s This is the earliest document seen that mentions the ship production. In Benue State, soyabean production is Fri. Address: Director, Plenty, Summertown, Tennessee. concentrated in the Gboko, Kwande, Katsina-Ala, Gwer, and Makurdi areas. Soybean yields are very low compared 346. Hepperly, P.R.; Mignucci, J.S.; Sinclair, J.B. 1982. The to other major producing countries; in 1979 they were 385 microorganisms of stored soybean seeds. INTSOY Series kg/ha compared with 3,060 kg/ha in Brazil, 2,162 kg/ha in No. 22. p. 67-76. J.B. Sinclair and J.A. Jackobs, eds. the USA, and 904 kg/ha in China. Soybean Seed Quality and Stand Establishment (College of Major factors responsible for the decline of the crop in Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). [76 ref] Benue State include marketing, utilization, production, • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Literature review: The competition from other crops, and international competition. role of fungi, the role of bacteria, interactions of arthropods To correct this the Benue State government has initiated an [invertebrate animals, incl. insects, arachnids, and ambitious project for production and processing of crustaceans] and microorganisms in stored grain, control of soyabeans, rice and maize, which will cost over 100 million microorganisms in storage: physical factors, monitoring

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 115 methods, genotypic variation, chemical control. Current the food aid convention of the international wheat research and development. Constraints to control of storage agreement. Appendix–statistical tables. microorganisms. Discussion. Address: 1-2. Asst. Prof., Dep. Table 18 is titled “Title II, Public Law 480, total of Crop Protection, Univ. of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto commodities shipped by program sponsor, fiscal year Rico; 3. Prof., Dep. of Plant Pathology, Univ. of Illinois at 1980.” The main program sponsors and distributing Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. agencies, listed alphabetically, are AJJDC (American- Jewish Joint Distribution Committee), CARE, CRS 347. INTSOY Series.1982. Conference participants. No. 22. (Catholic Relief Service), CWS (Church World Service), p. ix-xiii. J.B. Sinclair and J.A. Jackobs, eds. Soybean Seed LWR (Lutheran World Relief), SAWS (Seventh-day Quality and Stand Establishment (College of Agric., Univ. Adventist World Service), UNICEF, UNRWA (United of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). Nations Relief and Works Agency), and WRC (World Relief • Summary: The following number of participants came Commission). All of these are Private Voluntary from the following countries: Austria (1; Gretzmacher of Organizations (PVO/PVOs), registered with USAID. The Inst. for Agronomy and Plant Breeding). Bangladesh (2; following foods containing soy protein were distributed: Auch of Mennonite Central Committee, Khaleque of CSM (corn soya mix), WSB (wheat soya blend), and small BARC). China and Taiwan (2 each). Ecuador (1). Egypt (2). amounts of soya flour. The vegetable oil which was shipped India (4); Italy (1; Al-Jibouri of FAO). Malaysia (5). to many countries was soybean oil; it is not recorded here. Mozambique (1). Nepal (1). Nigeria (3). Pakistan (2). Foods containing soy protein were distributed to the Panama (1). The Philippines (3). Puerto Rico (1). Senegal following countries or areas: Near East: Egypt, Gaza, (1; Larcher of IRAT, Institute Senegalais de Recherches Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia. Latin America: Bolivia, Chile, Agricoles). Sri Lanka (22). Tanzania (2). Thailand (7). Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Uganda (2). United States of America (13). Uruguay (1). Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Venezuela (2). Zambia (3; Javaheri). Peru, St. Lucia. Africa: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde Islands, 348. Pijeira, L.; Lopez, M. 1982. Estudio del Comoro Islands, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, compartamiento de siete cepas de Rhizobium japonicum Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritania, asociades a variedades de soya (Glycine max (L.) Merr) Mauritius, Mozambique, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia recomendadas para la epoca de siembra de verano Republic, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Upper Volta, Zambia. [Performance of seven Rhizobium japonicum strains Asia: Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Kampuchea, Nepal, associated with soybean varieties recommended for summer Philippines, Sri Lanka. Address: Washington, DC. Phone: seeding]. Cultivos Tropicales (Cuba) 4(2):249-60. June. [9 703-875-4901 (1991). ref. Spa; eng]* • Summary: Two soybean varieties, Jupiter and INIFAT 350. Moorman, Michael. 1982. Ice cream: Another soy 112, inoculated with 7 strains of Rhizobium japonicum, surprise. Bestways. Aug. p. 78, 81. [2 ref] were grown in a nutrient solution. Bacterial strains 3412, • Summary: Describes The Farm’s work with soy ice cream BR-04, and BR-03 were most efficient in promoting in the USA, Guatemala, and Haiti, and their soy dairy in nodulation and nitrogen assimilation in both soybean Lesotho. “Plenty, the relief organization of the Farm varieties. Address: 1. Instituto de Ciencia Agricola (INCA), community based in Summertown, Tennessee, built a Havana, Cuba. village soy dairy and tofu shop in Solola, Guatemala, with the help of local Indians and funding from the Canadian 349. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1982. The annual International Development Agency, UNICEF, and Plenty report on activities carried out under Public Law 480, 83d donations. In February, 1980, the Solola soy dairy began Congress, as amended, during the period October 1, 1979 production and started selling soy ice cream and tofu from through September 30, 1980. Washington, DC: U.S. the dairy and in the local market place. The soy dairy is Government Printing Office. 32 + [40] p. See table 18. 27 currently operated by local people trained by Plenty cm. technicians. Free soy ice cream is distributed to poor and • Summary: Contents: Summary and highlights: Sales undernourished children through the nearby schools... programs, food for development, use of foreign currencies, “Plenty technicians also went to Haiti and worked with foreign donations, world food program. Title I sales Mother Teresa’s Sisters of Charity. They made soy milk ice program: Agreements signed in fiscal year 1980, accounting cream there for malnourished children. After training some for Title I costs, self-help provisions, food for development, of the people in how to use soybeans, they left equipment use and administration of Title I foreign currencies. Title II for them–including an ice cream machine–so they could foreign donations: Program highlights, world food program, continue on their own...

“Another arm of Plenty is reaching out to Lesotho, South Africa, where technicians are building a Village 353. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1982. History of Technology Center. One of the stone huts of the Center will soybeans and soyfoods in Latin America. Soyfoods Center, be used as a soy demonstration kitchen, where local P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, CA 94549. 39 p. Dec. 10. villagers will be taught how to process soybeans at home. Unpublished typescript. Plenty’s projects are just one example of how soyfoods can • Summary: A comprehensive history of the subject. be introduced into a foreign culture.” Contents: Historical overview. Brazil. Mexico. Argentina. Four recipes are given for homemade soy ice cream, Paraguay and Uruguay. Central America: Costa Rica, each based on soymilk. Note: This is an early document Guatemala. Caribbean and Guianas (including Suriname). concerning soybean products (soy ice cream) in Lesotho. Andean countries. Address: Lafayette, California. Phone: Address: Production Manager, Farm Foods, Summertown, 415-283-2991. Tennessee. 354. Product Name: Tofu. 351. Product Name: Tofu. Manufacturer’s Name: Peter Ngai Tofu. Manufacturer’s Name: Veggie Table. Manufacturer’s Address: 240 Waterloo Rd., Carapichima, Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 8029, 31 Altona, St. Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago. Phone: 868-673-1476. Thomas, VI 00801. Phone: 809-774-1810. Date of Introduction: 1982. Date of Introduction: 1982. September. New Product–Documentation: Letter from Peter Ngai. New Product–Documentation: Soyfoods Center 1997. Aug. 14. Peter has been a tofu producer in Trinidad Computerized Mailing List. 1982. Sept. 17. Owner: P.A. for the past five years. Note: This is the earliest known Callwood. commercial soy product made in Trinidad. Talk with Pia Izack, owner of Rastafari Dynasty; she phones from St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. 1996. July 15. 355. Diaz Carrasco, Humberto; Leon Gonzalez, J.P.; Veggie Table is still active and in business. They prepare hot Velazquez, O. 1982. INIFAT 112: Nueva variedad de soya meals daily and are also a basic health food store. They [INIFAT 112: New soybean variety]. Ciencias de la carry homeopathic remedies, herbs, and water-packed tofu, Agricultura (Cuba) No. 13. p. 123-24. [Spa] but they no longer make the tofu themselves. Address: Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Talk with Benita Martin of St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Agricultura Tropical “Alejandro de Humboldt,” de la Islands. 1996. Aug. 6. She has been making tofu on a home Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. scale in a rural area and selling it to farmers in St. Thomas since 1995, but she was not the first to make tofu there. The 356. Habit, M.A. 1982. Manual sobre transferencia first was the lady at the Veggie Table. She is the mother of tecnologica en base a la metodologia de aprender haciendo four, and she hopes to start a tofu shop for her four sons to [Manual for the transfer of improved technology based on run as a source of income. She first called Soyfoods Center the method of learning by doing]. Rome, Italy: FAO. 153 p. in March 1995. With English supplement (111 pages). [Eng; Spa]* • Summary: This manual aims to help in the transfer of 352. Plenty News (Summertown, Tennessee).1982. Setting technology for growing legumes in Spanish-speaking sail for the Caribbean [the ship Fri]. Fall. p. 1-2. countries by bringing together research and extension • Summary: “Plenty’s biggest endeavor of all is soon to technicians and farmers to describe the most effective new begin: our own Caribbean Plan. The Fri is being rebuilt in production technologies. Chapter 4 reviews basic concepts Amsterdam with the help of two Plenty volunteers, and it is of food legume production and national courses on expected to sail across the Atlantic in October. We’ve been soybeans in Panama and Cuba. Address: FAO Regional invited to the island nations of Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Plant Production and Protection Officer for Latin America. Vincent, Antigua, and Haiti. These are among the poorest countries in our hemisphere, yet all, except Haiti, are small 357. Folkenberg, Robert. 1983. Re: History of work with enough (average size: 15 miles by 30 miles, population: soyfoods by the Seventh-day Adventist Inter-American 80,000-100,000) that we can make a difference. In January, Division in Latin America. Letter to William Shurtleff at we’ll send technicians and equipment on the Fri for Soyfoods Center, Feb. 15. 3 p. Typed, without signature on demonstrations and projects in appropriate technology, letterhead. agriculture, health care, and nutrition.” • Summary: The first SDA food factory in South America Photos show: (1) The tall-masted sailing ship Fri (Free) was Granix in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1938. Today under full sail. (2) Two carpenters from Plenty, Andy Superbom of Brazil is the largest producer, making an Boatwright and Duane Jackson, working on the outside of estimated 30 tons/month of textured soy flour (TVP). In the the Fri to prepare the ship for its voyage. Caribbean region, Industrias Covac in Alajuela, Costa Rica,

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 117 was the first organized in 1967, followed by Alimentos food, clothing, sports equipment for the schools in St. Lucia Colpac of Mexico in 1969 and Westico foods in Jamaica in and Dominica.” 1970. Today Alimentos Colpac makes about 10 tons/week of TVP and 3,000 liters/week of soymilk. Westico Foods 360. Soybean Update.1983. Demand focus–New bean makes 2 tons/week of TVP, which is expected to increase markets: Problems and potential (Special feature, part II). dramatically in the near future. Industrias Covac makes June 27. p. 3-6. about 3 tons/week of TVP and 1,000 liters/week of soymilk. • Summary: Six of the top ten countries that import soybean Alimentos Integronaturales in Montemorelos, Mexico oil from the U.S. are in Latin America. The six are (with soy makes about 3,000 liters/week of soymilk. They and oil imports in 1,000 metric tons): Mexico 83.3, Colombia Productos Icolpan in Colombia will soon start producing 77.0, Peru 50.0, Venezuela 46.7, Dominican Republic 41.5, TVP. Address: Inter-American Div., P.O. Box 340760 (760 and Ecuador 40.9. Two other large soy oil importers are Ponce de Leon Blvd.), Coral Gables, Florida 33134. Phone: Panama (20.2) and Haiti (12.8). Latin America accounts for 305-443-7471. 44.5% of all U.S. soybean oil exports. “Debt problems in Latin America are a serious obstacle to future economic and 358. Purviance, David. 1983. Caribbean report. Plenty News import growth.” (Summertown, Tennessee) 3(1):1-3. Winter. “East Europe: Hard currency shortages and political • Summary: “In preparation for our venture with the sailing tensions have reduced U.S. soybean and bean product ship Fri, Plenty recently visited six of the poorer islands in exports to East Europe.” “One bright spot is that Yugoslavia the Caribbean.” They are: Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, has emerged as the number one U.S. soybean oil customer Antigua, Jamaica, and Haiti. A descriptive profile of each so far this year with purchases of 142,500 tonnes as of mid- island is given. The population was surprisingly youthful, May. Though it was dominating the East European market agriculture dominated the economies, and the low-priced for soybean products, the U.S. is now a residual supplier. banana was often king. “In the short term, we’ll use the Fri Brazil and Argentina are now the main suppliers. to bring tools and supplies to farmers’ organizations, “Mid East, North Africa:... Israel is the largest U.S. bean women’s groups, schools, and individuals. In the long run, importer of the group, with 81/82 purchases of 496,000 we’ll send soybean farmers, soy dairy technicians, and tonnes, while Saudi Arabia is the main buyer of meal at alternative technology specialists to begin soy variety trials, 55,500 tonnes. The brightest prospects for near-term growth offer advice to local farmers, and construct soy dairies on in U.S. bean product usage are Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, the islands. Currently all dairy products are imported and Nigeria and Tunisia.” costly. A soy dairy will be a new business, providing a “Asian Subcontinent: In the 1981/82 marketing year, market for soybean farmers, and a local outlet for high- Pakistan was by far the largest customer of U.S. bean oil protein products. Soy ice cream (“ice bean”), flavored with with purchases of 286,100 tonnes, while Bangladesh ranked local fruit, will be made in the dairy and sold by vendors sixth with 41,500 tonnes. India was tenth with 30,900 throughout the island.” tonnes... The Indian bean oil market is traditionally the At the Iona school in Jamaica, Plenty would like to start biggest in the world. However, subsidized bean oil sales a soy dairy as a training program. “Wherever we went, from Brazil have taken away the majority of the market, Plenty’s experience with soybeans was openly welcomed.” with the U.S. once again assuming the role of residual A map shows the proposed route of the Fri, which will leave supplier.” “Market growth for soybean oil in Pakistan the USA from northwestern Florida (St. Augustine). remains good due to favorable credit and continued support Address: Director, Plenty, Summertown, Tennessee. of PL480 credit. However, Bangladesh is becoming more dependent on palm oil products,...” Exports of soybean meal 359. Plenty News (Summertown, Tennessee).1983. Weigh to Pakistan might increase due to the recent elimination of anchor! Spring. p. 1. Special edition. Pakistan’s 30% import duty on soybean meal. • Summary: “The Fri was off on the morning tide of May 15th, bound for the West Indies from her last U.S. port, St. 361. Product Name: Tofu. Augustine. She was loaded with goods until her wood hull Manufacturer’s Name: Susan Hem Lee Tofu. creaked, her ballast tanks were empty, and her hold could Manufacturer’s Address: 108 Cascade Rd. #3, Port of hold no more.” Spain, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago. “Your generous support has helped launch Plenty’s Date of Introduction: 1983. June. Caribbean Projects. Grassroots donations and foundation New Product–Documentation: Soyfoods Center grants generated about $26,000 of seed money and the Computerized Mailing List. 1983. June 20. Owner: Susan momentum to attract more than $150,000 in grants. At every Lee Hem. U.S. port, the Fri was greeted with well wishers bringing Letter from Susan Lee Hem of Santa Cruz, Trinidad. 1986. Jan 15. Describes her work making and selling tofu in

Trinidad, West Indies. applied powder inoculant with a population of 1.0 x 108 [=100 million] cells per gram. This suggests that most of the 362. Jackobs, Joseph A.; Staggs, M.D.; Erickson, D.R. returned samples, when used as granular soil inoculants, 1983. International soybean variety experiment: Seventh would provide sufficient rhizobia to nodulate soybeans report of results, 1979. INTSOY Series No. 24. viii + 211 p. under favorable growing conditions even after being July. (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana- stressed by time, temperature, and desiccation” (p. 12-13). Champaign). Cooperators listed in the directory include those in the • Summary: In the ISVEX trials, soybeans were tested in following countries: Africa: Algeria, Botswana, Ethiopia, the following countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Gambia, Ghana, Malawi, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Burma, Chile, China (Taiwan, ROC), Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Meso-America: Belize, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, Puerto Rico. Middle East: Iraq, Fiji, French Guiana, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Syria, Turkey. Address: College of Agriculture, Univ. of Iraq, Korea, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tahiti, 364. Plenty USA. 1983. If we share there is more than Thailand, Turkey, United States, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. enough to go around... Plenty (Brochure). Summertown, Note: This document contains the second earliest clear Tennessee: Plenty. 12 panels. Sept. 28 cm. date seen for soybeans in Guinea, and the cultivation of • Summary: This brochure, containing many photos, soybeans in Guinea (1979, probably in May). Sixteen describes the activities of Plenty USA and Plenty Canada varieties were tested at Foulaya. CH-3 gave the highest (R.R. 3, Lanark, Ontario, Canada K0G 1K0) worldwide, yield, 2,690 kg/ha. The source of these soybeans was including Guatemala and the Caribbean. It is accompanied INTSOY (at the University of Illinois, USA) for ISVEX by a cover letter from David Purviance, Director, dated 10 trials. Address: College of Agriculture, Univ. of Illinois, September 1983. Urbana-Champaign. Photos show: (1) Plenty volunteers in Solola, Guatemala, working on a water project. (2) A Mayan 363. Smith, R.S.; Judy, W.H.; Stearn, W.C. 1983. woman, in traditional Mayan dress, grinding soybeans on an International inoculant shipping evaluation. INTSOY Series ancient tool, the metaté. (3) Two young girls in Solola No. 23. 25 p. July. (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at enjoying soy ice cream from Plenty’s soy dairy. “A one-cup Urbana-Champaign). serving provides 20% of a child’s recommended protein • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Materials and methods. allowance.” The Village Technology Training Center in Results and discussion. Summary. Appendixes: A. IISE Lesotho, with solar panels. instruction sheet. B. IISE data sheet. C. IISE laboratory Note 1: This is the earliest document seen (July 2004) sheet. D. Cooperators participating in IISE (directory). concerning Plenty International (called Plenty USA in the “In 1973, the International Soybean Variety Experiment early days). (ISVEX) was initiated by INTSOY as the first element in Note 2: This is the earliest document seen (July 2004) the genetic improvement program.” that uses the term “Plenty USA.” Address: 156 Drakes “The International Inoculant Shipping Evaluation (IISE) Lane, Summerton, Tennessee 38483. trial was conducted in order to evaluate the quality of granular soybean inoculant after it was exposed to shipping 365. Hayes, R.E.; Hannay, C.P.; Wadsworth, J.I.; Spadaro, and storage conditions during international transport. Stress J.J. 1983. A comparative acceptability and tolerance study factors such as high temperature, loss of moisture, time, and of two blended foods in Haiti. Food and Nutrition Bulletin exposure to sunlight decrease the quality of inoculants by 5(3):23-34. Oct. [38 ref] reducing the number of viable rhizobia bacteria” (p. 1). • Summary: One of the foods is modified corn-soy-milk, a “A total of 160 IISE units were set to cooperators in sweetened version of the leading US Food for Peace (PL tropical and subtropical countries.” 76 of these were 48) blended food, which contains defatted toasted soy flour returned by cooperators, as requested, to the INTSOY and non-fat cow’s milk. The study was conducted in Haiti, laboratory in Puerto Rico. The quality of the inoculant, mainly among preschool age children. Both foods were well which initially contained 1.0 x 109 [=1 billion] R. japonicum accepted, however, at present, glandless cottonseed flour is cells per gram, decreased during shipment. “The rhizobia not economically competitive with soy flour Address: 1. population in 88 percent of the samples decreased to a level Dep. of Food Science and Nutrition, Olivet Nazarene between 1.0 x 107 [=10 million] and 9.9 x 109 [=90.9 College, Kankakee, Illinois, USA; 2. Grace Children’s million] cells per gram. However it was estimated that a Hospital, International Child Care, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; 3. granular soil inoculant with a population of 1.0 x 107 cells Dep. of Food and Feed Engineering; 4. Food Products per gram would deliver more rhizobia than would a seed- Research Engineering and Development Lab. Both Last:

Southern Regional Research Center, USDA, New Orleans, Dominican Republic #504. 2 p. Louisiana. • Summary: “Problem: In 1978 African swine fever forced eradication of the Dominican Republic’s swine. The 366. Plenty. 1983. Plenty Caribbean Project report rebuilding program [which started in 1981] was hampered (Brochure). Summertown, Tennessee: Plenty. 12 p. Dec. 28 by poor grower education, shortage of animal scientists, and cm. threat of disease reoccurrence. Fewer hogs meant less • Summary: “Plenty USA began to research the Caribbean demand for soybean meal, the major protein in swine island nations to our south in early 1982. Plenty Canada rations. agreed to a joint project, and the wheels began to turn. We “Program: ASA consultants worked with producers to contacted some friends in Europe who owned a 105' sailing rebuild the swine population. Specialists conducted ship, the ‘Fri.” seminars and feeding trials.” Address: St. Louis, Missouri. “In October 1983, directors from Plenty followed up their research with a three-week visit to six of the poorest 370. Dathe, Wilfried; Lopez, Reynaldo; Sembdner, Gunther. Caribbean islands... Choosing from among projects that 1983. Presencia, metabolismo y funcion de las fitohormonas Plenty has undertaken in other parts of the globe, the durante la floracion y fructificacion en leguminosas de Integrated Soy Project was by far the one most often grano, especialmente en la soya [The presence, metabolism, requested by the islanders.” On 15 May 1983 a sailing ship and function of phytohormones during flowering and named Fri was dispatched from St. Augustine, Florida, to fructification of grain legumes, especially soybeans]. visit the islands with 96 crates of tools, equipment, and Havana, Cuba: Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. 52 p. 24 cm. food. It stopped in ports at Barbados, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, [224 ref. Spa; ger; eng] Dominica, Antigua, and Haiti, before finally returning to • Summary: This review summarizes the literature on Florida on August 19. There is now a soy project in St. indigenous plant hormones (gibberellins, cytoquinins, Vincent. auxins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and other growth inhibitors) Photos show: (1) Six black members of the Tirocher isolated, with their structures elucidated, from flowers and Society standing outside their building. “Using seed fruits of the different leguminous species. “The pattern and provided by Plenty, members of a co-op in St. Lucia are localization of the biosynthesis and metabolism of all native trying to break the monocrop mold by growing soybeans hormone components are discussed with respect to their and vegetables.” (2) The Plenty office crew in Tennessee, possible function in the regulation of the flowering including Albert Bates, David Purviance, Patrick Thomas, processes.” In addition, the knowledge of fruit abscission in and Stephen Gaskin. A form invites donations for several legumes and on the monocarpic senescence, especially in projects including “Soyfoods development in the Caribbean soybean, is presented. Address: 1, 3. Institut fuer Biochemie islands.” Plenty is a non-profit international development der Pflanzen, Halle, Germany; 2. Instituto de corporation. (3) Plenty’s Village Technology Center in Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical Lesotho. Its electricity is provided by a panel of solar cells. Alejandro de Humboldt, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Address: 156 Drakes Lane, Summerton, Tennessee 38483. 371. Fernández, Modesto; Ortega, José. 1983. 367. Product Name: [Lecithin]. Comportamiento de cultivares de soya (Glycine max) frente Foreign Name: Lecithin. a los nematodos parasitos del arroz y del tobacco Manufacturer’s Name: Societe d’Exploitation [Performance of soya bean varieties infected with parasitic d’Oleagineux (SODEXOL, S.A.M.). nematodes of rice and tobacco]. Ciencias de la Agricultura Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 13460, Delmas, Port (Cuba) No. 14. p. 37-44. [6 ref. Spa; eng] au Prince, Haiti. • Summary: Describes a glasshouse trial to test some Date of Introduction: 1983. soybean cultivars against parasitic nematodes of tobacco New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1983. p. and rice. Of the soybean cultivars grown in a soil infested 58. Note: This is the earliest known commercial soy product with parasitic rice nematodes, INIFAT V-7 and Tropicana 33 made in Haiti. were attacked the least. Address: 1. INIFAT (Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical), 368. Vidal, M. 1983. Soja: comment accelerer la selection? Havana, Cuba. [Soyabean: how to speed up selection?]. Bulletin CETIOM No. 83. p. 10. [Fre]* 372. Food Engineering.1984. These tasty frozen desserts Address: INRA, Montpellier, France. can be high protein: Frozen desserts are reformulated to double the protein at much less cost. You can cut calories, 369. American Soybean Assoc. 1983. Soybeans spell swine too. And with good taste. Jan. p. 49. success for Dominican Republic. Checkoff Successfile.

• Summary: Dr. L. Steven Young is Manager of Product (For the year 1979): Belize, Pakistan, Turkey, Vietnam. Applications for ADM Foods (1825 N. Laramie, Chicago, Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Feb. 2006) Illinois 60639). He has used Ardex Isolated Soy Proteins concerning soybeans in Guinea-Bissau, or the cultivation of and Cornsweet 55 (55% high fructose corn syrup) and soybeans in Guinea-Bissau. vegetable oils to replace the milk protein, lactose and This document contains the earliest date seen for sucrose, and butterfat in traditional ice cream. The new soybeans in Guinea-Bissau, or the cultivation of soybeans in products can have twice the protein of standard ice cream at Guinea-Bissau (21 May 1981). Sixteen varieties were tested less cost. A good example of how ADM’s formulations can at Granja Prabis, Bissau. ICA Tunia gave the highest yield, succeed is in the Trinidad School Lunch Program. Young 1,225 kg/ha. reports: “They’re using a product that is actually a soy Note 2: This document contains the second earliest date protein fortified milk made with MSNF (milk solids not seen (Feb. 2006) for the cultivation of soybeans in Brunei fat), vegetable oil, isolate, and sweetener.” This lower cost (19 May 1981). Sixteen varieties were tested at Biray product has all the nutrition of milk and twice the protein. Research Station by cooperator W.T.H. Peregrine. UFV-1 gave the highest yield, 2,577 kg/ha. 373. Margarida, Jose. 1984. Re: Interest in making tofu and Note 3: This is the earliest document seen (Feb. 2006) soymilk commercially in Puerto Rico. Letter to William that describes soybean variety trials in Bhutan. On 30 April Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Feb. 8. 1 p. Typed, with 1980 sixteen varieties were planted under the supervision of signature on letterhead. Mr. Heinz Burgin at the Rural Development Project • Summary: “I am very interested in starting a tofu and Demonstration Farm, Bumthang, Bhutan. DeSoto gave the soymilk facility to serve Puerto Rico, Latin America, and highest yield, 729 kg/ha. The source of all these soybeans the Caribbean. was INTSOY for ISVEX trials. “Many of these Caribbean islands represent an ideal showcase to demonstrate the versatility and logic of 375. Tropical Agriculture Research Series.1984. General soyfoods to solve the world hunger problem and the discussion: H.E. Kauffman, chair. No. 17. p. 162-66. malnutrition-poverty trap. It’s an ideal showcase because International Symposium on Soybean in the Tropics and many of these islands are not dominated by U.S. food Subtropics. industry interests and therefore you don’t have to “fight” the • Summary: Participants in this discussion include: powerful meat and dairy lobbies to introduce new Bhatnagar, Sumarno, Trikha, Sadikin, Rahman, Galal, Al alternatives.” Jibouri, Lampang, Shanmugasundaram. Gotoh. Address: He then asks four questions. William Shurtleff replied INTSOY. and sent him a list of 51 names connected with soyfoods and soybeans in the Caribbean. It is not known if he ever 376. Bahrenfus, J.B.; Fehr, W.R. 1984. Registration of started a commercial business / shop. Address: Compostela Lakota soybean. Crop Science 24(2):384-85. March/April. 1804, College Park, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00921. Phone: [1 ref] (809) 758-4983. • Summary: Lakota, registration no. 171, was developed by the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment 374. Jackobs, Joseph A.; Smyth, C.A.; Erickson, D.R. 1984. Station and Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station. It International soybean variety experiment: Eighth report of was released because of its high yield and resistance to iron- results, 1980-1981. INTSOY Series No. 26. xi + 234 p. Feb. deficiency chlorosis on calcareous soil. Address: Dep. of (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). Agronomy, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011. Research • Summary: In the ISVEX trials, soybeans were tested in Associate II; 2. Professor, Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State the following regions and countries: (For the years 1980/ Univ., Ames, Iowa. 1981): Algeria, Argentina, Azores, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Burundi, Cameroon, Chile, China 377. Fehr, W.R.; Bahrenfus, J.B.; Walker, A.K. 1984. [actually AVRDC, Shanhua, Taiwan], Colombia, Costa Registration of Vinton 81 soybean. Crop Science 24(2):384. Rica, Czechoslovakia, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji March/April. [2 ref] Islands, French Guiana, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea- • Summary: Registration no. 170. The soybean variety Bissau, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Korea, Lesotho, Liberia, Vinton 81 was developed by the Iowa Agriculture and Libya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Home Economics Experiment Station, the Puerto Rico Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, New Caledonia, Pakistan, Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Ohio Agricultural Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Research and Development Center. It is a large-seeded Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, variety similar to Vinton, except that it has resistance to Surinam, Tanzania, Thailand, Turkey, United States, Upper races t-3 and 6-9 of phytophthora rot (caused by Volta, Uruguay, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Phytophthora megasperma)–to which Vinton is susceptible.

Vinton 81 is also more sensitive to injury from the herbicide “Tofu Time will continue its existing distribution metribuzin. Vinton is a “specialty cultivar” which contains agreements with Paradise Distributors in California and about 45% protein; 100 seeds weigh 22 gm. The line Hawaii and with W.R.A. Distributing, Inc. in Florida, originated from the cross Harosoy x Higan made by the according to Davis Mintz, Tofu Time president and USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and the chairman of the board.” Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. Seed color: Dull yellow with a yellow hilum. Maturity: Group I. Best 381. Mwangi, -. 1984. The Jamaica nutrition project. Yard adapted to approximately 42-44º N Latitude. Roots Reports (Oakland, California). Sept. p. 4-5. “Breeder seed of Vinton 81 was distributed to the • Summary: The author is working to raise $100,000 to foundation seed organization in Iowa for planting in 1981. develop a soy dairy in Jamaica to make tofu, soy-burgers, Breeder seed will be maintained by the Iowa Agriculture tempeh, soy milk, ice cream, mayonnaise and other products and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames.” Address: from soy beans. The Afrobean Foundation in Kingston is 1. Prof. and research associate II, Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa also interested in this idea. Two groups in Jamaica will find State Univ., Ames, IA 50011. soy products useful in their diet. First, the more than 100,000 Rastafarians, most of whom are attempting to 378. Saenz de Rodriguez, Carmen A. 1984. Environmental pursue a vegetarian diet. Second, Jamaicans of Chinese hormone contamination in Puerto Rico. New England J. of descent who have traditionally used soy products. “Most of Medicine 310(26):1741-42. June 28. [6 ref] the imported soybeans today are mainly used for making oil • Summary: In the past 5 years, thousands of very young and for poultry and pig feed.” Readers are asked to send boys and girls have developed breasts, and little girls have donations to Caribbean Media and Community Resources, started their menstrual periods much too early because of Inc. in Oakland, California. Address: Caribbean Media and unusually high levels of growth-promoting hormones Community Resources, Inc., 314 17th Street #188, Oakland, (estrogens) in the meats they’ve been fed. Address: De California 94612. Phone: (415) 536-3031. Diego Hospital, Santurce, Puerto Rico. 382. Pluncknett, Donald L.; Blase, M.G.; Campbell, T.A. 379. Larcher, Jacques; Aubin, J.-P.; Rouanet, G. 1984. Soya: 1984. Amaranth: Modern prospects for an ancient crop. possibilities of development in the ACP countries. Courier Washington, DC: National Academy Press. vii + 80 p. 23 (The): Africa-Caribbean-Pacific–European Community No. cm. Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee 86. p. 59-61. July/Aug. [Eng; Fre] on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and • Summary: Note 1. The 64 ACP countries are in Africa, the Technology for International Development, Office of Caribbean, and the Pacific. Note 2. This article was also International Affairs, National Research Council, National published in issue no. 86 of the French-language edition of Academy of Sciences. this periodical Courrier (Le): Afrique-Caraïbes-Pacifique– • Summary: Contents: Introduction. The plants. Production. Communauté Européenne (July/Aug. p. 59-61). The French Grain amaranths. Vegetable amaranths. Research needs. title was: Le soja dans le monde: Ses possibilités de Appendixes: A. Selected readings. B. Research contacts. C. développement dans les États ACP. Germplasm collections and commercial seed suppliers. D. Contents: Introduction. Origins and expansion. Present Biographical sketches of panel members. production. Soya and its uses. Special interest of soya as a “In pre-Columbian times grain amaranth was one of the source of protein. Drawbacks of soya. Soya as an answer to basic foods of the New World–nearly as important as corn malnutrition in the developing world. Possibilities of and beans. Thousands of hectares of Aztec, Inca, and other developing soya-growing in the ACP states (incl. the work farmland were planted to the tall, leafy, reddish plants. of IRAT, IRHO, and IITA). Photos show two fields of Some 20,000 tons of amaranth grain were sent from 17 soybeans being grown by mechanized techniques in provinces to Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City) in Madagascar. Address: Researchers at IRAT (Tropical annual tribute to the Aztec emperor Montezuma... A century Agriculture and Food Crop Research Inst.), France. ago, the soybean, sunflower, and peanut were considered unworthy of concentrated research. Today, they are among 380. Whole Foods Source Directory.1984. Tofu Time signs the world’s most important crops. Amaranth, too, could rise with Balanced Foods. 1984-85. to universal prominence. • Summary: “Tofu Time, Inc. of Brooklyn, New York, has “Three species of the genus Amaranthus produce large announced an agreement with Balanced Foods, Inc. of seedheads loaded with edible seeds. Amaranthus Ridgefield, New Jersey, to distribute Tofu Time’s soft-serve hypochondriacus and Amaranthus cruentus are native to Tofutti frozen dessert throughout the United States and Mexico and Guatemala; Amaranthus caudatus is native to Puerto Rico. Balanced has a network of an estimated 7,500 Peru and other Andean countries... health food stores in the 50 states.

“With a protein content of about 16 percent, amaranth in the rural town of St. Ann’s Bay. Plenty has tried to grow seed compares well with the conventional varieties of wheat soybeans on the old Richmond Landowvery sugar estate but (12-14 percent), rice (7-10 percent), maize (9-10 percent), without much success. Joan has done soybean cookery and other widely consumed cereals. Amaranths began demonstrations. Address: Caribbean Media and Community attracting increased research attention in 1972 when Resources, Inc., 314 17th Street #188, Oakland, California Australian plant physiologist John Downton found that the 94612. Phone: (415) 536-3031. seed also contains protein of unusual quality. It is high in the amino acid lysine.” 384. Lehrer, Marvin. 1984. Jamaica: No. 1 Caribbean One exciting potential of amaranth grain lies in its high market for U.S. soybeans. Foreign Agriculture. Oct. p. 21. protein content as compared with other grains: Amaranth • Summary: Because of the strong demand for poultry meat, 16% (mean; range 12-19%), rye 13% (range 9-18%), oats Jamaica was the No. 1 market for U.S. soybeans in the 12% (range 7-23%), barley 10% (range 8-21%), wheat 10% Caribbean last year. Imports rose to a record 70,000 tons in (8-19%), corn 10% (range 8-17%), rice 7% (range 7-10%). 1983. Jamaica Soy Products Industries (JSPI) is the Another virtue is the high content of lysine and methionine, country’s sole soybean crushing plant. Address: Agricultural two essential amino acids. The lysine content of amaranth is Attaché, Santo Domingo. 0.82%, compared with oats (the next highest grain) 0.5%, rye 0.4%, barley 0.4%, wheat 0.36%, rice 2.8%, and corn 385. Trinidad and Tobago Review.1984. The “noble bean” 2.5%. in the Caribbean. Oct. p. 27. “Vegetable amaranths: Seed is not the only nutritious • Summary: “On the main road about 1 mile south of the product from the versatile amaranth. The leaves also are heart of Roseau between Dominica’s western slopes and the rich in protein as well as in vitamins and minerals... shoreline is the Plenty Canada Soya Shop (a photo of which Although virtually unlisted in agricultural statistics, is shown). After only a week opening in Newtown, this vegetable amaranths may actually be the most popularly unusual take-away outlet sells out of accras and [soy] ice- grown vegetable crop in the tropics. cream nearly every day.” Each morning the staff prepares “In the hot, humid regions of Africa, Southeast Asia batches of soyamilk. which is “used to make ice-cream and (especially Malaysia and Indonesia), southern China, Tofu (soyabean cheese) and some is reserved to be sold as southern India, and the Caribbean, amaranth species such as milk while the presscake [okara] is combined with tofu, Amaranthus tricolor, Amaranthus dubius, and Amaranthus wholewheat flour and seasonings to prepare the delicious cruentus are grown as soup vegetables or for boiled salad and popular fried accras. The shop opens at one o’clock and greens (potherbs). In North American deserts, where serves a steady stream of customers until eight, unless summers are too hot for lettuce or cabbage production, stocks run out.” Amaranthus palmeri has long been a major wild green Plenty Canada’s representatives arrived on Dominica in among Indians. In Greece, boiled Amaranthus blitum leaves response to requests from local people. “With the co- have been a favorite salad (called vleeta) since the days of operation of the government they have demonstrated simple Homer... home-scale soyafoods preparation in local areas and “Leading amaranth’s development is the Rodale conducted soyabean seed trials. The initial interest in Research Center near Emmaus, Pennsylvania, where more soyafoods was enough to encourage them to set up shop in than a thousand different accessions collected from all parts central Roseau, grinding the beans at first by hand in a of the world are being bred, grown, and evaluated.” cocoa mill. As the business grew they needed more Address: Washington, DC. production space and more contact with local people on a ‘grass roots’ level as the shop was intended primarily as a 383. Yard Roots Reports (Oakland, California).1984. Plenty training situation. Since the move to Newtown a Dominican in Jamaica. Sept. p. 6-7. couple are planning to re-open the original premises as a • Summary: In the summer of 1982 the author (whose name second soya shop, Creole-style. is not given) went to Jamaica armed with a package of “Plenty’s soya project is staffed by three volunteers information on soy beans. “My dream then was to develop a from Canada and the USA, who receive only subsistence, soy-dairy in St. Ann’s Bay, Jamaica, to produce tofu, soy and five wage-earning Dominicans who are learning to milk, and ice bean [soymilk ice cream].” There was little manage the shop. They have requests for soya shops in interest among Jamaican Rastafarians (Rastas). other parts of the island... After returning to California, in March 1984 he met “Plenty brought in an initial supply of soyabeans from David and Joan Dixon of Oakland, California. They told North America and are now supplying seed to two groups of him about Plenty, a relief organization run by The Farm in local farmers who are keen to grow for the shop... The shop Tennessee, and their work with Plenty to introduce soyfoods is beginning production of Tempeh, a cultured soya food to Jamaica. Plenty is now attempting to establish a soy dairy from Indonesia.”

Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document • Summary: In the ISVEX trials, soybeans were tested in seen (Feb. 2004) that uses the term “soyabean cheese” to the following countries: (For the year 1982) Afghanistan, refer to tofu. Azores, Bangladesh, Burma, Cameroon, Chile, China Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document (Taiwan, ROC), Colombia, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, seen (Aug. 2002) that uses the term “Noble Bean” in the Ecuador, Egypt, French Guiana, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, title to refer to the soybean. Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Korea, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, New Caledonia, 386. New Chronicle. The Conscience of the Nation New Hebrides, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Paraguay, Portugal, (Dominica, West Indies).1984. Soy foods available. Nov. 30. Puerto Rico, Reunion, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, • Summary: Today Nathalie Andrew is opening “Soy Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Thailand, Turkey, United Kweyol,” a take away health oriented catering service in the States, Uruguay, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, heart of Roseau, Dominica. All of her foods are made from Zimbabwe. soybeans, and are homemade. A photo shows Nathalie (For the year 1981) Australia, Rwanda. serving a beverage from her shop window. “Soy beans, it has been discovered, can now be grow locally. Farmers in 389. Plenty News (Summertown, Tennessee).1984. The view areas like La Plaine have successfully produced their first from ten years [History of Plenty, 1974-1984]. 4(2):1-12. crop of beans and have already begun preparations for Fall/Winter. planting a second crop. The seeds which take three months • Summary: Discusses the history of Plenty’s work with to grow can be obtained from the ‘Plenty’ Office in Victoria soyfoods in Guatemala, Lesotho, Jamaica, Dominica, and Street, New Town.” Address: Dominica. St. Lucia. Contains many nice photos. Note: By the spring of 1982 soybean trials had been 387. Soyanews (Sri Lanka).1984. Plenty study team in Sri started in Lesotho and a Village Technology Center, Lanka. 7(3):1, 7. Nov. including a soy dairy, was nearing completion. • Summary: “A three-member team from Plenty Canada arrived in Sri Lanka at the end of last month to study the 390. Geoffroy, F.; Lavigne, P. de; Mahe, Y.; Saminadin, G.; impact of the country’s Soyabean Development Program. Paul, U.B.C. 1984. Utilisation de l’ensilages de dechets de The members are Suzy Jenkins Viavant, Soya Development conserverie d’ananas pour l’engraissement d’agneaux et de Consultant, Maya Shearer, Nutrition Consultant and Larry taurillons [Use of silage made from pineapple canning McDermott, Director of Plenty Canada. wastes in the fattening of lambs and calves]. Revue “Plenty Canada, like its American counterpart, Plenty d’Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux International is a non-profit, non-governmental, relief and 37(3):326-330. [8 ref. Fre; eng; spa]* development organisation engaged in increasing self- Address: Station de recherches Zootechniques, Centre sufficiency in developing countries through appropriate INRA Antilles Guyane, 97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, village technologies... French West Indies. “Sri Lanka’s Soyabean Development Program has attracted the attention of CIDA, the Canadian International 391. Product Name: [Soymilk]. Development Agency, which has commissioned this team Foreign Name: Leche de Soya. from Plenty to make a study of the current state of the soya Manufacturer’s Name: Instituto de Investigaciones Para foods introduction program with an eye to improvements at la Industria Alimenticia (IIIA–Food Industry Research grass roots level.” Institute (FIRI)). A photo shows Shearer and McDermott tasting soymilk Manufacturer’s Address: Carretera al Guatao KM 3.5, La ice cream. Plenty plans to use this type of ice cream to help Lisa, Ciudad de Habana, Cuba. introduce soyfoods to Sri Lanka. The Plenty team will end Date of Introduction: 1984. their visit to Sri Lanka near the end of this month. Ingredients: Water, soybeans, sugar. A letter from Chuck Haren on page 7 states that he is New Product–Documentation: Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro; currently operating a Soy Training Center at Roseau, Ortega, Alberto. 1996. “Recent history of soyfoods in Commonwealth of Dominica, in the West Indies. Plenty is Cuba.” Part I (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 9. now also operating soy development programs in Lesotho, Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. This Jamaica, and St. Lucia. phase of Cuba’s work with soyfoods began in early 1984, when Fidel Castro obtained a Mechanical Cow from Brazil. 388. Jackobs, J.A.; Smyth, C.A.; Erickson, D.R. 1984. It had been developed d in Sao Paulo, Brazil, by Dr. International soybean variety experiment: Ninth report of Roberto H. Moretti of Vanguarda Mecanica. Fidel has long results, 1982. INTSOY Series No. 27. xiv + 103 p. Dec. been interested in and concerned about food, nutrition, and (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). malnutrition worldwide, and especially in developing

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 124 countries. It was for this reason that he obtained a Address: Dep. Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Science, Mechanical Cow–which cost about $40,000. After 48 hours North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, North Carolina. without sleeping, Alvaro and his collaborators finished installing the Cow at the Food Industry Research Institute 396. Bromfield, Kenneth R. 1984. Soybean rust. American (FIRI). They began using it with much enthusiasm. One Phytopathological Society, 3340 Pilot Knob Rd., St. Paul, month later when the Brazilians arrived, they were to MN 55121. 65 p. Monograph No. 11. [124 ref] surprised to see it in operation, making soymilk and various • Summary: This monograph is one of the most important products. Ten copies of the Cow were soon made at Cuba’s contributions to the understanding of soybean rust. The Ministry of Mechanization. But despite much research and author reviews the importance of leaf rust in countries attempts to flavor the soymilk with various fruits, it where the disease occurs and gives detailed information for continued to have a strong beany flavor. Soymilk from the each country about when the disease and pathogen were Cow was first sold in 1984 at 15 outlets in Havana at non- first recorded. rationed dairy products stores in the “parallel market.” It The disease is caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow. was not well accepted by the Cuban people, who ended up Research on soybean rust... feeding it to their pets. The product was withdrawn after 1 Early reports on soybean rust in Asia include Japan to 2 years, but scientists at FIRI began a new project to 1902, India 1906, Taiwan 1914, and Philippines 1914. study soyfoods and flavor problems in greater depth. The section titled “The Americas” (p. 7) states: In the Americas, the soybean rust pathogen has been reported on a 392. Product Name: Soymilk, Tofu, Soy Ice Cream, Fried number of leguminous species as P. pachyrhizi or as one of Accras, or Tempeh. its synonyms, the most common being P. vignae. Countries Manufacturer’s Name: Plenty Canada Soya Shop. from which the pathogen has been reported and the year of Renamed Soy Development Center by 1987. first report are: Puerto Rico (1913), Mexico (1917), Cuba Manufacturer’s Address: Roseau, Dominica. (1926), Trinidad (1926), St. Thomas (1926), Colombia Date of Introduction: 1984. (1933), Guatemala (1940), Brazil (1940 as P. crotolariae, How Stored: Frozen. 1979 as P. pachyrhizi), Venezuela (1943), Chile (1962), and New Product–Documentation: Trinidad and Tobago Costa Rica (1976). Review. 1984. Oct. p. 27. “The ‘noble bean’ in the Note: Letter (e-mail) from Morris Bonde, USDA / ARS Caribbean. Accras (fritters), a traditional local food, are now Foreign Disease–Weed Science Research Unit. 2005. April made by mixing tofu and okara with wholewheat flour and 6. The rust reported on soybeans on all these Western seasonings, then frying. Hemisphere countries can be assumed to be Phakopsora Plenty Bulletin. 1987. Fall. p. 4. Note: This is the meibomiae. Address: USDA ARS, Plant Disease Research earliest known commercial soy product made in Dominica. Lab., Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21701.

393. Product Name: [Soy Flour, and Textured Soy Flour]. 397. Central Soya Company, Inc. 1984. Central Soya: Manufacturer’s Name: Societe d’Exploitation People and perspectives. P.O. Box 1400, Fort Wayne, IN d’Oleagineux (SODEXOL, S.A.M.). 46801-1400. 22 p. Manufacturer’s Address: Laffiteau, P.O. Box 13460, • Summary: This is part II of the company’s two-part Delmas, Port au Prince, Haiti. annual part on its 50th anniversary, celebrated on 2 Oct. Date of Introduction: 1984. 1984. Part II gives a detailed history of the company, titled New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1984. p. “Fifty Years of Growth.” Contents: The early years: Mr. 65. Mac [Dale W. McMillen, Sr.], a fascination for soybeans, Central Soya is born, the first of many breakthroughs 394. Suárez, F.R. 1984. Reseña bibliográfica sobre algunas [solvent extraction in 1941]. Post-war boom: Another enfermedades virosas de la soya, Glycine max [Current processing breakthrough [improved solvent extraction bibliography of some virus diseases of soybeans]. Reporte method in 1952], diversification begins [incl. acquisition of de investigación del Instituto de Investigaciones Glidden’s Chemurgy Division]. The second 25 years Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical, 16. 31 p. [Spa]* [starting in 1959]: Moving overseas [starting with Puerto • Summary: Peanut mottle virus (PnMV) was isolated from Rico feed plant in 1964], extending the food chain [starting naturally infected soybeans in Cuba. with the purchase of Fred’s Frozen Foods in 1970], food acquisitions, a food business milestone, feed acquisitions, 395. Wolcott, D.L.; Wolcott, T.G. 1984. Food quality and breakthrough after breakthrough. cannibalism in the red land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis. Central Soya today. Agribusiness group: Domestic feed Physiological Zoology 57(3):318-324. [32 ref]* division, international feed division, soybean processing division, grain merchandising division. Food Group:

Refined oil division, food subsidiaries (Fred’ Frozen Foods, Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Feb. J.H. Filbert, Butcher Boy Food Products, Zatarain’s, Inc.), 25. 1 p. transcript. chemurgy division. Central Soya Research: Decatur, • Summary: Bob used to work with cheese, butter and dairy Indiana; Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Fort Wayne, Indiana. products for Swift & Co. He recalls a nondairy frozen A future to share, by CEO Douglas G. Fleming. Location of dessert made with Promine D [from Central Soya]. “In Central Soya facilities. Address: Fort Wayne, Indiana. about 1972 we sold it in Jamaica and tried unsuccessfully to get it into Mexico.” 398. Caribbean Contact.1984? Canadians experiment with soybean in Jamaica. 401. Kilgour, Christine. 1985. Re: Work with soyfoods for • Summary: In Jamaica, Plenty Canada is “conducting an Plenty Canada in St. Lucia. Letter to William Shurtleff at integrated soy foods programme involving the growing of Soyfoods Center, March 6. 2 p. Handwritten on Plenty soybeans and other food crops and the introduction of letterhead. With envelope from St. Lucia. soyfoods such tofu, soy milk, and tempeh to householders. • Summary: “Having received my ‘soy training’ [at The The project, which began in Sept. 1983, is currently Farm] in Tennessee, I’m out in the field now sharing the assisting over 40 farmers in the growing of soybeans... and knowledge. My husband John and I are living in St. Lucia..., has produced soy foods at nearly 30 demonstrations to well where Norman & Sarah Ayerst have been doing a soy over a thousand Jamaicans.” Plenty has conducted variety project. I recently saw a couple of letters you exchanged trials for over 200 varieties of soybeans with the Hillside with Edward Sierra on The Farm and wondered if we could Farmers Association. “Plenty is working with six schools in get in on your offer of a book or two on soyfoods... St. Ann parish to supply materials and training for “Soy, or ‘soya’ as we say in the Caribbean, is catching establishing school gardens. The produce from these on like wildfire. What would we do without our old copy of gardens will be used in the school lunch programmes... The Book of Tofu or our wonderful new copy of Tofu & “Generally, two types of demonstrations are provided. Soymilk Production! Apart from the text, Akiko’s drawings First the people are shown how to cook with tofu and soy are great. I’ve always admired her sure, fine hand. I’ve milk and are given samples of the foods prepared. In the enclosed my only U.S. dollar to help out with postage on a second demonstration, the actual production of these return letter–Sincerely, Christine Kilgour. products is shown, and instruction sheets provided... “P.S. We learned a new (to us) soyfood here from a “Plenty Canada is currently seeking funding from the Guyanese lady; she calls it tokara [tofu with the okara]. Canadian International Development Agency for a three Curding the slurry all at once, then strain it. (No one wants year extension of the project in Jamaica. During this time, a to throw away the pulp or course.) This uses the whole small production facility for soy foods will be set up, bean, one less step than tofu. When seasoned up nicely, it nutritional study and training undertaken, and further school can be fried, deep-fried, and is a tasty (similar in taste) lunch programmes developed... replacement for what they call here an ‘accra’–usually done “Plenty Canada is also conducting projects in Antigua, with salt fish. How long would you say to boil the slurry Dominica, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent in the Caribbean and before curding the whole thing–for good digestibility– Lesotho in Southern Africa.” remember it then gets fried after as well. We usually (boil) do it about 30 min. Sarah was doing it for an hour in 399. Sierra, Edward. 1985. Re: Norman and Sara Ayerst in Dominica, just to be sure. I’m interested in your opinion.” Dominica, West Indies. Letter to William Shurtleff at Address: c/o Plenty, General Post Office, Castries, St. Soyfoods Center, Jan. 24. 1 p. Typed, with signature on Lucia, West Indies. Plenty letterhead. • Summary: Norman and Sara [sic, Sarah] are in Dominica 402. Lee, Judith Fox. 1985. [Plenty Canada has been working with the Rastas, c/o Plenty, 43 Victoria St., Roseau, expanding its work...] (Brochure). Lanark, ONT, Canada: Commonwealth of Dominica, West Indies. Edward requests PLENTY Canada. 4 p. March. [Eng] more information on soyfoods. Address: Lanark, ONT, Canada. Note: Years ago Edward hosted William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi when they visited The Farm in Tennessee. 403. Praskin, Laurie Sythe. 1985. New developments at The They stayed at “Hoot Owl Hollow.” Address: Plenty USA, Farm and with Plenty (Interview). Conducted by William P.O. Box 90, Summertown, Tennessee 38483. Phone: (615) Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, April 15. 3 p. transcript. 964-3992. • Summary: Laurie has just returned from a Plenty Board of Directors meeting at The Farm in Tennessee. Only 300 400. Anderson, Bob. 1985. Work with Swift & Co., Grain people are living there now–it has a deserted feeling. But Processing Corp., and non-dairy frozen desserts (Interview). the Plenty meeting was good. Plenty is doing some excellent work with soyfoods in the Caribbean (especially

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 126 on Dominica), and in Lesotho. There were color slides identify the exact varieties suited for Dominica but I think shows of each program. Their soy dairies there are selling we have made a good start and many Dominicans are now soyfoods. participating in the program. The Farm Soy Dairy in Tennessee is now run by Ron “We opened our initial Soya Shop in downtown Roseau Maxen and Michael Lee. They sell 100 lb/week of tofu, half (the Capital pop. 12,000) in May of 1984. Originally, we of it off The Farm in 1-gallon plastic bags that hold 5 cakes produced soymilk and tofu which we incorporated into each, or in tubs. On The Farm it sells for $0.90/lb. Off The popular local recipes. A fritter that was tofu/okara/bean Farm it sells for $0.75/lb in bulk or $0.85 in tubs. Their based became a very big hit in town and surpassed our yield averages 2 lb of firm tofu from 1 lb of soybeans. They expectations of immediate interest in soyfoods. A sandwich do all their own distributing. They also make 150 gallons/ spread based on tofu/okara and 50% local vegetables was week of soymilk sold as such plus another 4,500 to 5,000 also very popular–and of course the soy based ice cream gallons/month for ice bean (2 runs a month). Twice a month (especially peanut flavour) is very popular. they load it into a milk truck and ship to an ice cream “From the original shop, we moved to the edge of company near Memphis. Also 15-20 gallons/week of soy town–the most densely populated area of Dominica–to yogurt and 80-90 lb/week of tempeh is sold on The Farm. larger premises on the main road south–down the coast. The soy dairy in Lesotho is beautiful, housed in a Here we were able to expand our production facility and go traditional stone hut with a thatched roof. Inside are white more into training programs and wholesaling products. (We walls, a concrete floor, and drains. It is making a little do continue with the retail outlet using soyfoods in local soymilk and soymilk ice cream. It has a nice little Okita recipes.) stainless steel mill that runs off a generator and also a “A second soy shop has opened in Roseau called Soy bicycle-powered mill. They are also growing some soybeans Kweyol. This was opened by a woman who had previously now. Address: 17969 Oak Dr., Los Gatos, California 95030. worked with our program. Her name is Natalie Andrews and she has had a history of experimentation with soybeans/ 404. Ayerst, Norman. 1985. Re: Work with Plenty in soyfoods in Dominica. We are currently working with Dominica and Central America. Letter to William Shurtleff Natalie to produce flours from local produce (Natalie at Soyfoods Center, May 16. 3 p. Typed, with signature. initiated this project 5 yrs. ago)–cassava, banana, pumpkin, • Summary: “I received your message from Maya Shearer breadfruit etc. With these flours we are adding toasted and am glad to hear of your interest in our Caribbean soyflour to bring up the protein content and experimenting projects. Actually my wife [Sarah] and myself worked with tastes and recipes to see what the potential of soyflour mostly on the island of Dominica. We spent 18 months there is in Dominica. and returned to Canada on the 18th of Feb. ’85. “Through the Ministry of Education we have been able “We worked on an integrated soybean project similar to to set up a series of soyfoods preparation courses–for the the program that Laurie Praskin was involved in in home and small business. These courses are part of their Guatemala. My wife and I spent 6 months in Guatemala adult education program and summer school program. There during 1980 with Laurie and all. At that time, I was is some talk of the schools incorporating the preparation of responsible for the administration of the Solola Soy Dairy soyfoods into their home economics courses. from the Canadian end. “The Soya Shop has been purchasing any soybeans that “In Dominica we carried out the INTSOY variety trials farmers are growing, with most being resold or given away and then went on spacing trails, companion planting trials as seed stock. This is the cycle that we are working towards and various other trials to test the long-range capacity of being self perpetuating in the hands of Dominicans. We are soybean growth in Dominica. Some of these trials were working towards a number of small-scale farmers growing undertaken with the Government, some with the cooperative enough soybeans to supply the local market. farming groups and some with individual farmers. We were “I think that I have touched on the basic outline of the somewhat overwhelmed with the response of farmers eager soy aspects of the Dominican project–we also have been to try out soybeans–Dominica is a very agrarian society, by working on community development projects such as the way, and most people grow a portion of their own food. building an addition onto a small rural school, supplying a They are especially eager to find any new crops that can be school with lighting, building a breakwater with a sold on the local market–it is, overall, a very poor society. fishermen’s group etc - We have identified a few varieties that seem to be well “Plenty Canada has also undertaken an integrated suited for Dominica–one is R315. We obtained the original soybean project in St. Lucia, Jamaica, and Antigua. seed through the Intsoy programme and their seed “I have enclosed some articles and part of a report on originated in Cuba. It’s a very fast growing variety (90 days the Dominican project and hope that this gives you an idea to harvest) and seems to dry out well in the field even under of what we have been doing. I would appreciate receiving damp conditions. There is definitely more work to do to

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 127 any comments or further queries from you. I have a high regard for your tofu books and we have used them often. 407. Cianzio, S. Rodriguez de; Cavins, J.F.; Fehr, W.R. “My wife, Sarah, has become somewhat of an expert on 1985. Protein and oil percentage of temperate soybean soy cookery and nutrition over the past 15 years. She is very genotypes evaluated in tropical environments. Crop Science good at making soyfoods taste extremely delicious. The 25(4):602-06. July/Aug. [12 ref] initial success of our Soya Shop in Dominica can be • Summary: “Breeding for seed protein and soil content of attributed, to a great degree, to Sarah’s soy experience and soybean... genotypes adapted to temperate climates would the participation of some very enthusiastic Dominican require less time if selection could be practiced in tropical women. locations during the winter.” Soybeans were grown at “As far as the slides go, I am currently working on Isabela, Puerto Rico, and Ames, Iowa. This study found duplicating my originals. I am also making prints from “that plantings in tropical locations could be used negatives. When I have this completed I will let you know effectively to select for protein, oil and protein + oil and then perhaps we could make an arrangement whereby percentage among soybean lines adapted to temperate you can see them. environments.” Address: Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State “Thanks again for your interest, wishing you all the Univ., Ames, Iowa; Puerto Rico Agric. Exp. Station, best, Norman Ayerst.” Mayaguez, PR 00708. The letter ends with two handwritten addresses on page 3: (1) Noble Bean, c/o Allan & Susan Brown, R.R. 4, 408. Product Name: Soy Scream Ice Cream, Tofu, Soy MacDonald’s Corners, Ontario, Canada. Sarah [Ayerst] has Mayonnaise, Okara Burgers. been working with Allan & Susan since we returned from Manufacturer’s Name: Country Farmhouse Project. Dominica. (2) Norman’s home address. Renamed Country Farmhouse Lifeline by Fall 1987. Letter (e-mail) from Norman Ayerst. 2008. Aug. 3. “At Renamed Country Farmhouse Soya Products by 1989. the times we were working in Guatemala and Dominica, we Renamed Country Farmhouse Soya Products Co. Ltd. by were working for Plenty Canada–and Plenty Canada was in Aug. 1997. pretty close partnership with Plenty International on Manufacturer’s Address: Affiliate of the Country planning and executing the programs.” Address: 64 Oxford Farmhouse Lifeline, 12 Faulkner Ave., Duhaney Park, St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P1, Canada. Phone: 416-920- Kingston 20, Jamaica. Phone: 809-933-4617. 2668. Date of Introduction: 1985. September. New Product–Documentation: Plenty Bulletin 405. Plenty Canada. 1985. Plenty Canada project highlights (Summertown, Tennessee). 1986. Fall. p. 1-3. Jamaica Soy. (Brochure). Lanark, ONT, Canada. 6 p. June. The Country Farmhouse Project in Kingston, Jamaica is run • Summary: Includes discussions of Plenty Canada soy with the help of two Jamaican young people, Rasino projects in Sri Lanka, the Caribbean (Dominica, St. Lucia, D’Aguilar and his wife, Mohi. This small-scale cottage Jamaica), and Lesotho. On Dominica, within 6 months of industry, which has been in business for 1 year on a Plenty Canada setting up a Soy shop, one other successful shoestring budget, makes soy ice cream, tofu, soy Soy Shop (named Soy Kweyol) has been opened by a local mayonnaise, and a variety of okara burgers. Some of their Dominican who happened to be the first wholesale customer products are sold at a weekly market sponsored by the of the Plenty Soy Shop. On St. Lucia, a group of farmers at Jamaica Vegetarian Society. La Pelle succeeded in growing approximately 10 acres of Plenty Bulletin. 1987. Fall. p. 4. Two full time and two soyabeans. Denn Farm, a commercial farm, grew 5 acres of part time staff, working out of a tiny 5 x 30 foot shed on the soyabeans. back of a house, produce 150 lb of tofu a week for sale to On Jamaica, over 1,000 people received actual training restaurants and health food stores in Kingston. First listing in soybean processing over a 1-year period. Address: in Soya Bluebook. 1989. Country Farmhouse Soya Lanark, ONT, Canada. Products. Affiliate of The Country Farmhouse Lifeline. Same address shown above. Phone: 809-92-281 10-9. 406. McDermott, Lawrence. 1985. Plenty Canada’s work Products: Salads Delight salad dressing, soymilk, frozen with soybeans and soyfoods (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. desserts, tofu & tofu products, soy burgers, high protein soy Aug. 25. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods bread, tofu soysage. Center. Plenty International. 1994. Jan. A Guide to Growing and • Summary: An in-depth discussion of Plenty Canada’s Using Soybeans for Food. p. 30. This company, which work with soyfoods in Sri Lanka, Lesotho, and the makes fresh soyfoods, is now named Country Farmhouse Caribbean (Dominica, St. Lucia, Jamaica, Haiti, Antigua, Soy Products, located at 12 Faulkner Ave., Duhaney Park, and St. Vincent). Address: Executive Director, Plenty Kingston 20, Jamaica. Phone: 809-933-4617. Canada, ONT.

Talk with Marlon D’Aguilar, owner. 1996. May 20 • Summary: Continued: In 1975, Farm members started a (which see). company to promote the use of soybean products in the Talk with then letter from Marlon D’Aguilar. 1997. Aug. America diet. The company, named simply Farm Foods The letterhead states that the company is now named [Farm Food Company], began sales on the East Coast with “Country Farmhouse Soya Products Co. Ltd. Directors: full-fat soy flour (ground fresh on The Farm), TVP Marlon D’Aguilar, Elaine Lawson, Mrs. Winsome (texturized vegetable protein), Good Tasting Nutritional D’Aguilar, Keith Brown.” Yeast, split soybeans, and Tempeh Starter Kits (developed by Cynthia Bates and Dr. Lyon). In 1976, under the 409. Jackobs, Joseph A.; Smyth, C.A.; Erickson, D.R. 1985. management of Leticia Coate and Robert Tepper, Farm International soybean variety experiment: Tenth report of Foods began participating in national health food trade results, 1983. INTSOY Series No. 28. xiv + 113 p. Sept. shows. At the time, they were one of the only companies (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). representing soyfoods. Along with their packaged products, • Summary: In the ISVEX trials, soybeans were tested in they sold cookbooks and served free samples of tempeh, the following regions and countries (For the year 1983): TVP chili, and nutritional yeast crackers. Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Burma, Cameroon, “The products and recipes developed over the years led Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, to the publication of three cookbooks: The Farm Vegetarian Egypt, El Salvador, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Cookbook (1975) and Tofu Cookery (Oct. 1982), edited by Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Indonesia, Korea, Laos, Louise Hagler, and Tempeh Cookery (March 1984), edited Madagascar, Mali, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Pakistan, by Colleen Pride. These books made a major contribution in Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Saint westernizing recipes previously Oriental in origin. They Lucia, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, were available in all natural food stores throughout the Thailand, Turkey, United States, Upper Volta, Venezuela, country. Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. “The work with soy products on The Farm also inspired (For the year 1982): Brazil, Burma, Cuba, Italy, Peru, members to start two vegetarian restaurants; the Farm Foods Turkey, Zaire. Cafe [opened Aug. 1976], in San Rafael, California, In Dominica, on 19 Nov. 1983, with Plenty Canada managed by Robert Dolgin, was the first “soy deli” in the serving as the cooperator, 16 varieties of soybeans were United States. Everybody’s, located in Nashville, Tennessee planted at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Roseau. Jupiter [opened July 1980], was managed by Judd and Diane gave the highest yield, 676.8 kg/ha. Hoffman. “The acceptance by the public of Farm Foods Cafe was 410. Plenty Canada News (Lanark, Ontario, Canada).1985. overwhelming, and although it only operated from 1976 to St. Lucia soy shop opens. Oct. p. 2. 1977, it pioneered the path for many tofu delis that have • Summary: “Plenty’s soy shop/training centre in Castries, followed since. The unique characteristic of this deli was on the Caribbean island of St. Lucia, opened in July [1985] the tofu and tempeh shop producing fresh products located and became a success almost overnight. The centre trains in the rear of the store. The Farm Foods Cafe also became soy food technicians, develops recipes to fit traditional the first [sic] company to market a non-dairy ice cream tastes, and wholesales soy products to retail soyfood outlets. made from soybeans. This frozen dessert, marketed under It also provides a market for soybeans produced by local the name of ‘Farm Foods Ice Bean,’ is still being sold in farmers. health food stores nationwide. “Products of the centre, such as tofu, accras (soy “In 1977-78, The Farm Foods Cafe closed, and the soy fritters), and soy flour, are rapidly gaining popularity in St. processing equipment was moved to San Francisco. Farm Lucia. Food Company began wholesaling soy products throughout “The soy centre is part of an effort to introduce new California under the management of Robert Tepper. They sources of protein which are inexpensive and can be continued marketing Farm Foods Ice Bean, and added tofu produced locally. At present St. Lucia imports most of its salad [like eggless egg salad], ‘tofu cheesecake,’ a frozen protein foods.” soy yogurt dessert, and the first firm-pressed tofu to hit the A photo shows trainee Glen Moses standing in front of a California market. In 1980 it was decided to drop the motorized mill, which is grinding soaked soybeans to make perishable tofu business and concentrate on the nationwide tofu. Address: Plenty Canada, R.R. 3, Lanark, ON K0G distribution of Farm Foods Ice Bean. The plant in San 1K0, Canada. Francisco was closed, and large scale production began in a Memphis, Tennessee, dairy and ice cream factory. This new 411. Praskin, Laurie Sythe. 1985. The Farm soy history: An location gave the company easier access to East Coast overview. Document part II. Los Gatos, California. 10 p. distributors, and they soon established additional Dec. 1. Unpublished manuscript. [Eng] warehouses in Connecticut and California.

By 1984, under the management of Ron Maxin and Guatemala to help establish Plenty’s first international soy Michael Lee, the weekly production of The Farm Soy Dairy dairy/tofu shop. Other technicians who trained on the Farm [in Summertown, Tennessee] was 1,000 lb of tofu, 150 have gone on to help start soy programs with Plenty Canada gallons of soymilk, 20 gallons of soy yogurt, 20 gallons of in Lesotho (in Southern Africa, 1979-present), Jamaica soy ice cream, 400 ice cream sandwiches, and 90 lb of (1983-present), St. Lucia (1983-present), and Dominica tempeh. Today, the Soy Dairy produces an average of 5,000 (1984-present). gallons of soymilk a month for Farm Foods to use in Ice “Many of the people who lived on The Farm and trained Bean production. The soymilk is shipped by tanker truck to in the Soy Dairy or with Farm Foods have started their own the Ice Bean production plant [in Memphis], and the Farm soy companies or are working in underdeveloped countries. Soy Dairy also markets its products in Nashville and The common goal felt by all has been to provide healthful, Columbia, Tennessee. delicious foods for all people, rich and poor alike. Because “The Farm’s uniquely controlled vegetarian diet led to soybean products can be presented as gourmet dishes, yet two official studies of its effect on the children. In 1979, Dr. can also be prepared very simply, they continue to be Jeffrey Hergenrather, et al., conducted a study on the accepted by all classes of people.” Continued. Address: pesticide levels in the breast milk of vegetarian nursing 17969 Oak Dr., Los Gatos, California 95030. mothers on the Farm. He submitted a letter of his findings to the editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, March 412. Cianzio, Silvia Rodriguez de. 1985. Off-season 26, 1981. His letter challenged a previous article written by nurseries enhance soybean breeding and genetics programs. Rogan, et al, (New England Journal of Med. 1980) which In: R. Shibles, ed. 1985. World Soybean Research stated that ‘there are no obvious dietary predictors’ of Conference III: Proceedings. Boulder, Colorado: Westview chemical pollutant in human milk. Rogan went on to say Press. xxiii + 1262 p. See p. 329-36. [14 ref] ‘For certain fat-soluble chemicals, nursing infants can be • Summary: Contents: The nursery environment. Uses of regarded as living at the top of the food chain and are the nursery: Selection, hybridization and generation exposed to much more than background levels.’ Dr. advance. Conclusions. References. Address: Dep. of Hergenrather’s study included 12 women whose breast milk Agronomy, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011, and Dep. of was analyzed for 17 chemical substances. When compared Agronomy, Univ. of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR 00708. to the seven contaminants studied by Rogan, in all but one of the contaminants, which showed no difference in 413. García, Juan L.; González, L.A.; Pérez, F. 1985. contaminant levels, the milk of the vegetarian women had Incidencia de hongos del suelo en plántulas de soya lower levels of contamination. (Glycine max) en las zonas tabacaleras de Pinar del Río, “The second study was conducted by Jean Roberts Cuba [The incidence of soil fungi on soybean (Glycine Fulton in 1980 and was published in the Journal of the Max) seedlings in tobacco production areas of Pinar Del Rìo American Dietetic Association. She studied a group of the province, Cuba]. Ciencias de la Agricultura (Cuba) No. 25. Farm nursery school children and found their amino acid p. 23-28. [7 ref. Spa] and iron intake to be adequate. (The diet was low on calories, however.) 414. Hepperly, Paul R. 1985. Soybean anthracnose. In: R. “The innovative methods used by the Farm soy Shibles, ed. 1985. World Soybean Research Conference III: technologists inspired many groups and individuals to start Proceedings. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. xxiii + all over the world to train in the Farm Soy Dairy, and many 1262 p. See p. 547-54. [30 ref] who couldn’t come personally were encouraged through • Summary: Contents: Infection. Culture. Identification. correspondence. In 1977, Plenty, the non profit relief Distribution. Disease cycle and symptoms. Assay. Weeds. organization founded by the Farm, established an Control. Fungicides. Resistance. Prognosis. References. international training program whereby people from other Address: Assoc. Prof. of Plant Pathology, Dep. of Crop countries could come and train in soybean processes and Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of other technologies that The Farm had to offer. The Farm Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. Soy Dairy received its first trainees from Guatemala and Mozambique. 415. Perera, Eddy. 1985. Enfermedades de la soya “From the beginning days of the Farm Soy Dairy, the ensiembras de invierno en Nicaragua (1981) [Soybean technicians realized the value that soybeans could have in diseases affecting winter sowings in Nicaragua (1981)]. Third World countries. Eventually they were able to share Ciencias de la Agricultura (Cuba) No. 25. p. 14-22. [6 ref. their knowledge and training in the field of soybeans by Spa; eng] starting a dairy in an impoverished country. In 1979, Plenty • Summary: During the winter of 1981, the incidence, Canada and Plenty USA sent Farm Soy Dairy technicians distribution, and severity of attack of different diseases Laurie Sythe Praskin, Suzy Viavant and Richard Decker to affecting soybean production in three regions of Nicaragua

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 130 were inspected. Address: 1-2. Instituto de Investigaciones “At that time the TT$ was valued at TT$2.42 for Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical “Alejandro de US$1.00. In December of 1985 the TT dollar was devalued Humboldt”, de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba [Humboldt to TT$3.65 per US$1.00. Inst. of Fundamental Research on Tropical Agriculture, “Buying soy beans through the agricultural station has Academy of Sciences, Cuba]. been a profitable situation for me. “However the government agricultural station’s priority 416. Asgrow Seed Company. 1985? A growing part of your is to maintain seed stock to supply farmers and therefore farm future. Des Moines, Iowa: The Upjohn Company. 7 p. only grow a small quantity of beans, the surplus of which I Undated. 28 cm. purchased, approx. 1,000 lbs. This supply lasted me about • Summary: This booklet is undated. However it states (p. 4-5 months. (The government has attempted for years to 2) that “in 1984 we extended our commitment to interest local farmers to grow soy beans but have been improvement by joining forces with O’s Gold Seed unsuccessful.) Company.” So it was probably published in 1985 or 1986. “I then attempted to import soybeans once again from Contents: Introduction. Developing productive inputs Oak Feed through an import agency and by the time the for U.S. farmers: A leader in seed development, research U.S.$16, 50 lb. sacks of beans arrived in Trinidad the CIF and testing facilities, management information and technical price was TT$177.00. That shipment was purchased before support, seed quality means genetic and physiological the devaluation. I now find it impossible to import soy protection, farmer tested–farmer sold, a growing part of beans in this way. your farm future. “At this point in time my husband (he works for a Asgrow breeds corn, sorghum, and soybeans. “Today, computer company) and I are considering the possibility of soybean research centers are located in Redwood Falls, starting a soy food related business. Minnesota; Ames, Iowa; Oxford, Indiana; Stonington, “We write to you to hear your point of view;” Illinois; Marion, Arkansas; and Queenstown, Maryland. “Our National Flour Mills will be importing soy beans Winter research centers in Florida and Puerto Rico are used for making oil in October of 1986 and there is the to carefully increase parent seed and reduce variety possibility of buying beans from them.” Address: #5 Sunny development time.” Address: Subsidiary of The Upjohn Acres, off Sam Boucaud Rd., Santa Cruz, Trinidad, West Company, Des Moines, Iowa 50053. Indies.

417. Lee, Susan Hem. 1986. Re: History of making and 418. Kohn, Florrie. 1986. Soybeans to the rescue [in the selling tofu in Trinidad. Letter to William Shurtleff at Dominican Republic]. Oil Mill Gazetteer. Jan. p. 20. Soyfoods Center, Jan. 15. 2 p. Typed, with signature. Soybean Feature Service, widely syndicated. • Summary: “For two years or more I have been supplying Address: American Soybean Assoc., St. Louis, Missouri. tofu, single handedly, to various health food stores and individuals. On an average I have been producing 70-80 419. Plenty Canada. 1986. The Soya Centre (Calendar). pounds per week. I have also been producing tofu burgers Castries, St. Lucia. (approx. 10 doz. per week) as well as traditional Yuletide • Summary: This is the head of a calendar, 8½ by 11 inches. food known as pastels which is like the Mexican tamale. On the top three-fourths of the page is a large black-and- “I have been making tofu in our laundry room at home, white photo of the Soya Centre, looking from the outside in where counters and 2 large burners have been installed and I through two open doors–on each of which is written “Soya imported a one gallon Waring blender. I sell tofu at Beans” in large diagonal letters, above an illustration of a TT$6.50/lb. soya bean plant. Inside are about 10 local black people. On “I first became interested in making tofu as a vegetarian the back right is a food retail counter and snack bar, staffed mother. I was first taught how to make tofu by a visiting by several women. On the back wall is a blackboard with a English dietitian, then I read “The Book of Tofu” by price list and menu written on it in chalk. William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, and the final chapter On the bottom quarter, in large black letters is written entitled “Sending Tofu to the Four Directions” convinced “The Soya Centre” in an arch. A laughing Santa Claus on me I wanted to try to make tofu for a living. the left is holding the word “The.” Below the arch is written “Through Rex Lassalle (macrobiotic teacher), who was the Center’s address: “19 Grass St., Castries, St. Lucia. Tel: opening his macrobiotic shop and consultancy at this same 26421.” To the right of the arch is a line drawing of a dove, time, I was able to import organic soy beans from Oak and below it: “With the Compliments of Plenty Canada and Feeds, Miami at about TT$3.00/lb. Eventually I was able to the Staff of the Soya Centre.” The calendar itself is missing. purchase locally grown, government subsidized soy beans Talk with Maya Clarke of Ontario, Canada. 1998. June from the government agricultural station at approx. 25. Maya worked for 7 years as a nutritionist and soyfoods TT$1.30/lb. instructor/technician for Plenty Canada at this Soya Centre

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 131 in St. Lucia. She remembers this calendar well but does not local Seventh-day Adventists came to cooking classes at the have a copy. “There could possibly be one in the Plenty center, and Maya also taught classes in their churches, archives” at Lanark, but she is not too sure. Plenty made a schools, and homes. Maya remembers that one day a 13- calendar like this for two years, and this was the first of the year-old kid named Sooner knocked on the door of the two. It was designed by Plenty and printed in Castries (the Center at 7 o’clock in the morning and said to her: “I want capital city, by the person who prints The Voice newspaper) to know everything there is about soyfoods.” She happily in December 1985 and presented on 1 Jan. 1986 as a New invited him in, and began to teach him. For a while there Year’s gift to the Center’s popular customers and friends. was a “Comments Book” at the Centre; in it people wrote The calendar had a photograph as the head, then one page soy poems and soy songs–some of which Maya still has. for each month below. The soya bean plants on the two big At one time some 10-12 soyfoods businesses were doors were painted by a Rastafarian man named Papa. started in St. Lucia by local people who had first trained at Many of the people shown in the picture, the same as those Plenty Canada’s Soya Centre. About 6 of those businesses who came to the Centre, were Rastafarians, who are are still in operation. A good example is La Soyarie. The vegetarians (very important) and consider themselves reasons the others did not survive had nothing to do with members of the lost tribe of Israel. They esteem Marcus local acceptance of soyfoods; they failed largely for reasons Garvey, who they consider one of their forerunners. Note: related to money or business management skills. Webster’s Dictionary (1985) defines Rastafarian (derived St. Lucia is a very small (27 miles long) independent from Ras Tafari, the precoronation name of Haile Selassie), country; It was granted self-government by the British in a word first used in 1955, as “an adherent of 1967 and attained independence on 22 Feb. 1979. The Rastafarianism.” The latter word, first used in 1968, is population is about 160,000 (1998). About 90% of the defined as “a religious cult among black Jamaicans that population is of African descent, with a small minority of teaches the eventual redemption of blacks and their return to Europeans and a few Carib Indians. Bananas are the chief Africa, employs ritualistic use of marijuana, forbids the crop. The official language is English, but Creole is the cutting of hair [it is worn in long braids called dreadlocks language most widely spoken. It is largely an oral culture. (first used in 1960)], and venerates Haile Selassie as a god.” Note: This is the earliest calendar seen (Oct. 2001) that The Soya Centre, which was constructed specifically for mentions soy. Address: 19 Grass St., Castries, St. Lucia. this purpose by the team just before Maya (John Baranni Phone: 26421. and Christine Kilgour from Plenty with local labor), was located in the middle of a black ghetto in Castries, and there 420. Straight from the Mill (National Flour Mills, Ltd., were lots of social problems in the area. In the back of the Trinidad and Tobago).1986. Full steam as soya plant Centre was a soyfoods factory. The factory was used to train materialises. All about that wonder bean. 6(1):3-5. March. all the people who subsequently opened up soyfoods • Summary: Trinidad and Tobago’s first solvent extraction businesses in St. Lucia. “What went on with soyfoods in St. plant, owned by National Flour Mills Ltd. (NFM), is Lucia was very significant–much more so than what scheduled to begin operation in September 1986. happened in Jamaica, etc. At any given time, up to ten local people worked (for pay) at the Centre. The Centre was self- 421. Soybean Update.1986. Unfunded projects: The key to sufficient, so the money from the foods they sold went to future demand. April 21. p. 3. pay the workers. Two guys would start very early in the • Summary: This year the American Soybean Assoc. has morning (about 4:00 a.m.) to make soymilk and tofu. Then a identified 59 unfunded market expansion projects, crew of ladies would come in about 7:00 a.m. and use the including: soybean oil promotion in India, building tofu and soymilk to make second generation products from Taiwan’s dairy industry, boosting Dominican Republic’s soymilk, tofu, and okara–such as “bakes” (like a little swine industry, adding a regional office in Turkey. doughnut) and “accras” (like a fritter, in which the traditional salt cod was replaced by okara). The use of okara 422. Agricultural Research Centres: A world directory of made the products more affordable. Tempeh was made at organizations and programmes. 8th ed. 2 vols. 1986. Essex, time, but it did not catch on as well as tofu and soymilk, and England: Longman. 1138 p. 28 cm. it was somewhat hard to get the spores. “Tofu caught on • Summary: Vol. 1 is A to M, and Vol. 2 is N to Z. Within almost immediately “The local people just took it up; they each volume, the organizations are listed by country. There just seemed to know what to do with it.” Soymilk ice cream is a “title of establishments” index and a subject index. In was one of the most popular products. Soymilk, imported the subject index, under soya beans (p. 1134) we find soy flour, and okara were use to make little breads. Many listings for organizations that are conducting soybean people would bike or walk to the Centre to buy tofu in bulk research in the following countries: Australia (6), Belgium over the counter–which was also a snack bar. The Centre (1), Bolivia (1), Brazil (5), Burkina Faso (1), Cameroon (1), was both a business and an education/training center. Many Canada (4), French Overseas Departments (1) France (1),

Honduras (1), Indonesia (1), Mexico (1), Peru (1), Romania The levels for acceptance for soya and vegetarian food in (1), Sri Lanka (1), Swaziland (1), Taiwan (2), Thailand (2), T&T are high, due partly to the dietary codes of Hindus, United Kingdom (1), USA (4), Venezuela (1), Zambia (2), Adventists & Rastafarians and it is out of these groups that Zimbabwe (1). the majority of “health food” businesses have been formed.” Address: c/o Valdez, 21 Sun Valley Dr., La Pastora, Upper 423. Bailey, Simon. 1986. Notes on soya in Trinidad & Santa Cruz, Trinidad, West Indies. Tobago. Upper Santa Cruz, Trinidad, W.I. 2 p. June 1. Unpublished typescript. 424. Bailey, Simon. 1986. Re: Work with tofu and tempeh • Summary: “Soyabeans do not have a long history here. It in Trinidad. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, is not clear whether any of the indentured Chinese April 28. 1 p. Typed, with signature. immigrants coming to Trinidad about 150 years ago brought • Summary: “I hope you received my letter dated 11th any soya with them and there is certainly now no evidence March. I didn’t receive a reply yet so am writing again in of cultivation on any considerable scale by the Chinese the meantime. community.” “I’m British and since mid-1984 have been in Trinidad There seem to have been two soyabean experiments by Cooking natural foods and beginning to make tempeh on a the Ministry of Agriculture. The first [in 1913] failed from small scale. In conjunction with tofu producer, Susan Lee poor management. The second, “initiated and originally Hem, I am seeking to communicate more about soyafoods, funded by the Government of West Germany, included improve and increase production of tempeh and act as a variety trials at the Chaguaramas Agricultural Development focus for farmers interested in growing beans in Trinidad. I Project (ADP) and has resulted in the annual maintenance would like to receive information about establishing a of germplasm for the varieties Pelican Improved & Jupiter. Soyafoods Centre here. The seed has been grown for about ten years using a “If you have names and addresses of any tempeh mechanised methods with a yield much lower than US producers in Surinam those would also be useful. Also any averages. The ADP produced a recipe booklet in 1977 information on suppliers of soyabeans in Brazil, Venezuela, encouraging the use of soya by Trinidadians and or Belize.” incorporating them in recipes with a local flavour. The “I would like to obtain the professional edition of The recipes rely mainly on the use of boiled (or pressure- Book of Tempeh, please let me know the price. cooked) soyabeans. There does not seem to have been any “With the original letter I sent some U.S. currency with investigation by the ministry into the use of traditional a request for Tempeh pamphlets and a media package. soyafoods (e.g. tofu, tempeh etc). “Once again, I trust you received it and await a reply “Sales of soyabean seed to farmers from this source “Best wishes, Simon Bailey.” Address: c/o Valdez, 21 have been slight. Small amounts may have been purchased Sun Valley Dr., La Pastora, Upper Santa Cruz, Trinidad, out of curiosity & for backyard use and user response is not West Indies. effectively monitored. In the last few years there have been some demand from consumers for beans surplus to ADP’s 425. Lynam, Frances. 1986. Happy birthday tofu, happy requirements although ADP’s brief is to produce seed for birthday tofu [David Mintz about to celebrate Tofutti’s fifth farmers. There are signs that, since the failure of the 85-86 birthday]. Register (Shrewsbury, New Jersey). June 25. p. crop due to poor storage and low germination of seed, the 6B, 7B. ADP project may be abandoned altogether unless a policy • Summary: “In 1971 Mintz read about tofu in a health decision is taken to reactivate it. magazine... For the next 10 years he spent all his free time “At the same time an oil extraction plant is being creating Tofutti. ‘It was a whole new world. It became an constructed by National Flour Mills, a government obsession.’ Today more than 38,000 outlets in all 50 states subsidiary, on the Port of Spain waterfront to handle cargos carry the product. It is also sold in Canada, Australia, Korea, of imported soyabeans for production of cooking oil & Hong Kong, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Recently he secondary products; the presscake to be used for livestock developed an ‘egg’ without cholesterol called ‘Eggwatchers’ feeds, replacing existing imports of defatted soya. and a coffee whitener without milk.” “In the marketplace we can find soya/beef burgers, dehydrated soya chunks, fortified powdered “Soyamel”, 426. Jackobs, Joseph A.; Smyth, C.A.; Erickson, D.R. 1986. some surrogate boxed and canned soyafoods (imported by International soybean variety experiment: Eleventh report of Seventh Day Adventists) and the raw beans themselves. results, 1984. INTSOY Series No. 29. xvi + 168 p. Sept. Susan Lee Hem has sold tofu on a small scale until recently, (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). but at present all of her tofu production is going into • Summary: “This is the final report of the International pastelles, a steamed, corndough-wrapped local snack food. I Soybean Variety Evaluation Experiments (ISVEX)... ISVEX am catering with, and selling, tempeh also on a small scale. has been the major component of INTSOY’s genetic

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 133 development program since 1973.” Joseph A. Jacobs D’Aguilar and his wife, Mohi. This small-scale cottage provided leadership to the ISVEX trial program. Pages viii– industry, which has been in business for 1 year on a xvi contain a complete listing of about 65 cooperating shoestring budget, makes soy ice cream, tofu, soy centers and researchers worldwide. mayonnaise, and a variety of okara burgers. Some of their During 1984, soybeans were grown at 96 sites (the products are sold at a weekly market sponsored by the name of each site is given) in the following countries: Jamaica Vegetarian Society. Antigua, Argentina, Bangladesh, Burma, Cameroon, China, Photos show: (1) Jamaican kids making soy ice cream in Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Kingston. (2) Rasimo D’Aguilar preparing soymilk for Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, French Guiana, making tofu at the Country Farmhouse kitchen in Kingston, Ghana, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Ivory Coast, Korea, Jamaica. Laos, Liberia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, New Caledonia, Pakistan, Paraguay, Philippines, Portugal, 428. Vanguarda Mecanica. 1986. Eating is one of the rights Rwanda, Saint Vincent, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, of man and a duty in the case of children. Industria, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Turkey, United States, Comercio e Expotacao Ltda., Rua Mario Sampaio Ferraz, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe. 111–Jardim Aurelia, CEP 13100, Campinas, SP, Brazil. 4 p. In 1982, soybeans were grown in Morocco. In 1983 Sept. Manufacturer’s catalog. Color. [Eng; por; spa; fre] soybeans were grown in Brazil and Rwanda. • Summary: By August 1987 this compact soymilk plant, In 1985, soybeans were grown at 43 sites in China, made in Brazil, with a capacity of 200 liters/hour, sold for Ecuador, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Iran, US$45,000. Address: Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Jamaica, Korea, Mexico, Nepal, Pakistan, Paraguay, Philippines, Portugal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, United 429. Freni-Titulaer, Lambertina W.; Cordero, J.F.; Haddock, States, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, and Zimbabwe. L.; Lebrón, G.; Martinez, R.; Mills, J.L. 1986. Premature thelarche in Puerto Rico: A search for environmental 427. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee).1986. factors. American J. of Diseases of Children 140:1263-67. Jamaica soy. 2(3):1-3. Fall. [5 ref] Dec. [16 ref] • Summary: “Recently, the Jamaican Government has • Summary: Thelarche (pronounced TEL-ar-kee) is launched an aggressive agricultural program (titled ‘AGRO development of breasts in girls before 8 years of age. 21’) which is designed to boost production of foods that can Several commercial estrogens have been found to cause be grown locally, in order to decrease the need for precious breast enlargement in humans. In 1982 pediatric foreign exchange... Consequently, soybean production has endocrinologists in Puerto Rico reported a threefold been conceived as one of the top priorities by the Ministry increase in the number of patients with premature thelarche of Agriculture. Ironically the plan focuses on the use of seen from 1978 to 1981. The cause was not known but soybeans to provide cooking oil and animal feed... With the several commercial estrogens have been found to cause participation of the Israelis and other foreign investors, breast enlargement in humans. The study focused on soybeans are fast becoming one of the major field crops on evaluating exposure to substances with estrogenic activity. the island... “In subjects with onset before 2 years of age, significant “In 1983, Plenty USA’s sister organization, Plenty positive associations were found with a maternal history of Canada, established an agricultural project on the north- ovarian cysts, consumption of soy-based formula, and central coast of Jamaica. Craig Bialick, an agronomist and consumption of various meat products.” There was a strong soy foods technician who had worked 3 years with Plenty’s correlation with consumption of various meat products; soy projects in Guatemala in the late 1970’s, was hired by these may have been contaminated with estrogens or other Plenty Canada for the Jamaica project. anabolic substances. Note: This study was not conclusive; a “Craig spent 15 months in Jamaica, June 1984- strong correlation does not prove cause and effect. Address: September 1985... He organized a school lunch program 1-2. Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease and set up a soy foods processing training center in Control, Atlanta, Georgia; 3-5. Univ. of Puerto Rico, San Claremont, St. Ann. He also carried out numerous ‘soy Juan. demonstrations’ wherein local participants were taught how to prepare soy foods using only the facilities available in 430. Product Name: [Soy Flour]. their home kitchens. 107 of these public demonstrations Manufacturer’s Name: Entreprise Nationale des reached over 6,000 people from 4 different parishes on the Oleagineux (ENAOL). island. Typical locations were schools, churches, clinics, Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 13460, Delmas, Port youth clubs and weekly markets.” au Prince, Haiti. The Country Farmhouse Project in Kingston, Jamaica is Date of Introduction: 1986. run with the help of two Jamaican young people, Rasino

New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1986. p. Caribbean venture. Plenty Canada had to answer for 86. everything that was done, and take responsibility for how their funds were spent. CIDA wants to give its money to 431. Christon, R. 1986. Influence de niveau d’alimentation Canadian groups and keep control in Canada. The Fri was a sur la croissance et le depot lipidique chez le porc Large bad promotional idea. Now relations between Plenty White eleve en milieu tropical [Effect of feeding level on Canada and USA are good again. Plenty USA will growth and depot fat of Large White pigs reared in the eventually be centered in Oakland (Peter Schweitzer). tropics]. In: 18 ems Journees de la Recherche Porcine en Plenty Canada has a multi million dollar a year budget; France. Paris: Institut Technique du Porc. See p. 137-142. Plenty USA’s budget is about $200,000. Address: 17969 [29 ref. Fre]* Oak Dr., Los Gatos, California 95030. Address: INRA Station de Recherches Nutrition, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France. 436. American Soybean Assoc. 1987. Overseas soy products donation program from the Dominican Republic. 432. Haren, Chuck. 1987. The Plenty Canada Soy Project in P.O. Box 27300, St. Louis, Missouri. 12 p. Special edition Dominica. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee) 3(1):4. by Dr. Hyadee Rondon de Zadronga and Ruth S. Orellana. Jan. [10 ref. Eng; Spa] • Summary: A group of Dominicans, who have been • Summary: In Jan. 1985 ASA contacted the Soy Protein working with Plenty Canada on a student/employee basis Council to suggest a joint soy protein feeding program in for 30 months, are organizing the Kari Soy Cooperative to the Dominican Republic. The trial was conducted between produce soyfoods. Address: Plenty’s soy processing Jan. and June of 1986. Dr. Haydee Rondon de Zadronga education center, Roseau, Dominica, West Indies, was program director. “The objective of the sponsors of this Caribbean. important research, was to demonstrate that soy protein has a prominent place in the daily diet, and that food products 433. Plenty Canada News (Lanark, Ontario, Canada).1987. manufactured with soy protein do not cause any acceptance Plenty in the Caribbean [Soy projects on Jamaica, problem in pre-school age infants, that they are easy to Dominica, and St. Lucia]. Winter 1986-87. p. 7-8. acquire, and that they can be bought at popular prices.” • Summary: Plenty has active, pioneering programs with “In 1984 the area planted of soybeans in the Dominican soyfoods processing, education, and soybean growing on Republic was of 10,000 acres and in 1985 the acreage these three Caribbean islands. On St. Lucia, for example, planted was of 25,000 acres. The program consisted of the the Soya Centre, which opened in July 1985, has been donation of 2 tonnes of soy products to be used in a processing up to 300 lb/week of soybeans and serves 200- fortification feeding program.” 300 people daily. Address: R.R. 3, Lanark, ONT, K0G 1K0, The following products were donated: 250 kg Procon Canada. fortified soy protein concentrate by A.E. Staley Mfg Co.; 250 kg Response 4342 fortified soy protein concentrate 434. INTSOY Newsletter (Urbana, Illinois).1987. Visit chunks by Central Soya Co. 500 kg Textured 16328 prompts commercial Caribbean soyfoods venture [Hope textured fortified soy flour (50% protein), and 500 kg Lopez of Nature Treats in Kingston, Jamaica]. No. 35. p. 3. Bakers Nutrisoy 63100, fortified defatted soy flour (50% April. protein) by ADM, and 500 kg defatted soy flour (50% • Summary: Actual marketing of soyfood products is protein) by Cargill. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. scheduled to begin by the spring of 1987. Ms. Lopez, who runs a food store, is especially interested in soy milk and in 437. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee).1987. ways to increase the use of soy flour obtained from Business school grads help build soy dairy in the Caribbean. extrusion cooking. 3(3):1-4. Sept. • Summary: A food processing kitchen and soy cafe was 435. Praskin, Laurie. 1987. Plenty, The Farm, and the constructed on the northeast coast of Dominica on the Carib Guatemala Soy Dairy (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Sept. Indian Reserve by locals with help from 8 MBA volunteers 12. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. from the Wharton School of Business [at the Univ. of • Summary: All the money for the Soy Dairy part of the Pennsylvania in Philadelphia]. Carib farmers are now Guatemala Project came from CIDA (the Canadian selling soybeans to the Plenty Soy Center in Roseau, International Development Agency) through Plenty Canada. Dominica’s capital. Each week the Center produces 100 lb In those days Plenty USA and Plenty Canada were not seen of tofu, 25 lb of soysage, 20 lb of tempeh, 30-50 gallons of as different. The volunteers were all from Plenty USA. The soy ice cream, and 30-40 gallons of soymilk. Most of these division between the two Plenty organizations started in soyfoods are sold through two co-ops that are managed by 1982 after the Fri boat incident (Stephen’s Hippy Navy) and Plenty-trained Dominican staffs: the Ebeneezer Women’s

Co-op in Marigot and the Kairi Soy Co-op on the outskirts USA had 86% of world soybean exports by volume, versus of Roseau. 6% for Argentina, 3% for Brazil and 5% for all others. In At the Soy Development Center in Roseau, Plenty 1984/85 the figures were USA 65%, Brazil 14%, Argentina Canada offers 2 six-week classes each year in home, village, 13%, others 8%. For world soybean meal exports, the or small industrial scale soyfoods processing. The staff also percentage market shares for 1981/82 and 1984/85 were: conducts two 16-hour training courses on other parts of the Brazil 40/38, USA 30/20, EC-10 21/21, Argentina 4/13, island mainly for home preparation of soyfoods. Fifteen Others 5/8. For world soybean oil exports, the percentage farmers are growing ¼ acre each of soybeans. In Jamaica, market shares for the two sets of years were: Brazil 24/27, Country Farmhouse Lifeline, a soyfoods production center USA 27/20, EC-10 27/26, Argentina 3/14, Others 19/13. in Kingston, makes 150 lb/week of tofu. 441. Soybean Update.1987. The Soy Protein Council and 438. Kueneman, Eric A.; Camacho, Luis. 1987. Production ASA donated 1.5 tonnes of soy protein to the Dominican and goals for expansion of soybeans in Latin America. In: Republic for use in a pilot human nutrition program. Nov. 9. S.R. Singh, K.O. Rachie, and K.E. Dashiell. eds. 1987. p. 3. Soybeans for the Tropics. New York: John Wiley & Sons. • Summary: The program is carried out by 16 national and xx + 230 p. See p. 125-34. international institutions. About 1,000 children and adults • Summary: Discusses developments in Brazil, Argentina, were fed foods fortified with soy, which were then rated as Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, to taste, appearance, acceptability and tolerance. As a result Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, of the program’s success, the Dominican government and Guatemala, El Salvador, Mexico, and the Caribbean. private companies may introduce a national soy fortification Concerning the Caribbean: “No country in the program. Caribbean produces soybeans commercially, but the Jamaican Soya Products Company is initiating contracts 442. Plenty Canada News (Lanark, Ontario, Canada).1987. with farmers to produce the crop. Several countries import Report from Guatemala. Fall. p. 6. significant amounts of soybeans or soybean products: in • Summary: The Guatemala Integrated Rural Development 1985 Barbados imported 11,000 tonnes, Cuba 185,000 programme was initiated in 1976 and withdrawn in 1980 tonnes, Dominican Republic 140,000 tonnes, Jamaica due to violence in the region. It was reactivated in the 1985 80,000 tonnes, Haiti 117,000 tonnes, and Trinidad and fiscal year. Soy processing activities continue to gain in Tobago 34,000 tonnes. These countries are not likely to be popularity, as shown by the large turnout for the self-sufficient in the near future.” Address: 1. IITA/ demonstrations, the number of requests received for training EMBRAPA (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria), by different agencies and the visits made by both Goiania, Goias, Brazil; 2. INTSOY/CIAT (Centro government and non-government agencies to the Soy Internacional de Agricultura Tropical), Cali, Colombia. Centre in Solola. A three-day course on soyfood processing given by the local Plenty Soy Technician to five Alianza 439. Plenty Canada News (Lanark, Ontario, Canada).1987. promoters, was in turn given by those five promoters to Plenty Canada’s soy project in St. Lucia. Fall. p. 6. over 900 people during the next two months. • Summary: A man named Christopher of Canaries in St. The Soy Centre serves as a model to demonstrate the Lucia was given several weeks of informal training is soy economic viability of soy processing and to encourage processing and marketing at the Plenty Canada Soy Centre private entrepreneurs to start income-generating activities in there by Maya Shearer. He has now started a small retail their own communities. A number of new foods have been outlet for soyfoods in Canaries. Address: R.R. 3, Lanark, developed locally as a result of Plenty’s programme, ONT, K0G 1K0, Canada. combining soy with traditional foods. Atole, a drink made with soy and cornflour, a sweetener, cinnamon and water, is 440. Soybean Update.1987. Latin debt crisis hurting U.S. one example. The combination of training and the loan by soybean farmers. 2 p. Supplement to Oct. issue. Plenty Canada of a basic soy kit (which becomes his own • Summary: U.S. soybean farmers have been hard hit by the property after 3 years use), has motivated Christopher [of export-driven strategies of Latin American debtors, which Canaries in St. Lucia] to start a small retail sales outlet for are being forced to export at all costs to earn foreign soy products in Canaries. This outlet has been in operation exchange to pay their debts. At the same time, International for several months and is doing quite well. Address: R.R. 3, Monetary Fund austerity programs gave curtailed U.S. Lanark, ONT, Canada KOG 1KO. Phone: 613-278-2416. agricultural exports to these nations and dramatically reduced living standards. Latin American and Caribbean 443. Jacobson, Jodi L. 1987. Planning the global family. gross external liabilities have climbed from $241,600 Worldwatch Paper No. 80. 56 p. Dec. Worldwatch Inst., million in 1980 to $372,900 million in 1984. In 1981/82 the Washington, DC.

• Summary: Over the past two decades, steadily declining group of soybeans were planted on 23-25 August 1985 at birthrates have contributed significant improvements to the the same location. health and well being of millions of people and to the Rainfall was the major limiting factor for soybean growth of national economies. Yet the world population production during the two experimental seasons. In 1983 increased by 87 million people in 1987, the largest annual rainfall was insufficient for production of soybean seeds, increment ever. Encouraging small families requires a two- but in 1985 excellent soybean growth and yields were pronged strategy: family planning and social change. With obtained. No nodules formed on uninoculated soybeans. For few exceptions total fertility rates in the industrial world are soybeans, composed filter mud and peat were both effective below replacement level. The most dramatic declines in inoculant carriers. Inoculation increased yields of the total fertility rates (number of children per woman) took soybean variety Santa Rosa by 24% and UFV-1 by 12%, but place in East Asia and Cuba. From 1960 to 1987 the average had no effect on Jupiter. A local inoculation program was number of children per woman fell as follows: Singapore recommended for soybeans. 75%, Taiwan 72%, South Korea 65%, Cuba 62%, China Note: This is the second earliest document seen 56% (from 5.5 to 2.4 children/woman), Chile 55%... concerning the cultivation of soybeans in St. Kitts and Mexico 44%, Brazil 44%, Malaysia 43%, Indonesia 41%... Nevis. This document contains the second earliest date seen India 31%. But in Sub-Saharan Africa, fertility rates have for the cultivation of soybeans in St. Kitts and Nevis (17 not declined at all. Address: Washington, DC. Aug. 1983, at the CARDI Research Station). The source of these soybeans was Kuell Hinson of the University of 444. Million, Jeff Bacon. 1987. Rhizobium-related Florida. Address: Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. constraints to grain legume production in St. Kitts, West Indies. PhD thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville. vii + 445. Montague-Brown, Karla. 1987. Premature thelarche in 190 p. Dissertation Abstracts International, B. Sciences and Puerto Rico (Letter to the editor). American J. of Diseases Engineering 49(8):2937B (1989). [129 ref] of Children 141:1250. Dec. [1 ref] • Summary: Contents: Acknowledgements. Abstract. 1. • Summary: The writer comments on the positive statistical Introduction. 2. Literature review: Agriculture in St. Kitts, associations found (in this December 1986 article) “between inoculation strategies, legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. 3. premature thelarche and the consumption of various meat Farm survey. 4. Filter-press mud as an alternative inoculant products and soy-based formula, and a maternal history of carrier. 5. Bean [Phaseolus vulgaris L.] field inoculation ovarian cysts.” Address: Dep. of Community and trials. 6. Soybean field inoculation trials: Introduction, Occupational Health, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. methods and materials, results and discussion, summary and Todd Blvd., Nashville, Tennessee 37208. conclusions. 7. Cowpea and peanut field inoculation trials. 8. Summary and conclusions. Appendices: A. Soil fertility 446. Product Name: Soy Oil, and Meal. data. B. Rhizobium culture media and solutions. Literature Manufacturer’s Name: Jamaica Soya Products Industries cited. Biographical sketch. Ltd. St. Litts is located in the Leeward Island group of the Manufacturer’s Address: Rhodon’s Pen, P.O. Box 27, Old northern Lesser Antilles. The island is 32 km (19 miles) Harbour, St. Catherine, Jamaica. Phone: 809-983-2217 or long and 10 km (6 miles) wide. Built by volcanic activity, 2244. its lower lands have been largely cultivated in sugarcane for Date of Introduction: 1987. over 200 years. Of the grain legumes, only peanut and Ingredients: Soybeans. pigeon pea are currently grown by farmers, yet imports of New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1987. p. grain legumes averaged 51,300 kg/year. 57. The general manager is George A. Neita. The company The Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development is still listed at this address in the ’95-’96 Soya Bluebook Institute (CARDI) is a regional agricultural research Plus. organization with a research located in St. Kitts. The past director of CARDI-St. Kitts was Dr. Laxman Singh, who 447. Product Name: Soysage. initiated grain legume research in 1980 and 1981. Although Manufacturer’s Name: Plenty Canada Soya Shop. Dr. Singh left St. Kitts in 1982, the resent research was Renamed Soy Development Center by 1987. initiated in 1983. On 17 Aug. 1983 the author first planted Manufacturer’s Address: Roseau, Dominica. soybeans on St. Kitts at the CARDI Research Station. He Date of Introduction: 1987. obtained seeds of four soybean cultivars of varying maturity New Product–Documentation: Plenty Bulletin. 1987. (Santa Rosa, UFV-1, Jupiter, and an advanced Jupiter Fall. p. 4. breeding line–F81-4567) from Dr. Kuell Hinson of the University of Florida Agronomy Department. A second 448. Product Name: Westico Tofu. Manufacturer’s Name: Westico Foods.

Manufacturer’s Address: West Indies College, supermarkets, health food stores, groceries, gourmet shops Mandeville, Jamaica. and department stores–carry the product. Tofutti is also Date of Introduction: 1987. available in Canada, Japan, Australia, Korea, Hong Kong, New Product–Documentation: Form filled out by and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Westico. 1990. June 28. 454. Plenty Canada News (Lanark, Ontario, Canada).1988. 449. Product Name: Westico Soya Sausage. Caribbean conference [held by Plenty Canada on soyfoods]. Manufacturer’s Name: Westico Foods. Spring. p. 5. Manufacturer’s Address: West Indies College, • Summary: Plenty Canada’s Soybean, Agricultural & Soy Mandeville, Jamaica. Processing Conference was held in the Commonwealth of Date of Introduction: 1987. Dominica from Oct. 27 to 30, 1987. The workshop/seminar Ingredients: Gluten, soya pulp (okara), soya flour, had three major objectives: 1. To identify the major areas of vegetable oil, salt, onion powder, garlic powder, sausage success and problems in implementing Agriculture and Soy flavoring, soya sauce. processing programmes in the Caribbean region and Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 19 oz can. Guatemala. 2. To seek solutions for these problems. 3. To How Stored: Shelf stable; refrigerate after opening. foster more direct and continuing communication among the New Product–Documentation: Form filled out and label participants and their colleagues in the four different sent by Westico. 1990. June 28. countries. The St. Lucian Soy Technician demonstrated the use of sea water as a curding agent [for tofu] instead of 450. Fernández, Modesto; Ortega, J.; Berbe, A. 1987. calcium sulphate or magnesium sulphate which has to be Posibilidad de la rotación soya-arroz respecto a los imported. The conference was attended by at least 11 fitonemátodos [The possibility of a soy-rice rotation with delegates from Plenty Canada’s projects in St. Lucia, respect to nematodes]. Ciencias de la Agricultura (Cuba) Jamaica and Guatemala. A photo shows the 11 attendees. No. 31. p. 14-18. [4 ref. Spa; eng] Address: R.R. 3, Lanark, ONT, Canada KOG 1KO. Address: 1-2. 1-2. Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical “Alejandro de 455. Soybean Digest.1988. Dominican meal tax drops 33%. Humboldt”, Ministerio de la Agricultura [Alexander June/July. p. 28N. Humboldt Inst. of Fundamental Research on Tropical • Summary: The tax on U.S. soymeal entering the Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Cuba]. Dominican Republic has been reduced by 33%, thanks to efforts of the American Soybean Association’s Mexico 451. Kauffman, H.E. 1987. Soybean genetic improvement office and livestock producers in the Caribbean nation. work outside the United States. ASTA (American Seed Trade Soybean meal imports have been increasing in the Assoc.) 16:14-25. [38 ref] Dominican Republic since 1984, resulting in higher usage • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Perspective–Historical of soymeal as opposed to other protein sources. and environmental. Asia (East, Southeast, South), South America, Caribbean Basin, Central America, and Mexico. 456. Hymowitz, Ted. 1988. Dr. C.M. Woodworth and the Sub-Sahara Africa. North Africa and Middle East. Europe start of modern soybean varieties. Thoughts on soybean and Soviet Union. International Cooperation. Summary and breeding today (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 1. Conclusion. Address: Director, INTSOY, Univ. of Illinois, Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Urbana. • Summary: Ted considers 1921 to be the year that the soybean success story began in America. That was the year 452. Soybean Update.1988. Taxes on U.S. soybean meal in the Woodworth came to Illinois and became the first person the Dominican Republic have been very high. May 2. in the U.S. to really look at the soybean from a technical, • Summary: ... limiting the market development programs genetic point of view. That was when the first varieties in the country. started to be developed using genetic principles. He started the first hybridization program. Illini, a selection from AK 453. Graphic (Brooklyn, New York).1988. The “scoop” on (a mixture of “all kinds”) and the first modern variety based David Mintz, the father of Tofutti. May 25. on genetic principles, was released in 1927. • Summary: David Mintz, a successful kosher caterer from Ted is a soybean geneticist, not a breeder. A breeder Brooklyn, never believed tofu could change his life, but it develops varieties for commercial purposes; a geneticist has. In 1972, while searching for a milk substitute for studies inheritance. They are very different. The faster that kosher desserts, pastries, pies and sauces, he discovered university breeders are phased out, the better. Universities tofu. In 1981, he introduced Tofutti ice cream to the world. do not have the resources to compete. The cost is More than 38,000 outlets in all 50 states–including horrendous, and the results are marginal. Private companies

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 138 have the resources to advertise, the facilities and computers soybean, planting, harvest, production and storage of seeds. and staff. Universities shouldn’t be in that field. One main Cultural systems: Crop rotations, companion crops, times of rationale was to have breeders to train other breeders. One working. Fertilizers: Mobilization minerals, diagnosis based problem with the companies is that they take from on foliage, nitrogen fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, germplasm collections but do not return anything. That is potassium fertilizers, organic manure, preformulated causing a lot of trouble. There are a lot of hard feelings. The manure. Inoculation: Effects of inoculation on the USDA soybean germplasm collections in Illinois and nodulation and the yield of soybeans, methods of Mississippi are available free of charge with no questions inoculation, selection of stocks of Rhizobium japonicum, asked to anyone (government, company, or individual) in determination of the dose of inoculum suited to the field, the world, including the Third World. So it is a back and production of inoculum, survival of Rhizobium japonicum forth exchange. Last year they sent out something like in tropical soils. Crop protection: Bacterial diseases, fungal 18,000 packets of soybeans. Only Cuba, North Korea, etc. diseases, viral diseases, nematodes, insects, chemical can’t order. Even the Soviets can order our soybeans. defoliation, herbicides. Technology: Senegal, Cameroon. Bogdan Belic (pronounced BEL-ich) was the man who Appendixes: 1. List of varieties. 2. List of the main sent Ted the early reference to the soybean in a monastery in soybean varieties introduced to Benin, Burkina Faso, Eastern Europe. He was a real scholar, a professor in the Cameroon, Comoro Islands, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, French European sense, one who was not above advocating a cause Guiana, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Polynesia, Central such as Paul Erlich and Rachael Carson. Nowadays America African Republic, Reunion and Martinique, Senegal, Togo. produces narrow academic specialists, and few are hungry 3. Norms of observation and methods employed by IRAT. 4. to learn. Address: Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Illinois, Improvement of the components of soybean yield. Technical Urbana, IL. guide for growing soybeans in Senegal, Côte d’Ivoire, and French Guyana. 457. Product Name: Tofu. The section titled “Introduction of Varieties” (p. 9) notes Manufacturer’s Name: Kempadoo Tofu Co. that between the first and second world wars, the French Manufacturer’s Address: c/o Patricia Kempadoo, P.O. peasantry introduced the soybean to Madagascar and Box 3376, Marval, Trinidad and Tobago. Phone: 809-676- cultivated it in the regions of Ambatolampy, Antsirabé, and 7785. Ankazomiriotra. It is interesting to note that it was in the Date of Introduction: 1988. December. latter locality that the first attempts were made to transform New Product–Documentation: Talk with her husband. soybeans into milk and cheese [soymilk and tofu] in 1989. Jan. 30. Her husband’s father is Peter Kempadoo, Madagascar. In Cameroon, eleven varieties, which who used to make tofu in Guyana but who is now in originated in the USA and East Asia, were introduced England. between 1924 and 1945. In 1965 IRAT introduced the soybean into its research 458. Product Name: Soy Tempeh. programs and began, as a first step, by establishing soybean Manufacturer’s Name: Bakita Tempeh. varietal collections in the different countries where IRAT Manufacturer’s Address: Parque Industrial Julio N. was working: 1966 in Senegal, Madagascar, and Cameroon. Matos, Lot 36 (P.O. Box 1828) Carolina, PR 00984. Phone: 1967 in the Central African Republic and Mali. 1968 in the 809-722-6192. Côte d’Ivoire. 1969 in Benin. 1971 in the Comoro Islands. Date of Introduction: 1988. 1972 in Ethiopia. 1974 in Togo and Niger. 1975 in Burkina New Product–Documentation: Letter from Betty Faso, Réunion, French Guiana, Martinique, and Polynesia. Stechmeyer. 1993. Nov. She says Daniel Padro makes The first collections, established in 1966 from soybean tempeh. Form filled out by Daniel Padro. 1993. Dec. 1. He varieties originating in Rwanda, the USA, Rhodesia, and started making tempeh in 1988. Tanzania, were progressively disseminated to the other countries. 459. Larcher, Jacques; Volper, S.; Aubin, J.P. 1988. Le soja Subsequent participation of IRAT researchers in the en régions tropicales: une synthèse des recherches de international variety trials conducted by INTSOY (USA) l’IRAT [The soybean in tropical regions: A summary of and by IITA (Ibadan, Nigeria) enabled IRAT to diversify its research conducted by IRAT]. Memoires & Travaux de genetic resources and to test, mainly through the INTSOY l’IRAT (France) No. 15. 185 p. [91 ref. Fre] trials, the varieties that it had developed. • Summary: IRAT stands for Institut de Recherches Varietal selection (p. 10-22): Senegal: From 1966 to Agronomiques Tropicales (Tropical Institute of Agronomic 1970, 120 soybean varieties received were tested by CNRA Research). Contents: Varietal improvement: Introduction of of Bambey (Baol), then at Nioro du Rip (Sine-Saloum), varieties, screening varieties, creating new varieties. where the best yields, of about 1,500 to 2,000 kg/ha were Cultural practices: Preparing the soil, water needs of the obtained with the variety Geduld. Starting in 1970 Bambey

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 139 was abandoned and trials were continued at Séfa (Sefa, Niger, or the cultivation of soybeans in Niger (1974). The Casamance) and Synthiou Malème (in eastern Senegal), first 17 varieties introduced originated in various countries. where the ecology was more favorable for soybean Burkina Faso: The soybean was introduced to this cultivation. Breeding of new varieties started in about 1972 remote country in 1960. At that time IRHO (Institut de in Senegal (see p. 22-33) Recherches pour les Huiles et Oléagineux) was in charge of Central African Republic: In 1967, at the request of the experiments on this plant. In 1975 IRAT participated in an Ministry of Rural Development, via FAO, 80 soybean INTSOY trial at Farako-Ba; Jupiter gave the best yield, varieties of very diverse origins were introduced and tested 2,405 kg/ha. at the Grimari station. The variety Avoyelles yielded 1,218 Réunion: Four varieties from the USA were tested in kg/ha. 1974, at the station of Mon Caprice, during two seasons. Mali: The varieties G15 and G115 (Jupiter) from The best yield during the cool season was from Chippewa Burkina were introduced to Mali in 1967. Then in 1969 (1,780 kg/ha), and during the warm season it was from IRAT introduced 26 new varieties, of which 11 originated in Amsoy (2,070 kg/ha). the Central African Republic and 15 in Senegal. Martinique: IRAT-Martinique participated in the 1975 Côte d’Ivoire: From 1968 to 1977 IRAT introduced 171 INTSOY trials. Only one variety, Improved Pelican, with a soybean varieties to the Côte d’Ivoire. yield of 2,150 kg/ha [sic, 2,154 kg/ha, planted 10 April Togo and Benin: These two contiguous countries have 1975] seemed interesting, but since soybean cultivation was comparable ecologies. IRAT’s with soybeans in Benin believed to have no future in the agriculture of the island, began in 1969. In 1970 IRAT introduced to Niaouli, Benin, the experimentation was abandoned. 45 varieties originating in Taiwan, Central African French Guiana: The first soybean trials began in 1975 Republic, Madagascar, and Senegal. This collection was with the introduction of 4 varieties: Jupiter, Acadian, and continued from 1970 to 1974, because two crops a year Improved Pelican from the USA, and Vada, which were possible, at the stations of Niaouli and Ina in Benin, originated in Java [Indonesia]. From 1976 to 1983 IRAT- and 3 stations in Togo. In 1975 IRAT-Togo cooperated with Guyane participated in INTSOY trials. In 1976 Jupiter gave INTSOY in the first soybean trials in Togo. The first seeds the top yield of 3,440 kg/ha. were planted at Davié in southern Togo on May 2, at French Polynesia: From 1976 to 1979 the INTSOY Amoutchou in central Togo on May 7, and in Kitangbao in trials continued during the two rainy seasons. The variety northern Togo on July 8. Togo. Table 12 shows the average Davis gave the best overall average yields (4,260 kg/ha over yields from 1970 to 1974 from the varieties Columbia, 5 seasons), with a top yield of 5,286 kg/ha in 1976-77. Mandarin, Clark 63, and E 73. These yields were low due to Address: France. the absence of any use of fertilizers or inoculants, and the poor germination of the seeds. [Note: From Whigham and 460. LEC Newsletter.1989. Soytech Research Foundation Judy (1975) and Dumont (1981) we have learned the exact pursuing production unit. 13(1):6-7. Jan. dates that soybeans were planted in Benin and Togo]. • Summary: In 1986 Dr. James D. Graham, Executive Comoro Islands: 63 soybean varieties from the Madagascar Director of Soytec Research Foundation, began seeking collection were introduced in 1971 and tested on Grand interest and funding to introduce an Insta-Pro extruder into Comoro (Comore) and at Anjouan (800 meters altitude). At Njombe, Tanzania. He is still seeking funding for that Anjouan the best variety was Biloxi, which had an average project and another in the Caribbean. For information on the yield of 2,000 kg/ha. On Grand Comoro the yields were project and products under marketing studies, contact Dr. lower, about 1,500 kg/ha. Having little future, soybean Diana Fuguitt, Asst. Prof. of Economics, Eckerd College, research was stopped in 1976. Note: This document P.O. Box 12560, St. Petersburg, Florida 33733. Address: contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in the Comoro Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins, Colorado. Islands, or the cultivation of soybeans in the Comoro Islands (1971) (one of two documents). The source of these 461. Alvarez Britos, E.R. 1989. La soja en el Paraguay– soybeans was Madagascar. Retrospectiva y perspectiva [The soybean in Paraguay– Niger: In 1974 IRAT introduced from Senegal 17 Retrospective and perspective]. In: A.J. Pascale, ed. 1989. varieties of various origins; the results were mediocre (in World Soybean Research Conference IV. Buenos Aires: part from absence of inoculation): ICA Toroa 662 kg/ha, Continuing Committee. xxviii + 2152 p. See p. 551-63. [6 ICA Lili 312 kg/ha, Improved Pelican 335 kg/ha, Mandarin ref. Spa; eng] 300 kg/ha. Two INTSOY trials took place in 1975 at Maradi • Summary: Contents: Introduction. History of soya in and Gaya. This time the yields were very encouraging; at Paraguay. Production of soybeans in Paraguay (from 1964- Maradi the variety Forrest yielded 3,500 kg/ha. Note: This 1988, and distribution by state). Soils used for the document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in cultivation of soybeans. Preparation of the soil. Fertilization of the soil. Crop rotation. Soybean varieties. The most

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 140 important weeds and their control. The most important Ocean. Some of the soybeans exported from Itapua are insect pests and their control. Diseases of soybeans. Cultural shipped southward down the Parana River to the ports of practices. Outlook for soybeans in Paraguay. Rosario or Buenos Aires. Address: Instituto Agronomico The soybean was introduced at the beginning of this Nacional, Ruta 2, Km 48, Caacupe, Paraguay. century, in the National School of Agriculture, in Trinidad, and in the Agronomic Station, situated in Puerto Bertoni, 462. Plenty Canada. 1989. Re: Work with soyfoods. Come Alto Parana, when the two institutions were under the with me to Jamaica... Letter for fund raising sent to direction of Dr. Moises S. Bertoni. In 1921, Dr. Pedro N. supporters, April. 3 p. Ciancio, considered the apostle of soybean cultivation in • Summary: Michael Shook, Development Education Paraguay, introduced the varieties Hollybrook, Manouth Officer, writes that Plenty Canada has a soy nutrition [Mammoth?], Pekin [Peking], and Shanghai, from program in Jamaica, which includes soy foods Argentina, the USA, and Japan. Paraguayan soybeans demonstrations. Various Jamaican mothers “have been originated from mechanical mixes and natural crosses cooking with soy since Plenty’s program began in this area between these varieties; they were cultivated for a long time three years ago.” Plenty provides “soy processing kits.” in the zone of Caazapa. Address: R.R. 3, Lanark, ONT, K0G 1K0, Canada. Phone: In 1936, with one of the first immigrations of Japanese 613-278-2215. to Paraguay, the variety Abura [the term means “oil” in Japanese] was introduced. Its area of cultivation lies in la 463. Reeder, John. 1989. U.S. import/export statistics on Colonia la Colmena. In about 1938 the Ministry of soy products (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 3. Economics, undertook a plan of soybean production Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. through the Agricultural Bank of Paraguay. At the start of • Summary: John’s specialty is tracking statistics on fats, 1943, in the National Institute of Agronomy, soybean lines oils, and oilseeds, plus natural gums and resins. The main and varieties from different countries were introduced and publication carrying soy-related import statistics is titled evaluated. The current Japanese immigrants, who settled in “U.S. Imports for Consumption: U.S. Census Bureau the south of the country in 1958, introduced the variety Lee. Publication IM146.” It is published by the Foreign Trade Later, in 1961, the enterprise Agro-Soya S.r.l. introduced Div. of the U.S. Census Bureau and is available in a new lots of seeds of the varieties Lee and Hill. With private monthly published paper version, or on microfiche, or in initiative and that of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cattle, electronic database form. With soy, it covers soybeans an expansion of soybean cultivation took place. At the same (Heading/subheading 1201.00), soy flour (1208.10), and time new introductions were made by the IAN, the Regional soy sauce (2103.10). Miso and tofu statistics are lumped in Center for Agricultural Research (CRIA), the Capitan with hundreds of other minor products in the catch-all Miranda, and the Campo Experimental de la Cooperacion basket category “Edible Preparations.” Publica del Servicio Migratorio del Japon, at Pirapo. In the tariff part of the report, for each item there is an New varieties from Brazil were introduced in 1967, and article description, units of quantity (e.g. kg), and rates of tested at Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, IAN, and duty (general, special, or 2). For example, soy sauce has a CRIA. Again in late 1968, numerous lines were introduced general duty rate of 3%, which is granted to all “most from Brazil. In 1970 the Ministry of Agriculture and Cattle favored nations.” The “Special” column shows that it is (MAG) initiated the Program of Soybean Research to solve imported duty free from countries with the codes A various problems. (Generalized System of Preferences, applied to many Production of soybeans in Paraguay grew from 10,000 developing countries), E (CBERA or Caribbean Basin tonnes in 1964, to 51,000 tones in 1970, to 220,000 tonnes Economic Recovery Act), or IL (Israel). CA = Canada gets a in 1975, to 540,000 tonnes in 1980, to 1,172,400 tonnes in reduced rate of 2.7%, which will be reduced to zero over the 1985, and a record 1,417,500 tonnes in 1988. Yields grew next 5-10 years under the recent Canadian Free Trade from 1.61 tonnes/ha in 1964 to 1.85 in 1988. Soybean Agreement. Column 2, indicates that a 35% import duty product is concentrated in the departments of southeastern applies to most Communist countries, except those (such as Paraguay, especially Alto Parana (40.37% of the total), China) with “Most Favored Nation” status, when get the Itapua (33.5%), and Canindeyu. General rate. Note 1. This document contains the earliest date seen In the imports part of the report, under each product for soybeans in Paraguay, or the cultivation of soybeans in (e.g. soy sauce, thin = soy sauce) there is a listing of Paraguay (1921; One of two documents). The source of countries, sorted by region from which the USA imports. these soybeans was Argentina, the USA, and Japan. After each country there may be the codes GSP (the amount Note 2. From Alto Parana, most of the exported of product imported under the lower General System of soybeans are trucked eastward to the port of Paranagua Preferences rate, because it has been shown to be as (which was given to Paraguay by Brazil) on the Atlantic domestic product of that country), and OGN (the amount of

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 141 product imported under the General rate because it has not foods at an affordable price and to educate the populace been proved to be a domestic product), plus a total for the about soybeans. There have been no changes in the two. Then statistics for the current month and cumulative company address or ownership. Milestones: (1) When from January to date, of the quantity imported (which may Johnson built a proper structure of concrete for processing; be reported in two sets of units, Qty-1 and Qty-2, such as and (2) When CIDA (Canadian International Development pounds and gallons), the customs value (the Free on Board Agency) gave the group a grant to purchase some or FOB value declared by the importer at the foreign port of equipment in 1991. Reasons for success: “I am the only export), and the calculated duty received by the U.S. based person on the island that is processing [soybeans] on a on the customs value. commercial scale, and I take pride and joy in what I’m The report is also available at federal depository doing.” The company makes tofu, soy milk, and tempeh, libraries, such as Univ. of California at Berkeley. On 1 Jan. and it buys and markets Vitasoy soymilk, miso, soy oil, 1989 the way of reporting data was changed to the Mori-Nu tofu, and soy powder. They make about 100 lb/ “Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States” from the week of tofu, and they use about 7 gallons of soy milk to old “Tariff Schedule of the United States” (TSUS) system. make soy ice cream and soy punch. The company’s three This changes some nomenclature and makes the U.S. best-selling products (in descending order of dollar value) reporting more similar to that of may other countries, which are tofu, soy punch, and soy ice cream. The company now facilitates determining tariffs and quotas on given items. employs 6 people. Their factory is 14 x 30 feet. Offices are Corresponding export statistics are given in another in a separate building. Net sales last year were “not much” report titled “Schedule B: U.S. Exports of Domestic and the net worth of the business is “not much.” “We are a Merchandise, FT410” published monthly by the U.S. small group of six and just making ends meet. We still have Census Bureau. Each product has the same product code a long way to go in making the population of St. Lucia (e.g., soy sauce is 2103.10). realize the true potential of soybeans. I don’t know if we Another publication is the Directory of International can continue since were are poorly equipped for processing Trade Analysts: Commodity Agreements. the beans and packaging the products to sell at supermarkets Good databases for searching soy-related data are and shops. We are presently selling only at one small outlet Disclosure, and Nexus (business news). Address: U.S. we own. We could sell at hotels, supermarkets, and shops if International Trade Commission, Agricultural Div., we had proper packaging equipment such as a vacuum Washington, DC 20436. Phone: 202-252-1319. packer.” Note: This is the earliest known commercial soy product made in St. Lucia. 464. Bien-aime, A.; Denaud, L. 1989. Feuilles de velvet bean et jus de canne-a-sucre pour la complementation de 466. Benjamin, Medea; Collins, Joseph; Scott, Michael. lapin en Haiti [Velvet bean leaves and sugarcane juice in 1989. No free lunch: Food & revolution in Cuba today. San diets for rabbits in Haiti]. Livestock Research for Rural Francisco, California: Institute for Food and Development Development 1(1):30-34. [7 ref. Fre; eng]* Policy (IFDP). xvii + 250 p. Foreword by Richard R. Fagan Address: Faculte d’Agronomie et Medicine Veterinaire, (Gildred Prof. of Latin American Studies, Stanford Univ.). Damien, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Illust. Index. 22 cm. [233* ref] • Summary: A balanced, carefully researched, and 465. Product Name: Tofu, Soy Milk, Tempeh, Soy Ice extremely interesting analysis of the Cuban food system. Cream, Soy Punch. Contents: Foreword. Acknowledgments. The food window. Manufacturer’s Name: Natural Cafe. Expanded to include 1. On the eve of revolution. 2. How the poor get more. 3. La Soyarie by June 1994. Living on the libreta. 4. Cuba à la carte. 5. The farmers’ Manufacturer’s Address: Mailing address: 73 Chaussee market: A dash of capitalism. 6. Is rationing socialist? 7. Is Rd., Castries, St. Lucia, West Indies. Plant: Union Hilltop there hunger in Cuba? 8. Split peas again? 9. Sugar vs. Choc, Castries. Phone: 809-452-6421. viandas. 10. A shaky balance? 11. The agrarian revolution. Date of Introduction: 1989. 12. A superior form of production. 13. Our menu in Havana. New Product–Documentation: Plenty International. 1994. Chronology. Resource guide. Notes. Glossary. Bibliography. Jan. A Guide to Growing and Using Soybeans for Food. p. In the Foreword, Prof. Fagen states: “The Revolution 30. This company makes fresh soyfoods. has not been an efficient productive machine, nor has it Form filled out by Johnson Clarke, Manager. 1994. May been able to afford or did it wish to encourage consumption- 25. The plant is now located at Union Hilltop Choc, à-la-Miami or Taipei. What it did promise, and in large Castries, and the phone number is 809-450-2570. The measure has been able to deliver, is a different commodity, company was founded in 1989. The founders were Johnson one in very short supply in most of the less-developed Clarke, Maya Clarke, and Ignatius Longville. The original world: social justice. The Cuban “popular classes” are the purpose was to work as a group to produce high-quality best fed, best educated, healthiest, and most secure in their

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 142 jobs in all of Latin America. Of course the elites in Sao Paulo [Brazil], Buenos Aires [Argentina], Caracas 469. ISCAH (Instituto Superior de Ciencias Agropecuarias [Venezuela], Lima [Peru], and Mexico City live more de la Havana) Video. 1989. La soya–Mito o realidad en la luxuriously–as do most members of the upper middle agricultura Cubana [The soybean–Myth or reality in Cuban classes in those cities and societies. But go to the vast slums agriculture (Color videotape)]. Agricultural College of of any one of those urban areas, or to the countryside Havana, Cuba: ISCAH. 17 minutes. [Spa]* surrounding them, and you will find levels of misery, • Summary: This film was shown at agricultural degradation, and poverty unimaginable in Cuba.” cooperatives, schools, and ministries; it was not shown on Pages 118-20 discuss soybeans. In the early 1960s René television. Some 200,000 tons of soybeans are now being Dumont, the well-known French agronomist and an early imported to Cuba. The rhizobium bacteria on soybean roots adviser to the revolution, advocated crop diversification. fix nitrogen in the soil, thus creating biofertilizer and “He called for the ‘liberation’ of half of the land on each reducing imports of commercial fertilizer. This biofertilizer sugar cane estate–20 percent for forage crops and 30 works for both crop rotation and intercropping. Research on percent for a wide range of vegetables, as well as industrial soybeans is being conducted at INCA (Instituto de Ciencia crops such as cotton, sisal, peanuts (for cooking oil), and Agricola), the research center for agriculture in Havana, soybeans (for oil and feed).” under the Ministry of Higher Education. In a section on beans (p. 150) a high-ranking In 1986 some 138 co-operatives planted soybeans. agricultural ministry official says that “state farms will These were mainly vegetable, dairy, or citrus enterprises assign highest priority not to black or red beans, but to soya located in 34 principalities in 6 provinces. Some of the beans, because of their low-cholesterol oil [sic, all vegetable soybeans were mixed with bagasse from sugar cane for use oils are free of cholesterol] and usefulness in feed as animal feeds. In Cuba, one quintale (pronounced keen- concentrate for the poultry industry.” In the field of protein TAL-ay) = 100 pounds weight. Sacharina is a type of foods, the revolution’s major success has been with eggs. In bagasse which may include soya. Soya is called “green 1982 Cuba produced over 5 times more eggs than before the gold,” because it requires low agricultural inputs, brings revolution. Cuba has also made a great effort to achieve much profit, and is the world’s least expensive source of self-sufficiency in dairy products (p. 151-52). Address: 1. protein. Photos show commercial soy products: (1) Taoro, a Coordinator of the Central America Program, IFDP; 2. type of soy sauce (salsa de soya) presently made in Cuba. Cofounder of IFDP; 3. Director of Overseas Programs, (2) Three flavors of bottled soymilk, which is good for Oxfam America, Boston [Massachusetts]. infants allergic to cow’s milk. (3) Soy yogurt in 1 liter bottles. 467. Fernández, Modesto; Ortega, J.; Martinez, R.; Medina Some very interesting archival film footage shows Fidel Peteiro, P.; Medina Clausell, P. 1989. Importancia de los Castro speaking on 3 April 1959 at the opening of a restos vegetales y el laboreo en el mantenimiento de vegetable oil plant in Cuba. This was the first industrial poblaciones de Meloidogyne incognita en la rotación soya- enterprise in Cuba built after the Revolution. After cutting tabaco negro [The importance of vegetable residues and the ribbon, Fidel says: “We are going to start preparing the tillage in the maintenance of populations of Meloidogyne way for the planting of soybeans, so that we don’t have to incognita in the soybean and black tobacco rotation]. import any more from abroad.” The video narrator then Ciencias de la Agricultura (Cuba) No. 36. p. 15-19. [6 ref. adds: “After 30 years of this, we think that there are no Spa; eng] technical limitations to the development of this crop which Address: 1-3. Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en can today prevent us from turning Fidel’s words into Agricultura Tropical “Alejandro de Humboldt”, Ministerio reality.” Address: Havana, Cuba. de la Agricultura, calles 1 y 2, Santiago de las Vegas 17200, Provincia Ciudad de La Habana [Cuba]. 470. Boodram, Ramlakhan. 1990. Supplying small-scale screw presses and extrusion/expelling systems to Third 468. Fernández, M.; Ortega, J.; Medina Clausell, P. 1989. World countries (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 15. Posibilidad de la sucesión de cultivos soya-tabaco respecto Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. a los fitonemátodes. III. Tabaco negro [The possibility of • Summary: Mr. Boodram, a native of Trinidad who started alternating soybean and tobacco crops with respect to plant BAR Export/Import Inc. in 1980, makes small-scale screw nematodes. III. Black tobacco]. Ciencias de la Agricultura presses and sells systems containing them to developing (Cuba) No. 36. p. 20-28. [4 ref. Spa] countries. His presses are those that have been used by Address: 1-2. Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en INTSOY. At IITA in Ibadan, Nigeria, he has an extruder/ Agricultura Tropical “Alejandro de Humboldt”, Ministerio expeller system. The extruder is made by Insta-Pro, for de la Agricultura, calles 1 y 2, Santiago de las Vegas 17200, which he is an agent. For any seed other than soy, the screw Provincia Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. press would be adequate, but with soy, in order to get a

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 143 high-quality oil that requires no further processing (such as pilot plant facilities for all types of soya products. I have caustic refining, deodorization, etc.) you must first run the been head of this R&D Centre since June 1989.” Address: soybeans through an extruder, then press the hot extrudate. R&D manager, Alfa-Laval East Asia Pte. Ltd., 11 Joo Koon The resulting crude oil is of high quality and has the same Circle, Singapore 2262. Phone: 86 22 711. chemical characteristics as once-deodorized soy oil. BAR Exports also supplied IITA with a soymilk and tofu plant 472. SoyaFoods (ASA, Europe).1990. Report of an containing a Bean Machines 150 mill, a Kawanishi interview with John Wilson, United Nations International hydraulic press, and a small tofu press. No commercial Development Organisation: Soya- the original golden egg? products are produced. 1(1):6. Spring/Summer. A system at Ken Soya in Nairobi, Kenya, is used to • Summary: Wilson, formerly Manager, Business make low-cost extruded soy products, including flour and Development for Soy Process Technology, with Alfa-Laval oil. The company used to extrude animal feeds. The in Sweden, now works for UNIDO in Jamaica. He company is doing well. Tests started in Dec. 1989 and the addresses the question: “How difficult is it to set up a soya soy flour is just now entering the market. processing plant in developing countries and can soyafoods He is now shipping an extrusion/expelling pilot plant really match up to expectations?” Table 1 lists 11 questions system to Sokoine (pronounced so-ku-AY-ne) Univ. of that Wilson feels should be asked by developing countries Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania. It will be used as a when planning food policy. “In the past year the training system to disseminate the technology throughout ‘mountains’ of surplus milk products in both Europe and the country. Using a scale and mixer, the low-fat flour will North America have diminished to non existence and be mixed with a carbohydrate source, then run back through countries which have received free milk supplies have seen the extruder to make a cereal-soy blend that can be used for this reduced or cancelled. The cost of milk on the world anything from a weaning food to animal feeds. The full market has increased nearly 2½ times.” Address: Food system, which requires no boiler or compressor, fits in a Processing Expert, International Projects Coordinator for space 20 by 50 feet and costs about $110,000, not including UNIDO, Jamaica. the building. BAR also has an extruder-expeller system at Grove 473. Wilson, John. 1990. Re: Changes in the food Country Foods in Ohio. He and Carl Hastings, who runs the department at Alfa-Laval. Letter to William Shurtleff at company, are long-time personal friends. BAR has another Soyfoods Center, June 15. 1 p. system at B and B International in Trinidad. They sell the oil • Summary: “I am here on a two year assignment from for food and use the meal/flour in animal feeds. BAR tries UNIDO to assist the food processing industry in Jamaica. to reduce marketing costs by placing their systems in During those two years, I am on leave of absence from Alfa- international or regional centers, then let them disseminate Laval in Sweden. the technology. They have also been working with CARIRI “The food department of Alfa-Laval in general and the (the Caribbean Industrial Research Inst.) at the Univ. of the soya application in particular has undergone and is West Indies, with CARDI in Belize, with Eat Soy in undergoing considerable restructuring, part of the reason for Dominique, and Nature Treats in Jamaica. The woman who which is to match the tremendous market changes in Eastern owns Nature Treats also makes tofu. Address: BAR Export Europe. Inc., P.O. Box 190, Seymour, Illinois 61875. Phone: 217- “Goeran Leufstadt, who was the original chief of the 687-4810. soya research laboratory from 1982 to 1985 and subsequently chief of the Singapore food lab from 1985 to 471. Kjellker Gimre, Monica. 1990. Re: Current 1989 is now chief of the food department F. F. which has developments at Alfa-Laval. Letter to William Shurtleff at the product responsibility for soya foods.” Address: Food Soyfoods Center, May 30. 2 p. Typed, with signature on Processing Expert, International Projects Coordinator for letterhead. Plus 2 brochures. UNIDO, Jamaica, c/o JAMPRO Ltd., Jamaica’s Economic • Summary: John Wilson is presently working a special Development Agency, 35 Trafalgar Rd., Kingston 10, projects in Jamaica. The former agreement with Kibun is no Jamaica. Phone: (809) 929-7190. longer active nor in effect. “Right now Alfa-Laval’s soya application group is 474. Hymowitz, Ted. 1990. Re: The Taiping Rebellion and concentrating on technological support and development Chinese refugees to the Western World. Letter to William work. The general knowledge of soya is now so well spread Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Sept. 5. 2 p. Typed, with throughout our organization that it is taken care of by our signature on letterhead. normal sales organization channels in market companies • Summary: “The Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) created and Lund. The support and development work here is taken 1.5 million Chinese refugees. Some emigrated to the U.S. to care of by our R&D Centre in Singapore where we have work on the railroads, others went to Australia and New

Zealand to tend sheep. A large number were sold into concern was the need to improve the exchange of slavery and found themselves working primarily on sugar information on specific areas of utilization research. The cane plantations in Peru, Panama, and Cuba. In Peru alone consensus of the scientists was that FAO would be best between 1849 and 1874 over 100,000 indentured Chinese suited to organize the network.” slaves toiled in the fields. It seemed reasonable to me that the soybean should have followed the Chinese to Peru.” 476. Golbitz, Peter. 1990. Trip report to Mexico City, Hymowitz talked with Dr. Michael J. Gonzales, author Mexico, September 18-24, 1990 [for American Soybean of Plantation Agriculture and Social Control in Northern Assoc. conference on soymilk and soy-based cheese Peru, 1875-1933 (Univ. of Texas, Austin, 1985). When products]. Soyatech, Inc., P.O. Box 84, Bar Harbor, ME asked by Hymowitz what the Chinese in Peru ate, he 04609. 9 p. Oct. 8. replied, “I suppose they ate rice, fish, and common beans.” • Summary: Mr. Golbitz presented a paper titled “Soya and On page 99 of the book is the following sentence, “The its Utilization in Cheese and Cheese-like Products” at the Chinese, however, eschewed beef in favor of pork, and were symposium in Mexico City. Interested people and able to cultivate, in the Chicama Valley at least, Chinese companies include: Carlos Tejeda of Alimentos S.A. in vegetables.” Note 19 on page 210 refers the reader to “On Guatemala (which now makes textured soy flour, and a vegetables, see Middendorf, Observaciones y estudios, p. cereal-soy blend resembling Incaparina), Elena Dominguez 1:262.” Note 17 on the same page provides the complete of the Dominican Republic, Miguel Ruiz Puente of reference to the book by Ernst W. Middendorf titled El PROLESA in Mexico, Nestlé (which is now successfully Peru; observaciones y estudios del pais y sus habitantes marketing Bonus, a powdered 50:50 cow’s milk:soymilk durante una permanencia de 25 años, 2 vols., trans. blend; their soymilk plant is in Veracruz). Dairy interests Ernesto More (Lima: Universidad Mayor de San Marcos perceive soy products as potential competition and a threat 1973). to their industry, but there is no longer enough cow’s milk to Since these references either are incorrect or do not go around and the price of nonfat dry milk is rapidly mistake, Hymowitz has (at least for the time being) given up increasing. Politicians are afraid of gradually adding on his pursuit of the soybean in Peru. The purpose of this soymilk to cow’s milk and other dairy products for fear of work was to push back the earliest known date for the accusations of adulteration. Address: Bar Harbor, Maine. introduction of the soybean into Latin America. Address: Phone: 207-288-4969. Prof. of Plant Genetics, Urbana, Illinois. Phone: 217-333- 9454. 477. Roberts, Peter. 1990. History of Direct Foods Ltd. and Compassion in World Farming. Part II (Interview). 475. INTSOY Newsletter (Urbana, Illinois).1990. SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 12. Conducted by William Shurtleff Conference aims at establishing Tropical Soybean Research of Soyfoods Center. Network. No. 42. p. 4. Sept. • Summary: In about 1970 Direct Foods launched 20 more • Summary: “The United Nations Food and Agricultural convenience (add water, cook, and serve) vegetarian protein Organization (FAO) is moving ahead with plans for a products, all were TVP-based alternatives to meat sold Tropical Soybean Research Network for Countries of Latin under the Ranch House brand. These included Curry, Stew, America and the Caribbean. A major step toward formation Goulash, Bolognese, Vegetable Mince, Soysage, Seasavour, of the network took place at a recent conference at the Sizzleberg, Sosmix, Savoury Macaroni Mix. etc. All were EMBRAPA National Soybean Research Center in Londrina, vegan products except the bolognese, which contained milk Brazil. powder, but even the milk was soon eliminated, so that all “Officials and scientists from 18 countries participated products were vegan. etc. Anna wrote three cookbooks, with in the week-long proceedings during mid-March 1990. One even more recipes: (1) The Earth Shall Feed Us (1976; now important focus was the EMBRAPA research program and out of print); (2) The Protoveg Cookbook (1984, which sold the soybean industry in Brazil... about 8,000 copies via mail order and health food shops; “INTSOY Director Harold Kauffman presented now out of print); and (3) The Magic Bean (April 1985, information on the current status of small- and medium- published and distributed more widely by Thorsons). These scale soybean processing technologies and their application were sold in both health food stores and regular bookstores. to Latin America and the Caribbean. He emphasized the At this time British Arkady was making a product current opportunity to expand the use of soybeans to named Banger Mix (a “banger” is a sausage), made with improve the nutrition of people throughout the region... soya protein and pig fat. Peter asked them to replace the pig “The proposed network for Latin America and the fat with a hardened vegetable oil. The Roberts named the Caribbean grew out of concerns expressed by soybean resulting product Sosmix. Introduced in about 1970, it was a scientists who attended the 1989 IV World Soybean dry sausage mix and soon became their best-seller. Because Research Conference in Buenos Aires, Argentina. A major Sosmix became such a success, British Arkady invited

Direct Foods to market Arkady’s new vegetarian Burger the market due to lack of recipe information. After a while Mix. Direct Foods accepted and again the product did well. Real Foods disappeared. Shortly after that, in about 1972, Brewhurst Health Food In about 1979 the Roberts started their own health food Supplies Ltd., the biggest health food distributor in the UK, store, named The Bran Tub, in Petersfield. In England a asked if they could distribute the Direct Foods line of “bran tub” is sort of like a “lucky dip” where kids dive for products. Direct Foods appointed Brewhurst as their first presents. distributor, but did not give them an exclusive Over the years Direct Foods had many problems with distributorship. This was a major breakthrough; sales tripled local regulators concerning labeling–but won in every case. almost immediately. Soon Direct Foods appointed other One thought Protoveg was misbranded because the label distributors, and exporters, that exported to Jamaica, Malta, said it was a vegetarian product but it contained salt–which and Greece. So Direct Foods remained a product developer, was a mineral not a vegetable! Another tried to outlaw the marketer, and mail-order house. term Sosmix because it sounded too much like sausage. The In 1973 British Arkady started making TVP in England, most important was when the public health authority took then in 1974 they were acquired by ADM, largely because Direct Foods to court claiming that the term “Vegetable ADM had seen the rapid growth of the European TVP Goulash” was a contradiction in terms since “goulash” market, especially among food manufacturers. Most of typically contained meat. Peter argued the 4-hour case Arkady’s TVP was being sold to food manufacturers (for himself and his victory set a major precedent. use in canned stews, etc.) and institutional foodservice, not Representatives from many large food companies were to retailers. present in the courtroom, and they congratulated Peter The Roberts continue to run their growing business out afterwards. of their home. The kitchen was the weighing room, the In March 1985 the Roberts sold Direct Foods (which lounge was the dispatch room, and the rest of the house was making good money) to British Arkady. Arkady had became the warehouse. There was no room left for the tried to sell their Arkady TVP to the retail trade through the Roberts. Moreover, with a steady stream of delivery trucks Cash and Carry chain but had failed–at considerable coming down their narrow country dead-end road, they expense to Arkady. Now Arkady wanted to buy either a began to have problems with the town planning authorities. majority share in Direct Foods or buy the entire company. So in about 1974 they rented a warehouse for Direct Foods Peter knew that if he said “no,” Arkady was in a position to in Petersfield, about 5 miles away from Greatham–and undercut Direct Foods and take away much of their market breathed a sigh of relief at home. At this time their best- share. A major loss of market share would be a disaster, selling products were Sosmix, Protoveg Beef Chunks, and since Direct Foods’ sales would then drop below the Beef Mince. Sales began to grow rapidly. For a short while, steadily rising threshold needed to cover their overhead and Brian Welsby’s Haldane Foods did the mixing of the Ranch make a profit. Moreover, the Roberts wanted to spend more House line of products under contract. time concentrating on their animal welfare work through In about 1976 and 1977 Direct Foods participated in its Compassion in World Farming. During the period from first exhibition, the huge Ideal Home Exhibition, which runs 1969 to 1985 Peter had devoted about 2/3 of his work time for a month every spring at Olympia in London. They to CIWF and 1/3 to Direct Foods. Direct Foods was run served samples of Sosmix, which was an entirely new mainly by Anna Roberts (who put in about the same amount product for the British public, and it was a great success. of time as Peter), her sister, and her sister’s husband, Bob Long lines of people were attracted by the smell, then won Howe, who was production manager at the mixing and over by the ease of preparation, low price (less than half the packaging warehouse. At the time of the sale Direct Food price of eat sausage), and health benefits of this meatless had 18 employees and was buying 30 tons a week of TVP sausage. from British Arkady. Address: Compassion in World Direct Foods’ first competitor was Itona (pronounced ai- Farming, 20 Lavant St., Petersfield, Haunts (Hampshire) TOE-nuh), which by 1978 had started buying TVP from GU32 3EW, England. Phone: 0730 64208. Arkady and selling it as Itona TVP. Itona had purchased other soy products (probably soy flour) from Arkady before 478. Ali, Salma Amina. 1990. An evaluation of the chemical this. At one stage, they tried to make an agreement with and sensory characteristics of tempeh from pigeon pea and Arkady which would have forced Direct Foods to buy from soybean. MSc thesis, University of the West Indies, St. Itona, but this did not work. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. xi + 147 leaves + 7 leaves Another strong competitor was Real Foods in of plates. Illust. (some color). 29 cm. * Edinburgh, Scotland. They sold flavored TVP in 50 kg • Summary: Supervisor: Mrs. Gail Baccus-Taylor. Address: paper sacks to health food shops so that the shops could Faculty of Engineering, Dep. of Chemical Engineering, weigh out any amount the customer desired. This approach Mona Campus. lowers the price of TVP to the consumer but in the end hurts

479. Dathe, Wilfried; Lopez, R.; Schonborn, H.J.; “The Japanese were only a small minority among the Sembdner, G. 1990. Regulación hormonal del desarollo del Asiatic immigrants to Cuba, concentrated in a few places fruto en la soya [Hormonal regulation of fruit development such as the Isla de la Juventud (formerly Isla de Pinos), in soybeans]. In: 25 Años de Colaboracion Cientifico where they have played a major role in the development of Tecnica Cuba–RDA 1965-1990. Santiago de las Vegas, local fruit and vegetable cultivation. We have no detailed Cuba: INIFAT. 56 p. See p. 37-43. [35 ref. Spa; ger; eng] information on their arrival in Cuba, but their presence on • Summary: The growth regulators abscisic acid (ABA), the Isla de la Juventud goes back at least three generations, jasmonic acid (JA) and the gibberellins GA1 and GA8 were according to our information.” identified in the developing soybean seed. ABA seems to be According to Roig (1975), the soybean was introduced involved in control of senescence in the pericarp, and in to Cuba in 1904 by the EEA (Estación Experimental phloem discharge within the tests in the seed. Mixtures of Agronómica de Santiago de Las Vegas, currently INIFAT, gibberellic acid (GA3) and salicylic acid were found to be the Experimental Agronomical Station) from the USA, but it very effective in stimulating grain yield in the soybean. This was possibly already found in the Isla de la Juventud, used effect is mainly caused by an increase in fruit set resulting by the Japanese to prepare a kind of cheese called ‘tofu.’ in an increased number of pods at harvest. The increase in (dau phu in Vietnamese). yield varied from 5% to 20%. Address: Institut fuer Note: This journal is published by the Food and Biochemie der Pflanzen, Halle, Germany. Agricultural Organization of the United Nations / International Board for Plant Genetic Resources. Address: 480. Hammer, K.; Esquivel, M. 1990. East Asian influences 1. Zentralinstitut fuer Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung in Cuban agriculture. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, DDR-4325, (FAO/IBPGR) No. 77. p. 9-16. [15 ref. Eng] GDR; 2. Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en • Summary: “Virtually the entire aboriginal population of Agricultura Tropical ‘Alejandro de Humboldt’, INIFAT, Cuba was wiped out in the first years of the Conquest. The Santiago de las Vegas, Havana, Cuba. introduction of African slaves supplied the alternative labour needed to develop agriculture in Cuba. Thus by 1861 481. Krieghoff, E.; Suarez, R.C.; Vicente, M.B. 1990. nearly 60% of the Cuban population was either black or Effecto del área foliar sobre el rendimiento de la soya [The mulatto. By then, slave revolts had become increasingly effect of leaf area on soybean yields]. In: 25 Años de common, jeopardizing the economic stability of Cuban Colaboracion Cientifico Tecnica Cuba–RDA 1965-1990. agriculture. From its founding in 1794, the Junta Real de Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba: INIFAT. 56 p. See p. 44-47. Fomento, Agricultura y Comercio (Royal Board of [13 ref. Spa; ger; eng] Development, Agriculture, and Trade) tried to boost the • Summary: The relationship between leaf area and yield numbers of non-Africans in Cuba, which led to the traffic in expressed in dry seed weight per plant was studied in 2 Asiatics in 1847 and Yucatecan Indians in 1849. Cuban cultivars (Vavilov 63-17 and INIFAT 382) under “After 1842, large numbers of Chinese were sent to the three sets of conditions. In general the leaf area and the seed English colonies of Barbados, Jamaica and Trinidad. The weight were greatest when the plants were not shaded. The Real Junta de Fomento, noting this, sent a representative to leaf area of the plants was approximately 3 times greater in China in 1844 to negotiate the introduction of Chinese spring-summer than in the winter. Address: Humboldt Univ. settlers into Cuba. A contracting agency for coolies destined zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. for Cuba was set up, operating in Macao, Among, Swataw [Swatow], Hong Kong, and Wompoa. The coolies travelled 482. CIRAD–Centre de Coopération Internationale en through Manila in the Philippines. On 1 January 1847, the Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement. comp. first lot of 1,073 Chinese immigrants docked in the port of 1990?—. Agritrop: Computerized bibliographic database on Havana. They consisted, inter alia, of farmers, artisans and agriculture and rural development in the tropics and tradespeople. By 1861, there were already over 60,000 subtropics. B.P. 5035, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France. Chinese from Shanghai and Canton, and it is estimated that [150000 ref] between 1853 and 1873 alone, 132,435 Chinese entered • Summary: Agritrop is an abstracts journal published Cuba. Basically, these people worked in the agricultural quarterly from this database by CIRAD in collaboration sector. Many tradespeople and artisans remained in Havana, with the documentation centres of French and foreign creating a little Chinatown in the Zanja Street research and training institutes which specialize in neighbourhood, while on the outskirts of Havana, a place agriculture and rural development in the tropics and known as Cienaga in the Cerro district was settled by Mediterranean region. Each entry contains an abstract. farmers who came to grow almost all the vegetables for the Author, subject, and geographic indexes are also included. capital. A major settlement of Asian vegetable farmers also A cumulative index is published annually. developed south of Havana, in Batabanó province.

This database was created in 1986. As of Nov. 1994 it make a profit was 1990. At the beginning of 1990 they contained 150,000 bibliographic citations. Among the moved from their old building into the new one; the different producers of records is BDPA in Paris. BDPA expenses connected with the move took upmost of their stands for Bureau pour le Développement de la Production profits. In all other recent years they have been making Agricole. Address: Montpellier, France. Phone: 67 61 59 18. good money, and a portion of that money has been contributed to the church. Mr. Fehlberg cannot understand 483. Product Name: [Cerelac Soymilk]. why the church would sell such a thriving company. Foreign Name: Cerelac. But the board of the directors of the British Union of the Manufacturer’s Name: Instituto de Investigaciones Para Seventh-day Adventist church got an offer (which was a la Industria Alimenticia (IIIA–Food Industry Research little bit of back-door work) that was too good to refuse, so Institute (FIRI)). they looked at it in their committee meeting and decided to Manufacturer’s Address: Carretera al Guatao KM 3.5, La accept it. They have a good understanding of all aspects of Lisa, Ciudad de Habana, Cuba. the company. This is the second long-established Seventh- Date of Introduction: 1991. March. day Adventist food company that has been sold by the Ingredients: Defatted soy flour (40%, all imported), whole church during the last 2 years. Loma Linda Foods was sold milk powder (15%), sugar, calcium, vitamins, vanilla flavor. to Worthington Foods in Jan. 1990. Most of the employees New Product–Documentation: Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro; of Granose have stayed with the company after the sale. Ortega, Alberto. 1996. “Recent history of soyfoods in Peter Archer, the former general manager, has stayed but is Cuba.” Part II (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 9. no longer the general manager. He is now marketing Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. After manager. The church no longer has any involvement with the dissolution of the Socialist/Soviet Bloc in late 1989 and Granose at all. 1990, Cuba’s milk supply dropped dramatically. Between We cannot say that these two sales are the start of a 1989 and 1995, consumption of dairy milk in Cuba fell by trend, but he is quite sure that the four Scandinavian 70%. Alvaro and his co-workers worked to solve this Adventist food companies (Nutana in Denmark, Sweden, immense problem. The first product they developed was Norway, and Finland) will be the next to be sold. Nutana- named Cerelac. Introduced in March 1991, it contained 15% Sweden is in considerably better financial shape than the whole milk powder, 40% defatted soy flour (all imported), other three, and Nutana-Finland is in pretty good shape. plus sugar, calcium, vitamins, and vanilla flavor. It was sold Nutana in Denmark and Norway are losing money and are at subsidized prices to kids ages 7-13 and seniors over age very much in trouble. But he thinks that can easily be 65. These people found the product acceptable. Soon 7,000 corrected if they get their costing straight and price their to 8,000 tonnes per year of Cerelac were being mixed in products based on their real costs. The man who has gone in plants inside of ten of Cuba’s dairy processing factories. to make these changes, Jan Paulsen, has as good a chance of succeeding as anyone, but he works out of London, England 484. Sistachs, M.; Padilla, C.; Gomez, I.; Barrientos, A. and does not have a much time for the health food work. He 1991. Intercropping of forage sorghum, maize and soybean feels that the church should not be in the business of selling during establishment of different grasses in a healthy foods. He influenced the board of the British Union montmorillonitic soil. II. Guinea grass (P. maximum Jacq.). in their decision to sell of Granose. Cuban J. of Agricultural Science (Cuba) 25(1):83-87. After the Scandinavian Nutana companies, the Egypt March. [10 ref. Eng] Food Factory, run by Mokhtar Nashed in Helipolois, Cairo, • Summary: The highest accumulated yield (18.86 tonnes of Egypt may well be the next to go, probably within the next dry matter per hectare) was achieved when sorghum was few months. They used to make soymilk but he thinks they intercropped with guinea grass, followed by a soybean/ no longer are making it. Their products are “sub-standard” guinea grass system. Soybeans offered the highest but still good. Superbom in Brazil is also having a hard time percentage of protein, digestibility, and content of calcium because of the adverse exchange rate and the desire to and phosphorus. Address: Instituto de Ciencia Animal, San borrow money from the church. Superbom Chile is also Jose de las Lajas, Havana, Cuba. having some problems. But many of the Adventist food companies definitely 485. Fehlberg, Eric C. 1991. The sale of Granose Foods to will not be sold by the church in the foreseeable future. In the Haldane Foods Group and British Arkady Ltd. fact, in the Far Eastern Division, a new food company in (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. April 30. Conducted by Hong Kong, run by Mr. Menzies, is scheduled to start William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. selling products in early June of 1991. A new company is • Summary: The sale of Granose took effect from 1 Jan. also starting in Thailand. Sahm Yook in Korea is also very 1991. At the time of the sale, Granose was doing very well successful, as is DE-VAU-GE in Germany and Sanitarium financially. The only year that they didn’t break even or Foods in Australia. The food companies in Central America

(Mexico, Costa Rica) and the Caribbean (Trinidad) are all Date of Introduction: 1991. May. doing well. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 200 ml bottle. There are various administrative “Unions” within the How Stored: Shelf stable. Seventh-day Adventist Church. There are 4-5 unions in New Product–Documentation: Spot in SoyaFoods (ASA, North America, 4 in Australia, many in South America, etc. Europe). 1991. 2(2):8. “Soya sauce from Trinidad.” Chief The South American ones report to one central office in Brand Products, the largest manufacturer of spices, curry Brasilia, Brazil. The Central American food companies powder, and condiments in Trinidad and Tobago, exhibited report to Miami, Florida. Sometimes a company manager this product at the International Food and Drink Exhibition and the head of the Union (a church official to whom he in London in April/May. The company exports to the reports) have different ideas of what needs to be done at the Caribbean and North America. company. These two men live in two different worlds, yet both have input in running the company. This can be a cause 488. Product Name: Tempeh: Fermented Soya Beans. of business problems. The Mormon church owns some food Manufacturer’s Name: Magic Tops. companies and has the same type of problems. Address: Manufacturer’s Address: 16 Manahambre Road, Princes Director, International Health Food Assoc., Seventh-day Town, Trinidad, West Indies. Phone: 1-809-655-3230. Adventist General Conference, 12501 Old Columbia Pike, Date of Introduction: 1991. August. Silver Spring, Maryland 20904. Phone: 301-680-6674. Ingredients: Fermented soya beans. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 454 gm (1 lb) plastic bag. 486. Plenty Bulletin (Davis, California).1991. Where and How Stored: Frozen. how is Plenty making a difference in 1991? 7(1):2-page New Product–Documentation: Leaflet sent by Deolal S. insert. Spring. Also distributed as a leaflet. and Kamla Ramnarine, joint directors. 1991. Oct. 8. “Enjoy • Summary: In Dominica: Working every summer since tempeh.” This 6-panel leaflet, printed in blue and red on tan 1987, Plenty’s MBA graduate volunteers from the Wharton paper, contains 4 recipes with illustrations plus information School of Business and Carib volunteers have built a soy about tempeh (taken from “What is Tempeh?” and “The cafe. Book of Tempeh” by Shurtleff and Aoyagi). “Fermented In Belize: Drawing on its fifteen years of experience in soya beans. Eat right with every bite. Join the soya food soy foods utilization training, Plenty is providing program revolution as tempeh comes to the Caribbean. Tempeh is design and technical support for the Corozal South Soya super food.” In an accompanying letter Deolal notes that he Cooperative and the Belize Soy Cooperative. is diversifying his small ice cream business to include In Jamaica: Plenty is providing technical and material tempeh. He is being guided by the Caribbean Industrial support for the Country Farmhouse Project. This soybean Research Institute, St. Augustine, Trinidad. He would like to processing business, operated by a Jamaican staff, is visit 1-2 tempeh manufacturers, preferably in Florida. distributing low-cost, high-quality protein foods to several Letter and Label sent by Deolal Ramnarine. 1991. Nov. retail outlets in Kingston. 21. They have been making and selling tempeh since 28 In St. Vincent: The Soybean Foundation of St. Vincent Aug. 1991. It got off to a slow start until they did more has requested Plenty’s support in conducting a marketing aggressive marketing. “We are now supplying the health feasibility study for the island, identifying appropriate shops. We are also in contact with vegetarian groups equipment to be used by small processors, and advising on making presentations on how to use tempeh. The Seventh- the design of a soybean utilization program. day Adventists of Trinidad and Tobago make a variety of In India: The State of Madhya Pradesh within India has crushed soya bean foods which do not contain tofu or a large population that is undernourished. At the same time, tempeh.” most of the soybeans produced by small farmers in this Label is 7 by 3 inches printed on the front and back of a region are being sold for animal feed. Dr. Manoj Jain (an 10-by-5-inch plastic bag. Orange, blue, and white. A wreath Indian physician) and Plenty are working with a local rural surrounds a see-through window. “Tempeh is a low-cost, development agency from Madhya Pradesh in designing a high-quality vegetable protein and an excellent diet food & soybean promotion program that will teach home and small low in saturated fats. Tempeh is a rich source of vitamin business soybean processing methods to rural and urban B12. Tempeh also contains other vitamins, minerals and populations. fibre, and essential amino acids. Tempeh is highly digestible, and is suitable for young children and the elderly. 487. Product Name: Chief Brand Soya Sauce. Free of cholesterol.” On the back of the label are recipes Manufacturer’s Name: Chief Brand Products. for: General preparation of tempeh (pan fried with Manufacturer’s Address: Uriah Butler Highway, seasonings). Stewed tempeh relish. Tempeh (cheese) burger. Charlieville, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. Phone: 809 665 4144.

489. Leviton, Richard. 1991. The duke of herbs [Dr. James Dr. Duke’s address: USDA Germplasm Services Lab., A. Duke of USDA]. East West. Sept/Oct. p. 66-72, 74, 76. ARS B-001 R-133, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. Phone: • Summary: Dr. James A. Duke, age 62, of the USDA, has 301-344-4419. Four different color photos show Jim Duke been finding scientific validation for botanical remedies for with plants. Address: 111 Lake Shore Drive / Goshen, RR 1, 25 years. He is one of the country’s leading experts on the Box 322B, Williamsburg, Massachusetts 01096. medicinal uses of plants. The author of ten botanical manuals and 200 scientific papers, he is both an 490. Product Name: [Tofu, Tofu Mayonnaise, Hot Squash ethnobotanist (who combs the anthropological literature of Pies with Miso-Tofu Topping, Tofu Tart (with Cocoa or native peoples for clues about traditional plant uses) and an Carob), Tofu Salad with Tahini, Vegetarian Spring Rolls economic botanist (who finds new ways to use plants (Filled with Rice, Tofu & Soy Sprouts), Seitan]. profitably). His unique computerized database of plants Foreign Name: Tofou, Tourte au Giraumon (Nappage with medicinal qualities (these plants are called Miso, Tofou et Umé), Tarte au Tofou (cacao-pays, ou fruits phytomedicals; the database is called Father Nature’s de saison), Salade de Tofou (Tofou, crème de Sésame, Farmacy or FNF) contains more than 20,000 records. His tamari, aromates), Nems, Seitan. job, officially, is to assess marginal economic plants for Manufacturer’s Name: Pascal Pinault. their phytochemistry and potential benefits for U.S. Manufacturer’s Address: “Caplet,” 97226 Morne Vert, agriculture. He owns a personal 6-acre Herbal Vineyard, 20 Martinique, French West Indies 0033. Phone: +59 6 55 56 miles southwest of Baltimore, where he conserves and 57. cultivates phytomedicals. He advocates solving the problem Date of Introduction: 1991. October. of global warming from the greenhouse effect by New Product–Documentation: Talk with Pascal’s sister, reforestation of 100 million acres with medicinal, pesticidal, Marie, who calls from Orange County, California, to and energy-producing crop plants. They would tie up enquire about a source of tempeh starter for Pascal. 1993. enough carbon dioxide to halt its increase and retard or March 17. Pascal has been very involved with soyfoods for nullify greenhouse warming. 2,000 million acres in oil many years. He has been making tofu and tofu products out palms could provide us with enough oil (50 billion barrels), of his home in Martinique for several years; he sells these which, if properly converted to diesel fuel, could satisfy the mostly to restaurants. He would like to start making tempeh. world’s energy needs renewably. When petroleum hits $50 a Letter, price list, and resume sent by Pascal Pinault at barrel, plant-derived fuel alcohol will become competitive. the above address. 1993. April 2. In Martinique he has been Born in 1929 near Birmingham, Alabama into a “very making an average of 12 to 20 pounds of tofu every week poor” farm family, he soon became a self-taught botanist. since Oct. 1991. His business has no formal name. He uses Since that time, his favorite retreat has been the woods. He most of the tofu he makes to produce second generation earned his PhD from the Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel products such as tofu mayonnaise, hot squash pies with Hill, was drafted into the Army, then worked for 3 years at miso-tofu topping, tofu & cocoa (or carob) sweet pie, tofu the Missouri botanical gardens, where he immersed himself salad, spring rolls (Nems). For details see entry for the letter. in the tropical ethnobotany of Peru and Panama. In 1963 the Note: This is the earliest known commercial soy product USDA hired Duke to study the tropical plants of Puerto made in Martinique or any French Overseas Department. Rico. Starting in 1965 he lived for 30 months in Panama, living with the native people, eating their plants and taking 491. Product Name: [Seitan]. their medicines. From 1977-82 he worked for the National Foreign Name: Seitan. Cancer Institute (NCI) studying botanical cancer cures. He Manufacturer’s Name: Pascal Pinault. is married and his office is right across the street from the Manufacturer’s Address: “Caplet,” 97226 Morne Vert, USDA National Agricultural Library in Beltsville, Martinique, French West Indies 0033. Phone: +59 6 55 56 Maryland. 57. Why don’t pharmaceutical companies sell more natural Date of Introduction: 1991. October. medicinal plant compounds? Because they cannot be New Product–Documentation: Letter from Pascal Pinault. patented and made proprietary; they belong to the people. “I 1993. April 27. “I first started to make seitan in Martinique lament that our government has abandoned the herbal under the same circumstances as tofu–lack of vegetable alternatives for the pharmaceutical firms and their proteins other than beans. Not having ready-made gluten, I synthetics. I urge our government to sponsor research into first made it by washing white-flour wheat dough. That was safer, cheaper, natural herbal alternatives,” Duke wrote in a very long and messy process but was well worth it. Then I 1987. “The wave of the future in medicine should be found wheat gluten in the Tama catalogue–the company I prevention.” The NCI now has an exciting program to mentioned that specializes in imported Japanese food prevent cancer; they will be telling people about such products. That’s when I started to [make and] sell seitan– chemopreventives as estrogenic compounds in soybeans. though there is not much demand for it. My product was of

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 150 good quality, cooked with ginger, Sakae-Johsen shoyu, and Plenty has also been asked to provide program design Hokkaido kombu-dashi! I learned to make seitan while and technical assistance by organizations in Madhya living in the Catskill mountains of New York from a Pradesh (India), Jamaica, Dominica, Barbados, St. Vincent macrobiotic British girl friend who also taught me how to in the Caribbean, and Guyana, as well as by American make amazake.” For background details see letter from Indian communities from Pine Ridge, South Dakota, and Pinault, April 1993. Round Valley, California. Letter from Pascal Pinault. 1993. July 7. “I first made seitan, in Martinique, in 1989, from regular white flour. I 493. Product Name: Tofu–Soya Bean Curd. started selling it in October 1991, but I was, by then, Manufacturer’s Name: Health Valley Foods. making it from dry wheat gluten. Because I am making it Manufacturer’s Address: Box 3376, Maraval, Trinidad, only on order (usually phone call), I am packaging it in a Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. regular medium size plastic freezer bag. Customers know Date of Introduction: 1991. they have to eat it within a few days. From Tama, I ordered How Stored: Refrigerated. what I believe is dry wheat gluten (except when I was New Product–Documentation: Letter from Deolal making it from flour), not even knowing of fresh gluten, or Ramnarine of Magic Tops in Trinidad. 1991. Nov. 21. what ‘dry vital’ wheat gluten is. Tama has discontinued Health Valley Foods, at the address shown above, makes gluten (I now get it from CELNAT).” “Tofu–Soya Bean Curd.” Note: Maraval is located just north of Port of Spain, the capital of Trinidad, which is located 492. Plenty Bulletin (Davis, California).1991. Soy to the just off the coast of Venezuela. In Dec. 1988 Patricia world. 7(3):1-2. Fall. Kempadoo of Kempadoo Tofu Co. started making tofu at • Summary: “Plenty has just been awarded $29,600 by the this address. Public Welfare Foundation of Washington, DC to help groups who have requested Plenty’s assistance in starting up 494. Product Name: Tofu (Plain), Savoury Baked Tofu, or expanding projects involving the production of foods Soya Milk, Soy Ice Cream, and Soysage. made from soybeans over the next two years... Plenty Manufacturer’s Name: Nature Island Foods. representatives have pioneered the introduction and Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 501, Roseau, adaptation of soybean foods into the diets of people in Dominica, West Indies. Phone: 809-448-3602. developing countries from Central America to Africa over Date of Introduction: 1991? the past thirteen years. During Plenty’s first and largest soy New Product–Documentation: Letter from Yolanda project to date, undertaken in Guatemala in 1979 and 1980, Bryan. 1992. Jan. 8. Lists the soyfoods they presently make. more than 1,000 men and women from a total of 74 different villages were taught how to make soy milk and 495. SoyaScan Notes.1992. Why does the USA support so tofu at home... many unpopular, repressive dictators in Latin America while “The Corozal South Soya Producers Cooperative in denouncing Fidel Castro in Cuba (Overview). Jan. 26. Belize is a group of 25 sugar cane farming families who Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. have been growing soybeans on the side over the past five • Summary: Some worry that Cuba may be next on the list years. Soybeans grown by the Corozal farmers are currently for U.S. intervention. Lawyer William Kunstler notes that sold to Mennonite poultry growers who process and use the the U.S. government has supported or does support the soybeans for poultry feed. The Corozal farmers have following Latin American Dictators: General Alfredo requested program design and technical assistance in Stroessner in Paraguay (ruled from 1954 to 3 Feb. 1989), establishing a soybean processing business that would make General Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua (imposed Martial soybean foods for human consumption and use the residue law in Dec. 1974 then fled in July 1979), Robert Dabusson for animal feeds. in El Salvador, General Pinochet in Chile (1973 to 1989), a “Imani House was founded by an African-American whole succession of Guatemalan dictators, Francois (Papa- couple who have been living in Liberia for the last six years. Doc) Duvalier (1964-1971), then his son Jean-Claude Imani House is a child-care center and orphanage which is (Baby-Doc) Duvalier (1971 to Feb. 1986) in Haiti, General committed to nurturing and feeding abandoned and hungry Rafael Trujillo (1930-1961) in the Dominican Republic. In children in war-torn Liberia. The organization has asked for addition the U.S. government has welcomed Cuban Plenty’s assistance to develop soybean agriculture and refugees but deported those fleeing from Haiti and El small-scale soy foods processing technologies at Imani Salvador. House and in other parts of Liberia in an effort to create Plus the U.S. has supported the Apartheit government in more locally-produced sources of nutritious food.” Plenty South Africa. has agreed to help Imani house with a community agriculture and soy utilization project.

496. Kushi, Michio. 1992. Introduction to Culinary Distribuidora de Productos Macrobioticos S.A. In England: Treasures of Japan, by John and Jan Belleme. 16 p. Jan. Sunwheel Foods Ltd, Clearspring Natural Grocer, Meridian Unpublished manuscript. Foods Ltd. In France: Celnat, Tama. In Belgium: Lima N.V. • Summary: This manuscript, which was published in a In the United Arab Emirates: Emirates Trading & Marketing condensed form in the actual book, tells the story of Mitoku Est. In South Africa: Key Health. In Austria: and their work to export traditional Japanese natural foods Naturkostladen, Lebenszeichen. In Switzerland: to the Western world. Michio Kushi was instrumental in S’lotusbluemli, Terrasana, Futonhaus. In Sweden: Kung getting Mr. Akiyoshi Kazama involved in this work. Mr. Markatta. In Norway: Alternative Import. In Finland: Makro Kushi, who became a World Federalist after World War II, Bios. In Portugal: Armazens Da Matinha. In Spain: Kunga. came to the U.S. in Nov. 1949 to study at Columbia In Italy: La Finestra Sul Cielo, Probios S.R.L., Dalla Terra University. He continuously sought ways of establishing al Cielo, Solo Natura. In Israel: Tivoli Ltd. In Australia: world peace, and increasingly came to believe that a proper Pureharvest. In New Zealand: Enso. In Singapore: Nature’s diet is the basis for health, happiness, and peace. Best. In Yugoslavia: General Export. In Japan: Seibu In April 1966 the author’s wife, Aveline, opened a small Department Stores Ltd., Tokyu Department Stores Ltd. store named Erewhon in Boston. Michio began to search for Among the countries reached indirectly through trans- a Japanese source for foods that Erewhon would sell. He shipment are Hungary, reached through Austria, various was introduced to Mr. Kazama (who lived in Tokyo) South American countries reached through the United through a Japanese friend, Mr. Obayashi, who resided at States, and other countries such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, that time in New York City. Michio felt that Mr. Kazama Iceland, Andorra, Ireland and the Caribbean Islands.” understood his desire for foods of high quality. So Mr. As Mitoku developed its international operations, Mr. Kazama “began his search for food producers and Kazama hired many students from Western countries, manufacturers who were sincere and willing to supply the including Blake Rankin (USA), Ferro Ledvinka (Italy), kind of quality we requested. I know that for him, at that Christopher Geoffrey Dawson (New Zealand, starting time, it was a great gamble. It was also a painstaking and 1979), Robbie Swinnerton (England), Terrie Adams (USA), slow step-by-step process.” and Michelle Harbroun (France). Mr. Kazama was born on 1 Feb. 1930 in Yamanashi “For the past 10 years, Mitoku has echoed and prefecture. He graduated from Waseda University in Tokyo, supported the macrobiotic perspective with its motto then was selected to study business in the United States. ‘Isshoku-Dogen.’ These words, though they have been After arriving in Chicago, Illinois, he was drafted by the forgotten in the last few centuries by the very people in the U.S. government to serve in the American Army in Korea health care field who should remember them well, mean and in Japan from 1956 to 1958. Upon his return to Japan, literally ‘medicine and food have the same source,’ and can he settled in Tokyo where he became an import agent for a be translated as ‘food is medicine.’ This saying has been German company dealing in optics and electronics. After used and known as part of the ancestral heritage of wisdom the Kushis contacted him, he became involved in the transmitted from generation to generation for several emerging natural food business. [He founded a company thousand years in Oriental countries such as China, Korea named Mitoku. Mi = Michio. To = Tomoko (Aveline’s given and Japan. name in Japanese). Ku = Kushi]. “In an attempt to preserve Japanese traditions, Japan has In 1968 Mr. Kazama made his first shipment of instituted a ‘Living Treasures’ program granting official Japanese natural foods to Erewhon; the order was worth recognition and support to [living masters in] various $3,000. The Kushis first met Mr. Kazama in Boston in cultural areas such as theater, music, dance, sculpture, 1970. Over the years, the volume of Mitoku’s exports carpentry, weaving... and arts and crafts. Ironically, though, steadily grew, and expanded to Europe, Australia, and the Japan has not granted the same official recognition to its Middle East. Today Mitoku ships its products to about 35 traditional methods of food processing and production in countries. Approximately 40% of Mitoku’s exports go to spite of the fact that increasingly large numbers of people America, 40% to Europe, and 20% to Australia and other throughout the world are now appreciating traditionally regions. Annual sales are about $10 million. Among the processed Japanese food products and have become aware major suppliers are Sendai Miso Shoyu Co. Ltd., Hatcho of their important health benefits. The Japanese traditional Miso Co. Ltd., Hagoromo Miso, Ltd., Hanamaruki Miso Co. arts of producing miso, soysauce, tofu, natto, amazake, rice Ltd, San Iku Foods Co. Ltd. vinegar, sake, mirin, condiments and pickles as well as Distributors of Mitoku’s products include the following: cooking methods and preparation are unique among the In the USA: Westbrae Natural Foods Inc., Great Eastern culinary practices of the world... These foods are also works Sun Inc., U.S. Mills Inc., Tree of Life Inc., and Shojin of art... It is my hope and recommendation that official Natural Foods (Hawaii). In Canada: Koyo Foods Inc., Flora recognition and support be granted by the ‘Living Treasures Distributors Ltd., and Timbuktu. In Costa Rica: of Japan’ to those who have dedicated their life to the

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 152 traditional art of food production and processing in spite of Stonewall, Sturdy, Thomas, Twiggs, Walters. Note: This is the hardships and commercial disadvantages they are the earliest document seen (Aug. 1999) that mentions the compelled to face in business competition and present-day soybean variety Merrimax. economical conditions.” Address: 62 Buckminster Rd., Part (2), “Corrections and additional information,” Brookline, Massachusetts 02146. makes corrections in Table 3, most in the pedigree information (Improved Pelican, Lincoln, Pagoda) and Table 497. Ontario Export Soybeans (OSGMB).1992. Ontario 6 (Anoka, Acme {Canada} and Crest, Bradley, Chico, soya to Cuba? 5(2):2. May. Custer, Sloan, Swift). Also contains a page titled • Summary: Two members of the “Ontario Soybean “Comments on pedigrees.” “The most common error we Growers’ Marketing Board visited Cuba on an export trade have found is the reversal of male and female. Since in mission between March 1 to 8. During the week they visited soybean breeding it appears to make little if any difference, a crushing plant, a farming enterprise, the Cuban Food the cross A x B has sometimes been recorded B x A. Some Research Institute and had several meetings with officials breeders make no distinction in their records between from their import agency, Alimport...” reciprocal crosses. We have made some corrections but this “The Ontario soybean industry has an immediate error may still be present in some pedigrees.” opportunity in soy-protein products of soy flour and Part (3) Additions to Table 9 gives new information textured vegetable protein.” Address: Chatham, Ontario, about “Registrations of 1987 to 1991 public soybean Canada. varieties.” The new varieties are: Amcor 89, Archer, Avery, Bell, Bryan, Burlison, Chapman, Colquitt, Conrad, Cordell, 498. Bernard, Richard L.; Nelson, R.J. 1992. Origins and Crockett, Delsoy 4500, Delsoy 4900, Edison, Edison 87, pedigrees of public soybean varieties in the United States Flyer, Glenwood, GR8836, GR8936, Hamilton, Harper 87, and Canada: 1987 to 1991–(1) Additions to Table 6; (2) Hayes, Hobbit 87, HP201, HP202, HP203, HP204, Corrections and additional information; (3) Additions to Hutcheson, IL1, IL2, Jack, Kasota, Kato, Kenwood, Kunitz, Table 9; (4) Table updating USDA Soybean Germplasm Lamar, Linford, Lloyd, LN83-2356, LS201, LS301, Collection. USDA Technical Bulletin No. 1746. 11 p. July. Marcus, Minnatto, Newton, Padre, Pennyrile, Perrin, Proto, [1 ref] Resnik, Sharkey, Spencer, Sprite 87, SS201, SS202, • Summary: These four unpublished photocopied Stonewall, Sturdy, Thomas, Twiggs, Walters. documents are intended to update and make corrections in For each variety is given the Registration Number and USDA Technical Bulletin No. 1746, issued in Oct. 1988. the citation for the registration in Crop Science (year, Part (1), “Additions to Table 6,” gives details about the volume, and pages). Registration numbers above 273 carry following new varieties: Amcor 89, Archer (Developer: the prefix “CV-”. e.g., CV-274. Iowa and Puerto Rico AES), Avery, Bass, Bell, Bert, Brim, Additional information for varieties listed in Bulletin Brock, Bryan, Buckshot 723, Burlison, Camp, Canatto, 1746, p. 62-67. Missing details are given for: Cartter, Chapman, Choska, Colquitt, Conrad, Cook, Cordell, CN210, CN290, Corsoy 79, Fayette, Gnome 85, Hobbit, Corsica, Crockett, Crowley, Delsoy 4210, Delsoy 4500, Hoyte, Pixie, Ripley, Sprite, TN4-86, Will, Williams 79, Delsoy 4710, Delsoy 4900, Dunbar, Edison, Elgin 87, Erie, Williams 82. Flyer, Glenwood, GR8836, GR8936, Hagood, Hamilton, (4) Table updating USDA Soybean Germplasm Hardin 91, Haroson, Harovinton, Harper 87, Hartwig, Collection. Vertical columns are 13 maturity groups from Hayes, Hobbit 87, Howard, HP201, HP202, HP203, HP204, 000 to X, plus the total for that row. Horizontal rows are Hutcheson, IA1001, IA1002, IA1003, IA2001, IA2002, (with totals): Pre-1945 public cultivars (202), Post-1945 IA2003, IA2004, IA2005, IA2007, IA2009, IA2010 (Note: public cultivars (315), Private cultivars (28), Clark isolines IA varieties are all from Iowa and Puerto Rico AES), IL1, (276), Harosoy isolines (119), Williams isolines (62), Other IL2 (Note: IL varieties are from the Illinois AES), Jack, isolines (37), Genetic types (145), Germplasm releases (52), Kasota, Kato, Kenwood, Kunitz, Lamar, Leslie, Linford, FC accessions (G. max) (90), PI accessions (G. max) Lloyd, LN83-2356, LS201, LS301, Manokin, Maple Glen, (11,581), PI accessions (G. soja) (1,034), Column totals. Marcus, Merrimax, Minnatto, Narow M, Nattawa, Nattosan, The top 4 maturity groups in terms of number of total Newton, Nile, OAC Dorado, OAC Eclipse, OAC Frontier, varieties are: IV (3,168), V (2,195), II (1,735) and III OAC Musca, OAC Shire, OAC Talbot, OAC Vision (Note: (1,544). The bottom 4 maturity groups in terms of number OAC varieties are all from the University of Guelph, of total varieties are: IX (159), X (163), 000 (209) and VIII Ontario, Canada), Padre, Pennyrile, Perrin, Pharaoh, Proto, (362). Address: Univ. of Illinois. Urbana, Illinois. RCAT Alliance, RCAT Angora, RCAT Persian (Note: RCAT varieties are from Ridgetown College of Agricultural 499. Estévez P., Angela. 1992. 112 recetas con soya: “La Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada), Resnik, Rhodes, leguminosa de los mil usos” [112 recipes with soya: The Sharkey, Spencer, Sprite 87, Spry, SS201, SS202,

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 153 legume of a thousand uses]. Santo Domingo, Dominican “During the period 1917 to 1920 Calvino issued Republic: Editora Serrallés, S.A. [Spa] information on the study of soybeans in Cuba; he indicated Address: Lic., Saluvid, S.A., Calle San Lorenzo #9 Altos, that the variety Biloxi did well in Cuba. At the end of the Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 1920s, Francisco B. Cruz studied 8 varieties of soybeans. In 1937 the forage characteristics of the variety Otootan were 500. Ono, Yoshitaka; Buritica, P.; Hennen, J.F. 1992. evaluated. In 1952 Calzadilla Cabrales delivered seeds of Delimitation of Phakopsora, Physopella and Cerotelium and the variety Improved Pelican to the Agricultural Experiment their species on Leguminosae. Mycological Research Station at Santiago de las Vegas; this unique commercial 96(10):825-50. Oct. [162 ref] variety was used in Cuba until 1978. In 1955 a pamphlet • Summary: Two species for the soybean rust fungi are titled The cultivation of soybeans (El cultivo del frijol soya) established based on morphological differences between was published by this same station (Muller 1955). their anamorphs and teleomorphs. “Phakopsora pachyrhizi “In 1958 the Cuban Bank for Agricultural and Industrial includes the Austro-Asian populations... Phakopsora Promotion (Banco de Fomento Agrícola e Industrial de meibomiae includes the New World populations.” For P. Cuba–BANFAIC), in cooperation with the Agricultural meibomiae: On pages 831-36 the authors have published a Experiment Station at Santiago de las Vegas, published a complete history, morphology (with many bulletin titled The cultivation of soybeans (El cultivo del photomicrograms), description of specimens examined, and frijol soya) (Gonzalez et al. 1958). This bulletin described list of hosts and their geographical distribution. P. the areas of soybean extension located in the savannah areas meibomiae was found on cultivated soybeans (Glycine max) of Santo Domingo (province of Villa Clara), in the estate in Brazil (1979, 1982), Colombia (1984), Costa Rica ‘Pablo’ (Ciego de Avila), and in the rice-growing area of (1984), and Puerto Rico (1976). P. meibomiae was first southern Pinar del Rio. Other key documents published described in 1917 in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical from 1968 to 1989 are cited and summarized. Club. Address: 1. Faculty of Education, Ibaraki Univ., Mito, “In 1978 at San Nicolás de Bari, in Havana province, Ibaraki 310, Japan; 2. Instituto Colombiano Agropequario, the first Cuban soy sauce (salsa soya) factory was started at ICA, AA 151123, Bogota, Colombia; 3. The Arthur an investment cost of more than 4 million pesos and with an Herbarium, Dep. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue annual production capacity of 2,000 tonnes/year. Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907. “At the Food Research Institute of the Ministry of Food Industry (Instituto de investigaciones para la Industria 501. Diaz Carrasco, Humberto; Busto Garcia, I.; Velazquez Alimentaria del Ministerio de la Industria Alimenticia Diaz, O.; Fernandez Diaz-Silveira, M.; Gonzalez Mauri, J.; (MINAL)), situated in El Guatao, there was installed [in Ortega Herrera, J. 1992. El cultivo de la soya para granos y 1984] the so-called “Mechanical Cow” (vaca mecánica). forrajes [The cultivation of the soybean for its seeds and as This piece of equipment was acquired in Brazil for a forage]. Havana, Cuba: Ministerio de la Agricultura, extracting soymilk; it had a capacity of 200 liters/hour. The Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Food Research Institute made soymilk (leche de soya) in Tropical [INIFAT]. 16 p. Nov. [37 ref. Spa] vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry flavors. • Summary: Contents: Origin and distribution of the “As part of a continuation of previous investigations, soybean. Importance worldwide. Soya in Cuba. during the period 1981-1991, at INIFAT and at the “El Morphology. Physiological aspects. Favorable attributes of Tomeguín” Seed Station (Estación de Granos), both part of the soybean. Main issues to consider in planting, the Cuban Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG), work was management, harvest, and benefitting/profiting from the undertaken on genetic improvement and introduction, with soybean. Rotations with soya. the objective of obtaining soybean varieties that could be The section titled “Soya in Cuba” (p. 4-7) states: “The planted at different seasons of the year to produce seed, first annual report of the Agricultural Experiment Station at forage, or both, that were easy to harvest mechanically, and Santiago de las Vegas (Estación Experimental Agronómica were less susceptible to the principal diseases and pests de Santiago de las Vegas), mentioned the acclimatization of which attack this crop. 50 varieties of soya. Today this station is INIFAT (Instituto “As a result of this work, the following varieties are de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical) now available for spring planting: Cubasoy-23, 42, of the Cuban Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG). Note 1. Williams, and Duocrop. The varieties IGH-24, R-315, Santiago de las Vegas is a town located 10 miles south of INIFAT-112, INIFAT-V9, Cubasoy-120, and 96 can be Havana in Habana Province. Note 2. This report, published planted during the months of July and August, and the in June 1906, covers work done during the period 1 April varieties INIFAT-382, INIFAT-V9, and Cubasoy-120 can be 1904 to 30 June 1905. It contains the earliest date seen for planted during the months of December and January. soybeans in Cuba, or the cultivation of soybeans in Cuba “In parallel to the work described above, within the (1905; one of three documents). “Principal State Problem of Beans and Soybeans”

(Problema Principal Estatal de Frijol y Soya), in various Cuban institutions (National Institute of Agricultural 504. Waterlow, John C.; Tomkins, A.M.; Grantham- Science {Instituto Nacional de Ciencia Agrícola, INCA}, McGregor, S.M. 1992. Protein-energy malnutrition. Institute of Animal Science {Instituto de Ciencia Animal, London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. viii + 407 p. ICA}, INIFAT, and others), investigations were conducted [917* ref] that made it possible to maximize the utilization of the new • Summary: This book contains 20 chapters and an index. crops. Among these were rotation and intercropping with The authors use the term “severe protein-energy sugar cane, citrus crops, tobacco, potatoes, and rice, malnutrition” (PEM) to cover a spectrum of clinical rhizobium biology, mineral nutrition, irrigation, pictures, ranging from frank kwashiorkor to severe mechanization, incidence and control of pests, diseases, and marasmus. Kwashiorkor was first described by Williams in weeds, uses and storage of the seed, production of elite seed the Gold Coast (later renamed Ghana) in 1933, although she varieties, etc. which permit integral crop management of the did not introduce the name “kwashiorkor” until her second soybean under Cuban conditions.” Address: Havana, Cuba. paper in 1935. This word, which comes from the Ga language of West Africa, could be translated as “the disease 502. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. of the deposed child” (Williams, 1935). 1992. Annotated bibliography of soybean rust (Phakopsora The earliest account seen of kwashiorkor was published pachyrizhi Sydow). Shanhua, Taiwan: AVRDC. 160 p. by Hinajosa in 1865 in Mexico. The book Kwashiorkor Author index. Subject index. Geographical index. 26 cm. published in 1954 by Trowell (a physician), Davies (a AVRDC Library Bibliography Series No. 4-1. [480 ref] pathologist), and Dean (a pediatrician), is one of the classics • Summary: This publication supersedes an earlier edition on this subject. “Trowell gives a very full account of the published by AVRDC in 1987. It includes an additional 160 early history of kwashiorkor and of the controversies citations covering the period 1985 to May 1991. surrounding it, with a list of papers published up to that Compiled by P.L. Hwang, F.C. Chen, and C.C. Wei, this time.” bibliography contains abstracts of documents about soybean Soy is mentioned on page 180 (zinc was found to be rust which are available in the AVRDC Library. Contents: limiting in children fed a soy-based formula) and page 299 Explanatory note, general information, pathogen (the soya bean contains dietary allergens). Address: 1. morphology and taxonomy, physiology and biochemistry, Emeritus Prof. of Human Nutrition, London School of epidemiology, pathogenic specialization, etiology, yield Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Univ. of London; 2. Prof. loss, and disease management (incl. general, chemical of International Child Health, Inst. of Child Health, Univ. of control, biological control, host resistance, cultural control). London; 3. Prof. of Child Health, Tropical Metabolism Countries or continents mentioned in the index at Research Unit, Univ. of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. geographical distribution of soybean rust: Africa, Asia, Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, China, Columbia, Costa Rica, 505. University of Illinois, Dep. of Agronomy. 1993. USDA Cuba, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea, Soybean Germplasm Collection: Public varieties (United Latin America, Malaysia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, States and Canada). Urbana, Illinois. 3 p. Feb. 16. Philippines, Puerto Rico, Soviet Union, Sri Lanka, St. Unpublished typescript. 28 cm. Thomas, Suriname, Taiwan, Thailand, Togo, United States, • Summary: Lists 338 public soybean varieties that are West Indies, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia. Address: P.O. currently in the USDA Germplasm Collection. For each Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199, Taiwan. variety is given: Year the variety was licensed or released. Maturity group. Code letters for the following: Stem 503. Cuban Ministry of Agriculture. 1992. Soya–Frijol termination (indeterminate, semi-determinate, determinate), milagroso [Soya–The miraculous bean (Color videotape)]. flower color, pubescence color, pubescence form, Havana, Cuba: MINAG. 12 minutes each. [Spa]* pubescence density, pod color, seed coat luster, seed coat • Summary: This two-part series was shown on Cuban color, hylum color, and other unique characteristics. television on two Sundays in 1992 as part of a larger series Across the top of page 1 is a horizontal table. In the top titled Tierra, Sol... y Algo Mas (Soil, Sun... and Something row are 13 maturity groups from 000 to X. In the second More). Each part is 12 minutes long and directed at farmers. row are the number of varieties belonging to each maturity Part I begins with scenes of Tokyo, Japan, then discusses group, plus the total (338). the importance of the soybean as a food source, and the way Note: This document was sent to Soyfoods Center by it can help to solve food problems worldwide. Soy protein Dr. Richard Bernard in Dec. 1998. On it he wrote a “v” to can be mixed with meat and soy oil can help make up for the left of the following varieties, which he believes to be a shortages of vegetable oil. Part II shows how to plant and large-seeded vegetable-type soybeans: Disoy (1967), harvest soybeans, and protect the crop from insect pests and Emerald (1975), Grande (1976), Kahala (1969), Kaikoo diseases. Address: Havana, Cuba. (1969), Kailua (1969), Kanrich (1956), Kim (1956), LS201

(1990), LS301 (1990), Magna (1967), Merrimax (1986), he found and bought chunks of a dry soy protein product Mokapu Summer (1969), Prize (1967), Verde (1967), resembling TVP which must be cooked in water. He found Vinton (1978), Vinton 81 (1981). this soy protein product very interesting for a country like He also wrote a “n” to the left of the following varieties, India which has such a shortage of protein, however the which he believes to be a small-seeded soybeans released price was high–about 10 rupees/kg compared with 2½ for natto or sprouts: Camp (1989), Canatto (1985), Chico rupees/kg for wheat. (1983), IL1 (1989), IL2 (1989) (Note: IL varieties are from In Jan. 1988 he and his family moved to Martinique. “I Illinois), Minnatto (1989), Nattawa (1981), Nattosan was compelled to make tofu for myself and my family (1989), SS201 (1989), SS202 (1989), Vance (1986). because there was no other vegetable protein available in At the end he wrote in the names of large-seeded Martinique, except for this chunky TVP. I was still using vegetable-type soybeans released from 1992 to 1997: lemon juice instead of nigari and making 2 pounds of tofu at IA2012, IA2016, IA2020, IA2034, IA3001, IA3002, a time. Then in 1991, as I started to import Japanese food IA3006 (Note: IA varieties are from the Iowa and Puerto products from France (umeboshi, seaweeds, amasaké, etc.), Rico AES), Ohio FG1, Ohio FG2, Saturn. He also wrote in I ordered a small booklet on making tofu using nigari. Plus I the names of small-seeded natto- or sprout-type soybeans had an excellent book (Les Aliments Fermentés released from 1992 to 1997: AC Pinson?, Danatto, IA2005, Traditionnels, by Claude Aubert [1985]) in which I found IA2023, IA2024, IA2035, IA3007, IA3008, IA4001, recipes and nutritional details on many foods like tofu, Mercury, Micron, Peral, TNS? Address: Univ. of Illinois, okara, sufu, tempeh, amasaké, and, in general, all the foods Urbana, Illinois. subjected to lactic acid fermentation. In Martinique he has been making an average of 12 to 20 pounds of tofu every 506. Alfonso, Carmen R. 1993. Salud: Hablemos de la soya week since Oct. 1991 when he moved with his family to [Health: Let’s talk about soya]. Trabajadores (Cuba). March mountainous Morne Vert. Occasionally he makes larger 15. p. 10. [Spa] amounts for a health food store that sells it or when he • Summary: In a question and answer format, answers the caters for groups. His main work is to introduce and popular following questions: What are the nutritive properties of tofu and soyfoods in Martinique. He would like to expand soya? How is soya used? When did it start to be cultivated his tofu and vegetarian “traiteur” (catering) business; his extensively in North America? Tell us about soya flour. Is it main problem is lack of funds, so he plans to apply for a good source of nutritional iron? What is the value of soya financial aid. compared with other grains? Does it have any undesirable The water he uses to make his tofu comes straight from reactions in the body? How about allergic reactions? Can it a spring a mile up in a beautiful mahogany forest. He also produce any other type of alterations in the human body? makes sprouts–mostly alfalfa, mung bean, and clover, but sometimes wheat grass. He uses most of the tofu he makes 507. Pinault, Pascal. 1993. Re: Work with tofu and tofu to produce second generation products such as tofu products in Martinique. Update on soyfoods in the mayonnaise, hot squash pies with miso-tofu topping, tofu & Caribbean. Letters to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, cocoa (or carob) sweet pie, tofu salad, spring rolls (Nems). April 2 and 27. 4 p. and 5 p. Handwritten, with signature. “I know of two vegetarian restaurants in town (Fort-de- Plus list of his products and prices, resumé, and photos of France) that make their own tofu and serve it to customers, his home, equipment, and Morne-Vert. but no one in Martinique uses tofu as extensively as I do, • Summary: Pascal saw and ate tofu for the first time in thanks to my 7 years’ stay in the Catskill Mountains. In fact, May 1980 when he was living in India, while visiting some it takes a long time to get people used to tofu in an island friends in Poona (Maharashtra). He bought 1 pound of tofu where Creole culinary habits are still well-established.” at a tofu shop but he is not sure if they were making the tofu One of the restaurants that makes tofu is Le Second in a back room of the shop or at some other place. “I Souffle, owned by Mr. Gerard Sainte-Rose (27 Rue Blenac, suppose this tofu manufacturing plant in Poona was an 97200 Fort-de-France, Martinique, FWI 0033. Phone (596) offshoot of the Rajneesh Ashram, which was very active at 63-44-11). He has owned this vegetarian restaurant for quite that time and place.” Pascal lived in Goa, south of Bombay, a while now and is mostly interested in reviving the from 1976-1980; there he baked bread leavened with palm consumption of local fruits and vegetables. “Gerard is the wine. He learned most of what he knows about soyfoods only person in Martinique that I actually saw growing and while living and working, mostly in health food stores or harvesting soy beans. That was 2 years ago. He had grown health farms (see attached resume), in the Catskill soybeans on a piece of agricultural land in Ducos, a town Mountains area of New York from 1981 to 1987. There he near Le Lamentin, which is not far from the capital city of learned to make tofu for his personal use (not for sale) by Fort-de-France (Martinique). He got the soybean seeds from adding lemon juice to hot soymilk then pressing it in a a friend in St. Lucia (a Caribbean island just south of cloth. During two other trips to India in 1982-83 and 1986 Martinique). Mr. Sainte-Rose harvested only a few

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 156 soybeans; they were small but healthy looking. He is an Update of April 27, 1993. “Since my family sent me organic gardener who sells his products out of his tempeh starter (thanks for giving them the address), I have restaurant. He presently has a 6 hectare farm were he grows started small-scale production.” organic vegetables for his restaurant. Two years ago we had Update of July 17, 1993. “I first made amazaké, in an agreement to set up a tofu plant together in his restaurant. Martinique, in 1992. Even though I gave samples to quite a He promised me a job (that’s when I gave him my recipes), few people, nobody has seemed to be interested in this and he even started to acquire some material for making product, or to realize the versatility of it! So, I keep ordering tofu. But he never followed through. That’s when I started it from Tama, packed in glass jars, and make my own once making tofu by myself, even without the proper material in a while, using ‘Cold Mountain’ starter. I’ve been a bit setting. He even bought some of my tofu. I think he would disappointed by this non-reaction. Amasaké being one of probably be interested in growing more soy, if approached my favorite sweeteners, which I value more than any very tactfully, and if he sees financial interest without breakfast or desert cereal. My youngest daughter ate it as a having to pay a counterpart. He is an interesting person with first ‘solid’ food when she was only 5 months old, along a lot of good ideas,” but he tends to be hard to work with as with bananas.” a partner. “If you allow me a personal remark about my work in On St. Lucia one can find the “Soy Place” is Castries, Martinique, I find it extremely ungratifying. The public here the main town in St. Lucia They make tofu there, sell it, and is highly suspicious of anything new and foreign. My little cook it for the food-counter [take-out] part of the shop. business doesn’t allow me to assume my financial People grow soy beans on St. Lucia and on Dominica, obligations, and I sometimes consider going back to the maybe with help from Canadians. They make tofu and cook U.S. But I still want to try harder, at least for a few months.” it. One “Ital” rastafarian restaurant in Roseau, Dominica, Note: This is the earliest English-language document serves tofu pâté and deep-fried, plus “accras” (fried okara seen that uses the term “amasaké” to refer to amazake. dumplings). “In Dominica I heard of two other places where Address: “Caplet,” 97226 Morne Vert, Martinique, French they make and serve tofu. Ital food, which has absolutely West Indies 0033. Phone: 596 55-56-57. nothing to do with Italian food, is the name that the Rastafarians give to the main dish of their mostly vegetarian 508. Product Name: [Tempeh]. diet (except for fish). In this main dish, chunky textured Foreign Name: Tempeh. vegetable protein is sometimes used in place of fish. “In the Manufacturer’s Name: Pascal Pinault. Caribbean, including Martinique, Ital food is available in Manufacturer’s Address: “Caplet,” 97226 Morne Vert, quite a few Rastafarian places, which they call their Martinique, French West Indies 0033. Phone: +59 6 55 56 ‘ghetto.’ These are restaurants open day and night that 57. include reggae ‘sound systems. The chunky TVP remains Date of Introduction: 1993. April. the main vegetable protein they use; they also use it in other New Product–Documentation: Talk with Pascal’s sister, dishes such as vegetarian cous-cous, etc. They are, in my Marie, who called from Orange County, California, to experience, a bit hostile to tofu, seitan, or other such new enquire about a source of tempeh starter for Pascal. 1993. foods, at least in Martinique; maybe when it comes from a March 17. Pascal has been very involved with soyfoods for white person they presume it is not vegetarian.” He has many years. He has been making tofu and tofu products out heard of (but has not seen or tasted) smoked tofu dried over of his home in Martinique for several years; he sells these a fire using green banana leaves. mostly to restaurants. He would like to start making tempeh. Pascal is interested in vegetarianism and macrobiotics. Letter from Pascal Pinault. 1993. April 27. “Since my He likes tempeh and would like to start now to make and family sent me tempeh starter (thanks for giving them the introduce it to Martinique, where it is totally unknown. address), I have started small-scale production, photocopied Concerning seitan: “I first started to make seitan in information from a 1985 book by Claude Aubert titled Les Martinique under the same circumstances as tofu–lack of Aliments Fermentés Traditionnels plus a few recipes and vegetable proteins other than beans. Not having ready-made circulated it, along with a piece of tempeh, for sampling. So gluten, I first made it by washing white-flour wheat dough. far I sold only 2 lb of it to 2 customers, yesterday. I went That was a very long and messy process but was well worth this morning to a carpenter and ordered 3 large trays for it. Then I found wheat gluten in the Tama catalogue–the making tempeh. I hope this marvelous vegetarian protein company I mentioned that specializes in Japanese products. will win some people’s hearts and stomachs, just like it did That’s when I started to sell seitan–though there is not much mine!” For background details see letter from Pinault, April demand for it. I learned to make seitan while living in the 1993. Catskill mountains of New York from a macrobiotic British girl friend who also taught me how to make amazake. 509. Munier-Jolain, Nathalie G.; Ney, B.; Duthion, C. 1993. Sequential development of flowers and seeds on the

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 157 mainstem of an indeterminate soybean. Crop Science 33(4):768-771. July/Aug. [14 ref] 513. Product Name: Soyfoods. • Summary: In indeterminate soybeans, yield is largely Manufacturer’s Name: Health Plaza. dependent on seed number. Maple Arrow, an indeterminate, Manufacturer’s Address: Marchand Rd., Castries, St. Maturity Group 00 soybean variety, was grown under field Lucia, West Indies. conditions in Guadeloupe (French West Indies, tropical Date of Introduction: 1994. January. climate, ferralic Fluvisol) and at Dijon (France, temperate New Product–Documentation: Plenty International. 1994. climate, clayey eutric Cambisol). In Guadeloupe, the plants Jan. A Guide to Growing and Using Soybeans for Food. p. were sown at the INRA experimental station on 5 June 1991 30. This company makes fresh soyfoods. and 31 Jan. 1992. Address: INRA, Station d’Agronomie, 21034 Dijon, France. 514. Product Name: [Stirred Soy Yogurt]. Manufacturer’s Name: Instituto de Investigaciones Para 510. Product Name: Tofu. la Industria Alimenticia (IIIA–Food Industry Research Manufacturer’s Name: Nature Treats. Institute (FIRI)). Manufacturer’s Address: One Phoenix Ave., Kingston 10, Manufacturer’s Address: Carretera al Guatao KM 3.5, La Jamaica. Lisa, Ciudad de Habana, Cuba. Date of Introduction: 1993. Date of Introduction: 1994. January. New Product–Documentation: INTSOY Newsletter Ingredients: Water, whole soybeans, lactic culture. (Urbana, Illinois). 1987. April. p. 3. “Visit prompts New Product–Documentation: Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro; commercial Caribbean soyfoods venture [Hope Lopez of Ortega, Alberto. 1996. “Recent history of soyfoods in Nature Treats]. Actual marketing of soyfood products is Cuba.” Part III (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 9. scheduled to begin by the spring of 1987. Ms. Lopez runs a Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. In food store. January 1994 production of stirred soy yogurt began. Talk with Marlon D’Aguilar, owner of Country Farmhouse Soya Products in Kingston, Jamaica. 1996. May 515. Product Name: Soyfoods. 20. There are no other companies now making soyfoods in Manufacturer’s Name: Kay Cuisine. Jamaica. One company named Nature Treats started in Manufacturer’s Address: Paul Ave., P.O. Box 469, about 1993, but they went out of business about 2 years Kingstown, St. Vincent, West Indies. Phone: 809-456-2155. later; she [Hope Lopez] is trying to sell him her equipment. Date of Introduction: 1994. January. New Product–Documentation: Plenty International. 1994. 511. Neckles, F.A.; Walmsley, D. 1993. The evolving use of Jan. A Guide to Growing and Using Soybeans for Food. p. resources in dairy cattle feeding. In: Dairy Development in 30. This company makes fresh soyfoods. Note: This is the the Carribean Region. Wageningen, Netherlands: Technical earliest known commercial soy product made in St. Vincent. Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation. See p. 153- 160. Held 30 Nov.-3 Dec. 1992 at Ocho Rios, Jamaica. [3 516. Plenty International. 1994. A guide to growing and ref]* using soybeans for food. Davis, California. 37 p. Jan. Illust. Address: Sugarcane Feeds Centre, Trinidad and Tobago. 22 cm. • Summary: Contents: Foreword. Introduction. Growing 512. Haren, Chuck. 1994. The programs: Looking ahead to soybeans: Planning, land preparation, planting, plant 1994. Soybean utilization technical assistance. Plenty growth, field sanitation, insect and disease control, harvest, Bulletin (Davis, California) 9(4):1-2. Winter. threshing, storage, vacuum packing for seed storage, • Summary: The 1994 budget for these programs is calculating growing costs. Home preparation of soybeans: $45,000. “Over the past two years, with funding from the Cooking soybeans, soy flour, soy coffee and nuts, Public Welfare and Threshold Foundations and individual ingredients for making soy milk, tofu and tokara, kitchen Plenty donors, we have worked extensively with 30 groups tools, soy milk, tokara (tofu with the okara still in it), tofu, in Liberia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Belize, Dominica, St. tempeh, storing soybean foods, costs of processing Vincent, Jamaica, and on two Native American soybeans for market, expected yields of primary soybean reservations... We currently have requests for assistance foods, recipes. Nutritional information. Resources and with soy programs from other grassroots organizations in contacts. Acknowledgments. India, Guyana, Uganda, Tanzania, Bolivia, El Salvador, Businesses Plenty has worked with that make fresh Philippines, and Sri Lanka, and we would like to be able to soyfoods and are listed on pages 30-32 include: Alimentos assist them.” Photos show: (1) Two women cooking San Bartolo (San Bartolo, Guatemala). Survival Foods and soymilk over an outdoor fire in Belize. Children with Nature Island Foods (Roseau, Dominica, West Indies). soymilk and tortillas. Natural Cafe and Health Plaza (Castries, St. Lucia, West

Indies). Kay Cuisine (Kingstown, St. Vincent, West Indies). 519. Pinault, Pascal; Rhoner, Philippe. 1994. Re: Plans for Country Farmhouse Soy Products (Kingston, Jamaica). Naturîl and the Caribbean Soy Center based in Martinique. Deagbo Industries (Ibadan, Nigeria). Address: P.O. Box Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, May 16. 2 p. 2306, Davis, California 95617. Phone: (916) 753-0731. Typed, with signatures. • Summary: For Pascal, this last year has been extremely 517. Product Name: Soyfoods. rich in work and promises. He has recently renewed ties Manufacturer’s Name: Survival Foods. with a friend, who is a photographer and communication Manufacturer’s Address: 50 Riverbank, Roseau, specialist. They have founded a company named Naturîl, a Dominica, West Indies. Phone: 809-449-1241. company designed to make and sell soyfoods, and to create Date of Introduction: 1994. January. a new line of soy products combining soy and local, as well New Product–Documentation: Plenty International. 1994. as commercializing natural plant-based products typical of Jan. A Guide to Growing and Using Soybeans for Food. p. the islands. 30. This company makes fresh soyfoods. An extensive study of soyfoods and soybean production in the Caribbean has revealed two major problems: (1) a 518. Lewis, David. 1994. Bean curd banner flies high over crippling isolation of the different players due to Tofutown. Rocky Mountain News (Denver, Colorado). Feb. geopolitical isolation; (2) A very serious lag in 1. p. 33A, 38A. Business section. communication and marketing abilities. Therefore, the • Summary: White Wave produces 2½ tons of tofu every solution to improve soy promotion in the Caribbean seems working hour of every day. That’s 50,000 pounds of tofu a to reside in opening a “Caribbean Soy Center,” based in day, 250,000 pounds a week, and 13 million pounds a year. Martinique, which benefits from a good geographic position White Wave sells its tofu and tofu spin-offs–Meatless Tofu in the heart of the Caribbean, with advanced technological Steaks, Dairyless Soy Strawberry Yogurt–in 50 states, and media infrastructure. Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Canada. Demos vows this is only The aims of the Center would be: (1) To establish a real the beginning. “I’m in this because this is a 100-year communication plan, an informative media campaign on project. And I’m not going to be around to see the end of soy, customized for Caribbean sensibilities; (2) To act as a it.” A large photo shows Ken Vickerstaff, White Wave’s bridge between our islands, enabling all the people involved sales and marketing president, and Steve Demos, company with soy and natural organic products to exchange ideas and president. Boulder Daily Camera food writer John skills, thus reinforcing a cooperation dynamic. Lehndorff coined the term Tofutown USA to describe They would like to launch Caribbean Soy Day on 16 Boulder. Demos thought up the White Wave logo while October 1994 in Martinique. meditating in Santa Barbara in 1976. “I learned how to Accompanying this letter are many beautiful color make tofu at a 76-day (meditation) intensive. Demos says photos, each 5 by 7 inches, showing soybeans being grown that 15% of the people in Boulder, Colorado, consume tofu organically in Martinique. One farm is named Roots compared with a national average of 2-3%. Cultivation Training Farm. Note: Philippe is Swiss-French. White Wave sales have risen 20% to 35% a year for the He has lived 5-6 years in Martinique, is married to a local last 5 years, with 1993 revenues being about $5 million. lady, and they have a child. Address: “Caplet,” 97226 White Wave plans to create brand identity through its new Morne Vert, Martinique, French West Indies 0033. merchandising format–Vegetarian Cuisine Centers. Piloted in three Whole Foods Markets in California, they increased 520. Product Name: [Set Soy Yogurt]. White Wave sales 730% during their first 3 months in Manufacturer’s Name: Instituto de Investigaciones Para existence. Demos’ present goal is “brand building.” He la Industria Alimenticia (IIIA–Food Industry Research considers that to be the strength and fortune of the company. Institute (FIRI)). “It’s the concept of right livelihood. Can you come up with Manufacturer’s Address: Carretera al Guatao KM 3.5, La a career choice you and everyone who touches you benefits Lisa, Ciudad de Habana, Cuba. from? In the end you enjoy it and the world is better off Date of Introduction: 1994. May. with it than without it. Wealth without guilt. That’s an Ingredients: Water, whole soybeans, lactic culture. achievable goal.” New Product–Documentation: Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro; Note: This is the earliest document seen (March 2005) Ortega, Alberto. 1996. “Recent history of soyfoods in in which Steve Demos uses the term “right livelihood.” Cuba.” Part III (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 9. Haru Yamamoto’s Denver To-fu Company also makes Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Finally tofu–a ton of it per day. Address: Rocky Mountain news in May 1994 the first soy yogurt for the people Cuba came staff writer. off the line. Everyone tasted it and rejoiced. Viva la revolucion!

521. Rosset, Peter; Cunningham, Shea. 1994. The greening Road, P.O. Box 2047, Omaha, Nebraska 68103-2047. 20 p. of Cuba: Organic farming offers hope in the midst of crisis. 28 cm. Food First Action Alert. Spring. p. 1-2. [1 ref] • Summary: Net sales for 1994 (year ended Aug. 31) were • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Cuba before and after $1,377.370 million, up 13.0% from $1,218.614 million in the collapse of the socialist bloc. Mobilizing science and 1993. Earnings before income taxes: $42.727 million, down technology to respond to the crisis. The alternative model 4.4% from the $44.659 million in 1993. On the inside front vs. the classical model [of agriculture]. A Cuban NGO: The cover is a brief essay about the “150th anniversary of the Cuban Association for Organic Farming. Conversion fro Co-operative Movement 1844-1894.” AGP is owned by conventional agriculture to organic farming. Elements of the 380,000 farmers and 351 local cooperatives. “Today 700 alternative model. Management of crop pests: Biological million people around the world share the cooperative form control and biopesticides. An experiment the world should of business. In the U.S., 120 million people are members of be watching. What can we do? (Donate money to Cuban over 47,000 cooperatives.” groups of Food First work to have the U.S. trade embargo This year AGP’s board of directors “declared a lifted, travel to Cuba on a “Reality Tour” with Global patronage payment of $35,786,000. Additionally the board Exchange {San Francisco}, order the book The Greening of declared a revolvement of stockholders’ equity of Cuba: A National Experiment in Organic Agriculture, by $14,280,000, bringing AGP current into the 1989 equity Peter Rosset and Medea Benjamin). balances.” Also discusses: The recent Torricelli Act to tighten the “The combined capacity of our seven [soybean] U.S. trade embargo. Rationing of consumer items has processing plants ranks AGP fourth in the U.S. in terms of expanded dramatically since 1989. Per capita food intake soybean processing capacity.” The plants purchase the may have dropped by as much as 30% since 1989. equivalent of 250,000 acres of soybeans each month for Tables show: (1) Quality of life indicators in Latin processing. Each day, AGP merchandisers sell 8,000 tons of America. Cuba is #1 (the best) in 8 of 13 categories, #2 in 3 soybean meal to cooperatives and other companies for the categories, and #4 in one (average daily protein intake). (2) manufacture of feeds.” Basic elements of the classical model and the alternative “In August 1994 AGP purchased all of Maple Leaf model of agriculture. Translation of a chart circulated to all Foods Inc.’s Western Canadian deed plants” in Alberta, planning personnel by the Cuban Ministry of Agriculture. Canada. Note: Peter Rosset, Executive Director of the Institute, In Nov. 1994, AGP and ADM formed a new company holds a PhD degree in agricultural ecology from the named Consolidated Nutrition, L.C., owned 50-50 by AGP University of Michigan. Address: Inst. for Food & and ADM. It consists of the combined assets of AGP, L.P. Development Policy, San Francisco, California. and Master Mix Feeds (which was founded in 1935 by Central Soya Inc.) “In July 1994, ADM purchased most of 522. ALIN–Agricultural Libraries Information Notes Central Soya’s feed and nutrition operations, including (Beltsville, Maryland).1994. Inter-American workshop on Master Mix Feeds.” Agricultural information. 20(7-9):11-19. July/Sept. A color map (p. 18), with 9 symbols, shows all of AGP’s • Summary: Contains details (including contact person, business locations in the United States, Canada, and the address, phone, and fax numbers) about at least one major Caribbean. Another color map (p. 20) show where all of agricultural library in each of the following Latin American AGP’s shareholders are located. Color portrait photos show countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, (1) Knobbe and Lindsay. (2) The towering desolventizer- Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, toaster at the Mason City, Iowa, plant. (3) Aerial view of the Trinidad & Tobago, and Venezuela. St. Joseph, Missouri, plant. (4) The towering 1.7 million The Workshop was hosted by the National Agricultural bushel capacity grain storage terminal at Lincoln, Nebraska, Library (Beltsville, Maryland, USA) and the Inter-American now leased by AGP. (5) A barge leaving AGP Grain’s 4.2 Development Bank (IDB) in cooperation with the Inter- million bushel grain terminal at Duluth, Minnesota. (6) A American Association of Agricultural Librarians and man holding a small pink pig. (7) The Farmers Cooperative Documentalists (AIBDA) and two other U.S. groups. Elevator Co. at Everly, Iowa. (8) Each of the nine members Suzanna Sperry, vice president of AIBDA, is at of the board of directors. Address: Omaha, Nebraska. EMBRAPA-CPAC, Caixa Postal 08.223, 73.301-970 Phone: (402) 496-7809. Planaltina, DF, Brazil. Phone: 55-61-389-1171. Fax: 55-61- 389-2953. 524. Global Exchange. 1994. Soy Cubano! The Cuba soyfood company. Honorary “share.” An investment in the 523. AGP–Ag Processing Inc a cooperative. 1994. Annual health of Cuban children. 1 p. Front and back. Oct. report: Partners in food production. 12700 West Dodge Unpublished typescript. 22 x 28 cm.

• Summary: “This certifies that (Name, Address, Phone #) See p. 78-79. 28 cm. [Eng] has made a contribution of $ ___ to the Soy Cubano! • Summary: On pages 78-79 is the biography of Mr. Manny Company and is therefore the owner of ___ fully paid Wong and his company, Fully, Inc.–based on an interview shares in the Soy Cubano! Company at a value of $5 per with Mr. Wong on 8 March 1994 in Miami. He was born in share. Cuba in 1953 of Cuban immigrant parents. His entire family “These shares will be invested in Cuba’s soy food immigrated to Miami in 1961. His father had gone to Cuba products industry, particularly in the construction of soy from China as a young man of age 18 in 1943; he had a yogurt factories in each province of Cuba. These factories distant uncle in Cuba who sponsored him. He was married, will provide two liters of soy yogurt drink per week for but he had to leave his wife behind. She came to Cuba in Cuban children between the ages of seven and fourteen– 1950. In Miami, Manny’s father, together with several those who can no longer receive their previously guaranteed partners, started a restaurant in downtown Miami and “liter of milk per day” due to the current economic crisis in named it Hong Kong Restaurant. In 1963 he bought a Cuba. The shares will fund the purchase of raw materials second Chinese restaurant in Little Havana and named it and equipment as well as further research in the production Oriental Restaurant; it was an still is a Cuban-Chinese of a variety of soy food products to extend the protein restaurant. intake of Cuban children. Investors in these factories are After graduation, Manny did not take over his father’s guaranteed a high rate of ‘return’–the satisfaction of restaurant business, but pursued his own career. He and his knowing that Cuban children are enjoying the benefits of a brother-in-law started their own business in Miami. Named nutritious diet, despite the U.S. embargo of Cuba that causes Fully, Inc., it makes beans sprouts, soy sprouts, tofu and soy terrible suffering to the people of Cuba and serves no milk. Its clientele includes all the Chinese grocery stores, national security interests of the people of the United most of the Chinese restaurants, and Chinese food States.” distributors in the tri-county area. Manny enjoys being an “Warning: Investing in the health of Cuba’s children, entrepreneur. Address: Florida. through such projects as the Soy Cubano! Company, may be considered ‘trading with the enemy’ by the U.S. 526. Rosset, Peter; Benjamin, Medea. eds. 1994. The government, which carries a maximum penalty of 10 years greening of the revolution: Cuba’s experiment with organic in prison and a $250,000 fine. The founding members of the agriculture. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Ocean Press. 88 Soy Cubano! Company agree with the American Public p. 22 cm. No index. [19 ref] Health Association that ‘when it comes to food and • Summary: Contents: Introduction. 1. Economic medicine, there is no enemy.’ development and agriculture in Cuba. 2. The crisis and The founding partners of Soy Cubano! are: Pamela emergence of a new model. 3. Management of insect pests, Montanaro, MS, Coordinator of Soy Cubano Company. plant diseases and weeds. 4. Soil management: A key to the Medea Benjamin, MS & MPH, Co-Director of Global new model. 5. Mobilizing labor. 6. Generating and using Exchange, Dr. Hesham Ragab, M.D., Executive Director of knowledge. 7. Conclusion. Literature cited. Members of Pediatricians and Parents for Peace [he is assisting Pamela Fact-Finding Mission to Cuba (Nov. 1992). with Soy Cubano!]. Peter Rosset, PhD, Executive Director Table 1, p. 10, gives comparative statistics on Cuba in of Food First. Rene Saucedo, Esq. Blase Bonpane, PhD, 1989 before the collapse of the Socialist Bloc. Food and Executive Director of Office of the Americas. Health and Cuba’s rank in Latin America: Daily calorie “Three soy factories are already operating in Holguin, intake per capita #2. Daily protein intake per capita #4. Santiago and Pinar del Rio, Eight more factories will be Infant mortality #1 (lowest). Life expectancy #2. Doctors constructed before the end of 1994... The cost of building per person #1 (most doctors). one soy yogurt factory is $50,000. The goal of the Soy Education: Adult literacy #3 (92.4% vs. 95.7% for the Cubano! Company is to raise the funds needed to build, USA). Secondary school enrollment #1 (85% vs. 99% for equip and staff at least one factory within the first year.” the USA). Teacher:pupil ratio #1 (21:1 vs. 24:1 for the Note: In Jan. 1994 Soyfoods Center purchased twenty USA). Percentage of university students who are women #1 of these shares for $100 to help the children of Cuba and to (54% vs. 50% for the USA). help soyfoods in Cuba. Address: Food and Medicine Economy, Agriculture, and Science: GNP per capita #3 Campaign, c/o Global Exchange, 2017 Mission St. #303C, ($2,000 vs. $19,840 for the USA). Grain yield #2. San Francisco, Food and Medicine Campaign, c/o Global Population per scientist or engineer #1 (most scientists). Exchange, 2017 Mission St. #303C, San Francisco, Movie attendance per person per year (#1, 8.5 times). California 94110. Phone: 415-558-8682. Theater attendance per person per year (#1 in the world, 2.6 times). Museum attendance per person per year (#1, 0.8 525. Gordy, Josephine Shih. 1994. Chinese in southeast times). Physical Quality of Life Index–as evaluated by Florida 1900-1992. Miami, Florida: Broadley Publishing. Overseas Development Council #1 (11th worldwide, USA is

15th). Address: 1. Entomologist and Agricultural Ecologist, • Summary: Cuba now has at least 15 factories in operation Stanford Univ., Stanford, California; 2. Cofounder, Global that make a soy yogurt drink for children. The goal is to Exchange, San Francisco, California. have 37 factories in operation by the end of 1995. Leaders of the project believe these 37 factories will be sufficient to 527. Product Name: [Cultured Soy Cream Cheese]. provide at least 2 liters per week of soy yogurt drink to all Foreign Name: Queso Crema. Cuban children ages 7 to 14. Given that the population of Manufacturer’s Name: Instituto de Investigaciones Para Cuba is about 11 million and 23% of the population is under la Industria Alimenticia (IIIA–Food Industry Research the age of 15, there are roughly 1.1 million kids eligible to Institute (FIRI)). receive free soymilk. So Cuba plans to be producing about Manufacturer’s Address: Carretera al Guatao KM 3.5, La 2.2 million liters of soymilk a week by the end of 1995. Lisa, Ciudad de Habana, Cuba. Amazing! Date of Introduction: 1995. January. Pam coordinates the Freedom to Travel Campaign for Ingredients: Water, whole soybeans, lactic culture. Global Exchange (based in San Francisco). They had New Product–Documentation: Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro; decided to do a trip to Cuba during the first week in Ortega, Alberto. 1996. “Recent history of soyfoods in October, 1994, where the itinerary was focused on projects Cuba.” Part IV (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 9. related to sustainable development–such as organic Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. In agriculture, alternative energy, alternative medicine, the January 1995 a cultured/fermented spreadable soy cream bicycle revolution, etc. The trip would also be a “Travel cheese was first made commercially in Cuba at the dairy Challenge,” since the U.S. government presently prohibits plant in the province of Villa Clara. Resembling Cuba’s most Americans from traveling to Cuba, and from investing traditional queso crema but containing no animal products, in or spending U.S. dollars in Cuba. In 1962 the U.S. it is used as a spread on bread or crackers, in salad imposed an export embargo against Cuba, severely dressings, served as a dessert topped with marmalade or damaging the economy. This unilateral embargo, which is jam, or mixed with canned meat to make a pâté. still in effect, prohibits even the export of food or medicine from the USA to Cuba. Stiffer trade sanctions enacted by 528. Ubiera, L.R. 1995. Tofu y leche de soya: Alimentos the U.S. in 1992 made things even worse. The only other macróbiotics–naturales. Una guía practica para su country that has consistently voted with the USA at the manufactura en casa. La proteina del futuro, ahora [Tofu United Nations in favor of this embargo is Israel–and Israel and soymilk: Macrobiotic natural foods. A practical guide is now operating the largest citrus plantation in the world in for home preparation. Protein source of the future, now]. Cuba, and also benefitting greatly from investments in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Published by the Cuban textiles, etc. for export. The “Travel Challenge” is author. iii + 156 p. Illust. Index. 21 cm. [5 ref. Spa] designed to expose U.S. anti-Cuba policies and invite public • Summary: The author was born on 20 Jan. 1955 in the debate in the USA about their usefulness. The Soy Cubano! Dominican Republic. He also practices and teaches Hatha project is part of a larger campaign to get food and medicine Yoga. Contents: Dedication to his teacher Maestro el Swami exempted from the U.S. trade embargo against Cuba. Pam Guru Devanand Saraswati J. Maharaj, and others. Prolog, recently met with the staff of Senator Paul Simon by José A. Fortunato of New York. Introduction. How to (Democrat from Illinois) who is about to introduce a bill make tofu and soymilk at home. Preparatory techniques for that would exempt food and medicine from all U.S. tofu. How to make tofu cutlets, burgers, and pouches. embargoes. Recipes: Sauces, salads, and soups. Main dishes. Other While on this trip in Oct. 1994, Pam met and had a long recipes–Aderezos, cremas, salsas, ensaladas, sopas, talk with Dr. Alberto Ortega-Jhones, who is head of Cuba’s entremeses, pastelones y platos, pastas, estofados y otros new soyfoods research project (Address: Instituto de platos, postres, dulces y bizcochos, panes. Photos and Investigaciones para la Industria Alimenticia, Carreterra al illustrations (from The Book of Tofu, by Shurtleff & Guatal, Km. 3½, La Lisa, Havana, Cuba. Phone: 29-9110). Aoyagi). A color photo on the rear cover shows the author. Dr. Ortega is a Cuban-born national in his late 40s or early Address: Ufiesa Nutrisoya, C/33 No. 9 A, Villa Carmen 50s; Pam found him to be “so moving, kind of like a saint in Este, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Phone: (809) my eyes, very sweet and modest.” One of the vice-directors 590-3418. at the Cuban Food Research Institute in Havana, he was involved for several decades in dairy food research. He was 529. Montanaro, Pamela. 1995. Revolutionary an expert in the subject, studied all over the world, and developments with soymilk in Cuba. Part I (Interview). speaks very good English. He said that since the “Special SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 27. Conducted by William Shurtleff Period” of austerity started in 1989, production of cow’s of Soyfoods Center. milk has been cut to about 20% of what it used to be. To provide an alternative protein drink, the Cuban Ministry of

Agriculture made soyfoods a priority, and started to they are hoping that the Cuban government will allow it to seriously divert resources into the soy yogurt drink project. be considered a direct business investment–thus creating the By May 1994 Dr. Ortega’s project developed soymilk opportunity for a test case to challenge the U.S. embargo. If technology and a recipe that was efficient to produce and that does not materialize, the money will be used to make a that Cuban children liked. Dr. Ortega said he believed that direct cash donation–which is also “trading with the “soy protein is the protein of the future” and he feels the enemy.” Cuban soymilk project and its technology could serve as a One “Honorary Share” in Soy Cubano costs $5. Anyone model for Third World countries. who is interested in “investing” can contact the Food and Cuba has about 100 factories across the country that Medicine Campaign at Global Exchange in San Francisco. produce dairy products. Dr. Ortega was one of the leaders Remember, however, that doing this involves a big risk involved in setting up these plants and in launching the because the penalty, if the U.S. government should choose program that has provided one liter of cow’s milk per day to arrest anyone for “trading with the enemy,” is up to 10 on the ration to every Cuban child between the ages of 7 years in prison and a $250,000 fine. Pam says of Soy and 14. This milk went to families, not to schools, so that Cubano! “It’s been kind of a magical project. It has so many family members could share the milk if desired. People 65 dimensions to it and so many fine people are involved. and over also got a liter a day. When Pam returned to Cuba in November 1994, eleven From Dr. Ortega, Pam learned that Cuba was soymilk factories were in operation; she goes to Cuba developing a number of facilities to manufacture a soymilk roughly 5-6 times a year. Dr. Heshan Ragab, M.D., is yogurt drink. Each facility was located inside a former working with Pam on this project. Pam has read Mark cow’s milk dairy, and was based on converting former dairy Messina’s book, The Simple Soybean and Your Health. She equipment to soymilk production. Cow’s milk is being found it “incredibly enlightening,” and has purchased phased out. By Oct. 1994 three soy factories were already several copies of it since and given them to key people, operating in Holguin, Santiago and Pinar del Rio. Pam including Dr. Ortega. Continued. Address: Coordinator of visited the latter factory. While in Cuba, she also tasted a Soy Cubano! Company, Food and Medicine Campaign, c/o soy-based hard cheese and a cream cheese. Global Exchange, 2017 Mission St. #303C, San Francisco, The refrigerated soy yogurt drink is packed in liter California 94110. Phone: 415-255-7296 or 415-558-8682. bottles, and sent to the neighborhood grocery shop (bodega). Cuba is on a ration system and the soy protein 530. Montanaro, Pamela. 1995. Revolutionary drink is available on the ration, so people go to their developments with soymilk in Cuba. Part II (Interview). neighborhood bodega, present their ration card, and pick up SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 27. Conducted by William Shurtleff their rations, including the soy yogurt drink. This drink is of Soyfoods Center. very thick–more like kefir or a milk shake than milk. It • Summary: The “Special Period” is what the Cubans call apparently has a low pH, which extends its shelf life–and the time since the Soviet Bloc fell apart in 1989 and they most people in Cuba now have a refrigerator. After finishing lost 75% of their foreign trade. Conditions in Cuba had the soymilk, a family returns the bottle to the bodega for gotten very bad by 1991, but now they have bottomed out recycling. and the standard of living is slowly improving. Cuba is now Cuba presently imports most of the soybeans used to involved in a massive conversion to sustainable make its soy yogurt drink from Canada and Brazil. Pam development, including a conversion to organic agriculture learned from Chuck Haren of Plenty Foundation that, at one from chemical agriculture. Pam has a video on that, and her point in its history, Cuba had developed a soybean variety group is working with Food First on sustainable agriculture that was especially well suited for tropical climates at that in Cuba, and they are aware of Earth Trade / Progressive latitude. Plenty used to grow this variety in Dominica. By Asset Management, and has seen their video on organic Oct. 1994 agricultural co-ops in Cuba were starting to grow farming in Nicaragua and El Salvador. soybeans under contract for the soy yogurt drink factories. How does the future of Soy Cubano look? Since Oct. When Pam returned to the USA from Cuba she decided 1994 Global Exchange has been negotiating with Cuba to to try to help the Cuban soymilk project. So in October try to do a straight trade investment in this humanitarian 1994 she established a new company named Soy Cubano! area, where there would be some modest return. It’s mostly Company–the Cuba Soyfood Company, which would try to for show, but the people who are doing this are taking a big raise $50,000 to help fund another soymilk plant in Cuba by risk because the penalties for “trading with the enemy.” The selling “honorary shares” to Americans interested in barrier to progress has been partly from the government of investing in the health of Cuban children. For a description Cuba. Only a few years ago did they start to allow foreign of the company and its shares see Global Exchange 1994. investment at all. Their laws presently allow foreign As of Feb. 1995 Soy Cubano! had raised several thousand investment only in factories producing for export–and soy dollars. They have not yet sent the money to Cuba, since yogurt drink is produced only for domestic consumption.

From a socialist viewpoint, the idea of anyone, especially used it both as a training tool and to make products under foreigners, making a profit on products such as food and contract for the natural foods market–worldwide. Starting in medicine that fill primary human needs–is anathema. On the Dec. 1990 be began to make and sell organic or non-organic other hand, Cuban’s think Soy Cubano! is a great project, Natural Expeller Pressed Soybean Oil, Soy Grits, Soy Flour, and they want to see a group of people directly challenge and Textured Soy Flour. the U.S. trade embargo. One approach would be for Global Sales of equipment continued to be the company’s main Exchange to apply to the U.S. government for a license to business. His company makes the lowest cost extruder on work directly with Cuba’s Food Research Institute. They the U.S. market. A person can get into business for under would probably be denied, and that would set the stage for a $50,000 (and it could be as low as $30,000) using his larger coalition of development groups to conduct a equipment. There is a choice between just extrusion or campaign to expose the U.S. embargo which denies food extrusion and expelling. Ron Tribelhorn and his group at and medicine to the people of Cuba. Colorado State University were pioneers in the dry extruder Internationally, an interesting movement is starting to process, but during the last few years they have become less look at the whole issue of embargoes and their effects on active and innovative. innocent civilians–in Iraq, for example, where a U.S.-led In addition to soybeans, he stocks and processes many embargo has been in effect since the Desert Storm war interesting organic seeds into flours–millet, kamut, teff, etc. ended in Feb. 1991. Though more than 85,000 Iraqis died in He can blend these, can them in 1-lb cans, and label them at the war, it is estimated that even a larger number of civilians the rate of 10,000 cans/day on his canning line. Address: (including 250,000 children) have died since the war due to BAR North America, Inc., P.O. Box 190, Seymour, Illinois the embargo. 61875. Phone: 217-687-4810. This is increasingly being seen as a human rights issue– with the USA being seen as the major violator of Cuban 532. Hayes, Keri. 1995. Feeding their own: Cubans turn to human rights. Global Exchange feels that it has a soy as an alternative protein source. Bluebook Update (Bar responsibility to educate the American people about what Harbor, Maine) 2(1):1, 3-4. Jan/March. the U.S. government doing in their name, but often without • Summary: Pam Montanaro of Global Exchange (San their awareness. Francisco) explains how Cubans–led by Alberto Ortega Cuba is now moving toward a mixed economy, where Jhones–have turned to soy and developed a host of delicious free private enterprise can coexist with state-run socialism. products, especially soymilk yogurt drink (in five flavors), Global Exchange is very eager that they not loose the which are now being produced in factories that formerly tremendous gains they have made in providing for the made dairy products. These factories are also manufacturing primary needs of their people. Moreover, Cuba is taking the hard cheese from soymilk, soymilk cream cheese, and lead among developing countries worldwide in sustainable soymilk ice cream. development projects. So good things are growing out of Some of the soybeans used to make these soyfoods are the present suffering and hardships in Cuba. Address: now being grown in Cuba; however most are imported from Coordinator of Soy Cubano! Company, Food and Medicine Canada and Brazil. Campaign, c/o Global Exchange, 2017 Mission St. #303C, The USA, which has a trade embargo against Cuba, also San Francisco, California 94110. Phone: 415-255-7296 or holds embargoes against Iraq, North Korea, Libya, Serbia, 415-558-8682. and Montenegro. However the “Cuban embargo is the only one, at this time, that denies the right to trade for food and 531. Boodram, Ramlakhan. 1995. Changes in the name and medicine.” A photo shows two men at work in one of the ownership of his company BAR North America, Inc. dairy factories that has been converted to include a soyfoods (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 1. Conducted by processing section. William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. • Summary: Mr. Boodram, a native of Trinidad, started 533. Reuter (Havana). 1995. Cuba turns to soy to curb BAR Export/Import Inc. in 1980. In Dec. 1990 the name of protein shortage. Manitoba Cooperator (Winnipeg, MB, his company changed to BAR North America, Inc. from Canada). April 13. BAR Export/Import Inc. Prior to this time, his company was • Summary: Cuba’s present rationing system allows all concerned solely with sales of equipment–especially small- children under 7 years of age to receive a quart of cow’s scale screw presses and systems containing them to milk a day. Food Industry Minister Alejandro Roca reports developing countries. He worked with INTSOY to develop that Cuba, faced with severe shortages of beef and cow’s the technology. milk, is increasing production of “protein-rich soy products In Dec. 1990 he reincorporated the company, created a such as soy yogurt, soy ice cream, and soyburgers.” Yogurt, new division of the company named Seymour Organic ice cream, and cream cheese made from cow’s milk were Foods for his organic products, installed a pilot plant and widely available until about 1990, after which there has

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 164 been a steep drop in their production. Roca said the 536. Carrasquillo, Fausto. 1995. New developments with production of yogurt made from soy milk will reach 40,000 soyfoods in Puerto Rico (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May tons this year, up from only 11,000 tons last year, with a 15. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. goal of 100,000 tons by 1996. He also said that production • Summary: Two years ago Fausto sold his natural foods of ice cream and cream cheese made from soy milk will be distribution company named Nuevas Comidas to a regular increasing. food distributor named Productos de Nutricion, which is Since the mid-1980s, soybean meal has been used in located in a suburb of San Juan (Carretera 876, Km. 4.3, Cuba as a meat extender for the ground (minced) meat Barrio Las Cuevas, Trujillo Arto, Puerto Rico 00758). Now received by Cuban families under the strict system of food they want to make tofu and soymilk, and Fausto is working rationing. The official meat ration in Havana is 12 ounces with them to make this happen. He is presently importing every 10 days. Hamburgers extended with 30% soybean tofu and soy cheese from White Wave, but the cost of meal are sometimes available in restaurants and cafeterias. importing is expensive. Fausto would also like to grow soybeans in Puerto Rico and sell them as green vegetable 534. García, Alvaro. 1995. Re: Soyfoods research at IIIA in soybeans. Address: Puerto Rico. Cuba. Letter (fax) to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, April 24. 1 p. [Eng] 537. Strohl, Dick. 1995. Overview of Cuban agriculture in • Summary: “The Food Industry Research Institute (IIIA; reference to soybean production. Minneapolis, Minnesota. 9 Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Alimenticia) is p. July 2. Unpublished manuscript. the only institution working in research and development in Address: 2648 Inglewood Ave. South, Minneapolis, foods in Cuba. All areas of food technology are represented Minnesota 55416. Phone: 612-929-7649. in the IIIA. This Institute is equipped with the required laboratories and pilot plant installations and employs 140 538. Montanaro, Pamela. 1995. New developments with research scientists. I am the director of this institution and soybeans and soyfoods in Cuba (Interview). SoyaScan my own research centers on soy processing for human Notes. July 26. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods consumption. I have been working in this field since 1984 Center. and have had favorable results with the installation of 16 • Summary: Pam Montanaro, Coordinator of the Cuba soy yoghurt production lines in different areas of the Campaign Department of Global Exchange (GX), returned country in which we will produce about 40 million liters from the sixth Freedom to Travel Challenge trip to Cuba this year. We are now working to produce industrial June 23-30, where a general contract was signed between production of soy mayonnaise and cheese.” the Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamental en Agricultura Alvero (pronounced AL-vay-ro) asks about ways that Tropical (INIFAT) and another GX-sponsored project, the IIIA could cooperate with Soyfoods Center and access the Soy Cubano Company (SCC). Soyfoods Center information system. The SCC will fund a small project in soybean Talk with Pam Montanaro of Global Exchange. 1995. production, helping the Cubans to become more self April 24. Alvero, who is director of the IIIA, is very sharp sufficient in soybeans while challenging the U.S. embargo and incisive; he loves to absorb new information but he against Cuba. The project will start small, with a 13.4 does not speak English. Alberto Ortega-Jhones, who is head hectare (one cabellería plot) in Havana province, this of Cuba’s new soyfood research project, is vice director of August. Two to three varieties of soybeans will be grown to the IIIA. He has a great heart. Pam just returned from a trip produce enough seed to plant 20 cabellerías next year, 19 to Cuba where the Soy Cubano project donated $3,000 to cabellerías worth will be sold to the soyfood factories for the soy yogurt factory at Pinar del Rio (Armando Jimenez soyfood production; one cabellería will be reserved for Diaz, Director). They plan to use the money to grow planting the following year. soybeans locally. Address: IIIA, Carreterra al Guatal, Km. Also on this trip Pam met a very fine and interesting 3½, La Lisa, Havana, Cuba. Phone: 29-9110. man named Dick Strohl who is an American soybean farmer and businessman from Minnesota; he is now negotiating 535. Ortega, Alberto. 1995. Development of soyfoods in with the Ministry of Agriculture and INIFAT to grow Cuba (Color videotape). San Francisco, California: Global soybeans in Cuba. Exchange. [Eng]* The SCC also delivered a computer and modem to Ing. Address: PhD, Vice-Director, Food Research Inst. (Instituto Alvaro Garcia, director of the Instituto de Investigaciones de Investigaciones Para la Industria Alimenticia), Carretera para la Industria Alimenticia (IIIA; Food Research Guatao Km 3½, La Lisa 19200, Havana City, Cuba. Phone: Institute) which is developing varieties of soyfoods for 21-6742 or 21-5081. domestic consumption. Frank Daller of ProSoya Inc. (based in Ontario, Canada) will be traveling to Cuba on July 30 for one week to explore

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 165 investment opportunities in the field of soyfoods–especially Exchange, 2017 Mission St. #303C, San Francisco, soymilk. Frank is the new director of the Canadian branch California 94110. Phone: 415-255-7296 or 415-558-8682. of the U.S.-based Association for Free Trade with Cuba (AFTC); it was started by Global Exchange in the spring of 539. Strohl, Dick. 1995. Trying to grow soybeans in Cuba 1994, immediately after the U.S. lifted the embargo against (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. July 27. Conducted by Vietnam to get the progressive business community William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. interested in working to end the embargo and in investing in • Summary: In 1991 the Ministry of Sugar in Cuba planted worthwhile projects in Cuba such as soyfoods, alternative about 15,000 acres of soybeans in Cuba. The result was a energy and medicine, and organic agriculture. total failure. Dick thinks the reason they did this was after In June, at an international exposition, Pam was the Soviet Union broke up and Cuba no longer received introduced to a new soy product developed in Cuba–a much money from the Soviet Union to keep their sugar Chorizo (spicy meat sausage) extended with soy protein, as business going, they decided they needed another export to is or in a pastry blanket, sort of like a corn dog. The Food earn money. Sugar is the most important crop in Cuba, and Research Institute was also exhibiting the other soy an essential part of the economy and culture. They produce products it has developed, including some meat alternatives. excellent quality sugar with excellent yields at very Pam also had a brief meeting with Ing. Elisa Panadés, a competitive prices. They think that sugar has a future, but women who is a vice director of the Food Research Institute Dick feels that it has no future. Cuba is not making any (like Alberto is); she stands in for Dr. Alvero Garcia when money growing sugar now. Other countries like Brazil can he is away. She was very interested in the information on grow sugar less expensively than Cuba and high fructose genistein in soybeans compiled by Soyfoods Center. Her corn syrup is eroding sugar’s market world-wide. main interest is medicinal properties of food. Cuba presently imports $50 million of soybeans a year, Another interesting man Pam met was Dr. Gilberto mostly from Argentina, with some from Canada. The Fleites (pronounced hil-BAER-toe FLAY-tees), M.D., a Government of Cuba and the Central Bank (which are cancer surgeon at the Instituto Nacional de Oncologia y essentially the same). They must pay for these soybeans in Radiobiologia (office phone: +53 7-325977; he lives in hard currency (U.S. dollars), which they get from tourists. Miramar, Havana). He has gotten permission from John Dick is working in Cuba to grow soybeans, primarily to Robbins to translate Diet for a New America into Spanish. make money but also because he greatly enjoys working in He speaks good English and is also showing John Robbins’ Cuba. There is a strong local demand for soybeans. He is videotapes on Cuban television. Pam’s group gave him a not trying to train Cubans how to grow soybeans. “If they small grant to start working on a half-hour video in Cuba, catch on, that’s fine; if they don’t, they don’t.” He plans to with a Cuban videographer, on vegetarianism. On Pam’s trip get a long-term lease on land in Cuba. “It’s the best land to Cuba in June were three young people who had been I’ve ever seen in my life.” Two or three years ago, the raised as vegetarians. Dr. Fleites interviewed the vegetarian Cubans tried to grow large acreages of soybeans when they youth on film, saying: “Most Cubans have been forced into realized they would need them if production of soyfoods a primarily vegetarian diet by the U.S. blockade and the loss was to increase dramatically. Unfortunately the whole of their primary trading partners. It is important for Cuban farming project failed and Cubans don’t like to talk about it. parents to see these healthy vegetarian children on film, The person who knows the details is a U.S. soybean farmer because they are very worried that you cannot raise a and agronomist named Dick Stroh, with whom Pam talked healthy child without meat and dairy products.” during her visit in June and who she found to be a On the July trip Pam also met with some very fascinating, really good guy. He has been there working interesting people who are working on projects in solar with INIFAT (Institute for the Fundamental Investigation of energy, wholistic medicine, chiropractic, and Chinese Tropical Agriculture, “Alejandro de Humboldt,” Calle Ira medicine. Dr. Marcos Diaz Mastellari has founded the Esq 2, Santiago de las Vegas, Ciudad de Habana, Cuba. Fax: Center for Holistic Medicine and the International 536-83-2392) during the last year, and he thinks Cuba Federation of Holistic Medicine (Ave. 25 No. 15805 entre should be growing large amounts of soybeans. Pam thinks 158 y 160, Havana, Cuba. Phone: +53 7-336356. Fax: he got into Cuba through a company in Jamaica that wants 332420). to set up a soybean crushing facility. He thinks he can help Update. 195. Oct. 30. Pam has been in touch with Pam and Cuba get used planters and harvesters into Cuba on Oxfam Canada; their representative Minor Sinclair has a cargo ship or on the Caravan. Address: 2648 Inglewood gotten involved in some soy projects in eastern Cuba and Ave. South, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55416. Phone: 612- wants to work more with Global Exchange. Dick Strohl has 929-7649. some good ideas. Address: Coordinator of Soy Cubano! Company, Food and Medicine Campaign, c/o Global 540. Soy Cubano! Company: Report to the Shareholders (Global Exchange, San Francisco).1995. Soy Cubano!

Company signs agreement with the Cuban Institute for Manufacturer’s Address: Factory: Av. de los Basic Research in Tropical Agriculture. 1(1):1. Summer. Restauradores No. 149. Office: C/33 No. 9 A, Villa Carmen • Summary: “On July 6, 1995, a representative of the Soy Este, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Phone: (809) Cubano! Company signed a letter of intention with the 590-3418. Cuban Institute for Basic Research in Tropical Agriculture Date of Introduction: 1995. September. (INIFAT) to enter into a joint venture with Cuba’s soy foods Ingredients: Tofu: 100% leche de soya, vinagre y industry. This agreement is the result of months of (Coagulante). Soymilk: Leche de soya, Edulcorante-Azucar discussion with Cuban ministries and institutes aimed at crema, especias aromáticas naturales. concretizing how best to invest Soy Cubano! capital to How Stored: Refrigerated. bring the greatest benefit to Cuba’s children. Our initial New Product–Documentation: Note: These are the agreement is designed to help Cuba become self-sufficient earliest commercial soy products seen in the Dominican in soybeans for domestic food production. The first step is Republic. Talk with (call from) Jose Fortunato in New York; the production of large quantities of soybean seed. he is the partner of Mr. Ubiera. 1997. Feb. 15. Mr. Ubiera ‘The agreement stipulates that in August 1995, the Soy wants to order some Spanish-language leaflets. He already Cubano! Company will invest $6,000 in the planting of 13.4 has The Book of Tofu, which gave him the idea of making hectares to produce 20 tons of soybean seed for the soy tofu in the Dominican Republic. They have been making food factories in Pinar del Rio and Havana. The seed will be and selling tofu in the Dominican Republic for about 2 harvested, dried, and stored in November 1995, and in years, starting in August 1995. They make tofu, soymilk, January 1996, Soy Cubano! and the Research Institute will soy yogurt, and a soy salami (from tofu and gluten). Note: sit down to evaluate the results. In August 1996, and L.R. Ubiera, who was born on 20 Jan. 1955 in the additional 286 hectares will be planted to produce 400 tons Dominican Republic, started this company. He wrote a book of beans and an additional 20 tons of seed. By December titled Tofu y leche de soya–Alimentos macrobiotics– 1996, these beans–approximately 40% of the amount naturales: Una guia practica para su manufactura en casa. needed in Havana and Pinar del Rio per annum, will be He also practices and teaches Hatha Yoga. delivered to their first targeted factories. Letter and leaflets from Leonidas Radhames Ubiera, “An important aspect of our commitment as a company president of Ufiesa-Nutrisoya. 1997. Jan. 20. “Our company is to submit proposals to, and to work with, suitable began to operate on September 1, 1995 without experience funding/lending agencies to obtain even larger investments and too little equipment.” Leaflet #1. Green and red on towards Cuba’s self-sufficiency in soybeans. Given Cuba’s white. “Consuma productos Nutrisoya para su alimentacion commitment to make healthier and tastier soy food una joya. 100% natural. Puros e integrales de soya. Tofu- products–soy milk, yogurt, ice cream, cheeses, margarine, queso. Leche, lista para tomar (“ready to consume”). mayonnaise and meat substitutes, we have pledged to get Yogourt. Salami. Salichas. Hamburguesa. Chorizo.” Leaflet experts in organic soy food research and production to #2. Red, blue, black, and yellow on white. “Productos Cuba, and to procure large quantities of herb and spice seed Nutrisoya. Para su alimentacion una joya. 100% naturales. for use in soy food recipes.” Recetario especial, platos de tofu (queso).” Gives 5 tofu “As of mid July, 1995, we have 200 shareholders. Our recipes in Spanish. goal is a minimum of 500 shareholders by Thanksgiving, Letter from Leonidas Radhames Ubiera. 1997. March when we will publicly announce that we are ‘trading with 10. Gives the date that each of the company’s products were the enemy’ through a Washington, DC, press conference.” introduced. Tofu and fresh soymilk were both introduced in “On the April 1995 Freedom to Travel Challenge, Soy Sept. 1995. All other products were introduced in 1996. Cubano! shareholders delivered $3,000 to a soy food UFIESA is an abbreviation/acronym for Ubiera & Fortunato factory in Pinar del Rio. So your dollars are already at work Import-Export, S.A. making it possible for Cuban Children in Pinar del Rio to Labels for both products sent by Jose Fortunato. 1997. get soy yogurt and other soy foods...” April 18. 3½ by 3 inches. Self adhesive. (1) Tofu: Blue, red, A photo shows “Two Cuban children benefitting from black, and yellow on white. (2) Soymilk: Light green, red, the soy yogurt drink.” Address: Cuba Food and Medicine and black on white. Campaign, c/o Global Exchange, 2017 Mission St., San Note: This is the earliest known commercial soy product Francisco, California 94110. Phone: 415-558-8682. made in the Dominican Republic.

541. Product Name: [Nutrisoya Tofu, Soymilk]. 542. Strohl, Dick. 1995. Proposed trip to Cuba to study Foreign Name: Nutrisoya Tofu–Queso de Soya, Leche de soybeans (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Oct. 30. Conducted Soya. by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Manufacturer’s Name: UFIESA–Division of Productos • Summary: Dick is planning a 2-week trip to Cuba in early Nutrisoya. December. He flies to Nasau, Bahamas, and from there to

Havana. He can leave Minnesota early in the morning and within the next few months. As the health risks of cow’s be in Havana that evening. He plans to ship a car to Havana milk products become more evident, the switch to soy will soon so he has his own transportation; without that it takes have benefits that are more than economic. too long to get things done. He stays in an apartment in “Some Cubans continue to be concerned about Havana for about $100 a week for room and board. Many decreased availability of meat and milk, despite their people are trying to rent out their apartments. contribution to heart disease, cancer, and stroke. The new He would like me (Bill Shurtleff) to meet him there after wave of interest in vegetarian diets could have a powerful he has been there for several days. I would go as a scholar. I effect on both dietary habits and health in Cuba.” would have several main goals: (1) Learn about the soy yogurt, and other soyfoods operations so that I can write an 544. Iderabdullah, Bisi. 1995. Letter from the Director of article about them for a U.S. magazine; (2) Share my Imani House, Liberia. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, knowledge about soyfoods processing and history with Tennessee) 11(3):3. Fall. anyone interested, especially Dr. Alvaro Garcia of IIIA, Dr. • Summary: “As a vegetarian in Brooklyn I learned to make Gilberto Fleites (a cancer surgeon). (3) Learn about the tofu and made limited use of soy products. When our family early history of soybean cultivation in Cuba, and see early moved to Liberia I only saw soybeans when I went to a documents. The best scholar is Humberto Diaz; (4) Learn company that made animal feed, and it was made into about the recent history of soybean cultivation: How many pellets and exported. Many of the foods we had come to hectares of soybeans are grown today? Where are they love and depend on were just not available... When the war grown? What happened to the large crop that was planted in and famine came to Liberia in 1989 our family decided that about 1991? Especially what caused its failure? Weeds? we must find a way to help and enrich the diets of the What species? Insects? Address: 2648 Inglewood Ave. people here as quickly as possible, especially the children... South, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55416. Phone: 612-929- We founded Imani House as a Liberian NGO to assist 7649. victims of the civil war. When I was able to leave for New York and began to solicit help for Liberia, I got on the 543. Good Medicine (PCRM, Washington, DC).1995. New phone and called soyfoods factories to no avail. Finally I vegetarian wave in Cuba. 4(3):18. Fall. found the number for The Farm... I got Plenty on the phone • Summary: Last year PCRM’s Director of Preventive and the next thing I knew I was in Nigeria with Chuck Medicine, Andrew Nicholson, presented lectures on the role Heran learning about the local uses of soyfoods for human of vegetarian diets in preventing breast cancer at a consumption at the International Institute of Tropical conference of Latin American surgeons. Soon he was asked Agriculture, IITA. I was very excited and on our trip back to to speak in Havana, Cuba, at Oncology ’95, an international Liberia we found that the World Food program (WFP) had conference of 400 Latin American oncologists. In June imported soybeans and people hated them and were literally 1995, in Cuba, together with Gilberto Fleites, M.D., Chief throwing them away. Chuck and I bought some and began of General Surgery at the National Institute of Oncology, our first demonstration and taste test here in Liberia in the Dr. Nicholson launched the National Commission on Diet village of Duazon with a population of about 250 persons. and Cancer to disseminate information on cancer prevention Milk, nuts, fritters and gravy were well received by all, and vegetarian diets. One of the first tasks will be a 3-month especially the children. Since that time Imani House has study on how best to help individuals make the transition to been trying to improve our soybean growing programs, and vegan diets with locally produced foods. Plenty is sending a soy technician to help with that. “Dr. Nicholson received the Oncology ’95 award for the [Ignatius Longville of St. Lucia in the eastern Caribbean is best research on cancer prevention. His address to the in Liberia until the end of November–ed.] The suffering conference was the subject of tremendous press interest, continues, but we are doing what we think is right in leading to appearances on five radio broadcasts, numerous agriculture–farming for improved nutrition with the outlook tapings for future broadcast, and a lengthy television of including soybeans in the diets of every child and adult.” interview on the equivalent of the Today Show. Dr. Fleites A photo shows a soy cooking demonstration in Monrovia, also took the opportunity to shoot a Spanish-language video Liberia. on vegetarian diets.” Note: Bisi can be contacted c/o Mahmoud Iderabdullah, Production of cow’s milk in Cuba has fallen to only UNDP/Monrovia, P.O. Box 1608 Grand Central Station, 20% of 1989 levels, due to a lack of imported feed grains, New York, NY 10163-1608. Address: Director, Imani and “15 of the nation’s dairy factories have been converted House, Liberia. to use soy products. Soy yogurt is now produced in every province of Cuba, and is routinely provided to 2½ million 545. Kueneman, Eric A.; Javaheri, F. 1995. Special children and 1 million senior citizens at a ration of 2 liters considerations and needs for developing / improving per week. Twenty more dairies will make the conversion soybean production and utilization in Africa. Paper

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 168 presented at the Third Bi-Annual SoyAfrica Conference. 11 ProSoya to solve this problem. (2) A source of flavors. His p. Held 3-5 Oct. 1995 at Johannesburg, South Africa. product is designed to replace Carnation Evaporated Milk, Organized by Aproma. which has a caramelized taste. Haitians prefer vanilla, • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Needs and chocolate, and strawberry flavors. Shurtleff recommends considerations: Demand and utilization, information, that he use caramel made in Haiti. Address: 15262 cropping system, land preparation (farmer’s choice), variety Southwest 157th Terrace, Miami, Florida 33187. Phone: / seeds (farmer’s choice), pest management, harvest & grain 305-233-6691. handling, farmer saved seed, other considerations. Conclusion. Charts: (1) SoyNet–Global Soybean Research 549. Strohl, Dick. 1995. Update on soybeans in Cuba Network–It has branches in Africa, Latin American & (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 19. Conducted by Caribbean, and Asia, and is concerned with the production William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. and utilization of soybeans in the tropics and sub-tropics. • Summary: Dick will go to Cuba in 2 weeks and stay until (2) Soybean integrated crop management (including January. Tom Miller, an attorney in Oakland, California, utilization). Address: 1. Senior Officer, Field Food Crops who is working to break the American blockade of Cuba, is Group, Crops and Grassland Service (AGPC), FAO, Rome, helping Dick in his negotiations with the Cuban Italy; 2. Chief Technical Adviser, Food Legume–FAO, P.O. government. Frank Daller of ProSoya in Canada has spent Box 30563, Lusaka, Zambia. quite a lot of time in Cuba. He has established a Canadian company (which Dick can work for legally as a consultant) 546. Global Exchange. 1995. Soy Cubano! (Color and is looking for investors. Fidel Castro’s chief of staff has videotape). San Francisco, California: Global Exchange. 30 written several letters showing his interest in soybean minutes. Produced by Global Exchange and the Hisperian production in Cuba; he would welcome Canadian financial Foundation, and narrated by writer and activist Alice involvement. Dick is now working to secure a simpler Walker. contract than he previously envisioned. He would be happy • Summary: Discusses the food and medicine crisis in to begin by renting 100 ha of land for his first crop of Cuba. Strongly suggests that most of the problem is caused soybeans. He would like to start supplying information on by the U.S. embargo on Cuba. Address: Cuba Food and many aspects of soybeans free of charge to Alvaro Garcio. Medicine Campaign, c/o Global Exchange, 2017 Mission Address: 2648 Inglewood Ave. South, Minneapolis, St., San Francisco, California 94110. Phone: 415-255-7296. Minnesota 55416. Phone: 612-929-7649.

547. Vegetarian Times.1995. Can soy save Cuba? Nov. p. 550. Soy Cubano! Company: Report to the Shareholders 25. (Global Exchange, San Francisco).1995. Soy Cubano! • Summary: A photo shows two Cuba girls drinking Company expands to over 500 shareholders strong! $25,000 soymilk. The caption reads: “Soymilk is keeping Cuban raised thus far! 1(2):1. Winter. children healthy.” Address: Managing editor, Vegetarian • Summary: “Following the signing of a letter of intention Times. between the Cuban Institute for Basic Research in Tropical Agriculture (INIFAT) and a representative of Soy Cubano! 548. Bourelly, Thomas. 1995. Plans to start a soymilk plant in the summer of 1995, to enter into a joint venture with in Haiti (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 19. Conducted Cuba’s soy foods industry, the company launched a major by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. drive to sell shares in the company.” They are now halfway • Summary: Thomas is a native of Haiti who speaks fluent toward their goal of $50,000. English and has been educated in the USA. He has Phase I of the project is successful; the “soyfields” in undergraduate degrees in chemistry and biochemistry (from Cuba are growing well. Seed harvested in late 1995 will be Illinois Institute of Technology), and an MBA. He has run dried and stored for planting in 1996. “By late 1996, this several food companies in the USA. Now he is planning to project will be responsible for the production of a large return to Haiti where he will start a soymilk factory. He has percentage of the soybeans needed by the Cuban factories already purchased the land. per annum island-wide.” Update. 1996. April 3. Thomas calls. He is still as A new 30-minute video titled “Soy Cubano!” is now interested as ever in this project, but cannot figure out how available. Produced by Global Exchange and the Hisperian to get soymilk with a long shelf life that is not refrigerated Foundation, and narrated by writer and activist Alice and not too expensive. Walker, it chronicles the food and medicine crisis in Cuba. Update. 1996. August 13. Thomas calls. He is getting Address: Cuba Food and Medicine Campaign, c/o Global ready to order a SoyaCow 400 liter/hour system from Exchange, 2017 Mission St., San Francisco, California ProSoya in Canada. Two problems remain: (1) A type of 94110. Phone: 415-558-8682. packaging that is low in cost. Shurtleff recommends he ask

551. Plenty International. 1995. From the global kitchen: A new products for the people of Cuba, developing new and collection of vegetarian recipes. Summertown, Tennessee: better uses for by-products, and teaching. The Palacio de The Book Publishing Company. 124 p. Illust. (57 photos). los Pioneers is a vocational training and education center in Index. 21 x 18 cm. Havana under the Ministry of Education. In the university • Summary: Contents: Foreword, by Virginia & Mark there are two food-related majors: food science & Messina. Introduction. Local ingredients–Cooking tools. technology, and food engineering. Address: Ing., Director, Description of uncommon ingredients. Recipe notes: Flours Food Industry Research Inst. (Instituto de Investigaciones (incl. soy flour), tofu, grating tofu and tempeh, replacing Para la Industria Alimenticia), Carretera Guatao Km 3½, okara with grated tofu or tempeh, cooking, breaking and La Lis 19200, Havana City, Cuba. Phone: 21-6986 or 21- dehulling soybeans, hand mills and blenders. 1. North 6742. America: The Bronx, Native Americans (Oglala Lakota people at Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota), recipes 553. Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro; Ortega, Alberto. 1996. Recent (main dishes, salad, breads, desserts). 2. The Caribbean: history of soyfoods in Cuba. Part I (Interview). SoyaScan Introduction (Jamaica, Dominica), recipes. 3. Central Notes. Jan. 9. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods America: Introduction (Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Casta Center. Calderon’s first experience with soy foods in Nicaragua), • Summary: Overview: Since 1995 Cuba has become the recipes. Africa: Introduction (Lesotho, Liberia), recipes. Sri rising star among developing countries in the use of Lanka: Introduction, recipes. soyfoods–and especially dairylike products. Cuba is the first This remarkable, first-of-its-kind book by Plenty Third World country to realize the potential of dairylike soy International tells the story of the pioneering work they products to enhance the nutrition of the population while have done over a period of several decades to introduce dramatically reducing costs and imports of feeds required soyfoods to the Third World. The many vegetarian recipes by dairy animals. In the last 2 years, the Cubans have in each section (each containing at least one soy ingredient, constructed about 34 “soy dairies” inside of inactive or and based mostly on traditional soyfoods) are innovative partially inactive cow dairies. In 1995 they made 34 million and well adapted to that region. The 51 black-and-white liters of soy yogurt and soy yogurt drink, which they photos, plus 6 color photos on the front and rear covers, add distribute free of charge to children ages 7-14. They are now joy and a human face to the book. Much of the text is by also making delicious non-dairy soy ice cream and Chuck Haren. Address: P.O. Box 394, Summertown, spreadable soy cream cheese. In addition, almost all of the Tennessee 38483. Phone: (615) 964-4864. regular ice cream made in Cuba now contains 50% soymilk. This remarkable story was told during two long 552. Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro. 1996. The Cuban Ministry of sessions, mainly by Alvaro, with Alberto adding many key Food Industry and the Food Industry Research Institute points, in Alvaro’s office. Alvaro is director and Alberto is (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 9. Conducted by William vice-director of Cuba’s Food Industry Research Institute Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. (FIRI; In Spanish: Instituto de Investigaciones para la • Summary: Alvaro (who likes to be called “Alvarito”) gave Industria Alimenticia–IIIA) near Havana. Catherine Murphy this presentation while standing by a model of the Food translated the first session and Dr. Gilberto Fleites translated Industry Research Institute (FIRI; In Spanish: Instituto de the second. Shurtleff took notes and asked quite a few Investigaciones para la Industria Alimenticia–IIIA) near questions, but this was more the telling of a story than an Havana. He is director of this institute. interview. The meeting was arranged by Pam Montanaro, The Ministry of Food Industry is divided into five units: director of the Soy Cubano! program at Global Exchange, Meat, dairy, fruit and vegetables, grinding/milling and San Francisco. She has met with Alvaro and Alberto many filtering, and confections (including drinks, both alcoholic times before and Soy Cubano! has helped significantly to and nonalcoholic). This Ministry operates 300 medium and further development of soybeans and soyfoods in Cuba. Soy large food factories nationwide. It also inspects local food Cubano! has given Alvaro and Alberto several of Shurtleff’s factories which are under the direction of local books, helped them to exchange correspondence, and governments. arranged and paid for Shurtleff’s present trip to Cuba. The This is the only Food Industry Research Institute (FIRI) atmosphere is relaxed and friendly. in Cuba; within it are many pilot plants as part of the Alvaro begins: “We would like to tell you the complete general concept of an integrated research center. The story, in depth, of the development of soyfoods in Cuba original focus of the FIRI was meat and dairy products. from 1984 to the present. You are the first person to whom FAO helped to start it, with additional help from the we have ever told the story in this much detail. Please fell Netherlands, Sweden, and Denmark. Construction began in free to ask questions.” Shurtleff explains that he is not 1977 and FIRI began operation in 1980. The main goals of interested in commercial secrets. Alvaro laughs and says FIRI are (1) Applied research, including the development of “Don’t worry. We’ll let you know if you ask about anything

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 170 that is confidential.” Cuba hopes to export some of the In response to the Special Period, FIRI began to work proprietary technology and processes they have developed. first on the meat supply, by extending ground meat with This phase of Cuba’s work with soyfoods began in early textured extruded soy flour–which was 10 to 15 times less 1984, when Fidel Castro obtained a Mechanical Cow from expensive than meat on a protein basis. Initially Cuba Brazil. Note: This relatively small-scale soymilk production imported textured soy flour from Mexico. Two extended machine was developed in Sao Paulo, Brazil, by Dr. meat products were developed: Extended ground beef was Roberto H. Moretti (of Vanguarda Mecanica and the Dep. of sold in the neighborhood meat/butcher ration shops Food Technology, FEA/UNICAMP) starting in 1976 and it (carnicerias), and extended meat patties were sold at places was patented in 1979. By Nov. 1980, according to Dr. called Saz (a chain of popular cafeterias) on the free market. Moretti, 80-90 Mechanical Cows were in operation in One traditional meat product that Cubans love is Brazil. Fidel has long been interested in and concerned picadillo, which consists of ground meat, garlic, onion, and about food, nutrition, and malnutrition worldwide, and lemon, and which is sold at the meat ration shops. Instead of especially in developing countries. It was for this reason pure meat, FIRI now used a mixture of 70% textured soy that he obtained a Mechanical Cow–which cost about flour and 30% ground meat. The seasonings in this picadillo $40,000. After 48 hours without sleeping, Alvaro and his extendido largely masked the soy flavor, but the reaction of collaborators finished installing the Cow at the Food the Cuban people was not very good. Of course, they had no Industry Research Institute (FIRI). They began using it with idea of what was in the new mystery product, and how much enthusiasm. One month later when the Brazilians much of it. They were used to pure meat, yet the nation was arrived, they were to surprised to see it in operation, making paralyzed, so this was no longer an option. Even though soymilk and various products. Ten copies of the Cow were food was in short supply, there was a large excess of money, soon made at Cuba’s Ministry of Mechanization. But so it was not an economic issue–the extended meat had to despite much research and attempts to flavor the soymilk be sold only at the meat ration shops if everyone was to get with various fruits, it continued to have a strong beany a fair share. flavor. Soymilk from the Cow was first sold in 1984 at 15 The second extended meat product developed by FIRI, outlets in Havana at non-rationed dairy products stores in the patties, were sold like a hamburger, between buns, with the “parallel market.” It was not well accepted by the Cuban catsup and mustard. The Ministry of Food Industry of Cuba people, who ended up feeding it to their pets. The product (MINAL) got a patty-forming machine named Koppens was withdrawn after 1 to 2 years, but scientists at FIRI from the Netherlands, and the patty-making operation was began a new project to study soyfoods and flavor problems very successful. MINAL then bought 15 more patty in greater depth. By the beginning of the 1980s partially machines, one for each province, and by 1990 Cuba was defatted soy flour (expressed under pressure, but not making 200,000 meat-soy patties a day. Continued. texturized) was being used in Cuba as an extender in ground Address: 1. Ing., Director; 2. Vicedirector. Both: Food meat at levels of 2% to 5%. Research Inst. (Instituto de Investigaciones para la In 1990 a series of disasters struck Cuba. Shortly after Industria Alimenticia), Carretera Guatao Km 3½, La Lis the dissolution of the Socialist/Soviet Bloc (Warsaw Pact 19200, Havana City, Cuba. Phone: 21-6986 or 21-6742. alliance) in late 1989 and early 1990, Cuba suddenly lost at least 75% of its trade, which had focused on sugar bought 554. Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro; Ortega, Alberto. 1996. Recent by the Soviet Union through long-term agreements at prices history of soyfoods in Cuba. Part II (Interview). SoyaScan well above the world market price of that moment. Food Notes. Jan. 9. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods production dropped due to a severe shortages of fertilizers, Center. agrichemicals, gasoline, and imported feed for animals. • Summary: Continued: After the problems with meat What Cuba now calls the Special Period was phased in. The shortages were somewhat under control, the Food Industry situation grew even worse in October 1992 when the United Research Institute (FIRI) began to work on alleviating milk States passed the “Cuba Democracy Act” (often called the shortages. They had not forgotten their previous bad Torricelli Act). The United States had had an embargo on experience with soymilk from the Mechanical Cow, but trade with Cuba since 1960, but the new Act became Alvaro still believed that soya and dairylike soy products essentially a blockade, in which the U.S. very effectively had great potential in Cuba, so he took the lead (and a rather pressured foreign nations and companies not to trade with big risk) by deciding to do more research on soy products to Cuba–in violation of the United Nations charter, the charter replace milk. of the Organization of American States, and virtually all Note: At this point we must pause to take a look at the international law. The Torricelli Act also made it illegal for important role that milk has played, especially for children Cubans living in the USA to send dollars back to relatives and senior citizens, after the Cuban Revolution. This and friends in Cuba. information comes from Alvaro and Alberto, and from the excellent book No Free Lunch: Food & Revolution in Cuba

Today, by Benjamin, Collins, and Scott (1989, Institute for 1970s the Cuban government decided to give ½ liter of milk Food and Development Policy, San Francisco). Page per day to kids of ages 7-13, and to seniors over age 65. All numbers refer to pages in that book. Before the revolution people would also get one-fifth liter per day as fresh, succeeded in Jan. 1959, only 11% of rural Cuban families powdered, or evaporated milk on the ration card. With the regularly drank milk (p. 2). Almost one-third of the food arrival of the Special Period in 1990, the whole milk consumed in Cuba was imported, including much of the program had to be re-examined from top to bottom. That dairy products (p. 8), and more than 70% of these imports year, in a speech on July 26, a famous national holiday, came from the United States (p. 19). Just 3 months into the Fidel Castro said that Cuba would no longer be able to revolution, in May 1959, the new government set official guarantee milk at traditional levels because milk imports prices for milk, rice, bread and beef (p. 20). Nationwide would have to be reduced, and, more important, the money consumption of milk, and other long-coveted foods such as was no longer available to buy feed for dairy cattle. pork, soared, but the supply could not keep up with Between 1989 and 1995, consumption of dairy milk in Cuba demand–for a host of complex reasons (p. 119-27). On 19 fell from 1.3 billion liters to 390 million liters, a drop of October 1960 the Eisenhower administration imposed the 70%. This abrupt loss of milk strongly affected everybody first U.S. embargo on Cuba, prohibiting all exports except in Cuba, except 1.2 million children ages 0 to 7, kids in nonsubsidized foods and medicines. Cuba set a goal to free nurseries, pregnant women, and hospital patients. The itself from U.S. imports and to generally become more self- spotlight turned to Alvaro and his coworkers to try to solve sufficient in food. In April 1961 the USA tried to invade this immense problem. Cuba at the Bay of Pigs–and failed. Then on 7 Feb. 1962 a The first product they developed was named Cerelac. second and tighter U.S.-imposed embargo on trade with Introduced in March 1991, it contained 15% whole milk Cuba (including food, but exempting medical supplies) powder, 40% defatted soy flour (all imported), plus sugar, went into effect. That same month the Organization of calcium, vitamins, and vanilla flavor. It was sold at American States voted 15 to 4 to exclude Cuba from the subsidized prices to kids ages 7-13 and seniors over age 65. organization and for member states to break all diplomatic These people found the product acceptable. Soon 7,000 to ties. On March 12, in response to these painful measures, 8,000 tonnes per year of Cerelac were being mixed in plants Cuba began a program to ration food via the new National inside of ten of Cuba’s dairy processing factories. Shortly Board for the Distribution of Foodstuffs (p. 22, 197-98). four more mixing plants were added. Initially, rationing was expected to be temporary, yet as of Then Alvaro and his coworkers thought about 1996 it is still in effect–as is the U.S. embargo, though both developing products from whole soybeans, but were have changed. cautious because of the bad experience with the Mechanical As part of the 1962 ration, all children under the age of Cow 7 years earlier. It was then that Alvaro visited the 7 received a liter of bottled milk daily, and senior citizens Valsoia soymilk plant in Bologna, Italy. At this plant, which over age 65 could buy six cans of evaporated milk a month used Alfa-Laval soymilk equipment, Alvaro learned many (p. 27), both at very low prices–part of Cuba’s “right to eat” important secrets. Continued. Address: 1. Ing., Director; 2. ethic. Since 98% of Cuba’s children are born in a hospital, Vicedirector. Both: Food Research Inst. (Instituto de almost all of them start being breast fed from birth, and the Investigaciones para la Industria Alimenticia), Carretera mothers drink the milk during this time. As of 1989, a liter Guatao Km 3½, La Lis 19200, Havana City, Cuba. Phone: of milk cost only 25 centavos on the ration, but 80 centavos 21-6986 or 21-6742. off the ration in the so-called parallel market (p. 41). Families buy the bottled milk at the neighborhood dairy 555. Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro; Ortega, Alberto. 1996. Recent ration store (lechería) and the canned milk at the bodega. history of soyfoods in Cuba. Part III (Interview). SoyaScan The Cuban government placed tremendous emphasis on Notes. Jan. 9. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods expanding production of cow’s milk–perhaps more than on Center. any other food except sugar. Indeed milk production • Summary: Continued: Returning to the Food Industry increased threefold from 1962 to 1979. In addition to the Research Institute (FIRI), Alvaro worked with his 800 million liters produced in 1982, some 600 million liters colleagues to construct a soymilk pilot plant in the fruit of powdered and butterfat milk were imported (p. 151-52). processing building, where they already had a decanting One tonne of powdered milk makes 10,000 liters when centrifuge for separating fruit into its juice and pulp. They reconstituted. Yet Cuba’s emphasis on milk was expensive, left this machine (the most expensive and important in the and substantial imports (such as feed for dairy cattle) had to soymilk pilot plant) where it was, and built the pilot plant be bought with hard currency (p. 111). around it–with a capacity of 500 liters per hour. To get rid Cubans say that families mourn on a child’s seventh of the beany flavor, they added very hot water (above 90ºC) birthday, for that is when they lose eligibility to receive one to the mill while grinding the soybeans, then they ran the liter per day of low-cost milk. To ease the transition, in the hot slurry into a horizontal chamber where they kept it at

90ºC or hotter for 2 minutes to wholly inactivate the lactose required two centrifuges, that had cost $500,000 enzymes. At this point Alvaro drew a diagram of this stage new. At the moment these two machines were standing idle of the process. Soon this plant was producing good-tasting due to the lack of cow’s milk during the Special Period. So soymilk. But would the Cuban people accept it? in late 1993, around these centrifuges, MINAL researchers Alvaro decided to make the soymilk into soy yogurt for built a scaled-up pilot plant with a capacity of 5,000 liters various reasons: (1) Soy yogurt had acidity, which was per hour of soymilk–ten times the output of the pilot plant at important in enabling the product to be sweetened and FIRI. The first soymilk that came out of the enlarged pilot flavored; (2) Dairy yogurt was popular among the Cuban planted tasted great. In January 1994 production of stirred people; and (3) FIRI had long experience making it. Dairy soy yogurt began. It was a drink with the consistency of a yogurt has become widespread in Cuba since the revolution milk shake. By early 1994 some 200,000 kids ages 7-13 in thanks to a major Bulgarian aid project in the 1960s Havana were receiving 1 liter per week of this soy yogurt (Bulgarians are considered the “fathers of yogurt”) and the from their local dairy ration stores. The program was a great Cuban government’s view that it was a good way to add success. Also in January 1994, production of Cerelac was protein to the diet. Dairy yogurt caught on in part because it discontinued. is served in work and school cafeterias and snack bars While this production was going ahead in Havana, the together with free sugar, and it is sold in lecherías. Per researchers continued work at FIRI on making a set soy capita consumption of yogurt soared fifty-fold, from less yogurt, in part because they had a long tradition of making than 0.1 kg per year in 1963 to 5 kg in 1980 (p. 112). There set dairy yogurt. But now a major problem arose. There was are two basic types of yogurt, and both are cultured/ only one pair of the expensive Alfa-Laval centrifuges in all fermented: Stirred yogurt and set yogurt. Both types had of Cuba. If the country wanted to set up similar soymilk long been made in Cuba, adding sugar for sweetness, in 29 plants in other provinces, it would have to invest millions of factories. FIRI decided to try to develop both types using dollars to buy more centrifuges. This was clearly cultured soymilk and some of the principles of Bulgarian impossible. The only alternative was to start all over again, yogurt technology. to develop Cuban technology to meet the challenge. A They transported the soymilk made in the fruit building period of intense thinking began. at FIRI, to the dairy processing building, then worked with One Sunday morning in early 1994, at his home, a key an interdisciplinary team. FIRI has its own culture idea came to Alvaro. He called Alberto and they worked collection of food fermentation microorganisms containing together with a sense of urgency to try out the idea in a large variety of strains for cultured dairy products. One of Alvaro’s kitchen. It worked! Bravo. On Monday at FIRI FIRI’s mandates was to supply these to Cuba’s food they began work immediately on the “new technology” industry. They tested many fermentation bacteria and (NT), a system that did not use centrifuges. This system also arrived at several–the names of which are top secret! One of worked. the bacteria uses the oligosaccharides (complex sugars) in With the yogurt he had produced, Alvaro had already soybeans as a source of energy, thereby getting rid of this convinced the Minister of Food Industry of the value of the undesirable cause of flatulence in humans. But the new technology, and this minister then became a fervent researchers ran into two basic problems: the technology was supporter of the project. very expensive, and the protein yield was very low. Only After they had developed the technology on a laboratory 50% of the protein in the soybeans ended up in the soymilk. scale, a period of intensive work began to develop the The quality, however, was good. So they asked Alfa-Laval prototype equipment, made in FIRI’s workshop with the for a firm price on a soymilk plant that would produce 3-4 participation of researchers, mechanics, electricians, and tons of soymilk per hour. The answer? $3 to 4 million. Too electronic specialists. A decisive factor in this step was the much! participation of Ing. Carlos Pérez, vice-director of FIRI, in Each year from 1990 to 1993 the number of calories and charge of maintenance. By April 1994 they were ready to grams of protein, per capita, in the Cuban diet dropped as install the first prototype NT system in a large idle dairy the food problems of the Special Period grew more serious. products plant at Holguín (pronounced hol-GEEN) in 1993 was the worst year of all. Malnutrition began to eastern Cuba. This plant was chosen because the workers appear, and teams of health professionals arrived from are a very enthusiastic group and also because it has a good abroad to study the problem and try to help. Something had workshop and qualified, hard-working mechanics. Thus, it to be done–soon! could make a contribution to the successful and speedy Necessity is the mother of invention. In Havana there installation of the first plant. At this point, the whole was a large dairy products complex named Complejo Lacteo interdisciplinary team that had developed the technology de la Habana. It used Alfa-Laval equipment and cow’s milk and equipment moved to Holguin, where they worked night to make cheese, yogurt, ice cream, butter, and (most and day, sometimes 20 hours nonstop, with the men and important) lactose and powdered whey. To produce the women of Holguín, catching a little sleep when they could

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 173 on the floor of the plant. It took, on average, 14 days to Three basic types of yogurt were made in Cuba’s many install each plant and get it running. This was possible soy dairies: 50% of the total was set soy yogurt sold in bulk thanks to the spirit and selfless dedication of these local containers, which reduced packaging costs. Local people people, who were willing to work so hard and with such would bring their own containers in which to take home great desire to help relieve the severe food shortages. When their portion of the yogurt. Another 25% was set soy yogurt the soymilk plant was up and running, they tested it and the in one liter glass jars–which were, of course, recycled after soy yogurt, made changes, and tested again. Finally in May use. The last 25% was stirred soy yogurt, sold in one liter 1994 the first soy yogurt for the people Cuba came off the plastic bags as a drink having the consistency of a milk line. Everyone tasted it and rejoiced. Viva la revolucion! shake. Continued. Address: 1. Ing., Director; 2. Vicedirector. Both: The plan for 1996 is to produce 76 million liters of soy Food Research Inst. (Instituto de Investigaciones para la yogurt–more than double the total for 1995! Industria Alimenticia), Carretera Guatao Km 3½, La Lis In September 1994, soymilk started to be used (together 19200, Havana City, Cuba. Phone: 21-6986 or 21-6742. with dairy milk) in Cuban ice cream, made at the dairy plant at Pinar del Rio. In 1995 some 12 million liters of soymilk 556. Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro; Ortega, Alberto. 1996. Recent were used in Cuba’s ice cream, accounting for 50% of the history of soyfoods in Cuba. Part IV (Interview). SoyaScan total milk used–the other half being cow’s milk. However Notes. Jan. 9. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods no soymilk is used in the most famous Cuban brand of ice Center. cream, Copelia. This is made with only fresh milk and • Summary: Again and again during 1994 the Food Industry cream, using a traditional dairy formula and technology. Research Institute (FIRI) team went to dairy processing In January 1995 a cultured/fermented spreadable soy plants in Cuba. It was a marathon effort. By the end of 1994 cream cheese was first made commercially in Cuba at the a remarkable 14 new soy dairies making soy yogurt had dairy plant in the province of Villa Clara. Resembling been installed in the wings of existing dairy plants Cuba’s traditional queso crema but containing no animal throughout Cuba. This mammoth effort was possible products, it is used as a spread on bread or crackers, in salad through the cooperation of the Ministry of Food Industry dressings, served as a dessert topped with marmalade or (MINAL) and local enterprises and governments. The NT jam, or mixed with canned meat to make a pâté. equipment was built mostly by the Enterprise in Charge of Soybeans were first cultivated in Cuba in 1904, and the Equipment Building and Installation. Most of the plants had climate and soil have always been good for growing them. a capacity of either 2,000 or 4,000 liters/hour; the smallest Yet although Cuban scientists have done extensive research was 1,200 liters/hour. During 1994 the 14 plants churned on soybean production over the last few decades and out a total of 11 million liters of soy yogurt–4 million liters developed new soybean varieties that yield well under from the one plant in Havana using the two large Alfa-Laval Cuban conditions, almost no soybeans are grown in Cuba centrifuges, and 7 million liters from the 13 other plants today, in part because of the historical emphasis on sugar. using the new technology. By late 1994 about 400,000 kids Therefore Cuba has to import all of the 10,000 tonnes per ages 7-13 living in the provincial capitals nationwide were year of soybeans used to make soymilk and soy yogurt, receiving 1 liter of soy yogurt a week. Alvaro and his using precious foreign exchange. In the past, Cuba has also coworkers at FIRI were so convinced of the superiority of imported roughly 300,000 tonnes of soybeans (as whole their technology that in Nov. 1994 they eliminated the Alfa- beans or soybean meal) for animal feed. The food-grade Laval plant, replacing it the next month with two new NT soybeans come mostly from Canada and Brazil. Canada’s production lines. white-hilum soybeans are considered the best for soy During 1995 eight more plants were installed, bringing yogurt. For 45 days during 1995 no soybeans were imported the total to 22. These plants produced 33 million liters of into Cuba due to the lack of hard currency (U.S. dollars). soy yogurt (containing 3.0 to 3.2% protein), which reached The Soy Cubano! program of Global Exchange in San about 500,000 kids. Though there are presently about Francisco is working to help Cuba become more self- 1,200,000 kids in Cuba, most of those not living in the sufficient in soybeans. For Cuba to become self-sufficient at capitals have access to milk from the nearby cows. Alvaro 1989 levels of consumption for the 11 million inhabitants, showed us a chart listing the location of each plant, the date the country would have to grow about 500,000 tonnes of it began operation, and its capacity. As of mid-January 1996 soybeans. four new plants are under construction, and 5 more are on The development of new soyfoods products does not the drawing boards, ready to go. One of the plants under stop here. The FIRI team has two big projects on tap for construction in Havana will make only spreadable soy 1996. The first is to expand commercial production of cream cheese (queso crema), a new product developed at spreadable soy cream cheese, which will be made at FIRI. existing dairy plants in 10 provinces throughout Cuba (Santiago de Cuba, Holguín, Bayamo, Las Tunas,

Camagüey, Ciego de Avila, Sancti Spiritus, Villa Clara, The soy yogurt plant at Santiago de Cuba had an Matanzas, and Pinar del Rio) and to finish the spreadable original capacity of 2,000 liters/hour. The plant was briefly soy cream cheese factory in Havana with 10 tonnes/day shut down to double its capacity to 4,000 liters/hour. During capacity. At each plant they hope to make 500 to 1,000 kg/ this period, children in Santiago de Cuba were supplied with day, and a total of 5,000 tonnes in 1996; this will require an dairy yogurt and this caused them to complain, as they additional 10 million liters of soymilk. The second project is objected to the more acid flavor. to make two types of powdered soymilk. Type 1, which is (2) Soymilk ice cream (caramel flavored). The spray dried, contains 85% soymilk and 15% dairy milk, plus ingredients are soymilk, sugar, soy oil, caramel (for flavor), cocoa, sugar, salt, and vitamin A. Type 2, which is roller and a stabilizer. (3) Soy Cream Cheese. This is like the dried, resembles a traditional Nestlé product called Harina traditional Cuban queso crema, with much the texture of Lacteada. The ingredients are similar to type 1 except that American Philadelphia cream cheese. Spread on crackers, it rice is substituted for cocoa. Cuban researchers are very is delicious. Our group of five tasters gave each of these interested in learning more about Japanese amazaké (a three products excellent marks for flavor, texture, and color. traditional non-alcoholic fermented rice beverage made Shurtleff (who has the most experience with soyfoods of the from koji), about the various new enzyme-hydrolyzed rice five) noted that this is the best soy yogurt he has tasted beverages made in America, and about ways to mix soymilk anywhere, one of the best soy ice creams, and the first with ricemilk. Cuba plans to make a total of 2,000 tonnes of fermented soy cream cheese. Also served at this tasting was powdered soymilk in 1996. They are also working on queso blanco, which resembled the traditional non- development of spreadable soybean pâtés with different fermented white cheese but made from whole buffalo’s flavors, among them ham, and chorizo (a paprika spiced milk. No soymilk was added. It was served in slices about ½ Spanish-style pork sausage). inch thick and 4 inches square, to be enjoyed on toast or To summarize: In 1995 Cuba used 7,000 tonnes of crackers. This delicious product might also be made some soybeans to make 47 million liters of soymilk; 1 kg of day from soy. soybeans yields about 7 kg of soymilk. Of this soymilk, 33 Alvaro says in summary that his team of researchers is million liters were used for soy yogurt, 12 million liters for proud of three major achievements: (1) Making soymilk soy ice cream, and 2 million liters for spreadable soy cream with no beany flavor; (2) Producing it at relatively low cost cheese. In 1996 Cuba plans to use 76 million liters for soy on equipment designed and constructed in Cuba using yogurt, 14 million liters for soy ice cream, and 10 million middle-level technology; and (3) Making soymilk with a liters for spreadable soy cream cheese. Total: 100 million high protein yield (The figure for protein yield is a top liters, or roughly twice as much. Continued. Address: 1. secret). Ing., Director; 2. Vicedirector. Both: Food Research Inst. What are the big lessons to be learned from Cuba’s bold (Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Alimenticia), and very successful experiments with soyfoods? (1) Cuba is Carretera Guatao Km 3½, La Lis 19200, Havana City, Cuba. the world’s first country (outside of the traditional soy Phone: 21-6986 or 21-6742. countries in East Asia) to fully grasp and realize the potential of soyfoods, and specifically dairylike soy 557. Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro; Ortega, Alberto. 1996. Recent products. Countries with high population densities in East history of soyfoods in Cuba. Part V (Interview). SoyaScan Asia (such as China, Indonesia, and Japan) have known for Notes. Jan. 9. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods centuries that it makes much more sense in terms of Center. economics, land use, the environment, and good health to • Summary: At this point we were invited for lunch at a get protein directly from plants (specifically soybeans and nice hotel on the Food Industry Research Institute (FIRI) cereal grains) than to feed those plants to animals and then compound. There we were served various flavors of three eat the animals. Since the 1960s experts in the field of Third dairylike soy products developed at FIRI. Our group of two World development and food resources have stated Cubans and three Americans was invited to taste each repeatedly that soybeans are the protein source of the future. product and offer our comments. (1) A set soy yogurt in Not only are they the world’s lowest cost source of high- cups in six flavors: Caramel, coconut, banana, orange, quality protein, but they are now known to contain a host of vanilla, and strawberry. Caramel, the most widely beneficial phytochemicals, not found in any animal distributed flavor in Cuba, comes, of course, from Cuba’s products, that appear to protect humans from cancer, heart abundant sugar supply. The soy yogurt’s acidity is 0.4 to 0.5 disease, osteoporosis, and many of the unpleasant symptoms (half that of cow’s milk), and it contains 3.2% protein and of menopause. Yet it took a major crisis to prompt Cuba to 1.6% fat. By comparison, dairy yogurt contains 3.0% make the switch. (2) Cuba switched from dairy products to protein and 3.4% fat when made from whole milk, or 3.4% dairylike soy products largely for economic reasons and to protein and 1.7% fat when made from low-fat milk. This set make the country’s food economy more efficient. The fact soy yogurt is now sold in all provincial capitals in Cuba. that Cuba has a centrally controlled economy probably

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 175 facilitated the swift change. Yet with rapidly growing 20% increase of soybean yield and a 30% yield increase in populations and declining incomes, many Third World some other plants. His group is now developing a solid form countries may soon find it necessary or wise to follow of Azotobacter for export. Cuba’s lead. Cuba has also become the world leader among He has also done research with other bacteria which Third World countries in sustainable, organic agriculture. transform organic phosphorus in the soil into a non-organic Introducing a good food to a country under hardship form which many plants, including soybeans, can conditions can pose a threat to that food’s future. Will the assimilate. people associate it so strongly with memories of the hard Humberto Diaz is the only breeder of new soybean times that they want to get rid of it when good times arrive? varieties in Cuba. Pelican was the best introduced variety, (3) Cuba made the transition to dairylike soy products but the varieties developed by Diaz have been significantly without constructing any new buildings, and with a better. In Cuba, there is a special need to develop different relatively modest investment in locally designed, varieties for planting in the three different soybean growing appropriate technology that actually revitalized flagging seasons. The variety V-9 (named after the Russian geneticist dairy processing plants. (4) By approaching the challenge Vavilov) is now grown on a large scale in Cuba. It was first with “beginner’s mind” and plenty of creativity, Cuba was grown 4-5 years ago for spring forage, of which it yields able to develop exciting new soy products especially suited about 30 metric tons/ha. In winter it produces about 2,000 to Cuban tastes and unknown in other countries. (5) Cuba’s kg/ha of seed. The best varieties grown for soybean seeds new soyfoods technology and processes offer the possibility yield about 3,000 kg/ha on small test plots, 2,000 kg/ha on of a new category of exports, which could earn badly- small farms, and 1,200 kg/ha on large farms. needed foreign exchange and, perhaps more important, offer In the area surrounding Cuban cities organoponic new hope in the fight against malnutrition and hunger agriculture (organoponics, derived from hydroponics) is throughout the Third World. Address: 1. Ing., Director; 2. now becoming popular. In this form of urban agriculture, Vicedirector. Both: Food Research Inst. (Instituto de organic matter is mixed with soil in raised beds, which yield Investigaciones para la Industria Alimenticia), Carretera up to 20 kg per square meter of fresh vegetables. Imported Guatao Km 3½, La Lis 19200, Havana City, Cuba. Phone: soybeans are used mostly for livestock feed (for cattle, 21-6986 or 21-6742. chickens, and eggs) and for food. Note: Memories of INIFAT. A lovely place with a lush 558. Martinez Viera, Rafael. 1996. Work with bioactive garden of exotic palms in a huge central courtyard, and a products at INIFAT in Cuba (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. long driveway at the front lined with stately, tall Cuban Jan. 10. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods palms. Large archives with many old documents and very Center. helpful librarians. Very nice people. Not one photocopy • Summary: Dr. Martinez earned his PhD in Leipzig, East machine in the entire complex. Address: PhD, Chief of Germany. For many years he was the editor of Ciencias de Bioactive Products Dep., INIFAT, Santiago de las Vegas, la Agricultura (Agricultural Science) a biannual journal Cuba. published by the Cuban Academy of Sciences and INIFAT. He is now writing a history of INIFAT and of eminent 559. Hymowitz, Ted. 1996. Thoughts on growing soybeans agricultural scientists in Cuba. in tropical Third World countries such as Cuba: Beware of His main line of research is sustainable agriculture, plant diseases and insects (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Jan. specializing in bioactive products including biofertilizers, 15. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. biostimulants, and natural pesticides extracted from plants. • Summary: Tropical countries have no winter, so the He has done considerable research on Azotobacter, a diseases and insects continue to accumulate, until they get nitrogen-fixing bacterium which began to be used and out of hand. The warmer the country and the closer to the studied with soybeans in other countries in the late 1960s; equator, the bigger the problem. The main way of unlike Rhizobium, Azotobacter is associative, not combatting diseases is by breeding in resistance to specific symbiotic. In most cases Azotobacter competes with or is diseases; this is done in the southern states of the USA. But even antagonistic to Rhizobium in the soil. Its use allows there are limits to its effectiveness, so farmers tend to spray farmers to use about 40% less fertilizers with some crops. on more and more agrichemicals to combat both insects and Thirty days after planting soybeans, Dr. Martinez hand- diseases. Diseases have been devastating to soybeans in sprays Azotobacter on the leaves; there the bacteria produce Indonesia, Taiwan (which now grows mainly green vegetable hormones, such as cytokinins, auxins, vegetable soybeans for Japan), Malaysia, and they will gibberellins, and amino acids–all of which stimulate the become devastating to soybeans in new countries like Cuba. growth of the plants and, more importantly in Cuba, reduce In Southeast Asia, the main disease is soybean rust. Note: the rate of flower abortion. Cuban scientists have developed Havana, Cuba, lies on the Tropic of Cancer, 22.5º north of special strains that produce 14 amino acids and that cause a

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 176 the equator; Sao Paulo, Brazil, lies on the Tropic of dropped 34.3% from 1989 to 1993. Sugar remains the Capricorn, the same distance south of the equator. country’s largest source of foreign exchange. In Illinois almost no chemical sprays are used against “In 1989, with the Soviet empire’s collapse, Cuba lost a insects or diseases, but herbicides are widely used at both major source of subsidies and the source of 85% of its the preemergence and emergence stages. These herbicides foreign trade. The ongoing U.S. economic embargo forces do not end up in the soybeans, whereas the chemicals the island to purchase goods at higher prices from other sprayed on the plants when they are more mature do end up nations...” in the seeds. Address: Prof. of Plant Genetics, Univ. of A sidebar, titled “Let them eat soy–If they want to,” is Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. about Frank Daller, president of Daller & Co. of Ottawa, Canada. His mission is to promote the production of 560. Baird, R.E. 1996. Locals help Cuba turn to soy: soybeans, and an appetite for soy products as an Activists hope soy helps Cuba recover. Colorado Daily inexpensive source of protein. He recently signed a letter of (Boulder). Jan. 19. p. 1, 6. intent with Cuba’s Ministry of Agriculture to grow • Summary: Nancy Sullo in Boulder (Phone: 303-444- soybeans, sell harvesting and processing equipment, and 8565) is working with Soy Cubano! to help bring soyfoods eventually develop soy products for the Cuban market. He (an especially a yogurt-like drink) to Cuba. So far, 30 hopes to introduce soy-based ice cream, drinks, and cooking people in Boulder have purchased between one and 55 oil. shares in Soy Cubano! for $5 each. Since the 1989 collapse of the Communist east bloc and the advent of the “special period,” Cuba has been 561. Daller, Frank. 1996. Interest in and activities related to emphasizing soy. But soybean imports are costing Cuba soyfoods in Cuba (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 19. about $50 million a year in scarce foreign exchange. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. “Cubans identify soy products with the hardships of the • Summary: Frank has traveled to Cuba 3 times (paying his special period. ‘Most people think the meat [extended] with own way) to do soy-related work. He was there first in Aug. soy tastes awful,’ says housewife Hilda Cercero. ‘Once 1995 and is very impressed with the resourcefulness and times get better, I don’t think people will eat it,’ she says.” sincerity of the Cuban people. He likes the people he has met very much and is trying to help–not trying to sell them 563. Hymowitz, Ted. 1996. Glycine javanica was renamed equipment or steal their soymilk processing secrets. He Glycine wightii, then removed from the genus Glycine and plans to buy a SoyaCow with his own funds and donate it to placed in a new genus as Neonotonia wightii (Interview). some place in Cuba–probably Dr. Gilberto Fleites at a SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 31. Conducted by William Shurtleff of cancer hospital. He wonders why the Cubans have focused Soyfoods Center. on making soy yogurt rather than soymilk. If they use a hot- • Summary: Plants that used to be named Glycine javanica blanch process, perhaps because they have a high and Glycine wightii (pronounced glai-SEE-nee WAI-tee-ai) proportion of suspended solids (rather than dissolved are now correctly named Neonotonia wightii. Thus these solids), which might settle out in soymilk. In a 4-star hotel plants were never actually relatives of perennial soybeans. in Cuba where he was staying, he was served a sweetened In 1966 Verdcourt proposed renaming Glycine javanica to yogurt for breakfast in a cafeteria line. The attendant told Glycine wightii. The proposal was repeated in 1971 in his him it was soy yogurt, but he is not certain that it was since book Flora of Tropical East Africa. Then in 1977 a scientist he could not tell the difference. Through his contact with the named James Lackey removed Glycine wightii from the Canadian ambassador in Cuba, Frank was able to meet with genus Glycine, created a new genus Neonotonia, and put Jesú Montane (pronounced HAY-su MON-tan-ay), who is a this single species in the new genus with the new name personal secretary of Fidel Castro and who is deeply Neonotonia wightii. interested in work with soyfoods in Cuba. Address: ProSoya Ted wrote about changes in the genus Glycine in an Inc., 5350 Canotek Road, #7, Gloucester, ONT K1J 9C9, article titled “A Reappraisal of the Subgenus Glycine” Canada. Phone: 613-745-9115. (Newell & Hymowitz 1978, American J. of Botany 65(2):168-79). This plant has not been mentioned by 562. Erlich, Reese. 1996. Cuba’s upturn: Sweet but partial. Hymowitz in any of his papers on the genus Glycine or Christian Science Monitor. Jan. 24. taxonomy published during roughly the last 5 years; it is in • Summary: After six years of crisis, the Cuban economy a different genus and therefore unrelated. He wrote a paper has bottomed out (1993) and started to recover in 1995. Yet titled something like “Where are the ancestors of the the country still faces major shortages of food and basic soybean?” consumer goods. Electrical blackouts occur several times a Linnaeus described 7 or 8 species in the genus Glycine. week in Havana. Cuba’s gross domestic product (GDP) Glycine javanica is the type species for the genus. If that particular is removed from the genus, what do you call the

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 177 remaining species? Verdcourt, at Kew, suggested that the taxonomic principle of “conservation of name” be applied 565. Product Name: [Soymilk Yogurt (Natural, in this case. Because the soybean is so well known, they Strawberry, or Cherry)]. decided to conserve the name Glycine. The way to conserve Foreign Name: Yogourt. it is to find in the literature the next article describing the Manufacturer’s Name: UFIESA–Division of Productos genus; this was Willdenow. That is why nowadays when Nutrisoya. you see the genus Glycine, you no longer see “(L.)” for Manufacturer’s Address: Factory: Av. de los Linnaeus, but rather “(Willd.)” for Willdenow, because the Restauradores No. 149. Office: C/33 No. 9 A, Villa Carmen genus name has been conserved. So when you see these Este, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Phone: (809) articles from tropical countries such as Brazil or Cuba 590-3418. concerned with the forage plant, Soja perene (this is the Date of Introduction: 1996. January. Brazilian name), they are talking about a plant that is now Ingredients: Incl. soymilk. considered to be unrelated to the soybean or the genus How Stored: Refrigerated. Glycine. New Product–Documentation: Letter and leaflets from The key question is this: Why did taxonomists change Leonidas Radhames Ubiera, president of Ufiesa-Nutrisoya. the name of Glycine wightii? It has to do with work that Ted 1997. Jan. 20. Leaflet #1. Green and red on white. and his coworkers did in the germplasm collections and in “Consuma productos Nutrisoya para su alimentacion una cytology. The wightii is essentially of African origin and it joya. 100% natural. Puros e integrales de soya. Tofu-queso. has a chromosome number of 22 and 44. The chromosomes Leche, lista para tomar. Yogourt. Salami. Salichas. are much different from the Glycine chromosomes. Hamburguesa. Chorizo.” Moreover Glycine is distributed throughout much of Asia Letter from Leonidas Radhames Ubiera. 1997. March and Oceania, but is not found in Africa. 10. Gives the date that each of the company’s products were Why did Linnaeus give this plant the species name introduced, and basic ingredients. Yogourt, introduced in javanica? We are not sure. Why did he name the genus January 1996, is a soymilk yogurt. UFIESA is an Glycine? One of the species which he included in his abbreviation/acronym for Ubiera & Fortunato Import- original genus Glycine is now named Apios americana; it is Export, S.A. a tuber with a sweet root, and the word Glycine is derived from this sweetness. All of the species which Linnaeus 566. Bluebook Update (Bar Harbor, Maine).1996. ProSoya originally assigned to the genus Glycine are no longer in finds new opportunities in Cuba. 3(1):3. Jan/March. Glycine. That’s why they had to conserve the genus Glycine. • Summary: Frank Daller of Canada has made three trips to Wistaria and Teramnus also used to be in Glycine. Cuba and is planning a fourth this February, when he plans Many agronomists (they are not known to be to return to Cuba with the head of a major Canadian taxonomists) are not aware of this change and continue to agricultural equipment company to discuss possibilities of a use the old names in the genus Glycine. Address: Prof. of joint venture company that would compliment the Soy Plant Genetics, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. Cubano program, as well as a separate initiative for the production of Canadian agricultural equipment in Cuba. 564. Shurtleff, William. 1996. Report on soyfoods research On another venture, Mr. Daller is working with Dr. trip to Cuba: Jan. 7-12, 1996 (Log–unpublished). Soyfoods Gilberto Fleites, a cancer surgeon from Havana, and a local Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, CA 94549 USA. 68 p. Jan. entrepreneur to install a small SoyaCow SC20 in the first Unpublished manuscript. Log. 28 cm. natural food/vegetarian restaurant in Havana. Dr. Fleites is • Summary: Contents: Daily itinerary and schedule. working to build local awareness of the anti-cancer Questions and to do. Daily notes from interviews and properties of soyfoods. meetings: Visit to INIFAT–Boris Sanchez, Dr. Gilberto Fleites, Dr. Raphael Martinez, Tomas Guzman, Dick Strohl. 567. Montanaro, Pamela. 1996. Attending the First National Visit to Food Research Institute (IIIA): Alvaro Garcia Soybean Workshop in Cuba (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. (Director). Alberto Ortega. History of soyfoods in Cuba. April 15. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Three soy videos at MinAg. To INIFAT with Dr. Martinez: Center. Summaries of many soy-related documents found in the • Summary: Pam Montanaro, Coordinator of the Cuba library. With Boris Sanchez at MinAg. Various Cuban’s Campaign Department of Global Exchange, just returned impressions of Fidel Castro. Second visit to IIIA. Taste tests from 2 weeks in Cuba. She led an alternative medicine of products. Statistics on soy yogurt production in Cuba. group during the first week. While there, she attended the Business cards. Conversations about daily life in Cuba. Trip First National Soybean Workshop (Primer Taller Nacional schedule from Pam Montanaro: San Francisco to Mexico Soya), 2-day meeting held on 11-12 April 1996 at the Food City to Cancun to Havana. Address: Lafayette, California. Research Institute outside Havana. It was attended by about

200 Cubans, and many important Cubans were there, During 1996, nationwide, Cuba hopes to grow between including Jesu Montané Oropesa, a top advisor to Fidel 6,700 ha and 8,040 ha of soybeans (500 to 600 caberillas; 1 Castro, and Vilma Espín, head of the Federation of Cuban caberilla = 13.4 ha). If all goes well, this area would provide Women (Federation de Mujeres Cubanos, FMC). One of them with about 15,000 metric tons of soybeans–enough for the founders of the Cuban revolution in the 1950s, she is all their food needs but only about 10% of their total needs married to Raul Castro (Fidel’s brother), is a chemist or including vegetable oil and livestock feed. biochemist, speaks good English, and has been involved Only two foreigners attended the soy conference–Pam with popularizing soybeans and soyfoods in Cuba for many and a man from Mexico. Pam heard that Cuba has signed a years. In the early 1960s Vilma organized a Cuban group contract to export its soymilk manufacturing technology to named “Friends of the Soybean.” an organization in Semaya, Mexico. This would be Cuba’s The afternoon sessions on the first day were divided first known export of such technology. Last year Cubans did into two parts: Soybean production, and soybean utilization. a lot of traveling throughout Latin America looking for The first was open to everyone, the second was restricted to customers. speakers only, because of Cuba’s proprietary soymilk and Tito Nuñez’s vegetarian restaurant in the Botanical soy yogurt technology. Dr. Gilberto Fleites, a top Cuban Garden, next to a Japanese garden, is just lovely and cancer surgeon who is also a vegetarian, gave a presentation becoming very popular. The food is organically grown and to both sessions on soy, diet and health, with an excellent presented in a beautiful way. Address: Coordinator of Soy slide show that he has developed; he answered many Cubano! Company, Food and Medicine Campaign, c/o questions and received many requests for talk to other Global Exchange, 2017 Mission St. #303C, San Francisco, organizations. California 94110. Phone: 415-255-7296 or 415-558-8682. The conference was attended by representatives from both agriculture and food processing from every Cuban 568. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria province. The food representatives brought samples of their Alimenticia (IIIA). 1996. Primer Taller Nacional Soya: best soy yogurt and soy cream cheese. At the conference Invitacion, programa [First National Soybean Workshop: there was a contest to see which organization had the best Invitation and program (Leaflet)]. Havana, Cuba. 2 panels. soy yogurt. Las Tunas won, with a special award going to a [Spa] factory in Havana. In all, the conference was very up-beat. • Summary: This pioneering 2-day workshop was held on Video- and audio tapes were made of most of the sessions, 11-12 April 1996 at the Food Research Institute (IIIA) and the proceedings are expected to be available in Spanish. outside Havana. It was attended by about 200 Cubans. Pam has a Spanish language conference agenda. Program: Thursday, April 11. 10:00 a.m.–Opening. 10:30– At the conference, Pam learned that two other foreign Exposition and tasting of soy products. Exposition of groups are apparently involved with growing soybeans in soybean varieties. 12:00–Conference on “Development and Cuba. Vilma Espín’s women’s group (FMC) has a project perspectives on the use of soya for human consumption,” very similar to Global Exchange’s funded by Oxfam Canada led by Ing. Alvaro García, Director of IIIA. 1:00 p.m.– and now underway in the easternmost province of Cuba, Lunch. 2:30–Reports from commissions (presentation of Santiago de Cuba (near Guantanamo Bay, the U.S. naval papers): Commission #1 Industrial food processing and base). The project is getting its seeds from INIFAT, but there utilization (restricted). Commission #2 Agriculture. 6:00– seems to be poor communication between INIFAT and this Recreational activities. project, to the extent that Pam wondered if a rivalry might Friday, April 12. 9:00 a.m.–Report of the agricultural have developed between them. Oxfam Canada first began commission: Presentation of papers from the institutes and work in Cuba in Jan. 1995 and Pam helped to interest them national directors. 1:00 p.m.–Lunch. 2:30–Closing plenary in work with soy. Canadians Minor Sinclair and Sheila Katz session. (1) Conference on the cultivation of soybeans, by are now involved with this soy project. A second Cuban Dr. Humberto Díaz Carrasco, INIFAT. (2) Presentation of group is also working on this project, the National the agricultural program, from 1996 with projections to the Association for Small-Scale Agriculture (Association year 2000. (3) Presentation of the industrial food processing Nacional de Agricultura Pequena, ANAP). They just had program, from 1996 with projections to the year 2000. (4) their first harvest and got a good yield of about 2 tons of Debate and discussion about these programs, from 1996 seed per acre. Minor (who now lives in Havana with his with projections to the year 2000. Awards ceremony. wife, Martha Thomson) in writing up a report on the project Concluding words. for Pam. Pam’s combine has not yet arrived in Cuba. For details see April 1996 interview with Pam An Italian NGO (non-governmental organization), Montanaro, who attended the workshop. Address: Carretera which is part of the European Union, is said to be trying to Guatao Km 3½, La Lis 19200, Havana City, Cuba. Phone: do another soy project, and has offered to invest $1 million 216986. in the project.

569. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee).1996. Soy on liability company. “We went into soyfoods as part of a the frontlines, Liberia, West Africa. 12(1):1, 3. Spring. whole social program named Country Farmhouse Lifeline, • Summary: From September to December of 1995, with which is a local community program whereby local people help from the Trull Foundation of Texas, Plenty was able to get together to shape their lives and bring about sustainable send a soy / agricultural technician to Liberia to support the life. It was not started just as a business. Our wider program farming work of Imani House (IH). The volunteer involves alternative sources of energy and more sustainable technician was Ignatius (Gomier) Longville, a Caribbean living.” Marlon has worked with Plenty USA and they have native, who had worked with Plenty on the Island of St. helped him mostly with contacts, plus some technical Lucia from 1984 to 1990. “Gomier is a ‘Roots’ (Rasta) advice–Not much help with product development. There are farmer skilled in ways of growing foods under adverse no other companies now making soyfoods in Jamaica. One conditions employing the natural rhythms and resources of company named Nature Treats started in about 1993, but the earth. Gomier provided very practical, hands-on they went out of business about 2 years later; she is trying to assistance related to growing soybeans and other crops in sell him her equipment. He is a Rastafarian, and the Lifeline nutrient-deficient soils for Liberian families... He also was spun out of that concept–not so much from the religious worked with the IH staff in conducting soy food preparation perspective but from a social and cultural perspective. Most workshops for farming families, technicians from other Rastafarians are vegetarians and his interest in tofu and development assistance organizations, and UN soyfoods grows in part out of his interest in vegetarianism. representatives. At the World Food Day Exposition in They have used the okara and whey from their company to Monrovia, Gomier and the IH staff performed soy generate energy (methane) that is run back into the plant– demonstrations for 10,000 people! They won first prize for though it is not established now. their food production demo at this Exposition. Talk with Annie Liu from Miami, Florida. 1999. Feb. “Recently IH sent out a letter asking NGOs working in 16. The tofu made by Country Farmhouse is very hard. In rural areas to commit at least 10 acres each for the growing Jamaica, there is a dish named Solomonogondi, that is of soybeans. They have been bombarded by requests for traditionally made with pickled mackerel; Country seed and information ever since.” Photos show: Gomier Farmhouse makes a vegetarian version with tofu–that is with several African men making soymilk at a workshop in delicious. Their ice cream is also delicious. Address: Liberia. Gomier and 3 other people at a IH soy Affiliate of the Country Farmhouse Lifeline, 12 Faulkner demonstration plot under palm trees. Ave., Duhaney Park, Kingston 20, Jamaica. Phone: 809- 933-4617. 570. D’Aguilar, Marlon. 1996. New developments at Country Farmhouse Soya Products (Interview). SoyaScan 571. Morales, Isabel. 1996. Queso a partir de soya: Para los Notes. May 20. Conducted by William Shurtleff of capitalinos un beneficio que conocen ya otros territorios del Soyfoods Center. [Eng] país [Cheese from soya: For residents of Havana, a benefit • Summary: Marlon started making and selling tofu in that other territories of the country already know]. Granma 1985. He started teaching himself the processes in 1983-84. (Havana, Cuba) About June 17. [Spa] He believes that Country Farmhouse Soya Products was the • Summary: This article was published in Granma, Cuba’s first company to make tofu commercially in Jamaica. Tofu national newspaper, named after the yacht, which on 2 Dec. and Soymilk Production and The Book of Tofu by Shurtleff 1956 carried Fidel Castro and 81 other revolutionaries from and Aoyagi helped him out somewhat over the years. In the Mexico to Cuba, marking the beginning of the guerilla beginning he gave away a lot of tofu “to get our people to struggle in the Sierra Maestra mountains. know it. Our people have always liked it. Our Soy Scream Ice Cream, launched in about 1985, is our favorite product. 572. Asgrow Seed Company. 1996. Asgrow. Des Moines, It was made using hand-cranked wooden buckets. It is still Iowa: The Upjohn Company. 97 p. 16 cm. sold in both soft serve and hard packs.” Marlon has • Summary: Asgrow breeds and sells corn, soybeans, and launched about 10 soy products since 1985–Tofu, Soy sorghum. Information on soybeans appears on pages 32-65, Scream Ice Cream, Mayonnaise (based on soymilk and sold including: Soybean research highlights. Soybean variety to the foodservice), soy ice cream sandwich, soy flour, soy product listings. Soybean planting rate guide. Soybean burgers (launched in about 1987 and renamed Veg Middles variety characteristics chart. Plant Variety Protection Act. in about 1994), soymilk (made to order only). Soybean seed value finder. Right now he is working on expanding the company, but A map (p. 32) shows Asgrow’s 10 research stations and it is difficult because of limited finances and resources. The 8 concept farms. The research stations are in: Redwood vision is still high and open. Country Farmhouse Lifeline is Falls, Minnesota; Ames, Iowa; Ridgway, Illinois; Marion, the parent association and a community operation; Country Arkansas; Janesville, Wisconsin; Oxford, Indiana; Farmhouse Soya Products is an offshoot, and a limited Stonington, Illinois; Schoolcraft, Michigan; Galena,

Maryland; and Isabella, Puerto Rico. The company also has 94 individual testing locations, 240,000 yield plots, 350,000 574. Kobold, Christy. 1996. How to get statistics on exports unique lines evaluated this year, winter nurseries in Puerto from and imports to the USA using PIERS (Port Import Rico, Chile, and Argentina, 600,000 hand pollinations each Export Reporting Service) (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. year, and a five-year evaluation program in which 1 in July 17. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods 30,000 soybean varieties survive. Center. The inside front cover states: “The reasons to plant • Summary: PIERS is a computerized database with Asgrow keep growing... Sixteen new Asgrow soybean detailed records on all import and export transactions varieties. Seven Asgrow STS soybean varieties. Fourteen through U.S. ports. It is produced by The Journal of Asgrow Roundup Ready soybean varieties. Fourteen Commerce, which started in San Francisco in 1827. The soybean varieties with the Rps1k gene. Twenty-six soybean PIERS division started in 1972-73. They have 125 reporters cyst nematode resistant varieties.” at all U.S. ports (including Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto The addresses and phone numbers of four Asgrow Rico) who enter information into their database information offices are given: Des Moines, Iowa; Plainview, Texas; from bills of lading and vessel manifests. Import data is now Matthews, Missouri; and 1-800-815-4545. Or visit the 100% electronic. Reports are produced on a weekly, Asgrow Web site at http://www.asgrow.com. Address: Des monthly, or quarterly basis by port, by destination, product Moines, Iowa. type, etc. There are five formats/media: Printed report (hard copy), tape, diskette, CD-ROM, and on-line access. One 573. Product Name: [Meatless Salami, Salchicah report costs $450. The 3 big ports on the west coast of the Sausages, Hamburger, and Chorizo Spicy Sausages]. USA are Oakland and Long Beach (California), and Foreign Name: Salami Especial de Soya, Salchicahs, Vancouver (BC, Canada); few imports come into San Hamburguesa, Chorizo de Soya. Francisco any more. The information available from PIERS Manufacturer’s Name: UFIESA–Division of Productos is found in the following import and export data fields: Nutrisoya. Product description (as shown on bill of lading or manifest). Manufacturer’s Address: Factory: Av. de los PIERS product code. Harmonized Tariff Code and Restauradores No. 149. Office: C/33 No. 9 A, Villa Carmen Description (assigned by PIERS, not copied from ship Este, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Phone: (809) documents). Overseas country name. U.S. port name. 590-3418. Overseas port name. Container size, container quantity, Date of Introduction: 1996. June. TEU count and cubic feet. Steamship line and vessel name. Ingredients: Salami: 60% tofu, 30% gluten, 7% oats, 2% Manifest number. Cargo quantity and unit of measure. flaked corn, 1% binders and natural spices. Chorizo: Cargo weight. Voyage number. Shipment value. Payment Exactly the same ingredients as Salami. type. Shipment direction. Bank name. Address: 425 How Stored: Refrigerated. California St., Suite 2450, San Francisco, CA 94104. Phone: New Product–Documentation: Letter and leaflets from 1-800-824-7537. Leonidas Radhames Ubiera, president of Ufiesa-Nutrisoya. 1997. Jan. 20. “Our company began to operate on 575. Wijeratne, Wilmot B. 1996. Update on developments at September 1, 1995 without experience and too little INTSOY. Soy workshop in the Caribbean in September equipment.” Leaflet #1. Green and red on white. “Consuma 1996 (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. July 24. Conducted by productos Nutrisoya para su alimentacion una joya. 100% William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. natural. Puros e integrales de soya. Tofu-queso. Leche, lista • Summary: INTSOY now obtains about 50% of its funding para tomar. Yogourt. Salami. Salichas. Hamburguesa. from public sources (mostly USAID) and 50% from private Chorizo.” sources. AID is now telling INTSOY that it must Letter from Leonidas Radhames Ubiera. 1997. March communicate more of the information it has and obtains to 10. Gives the date that each of the company’s products were those who need and want it. One of INTSOY’s big and introduced, and basic ingredients. These four products were successful private projects has been the development in introduced in June 1996. The first 3 are made from tofu and Egypt of a “business incubator” where new products and gluten. The chorizo is made from 85% tofu, 10% gluten, businesses can be developed. At least one soy-related and 5% other ingredients. UFIESA is an abbreviation/ business has been started using this center. One of acronym for Ubiera & Fortunato Import-Export, S.A. Talk INTSOY’s major innovations is the relatively low cost with José Fortunato in New York. 1997. April 15. These processing of whole soybeans into oil and meal, then the four meatless products are all ready to heat and serve; they meal into textured products. Until several years ago, soy are not dry mixes. technicians used to think that soybean meal could not be Labels for Salami and Chorizo sent by Jose Fortunato. texturized if it contained more than 3% oil, but INTSOY 1997. April 18. 3½ by 3 inches. Self adhesive. makes excellent textured products containing 15% oil on a

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 181 dry weight basis (12-13% on an “as is” basis). INTSOY has (her name was Maya Shearer) she corresponded with not yet found a way to texturize full-fat soy flour; some of Soyfoods Center. She also worked in Dominica, St. Vincent, the fat must first be removed. Barbados, Haiti, Jamaica, and Guatemala on soyfoods On 15-18 September 1996, in Trinidad, INTSOY will be projects. Her particular area of expertise is recipe holding a Regional Workshop on Soybean Processing and development. Utilization for Central America and the Caribbean. It will be Plenty Canada’s Caribbean projects were turned over to funded by the Illinois Soybean Board. Wilmot is interested local management in 1992 and she returned to Canada; she in inviting Cubans who are doing work with soyfoods, and no longer works for Canada. She worked as a community Shurtleff sends him key names and his report of a trip to worker and taught cooking workshops until last year when Cuba in Jan. 1996 to study soyfoods in Cuba. INTSOY will she and three other women started Sun & Sky Foods. She publicize the event using their mailing list of 1,700 names still acts as a resource person and teaches classes at the plus some names from the Escuela Agricola Panamericana University of Western Ontario on tofu, beans, legumes, and in Zamorano, near Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Address: vegetarian nutrition. She also works as a food consultant. Director, INTSOY, Champaign-Urbana, Illinois. Sun & Sky Foods produces a line of bean soup mixes an cornbreads which they currently sell throughout the 576. Hastings, Carl. 1996. Soybean products in human province of Ontario. Address: Sun & Sky Foods, 859 foods. Paper presented at Regional Workshop on Soybean Dundas St. E., London, ONT N5W 2Z8. Phone: 519-432- Processing and Utilization for Central America and the 6916. Caribbean. 4 p. Held Sept. 15-18 in Jamaica. • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Soy sprouts. Whole 579. Kimbel, David. 1996. The Kroger supermarket chain in soybeans: Cooked green beans, cooked soybeans, roasted or the Midwest has just started requiring pasteurized tofu. deep fat cooked soybeans (soy nuts–salted, flavored, etc., Present tofu production (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec. candy coated, salad topping, bakery ingredient or topping, 20. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. soynut butter, soy coffee) fermented soybeans (tempeh– • Summary: Kroger’s concern comes after a major incident Rhizopus, natto–Bacillus, hamanatto–Aspergillus). Cereal on 30 Oct. 1996 when many people in and around Seattle, blends: CSM (Corn-Soy-Milk), WSB (Wheat-Soy-Blend), Washington, became very sick from drinking fresh other (bulgur, oat, sorghum grits). (unpasteurized) Odwalla apple juice that had been Refined soy oil: Solvent extracted, physically extracted, contaminated with Escherichia coli strain 0157:H7; see uses, lecithin. Soy protein: Soy flour (full fat, defatted), 1996 interview with Sydney Fisher of Odwalla. concentrates, isolates, textured, uses. Hulls. Soy fiber. Soy Kroger has decided that all fruit juices they sell, as well milk: Liquid, powder, uses (plain, flavored, fortified, as tofu, must be pasteurized. This is hard on small tofu blends, instant formula, nutritional beverages, tofu, soy companies. David wants to know if there are any standards cheese, frozen desserts, yogurt, soymilk film (yuba)). Soy for pasteurized tofu. William Shurtleff thinks there are not. sauce. Soy paste (miso). Soy pulp (okara). Address: Reliv, The book Tofu & Soymilk Production, by Shurtleff and Inc., Chesterfield, Missouri. Aoyagi states (p. 113), that in 1979 Hinoichi in Los Angeles, California, pasteurized tofu as follows: “Tofu and 577. Trabajadores (Cuba).1996. Soya: reducción del sterilized hot water at 87ºC (189ºF) are heat sealed with film colesterol [Soya: Reduction of cholesterol]. Oct. 14. [Spa] in a tub, placed in a conveyorized heating tank under water • Summary: The consumption of soy protein in place of at 85ºF for 50 minutes, then placed in chilled water in a animal protein can lead to a significant reduction in blood conveyorized cooler at 1 to 2ºC for 50 minutes, packed in cholesterol levels, according to research conducted at the ice in boxes, and placed in a walk-in cooler. The typical University of Kentucky, USA. shelf life is at least 3 weeks.” David now makes about 10,000 lb/week of tofu. He 578. Clarke (Shearer), Maya. 1996. Re: Work with soyfoods sells it in 10 states and Puerto Rico. Roughly 85% is sold to for Plenty Canada in Sri Lanka and the Caribbean. Letter supermarkets and the rest to Chinese restaurants. He also (fax) to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Dec. 1. 2 p. makes mung bean and alfalfa sprouts–but no soy sprouts. • Summary: Her company is working with another Address: Chieko Tofu, Inc., 2450 Beekman Ave., company to develop a product that contains green vegetable Cincinnati, Ohio 45214. Phone: 513-471-3300. soybeans. She is interested in starting a branch of the Soyfoods Center in Ontario. Maya worked for Plenty 580. Golbitz, Peter. 1996. Soyfoods take root in the Canada for many years. She was part of the first team that Caribbean: Basic food needs spur growth of a new industry. went to Sri Lanka to conduct a feasibility study for CIDA; Bluebook Update (Bar Harbor, Maine) 3(4):4-5. Oct/Dec. her title was Nutrition Consultant. Then she was field • Summary: Dominican Republic: In August, the Mexico director at St. Lucia from 1985 until 1992. During that time City office of the American Soybean Association sponsored

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 182 a conference in the Dominican Republic titled “The Increasing carbon delivery and catabolism in the nodule, Importance of Using Soy Protein in the Treatment of stimulation of nitrogen assimilation, enhancement of Chronic Disease.” Two companies are now making osmotolerance. Concluding remarks. Acknowledgements. soyfoods in the Dominican Republic and working to Address: 1. Dep. of Biology, Univ. of West Indies, Cave increase awareness of their value. Engela Estévez, founder Hill Campus, Barbados; 2. Plant Biotechnology Center, of Saluvid S.A., makes a variety of meat alternatives from Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH 43210. textured soy protein.; she presents seminars, has written a book titled “112 Recipes with Soya, The Vegetable of a 583. Gonzalez-Pando, Miguel. ed. 1996. Greater Miami: Thousand Uses,” and has helped to establish a foundation The spirit of Cuban enterprise. Fort Lauderdale, Florida: named FundaSoya to educate consumers. Mr. L.R. Ubiera, Copperfield Publications, Inc. See p. 168. [Eng] founder of Nutrisoya in 1996, makes fresh soymilk and tofu • Summary: On page 168 is the story of Fully, Inc. run by as well as several meat alternatives; he has written and Manny Wong, whose biography is also given. This company published a book titled “Tofu y Leche de Soya, a Practical was started in Cuba in 1947 by Cesar Wong; that’s when he Guide for Home Preparation.” and his family began making sprouts in Havana’s produce Cuba: A summary of the history of soyfoods in Cuba, market. In 1960 they came to Miami and soon established including recent developments, was extracted from a report themselves in the restaurant field. His son, Manny Wong, by William Shurtleff after his visit to Cuba in Jan. 1996. attended college in New York and majored in business. A photo shows a soybean harvester in Cuba, donated by After graduation he married Silvia Cok, also a Cuban- Global Exchange. It arrived in the spring, just in time to Chinese whose father had been a Chinese businessman in help with this year’s soybean harvest. From left to right: Havana, in the grocery business. “Upon arriving in New The harvester’s mechanic. The director of the INIFAT York in 1960, Silvia’s father joined his relatives in a tofu station where the soybeans will be grown. Segundo Panas (bean curd) [manufacturing] business which had been of ECAP (A Friends-of-Cuba organization). Pam Montanaro established back in 1933.” of Global Exchange in San Francisco, California. Tomas In 1978 Manny and his bride moved back to Miami, Guzman of INIFAT, director of the Cuban soybean where he launched Fully, Inc. with his brother-in-law production project. Dennis Marr. In Chinese “Fully” is composed of the two characters ful meaning “rich” and ly [lei] meaning “profit.” 581. Product Name: Soy Sauce. They started as an Oriental food wholesale company, Manufacturer’s Name: King Pappar Products Ltd. handling most of the items used in Chinese cooking. Manufacturer’s Address: Hague, P.O. Box 43, Falmouth In 1981, with demand for sprouts growing dramatically, Tielawany, Jamaica. Phone: 809-954-3681. Manny and Dennis founded Fully Bean Sprouts Farm Date of Introduction: 1996. Company. They grow mainly [mung] beans sprouts and soy New Product–Documentation: ’95-’96 Soya Bluebook sprouts. Plus. p. 110. The managing director is Dudley Eaton. During the 1980s, as “demand for more healthful foods grew, Fully opened another subsidiary, Fon-On for Florida. 582. Delauney, A.J.; Verma, D.P.S. 1996. Improvement of This is a spin-off of Manny’s father-in-law’s tofu business soybean for nitrogen fixation: Molecular genetics of in New York. Fon-On of Florida manufactures ‘soy nodulation. In: D.P.S. Verma and R.C. Shoemaker, eds. products’–mainly soy milk and currently five kinds of tofu: 1996. Soybean: Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Oriental, Soft, Firm, Silk, and Pudding.” Photos show: Biotechnology. Wallingford, England: CAB International Manny Wong with his wife and three children in late 1994. (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux). x + 270 p. See p. Various packaged soy products made by Fully including soy 219-48. Chap. 10. [130 ref] sprouts, soy milk, pudding, tofu. Address: Florida. • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Nodule organogenesis: Molecular signals in the initiation of nodule morphogenesis, 584. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. 1996. Inventing avoidance of host defence responses, early nodulin gene and building seed crop genetic improvements: Research and expression, biogenesis of the PBM compartment. The product development. Des Moines, Iowa. 28 p. 28 cm. functional root nodule: Nitrogen assimilation in nodules • Summary: Includes: A message from Jim Miller, Vice (amide synthesis, ureide synthesis, amide versus ureide President and Director, Oilseeds and Field Crop Research export), carbon metabolism in nodules, osmoregulation in (p. 8). Soybean research (p. 9). World map of Pioneer nodules. Regulation of nodule-active genes: Signals research locations (p. 22-23). Soybean locations by region involved in regulation of plant gene expression in nodules (p. 28): There are 13 in North America, 3 in South America (bacterial factors, nodule developmental signals, nodule cell (Venado Tuerto, Argentina; Santiago, Chile; San Jose, Costa metabolites, physiological factors). Improvement of Rica), and 2 in Europe (Parndorf, Austria; Parma, Italy). soybean symbiosis by genetic manipulation of the host: The Spanish-speaking North American soybean locations

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 183 are: Salinas, Puerto Rico; Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Those in Although there was no formal soyfoods program on the USA are: Kekaha, Kauai, Hawaii; Hamel, Illinois; Barbados or St. Vincent, she conducted some training with LaSalle, Illinois; St. Joseph, Illinois; Cedar Falls, Iowa; women’s and other community groups on these islands; Johnston, Iowa; Moorhead, Minnesota; Redwood Falls, their regional requests were serviced by the Soy Center in Minnesota; Greenville, Mississippi; Napoleon, Ohio; St. Lucia. In 1988 and 1989 in Haiti she met with people Chatham, Ontario, Canada. Address: 11153 Aurora Ave., interested in establishing a soyfoods program. Address: Sun Des Moines, Iowa 50322-9969. Phone: 1-800-338-5878. & Sky Foods, 859 Dundas St., London, Ontario N5W 2Z8. Phone: 1-888-441-6680. 585. Morales, Isabel. 1997. Functionará en Mexico empresa mixta con Cuba: Se trata de BIOTEK, elaborada de 587. Clarke, Maya. 1997. Summary No. 2 of soyfoods work productos derivados de la soya [A joint venture with Cuba for Plenty Canada in Sri Lanka and the Caribbean will operate in Mexico: Biotek will make soyfood products]. (Interview). SoyaScan Interviews on File. Jan. 9. Conducted Gramma (Cuba). Jan. 3. p. 2. [Spa] by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. • Summary: Biotek, a joint venture with some Cuban • Summary: Answers the following questions: Why did capital, began operating in Cuba. It is dedicated to the Plenty Canada discontinue its work with soyfoods in the production of soymilk and its products, using modern Caribbean? Why is Plenty Canada in Ontario so much technology developed at the Instituto de Investigaciones de smaller now than 10 years ago? What is the former director, la Industria Alimenticia (IIIA) in Cuba. Antonio González, Larry McDermott doing now? Which of Plenty’s Caribbean director of the Dairy Association (Unión Láctea) said that soyfoods programs have been the most successful? What the deal was negotiated, using the good offices of does Maya think are the keys to a successful program. CORALSA S.A., the deal-making arm of the Ministry of Address: Sun & Sky Foods, 859 Dundas St., London, Food Industry. The plant has a capacity of 4,000 liters/day Ontario N5W 2Z8. Phone: 1-888-441-6680. of soymilk. It is the first such plant exported by Cuba. From soymilk, many nutritious and tasty products can be made, 588. Ubiera, Leonidas Radhames. 1997. Re: Work with including nondairy ice cream, yogurt, and cheeses. soyfoods and gluten in the Dominican Republic. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, March 10–in reply to 586. Clarke, Maya. 1997. Re: Resume and summary of inquiry. 2 p. Typed, with signature. soyfoods work for Plenty Canada in Sri Lanka and the • Summary: Gives the date that each of the company’s Caribbean. Letter (fax) to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods products were introduced, and the main ingredients in each. Center, Jan. 5. 10 p. Tofu and soymilk were both introduced in Sept. 1995. All • Summary: The first 2 pages are a cover letter. The next 5 other products were introduced in 1996. pages are an application for the International Soyfoods Leonidas is aware of only one company that made soy Center. The last 3 pages are a summary of Maya’s work products in the Dominican Republic before his company– with soyfoods from 1984. In 1984 she was a team member that is a company named Salubi, which made salami from in Sri Lanka, conducting a feasibility study, funded by texturized soya and sold other imported products. CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency); at UFIESA is an abbreviation/acronym for Ubiera & that time her name was Maya Shearer. From 1985 to 1993 Fortunato Import-Export, S.A. It is a division of Productos she was in St. Lucia, West Indies, as field director of the Nutrisoya. Plenty Canada Integrated Soyfoods Program; here, at the The address on this letter is his home and office. His Soy Center in Castries, she did her most extensive and factory is located at Av. de los Restauradores No. 149. creative work with soyfoods. She helped St. Lucians to start He thanks William Shurtleff for sending him a database 10 small soyfoods businesses, including Union Hilltop search of all known work with soya in the Dominican Soyfoods (still in operation) and Natural Cafe. “The Republic from earliest times to the present. “I will use this program in St. Lucia (population 150,000) was the most to teach about soya in our country.” Address: Calle 33 #9-A, successful of Plenty’s programs in the Caribbean... About Villa Carmen Este, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 10 acres of soybeans were grown annually and all were Phone: 809 590 3418. used on the island for the production and human consumption of soyfoods.” 589. Product Name: Soybean sprouts. In 1987 she was in Solola, Guatemala. In 1988 in Manufacturer’s Name: Hydrosprouts. Jamaica. From 1985 to 1990 in Dominica, she worked with Manufacturer’s Address: 12 Mountain View Ave., Carib indigenous peoples to develop an appropriate Kingston 2, Jamaica. Phone: 876-928-9818. soyfoods program. She also worked at the Soy Training Date of Introduction: 1997. September. Center in Roseau, Dominica, with Chuck Haren, Norman Ingredients: Soybeans, water. and Sarah Ayerst, and local Dominican counterparts.

New Product–Documentation: Talk with (call from) Eluk of Clofine Food & Dairy; Teresa Isakson of SunRich; Marjorie Lue Sang. 1999. Sept. 7. She and her husband run Lorne Broten of International ProSoya; Alberto Pico of a sprouting company in Jamaica. She is ethnic Chinese and ADM; and Peter Golbitz of Soyatech, Inc. Also shown are started making soy sprouts about 2 years ago. Manny Wong Adela Perez of ASA (Mexico) and some of her staff. of Fully Foods in Miami, Florida, helped her to get started. Address: Soyatech, P.O. Box 84, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609. Phone: 207-288-4969. 590. Golbitz, Peter. 1997. Soyfoods Expo ’97 in Mexico City, 21-23 Oct. 1997 (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Oct. 31. 591. Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro. 1997. Novedosa tecnologia Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Cubana para la produccion de leche y pasta de soya: Ficha • Summary: The American Soybean Association (ASA) promocional [New Cuban technology for the production of sponsored this expo and hired Peter and Soyatech to recruit soymilk and soy paste: Promotional brochure]. Havana, American companies to participate. 824 people attended Cuba: IIIA. 10 p. Undated. 28 cm. [Spa] (many more than the last soyfoods expo in Mexico in 1994) • Summary: The Cubans are starting to sell the excellent and 28 companies exhibited at the U.S. Trade Center in plants they have developed for making soymilk and soy Mexico City. The event started Tuesday, October 21, with a paste (for use in sausages). Contents: Objective. Soya is the briefing by the Trade Center on how to import products into protein source of the future. Marketing. Table listing Mexico. Tuesday evening there was an opening VIP products (soymilk, soy yogurt, concentrated soymilk, cocktail, attended by about 300 people. The booths were all natural soy paste, modified soy paste, natural powdered set up; it and ended Thursday Oct. 23. One Wednesday and soymilk, modified powdered soymilk, soy cheese), potential Thursday the Expo hall was open from 12:00 noon until clients, and probable uses. Advantages of our products: 8:00 p.m. each day. The U.S. Trade Center arranged Nutritional quality, availability, economy. Table showing appointments for people, from 9-12 o’clock each morning, product costs. Technical description of Cuban soymilk linking potential buyers and sellers. A great deal of business plant. Interest in negotiations. Address: Ing., Director was conducted. In addition there were five seminars each General, Food Research Inst. (Instituto de Investigaciones day, from 12:30 to 6:00 p.m., with the speakers being para la Industria Alimenticia), Carretera Guatao Km 3½, La mostly Americans, talking about new technologies, Lis 19200, Havana City, Cuba. Phone: 21-6986 or 21-6742. marketing, soymilk standards, products, etc. There was one seminar about current developments with soy in Guatemala. 592. Carrasquillo, Fausto. 1998. Masao’s Kitchen in ASA put together a beautiful little color catalog as part of a Cambridge, Massachusetts, wants to make fresh tofu big packet on the Expo, with all the seminars, speakers, (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 12. Conducted by attendees, etc. Peter will send a 5-page faxed recruitment William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. packet announcing the event. • Summary: Fausto was a soyfoods pioneer in Puerto Rico. Cuba has exported an excellent soymilk plant to Nature Foods Inc., a company he founded and ran in Mexico; the company, Biotek, owned by Dr. Javier Santurce, Puerto Rico, started making Organic Tofu Rico in Sandoval Pierres, is now in operation at: Km. 9 Carreterra Sept. 1980 and Tempeh in Jan. 1981. For the last year, he Celaya, San Miquel Allende, Guanajuato state (GTO, south has been in the United States, working at Masao’s Kitchen of Mexico City), Mexico. Phone: +91 415 5-0347 or 0348. (run by Masao Miyagi), a macrobiotic restaurant in Fax: 4-0349. The soymilk is delicious. The company is Cambridge, Massachusetts. Now he and this restaurant beginning to work with the Mexican government to get this would like to make fresh tofu, for in-house used and to soymilk into schools. distribute elsewhere. He plans to stay at Masao’s Kitchen in Mexico is now the third largest importer of U.S. the USA for at least several more years. Address: Masao’s soybeans after the Netherlands (#1) and Japan (#2; see Soya Kitchen, P.O. Box 3812375, Cambridge, Massachusetts Bluebook, p. 348). This is largely attributed to NAFTA, the 02238. Phone: 617-776-7198. proximity of Mexico to the USA, and the fact that as imports from the USA have increased, Mexican soybean 593. Iderabdullah, Bisi. 1998. History of work with production has decreased. In addition, China is now soybeans and soyfoods in Liberia. Part II (Interview). exporting good quality food soybeans to importing nations SoyaScan Notes. April 6. Conducted by William Shurtleff of in Asia. Soyfoods Center. ASA Mexico now produces a quarterly Spanish- • Summary: In December 1989 a bloody civil war began in language magazine titled Soya. For more information Liberia in the countryside. By July 1990 it had reached contact Adela Perez and Viki Braverman at ASA Mexico. Monrovia. Many orphaned and abandoned children were Note: A photo in Bluebook Update (March 1998, p. 6) brought to the Mission, so an orphanage and clinic sprang shows U.S. participants in the Expo: Matt Renkoski of into existence at a house next to their house, on an adjacent Optimum Quality Grains; Deb Wycoff of Devansoy; Rick compound, and was soon caring for about 30 kids. Bisi and

Mahmoud paid all expenses of the orphanage, clinic, and the rest they bought in a local market in Liberia; the latter Mission from their personal funds. soybeans had come in to Liberia as a relief food and the Bisi and her family returned to the USA after a cease- people were rejecting them (they took too long to cook; the fire in late November 1990 and tried to solicit support to local people thought they were split peas), so they were help feed the many starving people in Liberia. She called selling at a very low price. They supervised the planting of CARE and many other organizations, but with little results. these soybeans at 8 different sites, in small plots totaling One day someone asked her: “What is the name of your about 1 acre, in and around Monrovia–no further than 25 organization?” She had previously lost their fifth child, miles away. The United Nations provided an agronomist named Imani, so she said spontaneously “Imani House.” (Mr. Sha of UNDP), who planted some of the seeds The name stuck. Then she called The Farm–getting the incorrectly; they were viable and they germinated. Imani address from Ina Mae’s book. She was told that they had a House had 5 acres of land on which they planted one small philanthropic arm named Plenty, but they no longer plot. None of the 8 plots grew well. The war was going on supplied relief foods. Then she called Peter Schweitzer’s and people grew the soybeans on poor soil that they would office in California to ask him what they could do to help– not ordinarily use. The plots did not yield enough soybeans the situation was very urgent and the world wasn’t paying to eat, but they did yield enough seeds to replant. The seeds much attention. They got to know one another over the from IITA did the best, but they never gave good yields. The phone and Peter said that Plenty would choose Imani House bean beetle became the biggest plague, eating through the as a group that they would work with. When they talked leaves. Bisi used compost and many organic methods. The about growing soybeans, Bisi thought it was “a little bit way farmers wanted to spray a lot and use chemical fertilizers. In out for Liberia.” about 1994 they had a very good yield one year at one site Bisi and Chuck Haren (who had been sent by Plenty) in a back-yard garden on virgin soil. The soybean plants went together to the International Institute of Tropical were lush and the beans were large. There were big Agriculture (IITA) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Chuck had already problems with seed storage, since there were heavy rains 6 taken their training program, but he wanted to introduce months of the year. Bisi to it. IITA people showed them how to grow soybeans, Throughout this time, Bisi was doing trials with gave them soybean varieties especially adapted to West utilization. They would take a few pounds of soybeans to an Africa, demonstrated simple machinery for pressing oil orphanage and teach them how to make and use soymilk from the soybeans, introduced them to the bumbum leaves and okara fritters (seasoned patties of okara mixed with they use with lemon as a coagulant in the lab to make tofu, flour then, fried). “They loved these foods.” They had a big prepared many different dishes from soybeans, and demonstration for home economists from the Ministry of demonstrated different quick and simple ways of making Agriculture, who work with the school feeding program. soymilk for use as a beverage. They spent a lot of time with They developed a sheet of nutritional information on Dr. Sidi Osho, an expert in soybean utilization. Bisi and soybeans and soymilk (comparing soymilk with cow’s milk) Chuck were given a tour of local businesses producing which they passed out to these nutritionists. soyfoods, including one that made Soyvita soymilk in From September to December 1995, with help from the Lagos. One chemist had turned his distillery into a soymilk Trull Foundation of Texas, Plenty was able to send a soy/ factory. In the market, they saw soybeans being fermented agricultural technician from Belize to Liberia to help Imani to make dawa-dawa, a seasoning. After seeing all these House with its soybean project. His name was Ignatius things at IITA, Bisi’s skepticism about the potential of (“Gomier”) Longville. A Caribbean native and a Rastafarian soyfoods in Liberia was largely overcome. She and Chuck (Rasta = “Roots) farmer, he was skilled in ways of growing returned to Liberia. food under adverse conditions using the natural rhythms Returning to Liberia, Bisi and Mahmoud changed the and resources. He had worked with Plenty on the island of name of their African Islamic Mission to “Imani House;” St. Lucia from 1984 to 1990. Now he volunteered his they didn’t want to be killed because they were Muslims– services, providing hands-on assistance to help Imani House which happened a lot in Liberia during the war. Their and the farming groups with which they were working in original mission, to teach agriculture and education, Liberia to grow soybeans and other crops in nutrient- remained unchanged. deficient soils. He introduced organic methods of pest Originally Bisi had assumed that the agricultural work management and demonstrated composting techniques. of Imani House would have to be done in the countryside, They used a Rototiller to open the soil and control the bean outside of Monrovia. But by 1990 she realized that urban beetle, and added small amounts of chemical fertilizers. The agriculture was a real possibility. result was the most successful crop of soybeans ever. The Bisi and Chuck first planted soybeans in Liberia in Liberian farmers were impressed. about 1991. The seed came from two sources: They brought In October 1995 Imani House won first prize for food back about 6 kg of specially adapted seed from IITA, and processing at a World Food Day Exposition in Monrovia.

Gomier and the Imani House staff conducted soyfood far from The Farm in Lanark, Ontario), and moved Noble demonstrations for 10,000 people. “We couldn’t make food Bean onto that land. There they started to make tempeh. fast enough. We made pies, soymilk (mixed with cocoa), Throughout the 1980s, Allan and Susan trained Plenty soy fritters, soynuts, and tofu on site. We just didn’t have volunteers at Noble Bean to make tempeh; these volunteers enough. It was amazing.” They had plenty of soybeans then took that knowledge abroad–mostly to developing (300-400 lb), which we bought from Ghana, with help from countries. Maya Clarke took it to St. Lucia, Peter Dudding the Ghanaian Ministry of Agriculture. to Sri Lanka, a Canadian lady to Lesotho, and Mario and Building on these successes, Bisi got FAO to agree to Laura Rimoldi [not Rimaldi] to Barcelona, Spain. Allan and bring in a container of soybeans for planting and to provide Susan had met the Rimoldis on The Farm in Lanark in a consultant (Delvin Walker) to help Imani House. Walker 1983; they later started making tofu as well in Barcelona. was an agronomist; before the war he had been a teacher of Also during the 1980s, the Browns started some new agriculture at Cuttington University, the Christian university businesses to bring in additional income. First came a in Liberia. Walker was already a member of the Imani natural cookie company named Casey’s Cookies–after their House board of directors; he went with Bisi to talk with firstborn son, Casey. Soon they were selling 40 to 60 dozen FAO and WFP (the World Food Program). They also got the organic Casey’s Maple Pecan and Honey Walnut cookies World Food Program to agree to bring in soybeans for into the Ottawa market. In 1990 they sold the cookie utilization. The Liberian government had agreed to give company and took a trip/vacation to Mexico in their camper. Imani House a memorandum of understanding that they On the way, they stopped by The Farm in Summertown, would be the soybean growers and demonstrators in Liberia. Tennessee, where they stayed with their old friends Cynthia The head of the Ministry of Agriculture believed that this and Albert Bates–who had taught them how to make tempeh agreement would help Imani House to get the funding that and tempeh starter in 1974. Now the Bates were “deep into they needed so much. Work was underway using soybeans the Mushroom People trip. They were pumpin’ the spores and cassavas to make an enriched gari. into logs out in front of their home with major rock and roll Then in April 1996 factional fighting flared up again, going on in the woods.” Again the Bates taught the Browns devastating Monrovia. The civil war was on again. Bisi, too a new occupation–how to grow shiitake mushrooms. Back was devastated–just as her soybean program was finally home in Ontario, the Browns grew shiitake on about 25 logs about to take off. “Armed robbers took our Rototiller, all of outside their home–but mainly for their own consumption, our farming equipment. We lost everything. We left Liberia because it was a very labor-intensive process. Soon, and stayed in Senegal for four months, waiting to go back. however, they were buying and re-selling shiitake–which But it never got better.” Then they went to Gambia. In they do to this day. Later, they started an incense import English-speaking Gambia they were invited by a leading business named Soul Scents, which soon became the most citizens to stay and work to introduce soybeans. profitable of all. The civil war is now officially over, and Bisi is working The Browns now make 600 lb/week of tempeh, working to raise funds in the USA which are used to support her 3 days each week. It is still a very hands-on process. Allan Liberian program. She is also trying to raise funds for the and Susan are both active in the tempeh-making process soybean, agricultural, and literacy programs. The clinic has (they also share child care), but now they have hired a been rebuilt and literacy programs have been re-started in woman who does much of the physical tempeh work. Most English and Bassa. Benjamin Grant is administering the of Larry’s time is focused on Soul Scents. Allan has always programs. The war has cooled down but anyone who buys believed that vacuum packaging lowers the quality of equipment is at risk of visits from armed robbers. Because tempeh. Their business has not grown in the last 5 years. He she is now in New York, Bisi is also developing Imani thinks it is because of the influx of meat analogs. Seth House’s local program. She hopes eventually to return to Tibbott did a survey before the Bali conference which Liberia. “The problem now is not to import soybean to showed that tempeh production in the USA peaked in 1989 Liberia but to grow it. We see it as a way of solving major or 1990. But several years ago Allan and Susan started an problems of malnutrition in Liberia.” Address: Director, import business which has sales of $250,000 last year, so Imani House, 76A Fifth Ave., Brooklyn, New York 11217. they are now in good shape financially. Two other tempeh Phone: (718) 638-2059. companies in Canada are Soy City Foods in Toronto (they make mostly tofu; their tempeh is sold mostly in large cakes 594. Brown, Allan; Brown, Susan. 1998. Making tempeh to foodservice) and Sooke Soyfoods in Vancouver, BC and other natural foods at McDonalds Corners, Ontario, (owner Wayne Fatt gets plenty of competition from Seth Canada (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. June 22-24. Tibbott’s Turtle Island Foods in nearby Oregon). Address: Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Founders, Noble Bean, R.R. #1, McDonalds Corners, ON • Summary: In June 1985, after about 5 years in Toronto, K0G 1M0 Canada. Phone: 613-278-2305. they bought ten acres of land near McDonalds Corners (not

595. Clarke, Maya. 1998. Learning how to make tempeh at Book Publishing Co. xii + 164 p. No index. 23 cm. Plenty Canada and introducing it to Sri Lanka (Interview). • Summary: This excellent book (a collection of short SoyaScan Interview. June 25. Conducted by William vignettes written by various Farm members) captures the Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. spirit and essence of The Farm, a large spiritual in • Summary: Maya learned how to make tempeh at Noble Summertown, Lewis Co., Tennessee–a community that has Bean in Toronto during a two-week training program in the changed the world (for the better) in many areas. summer of 1984. She had been close friends of Norman and The Farm traces its roots to the late 1970s with Sarah Ayerst, who worked with Plenty in Dominica, and “Monday Night Class,” which was led by Stephen Gaskin, who lived in back of the old Kensington Market in Toronto. an English teacher at San Francisco State College, in Through Norman and Susan, Maya first met Susan and California. He held free, open meetings which focused on Allan Brown in Toronto, and specifically asked for that putting the shared psychedelic experiences of those who training–it was her idea, and that idea may have started a attended into the perspective of the world’s major religions. new program. She worked about 8-hours a day and soon He emphasized eternal spiritual values–compassion, self- was able to do the full production cycle. “Allan and Susan reliance, development of personal character, and an were very good teachers and really wonderful, interesting awareness of the interconnectedness of all life. After people.” Maya went to Sri Lanka in September 1984; there talking, Stephen answered questions from the floor, and she made tempeh and taught others how to make it. Maya these sometimes led to broad-ranging discussions. At each thinks that she may have been the first person to be trained meeting there was meditation and often chanting to quiet the by Noble Bean to make tempeh in a developing country. mind and nourish the spirit. By 1969 several thousand Chuck Haren was also trained in about 1984, but probably people were regularly attending this weekly class, and a on The Farm in Tennessee. Address: Sun & Sky Foods, 859 core group of them began to consider Stephen as their Dundas St., London, Ontario N5W 2Z8. Phone: 1-888-441- spiritual teacher. 6680. In the winter of 1969 the American Academy of Religion held its meeting in San Francisco. A group of 596. Product Name: Fresh Tofu. ministers and theologians happened to wander in; they stood Manufacturer’s Name: Pacific Food Co. at the back of the class and were moved by what they saw Manufacturer’s Address: Uptown Excellent Mall, Corner and heard. After the meeting several of them stepped of Park and Frederick St., Port of Spain, Trinidad and forward to invite Stephen to speak at their own Tobago, West Indies. Phone: 868-627-8370. congregations and classrooms across America–believing Date of Introduction: 1998. June. that he might be able to help heal the rift between Ingredients: Whole soybeans (grown in Georgia, USA), generations. Stephen agreed and a tour was arranged. Two calcium sulphate coagulant. hundred or so of his students asked if they could come Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 3 pieces in 1 lb cylindrical tub, along; any who could put together living quarters on wheels shrink wrapped. Wholesale price is $10 TT (US$1.62); joined the tour. In brightly painted school buses, retail ranges from $14-17 TT (US$2.27-2.67). Volkswagen vans, trucks and campers they left San How Stored: Refrigerated. Francisco in 1970, following Stephen as he spoke on New Product–Documentation: Talk with (call from) college campuses and in churches from coast to coast. Dennis Low of Pacific Food Co. in Trinidad. 2005. Oct. 19. Along the way the group attracted other young people who His father, Stephen Low, started making and selling tofu in “were searching for identity, mission, and tribe.” After four the summer of 1998. Dennis is from Toronto, Canada, months and thousands of miles, the Caravan (as it was where he worked in the insurance industry; he has been in called) returned to San Francisco. But after their shared Trinidad for only 1-2 weeks. The company makes only one Odyssey, the group had become a tightly-knit community–a product, tofu. He would like to know where to buy a tofu church. They agreed to pool their money, head back to packaging machine. He would also like a copy of the “What Tennessee, and buy some land. is tofu?” brochure. Shurtleff will send him a copy and the Thus, in May 1971, at the height of the counter-culture rights to reproduce it free of charge in exchange for a movement, several hundred young people drove their school history of his company, based on interviews with his father. buses into Lewis County, southern Tennessee. They had Low, Dennis. 2006. History of Pacific Food Co. Letter been given permission to park (free of charge) on the Martin (e-mail) to Soyfoods Center. 2006. Jan 18. Includes black- Farm until they could find their own land. They stayed on and-white scanned images (undated) of the company’s the Martin Farm all that summer, then in the fall purchased Fresh Tofu and Firm Tofu. E-mail: [email protected]. the Black ranch (1,000 acres)–less than ¼ mile away. They founded America’s largest modern-day intentional 597. Fike, Rupert. ed. 1998. Voices from The Farm: community–The Farm. It soon became known and admired Adventures in community living. Summertown, Tennessee: by people around the world.

It is said that The Farm had two phases–the Letting Go, 598. Bernard, Richard L. 1999. Specialty soybean cultivars which was Monday Night Class, the Caravan, and the from 1990 to present: Public institutions, U.S. and Canada. Martin Farm. Then there was the Taking Hold–everything Urbana, Illinois. 2 p. Feb. Unpublished typescript. after that. • Summary: This list excludes introductions and privately Farm members organized themselves on a communal developed cultivars. For each variety is given: Originating basis according to a passage in the Bible’s New Testament, organization name and soybean breeder, cultivar name, year Book of Acts, 2:44-45, which says: “And all that believed released, typical seed size, and parentage. The organizations were together and had all things in common; and sold their and named varieties listed in this table are: (1) Agriculture possessions and goods, and parted them to all as every man Canada, Ottawa–Cober: AC Pinson, AC Colibri, Micron, had need.” Each member of the community had to sign this AC Colombe (1995-96–small seeded). (2) Virginia vow of personal poverty. They ate a vegetarian diet–in fact a Polytechnic and State Univ. (Blacksburg)–Buss: MFS-551 vegan diet, which contained no animal products, and to 591 (1993-97). (3) North Carolina State Univ & USDA– showed many others how such a diet could be healthful, Carter: Pearl (1994g). (4) University of Minnesota–Orf: delicious, and ethical. They started a “Soy Dairy” and used Black Kato, Toyopro, UM3 (1995-98). (5) North Dakota soyfoods (such as soymilk, tempeh, tofu, soy yogurt, soy State Univ.–Helms: Danatto, Norpro (1996-97). (6) Univ. of flour, and whole cooked soybeans) as a key protein source Nebraska–Graef: Saturn, Mercury, NE2696LS, NE3496SS in their diet. They generally used what extra money they (1994-96). (7) Ohio State Univ.–S.K. St. Martin & R.J. had to help impoverished people around the world–both in Fioritto: Ohio FG1, Ohio FG2 (1994). (8) Univ. of Illinois– Third World countries and in the USA. In the late 1970s R. Bernard: KS-2 (1998). (9) Iowa State Univ. and Puerto they worked with people in the village of Solola, Rico–Fehr: 45 varieties, all with names such as HP201, IA Guatemala, to build an innovative Soy Dairy (see p. 78-80, 1002, or LS201 (1990-98). Fehr is breeding all types of by Doug Stevenson), then helped others start soyfoods specialty soybeans (see symbols, below). businesses in the Caribbean. They did pioneering work in Symbols: g = general public release; others are spiritual midwifery, publishing, and many other areas. exclusive or by license or contract. p = high protein. lx2 = By 1977, there were 1,100 farm members and 14,000 no lipoxygenase-2. lx0 = no lipoxygenase. Address: Prof. of visitors–many of whom spent the night. At the peak of its Plant Genetics (Retired), Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of population in 1982, The Farm was home to over 1,500 Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801. optimistic young people and the young at heart; about half of these were children, since The Farm offered to raise the 599. Bernard, Richard L. 1999. Summary of research & child of any woman who was considering an abortion. The breeding programs for food type soybeans. Urbana, Illinois. community received 20,000 visitors that year alone, as 3 p. Feb. Unpublished typescript. many as 200 on any given night. • Summary: This list excludes introductions and privately But The Farm had one major problem: How to developed cultivars. Each entry includes: Originating financially support its many members, visitors, and organization and soybean breeder, food uses (mainly natto activities. By the late 1970s The Farm had a large and rising and tofu), and breeding objectives. For natto, 100 beans debt, and the interest on that debt was starting to get out of should usually weigh less than 10 gm, whereas for tofu, 100 hand. By 1980 morale was definitely beginning to suffer. In beans should usually weigh more than 20 gm. 1983, after much soul-searching, The Farm decided that no (1) Agriculture Canada, Ottawa–E.R. Cober: Natto and longer would all things be held in common, except for the tofu. (2) Agriculture Canada, Harrow–V. Poysa: Natto and land. Many people left; it was a diaspora. Each family (or tofu. (3) Virginia Polytechnic and State Univ. (Blacksburg)– person) who remained would now be responsible for its G.R. Buss: Natto and tofu. (4) North Carolina State Univ.–T. own economic survival. Carter: Natto and tofu. (5) South Carolina State Univ.–E. From its beginnings in San Francisco in 1970, The Farm Shipe: Natto. (6) Georgia State Univ.–R. Boerma & R. has been an experiment in spiritual communal living. This Mian: Tofu. (7) Univ. of Minnesota–Orf: Natto and tofu. (8) book tells the story of that experiment (up to the early North Dakota State Univ.–T. Helms: Natto, sprouts, and 1980s) in 66 short chapters, told by many different tofu. (9) Ohio State Univ.–S.K. St. Martin & R.J. Fioritto: community members. Its a magnificent, moving story, told Tofu. (10) Univ. of Illinois–R. Bernard: Natto and in an “energy-based” language invented by The Farm but edamame. (11) Iowa State Univ. and Puerto Rico–W.R. easily understood by all. Some members recount more than Fehr: Natto, tofu & edamame. (12) Missouri–S. Anand & D. one chapter. Note: This book could be greatly improved by Sleper: Natto and tofu. (13) Univ. of Nebraska–G.L. Graef: an index. Address: P.O. Box 99, Summertown, Tennessee Natto, sprouts, tofu, green vegetable [edamame]. (14) 38483. Phone: 1-888-260-8458. Washington State Univ., T. Lumpkin: Edamame. Small-seeded parents: Camp, Chico, Chohakuzan, Jizuka, Kosuzu, Nattosan, Pearl, Pureunkong, Vance.

Large-seeded parents: Benning, Danbaekong, Enrei, (mostly from Argentina), 10-15,000 tonnes of whole Hyuga, Misuzu Daizu, Nakesennari, Saturn, Shiromeyutaka, soybeans, and 55,000 tonnes of vegetable oil, a year. Suzuyutaka, Tamahikari, Tanbaguro, Totoshirome. Edamame parents: Disoy, Magna, Prize, Grande, Vinton 603. Edith, Dixie. 1999. Soya: Los mitos del frijol maldito? 81, Verde, Emerald, LS201, LS301, Saturn. Address: Prof. Codiciada desde hace milenios por los países asiáticos, en of Plant Genetics (Retired), Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Cuba la soya debutó con mala pata [Soya: The wicked Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801. myths of the bean? Prized for millennia by the countries of Asia, in Cuba soya debuted with bad luck]. Bohemia 600. Soybean Digest.1999. ADM donates soy beverage to (Cuba). Nov. 19. p. 24-27. [Spa] Cuba. Mid-Feb. p. 93. • Summary: Archer Daniels Midland Co. is donating 100 604. Pukel, Sandy. 1999. History of interest in macrobiotics metric tons of powdered soy beverage for distribution to and miso. Part I. 1945-1974 (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. children in Cuba. This is one of the biggest donations of Nov. 20. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods food ever made to Cuba, according to the U.S. Dep. of Center. Commerce. ADM chair Dwayne Andreas says that this • Summary: Sandy was born on 10 Sept. 1945 in Queens, donation is a gift to the children of Cuba from the 23,000 New York City. In 1967 he graduated from the University of employees of ADM. Wisconsin, majoring in political science, then went to law school at the University of Tulsa in Oklahoma. After two 601. Monthly Insight (Galaxy Foods, Orlando, years he realized he did not want to be a lawyer, and Florida).1999. Veggie Milk pouring on sales. April. p. 1. dropped out–at a time when many other young Americans • Summary: Wal-Mart ordered two truckloads of Veggie were also dropping out of college or “straight” jobs. For the Milk for its 510 supercenters. A truckload of Veggie Milk next two years he passed his leisure time like many other was also shipped to Puerto Rico. “We expect Veggie Milk to young Americans. In August 1969 he was at Woodstock and be available nationwide soon.” Note: A major ingredient in appears in the movie–naked. Knowing he wanted to be an the product is soy protein isolate, supplied by Protein entrepreneur, he worked on Wall Street for a while. Technologies International, a subsidiary of Dupont. A test In April 1970 a childhood friend from Queens, Willy by PTI comparing Veggie Milk with other milk alternatives Rosenfeld, introduced Sandy to macrobiotics. Willy had found that it ranked No. 1 on every nutritional component, gone to Harper College (SUNY) at Binghamton, New York, including vitamins, minerals, calcium, soy protein, fiber, where he met Michel Abehsera. Sandy went to a lecture in and folic acid. New York City by Rebecca Dubawsky. “From that night on According to the newsletter Nutrition Business Journal I became macrobiotic; I went ‘cold turkey.’” He stopped (April/May 1998), soymilk sales in 1997 were valued at using psychedelics and quickly got interested in the $200 million, and projected to grow to more than $350 philosophy of macrobiotics; he wanted to “turn the world million by the year 2000. on” and saw this as one way to do it. That summer he went Consumers are becoming increasingly aware of the to a macrobiotic summer camp / retreat at Awosting in “negative health implications associated with traditional upstate New York with 30-50 other people. There he first dairy products, such as heart disease, digestive problems, met Michio Kushi, who was in short pants and knee-sox. exposure to antibiotics, growth hormones, and more. This This deepened his interest. increased awareness is fueling a significant shift to soy- In August 1970 Sandy and five of his closest friends based products.” Address: Galaxy Foods Company, 2441 decided move to the island of Jamaica, where they would Viscount Row, Orlando, Florida 32809. Phone: 800-441- live a simple life and practice macrobiotics–in paradise. 9419 or 407-855-5500. They stopped by Greenberg’s Natural Foods at 125 1st Ave. in New York City. Located on the lower east side of 602. ASA Today (St. Louis, Missouri).1999. First look at a Manhattan, it probably had the largest selection of new soy market [Cuba]. 5(8):6. June. macrobiotic foods in America. There they bought provisions • Summary: For the last 40 years, no U.S. farm products for the trip: a 100-lb sack of brown rice, a keg of Hatcho have been sold to Cuba due to a trade embargo. But during miso, aduki beans, and soba noodles. They got non-tourist the first week in April, the American Soybean Association’s visas, and settled down in a lovely rural spot. The dentists in Caribbean Regional Director Kent Nelson traveled to the group had hoped to open a clinic. But it didn’t work out; Havana, Cuba, to initiate contact with importing agencies the local people saw them as white hippies so they kept and soy customers. Alimport (Alimentary Imports), the trying (unsuccessfully) to sell them drugs. The local people official trading arm for the Cuban government, currently just wouldn’t let them alone, so after about 6 months, one imports 285,000 tonnes (metric tons) of soybean meal by one, they returned to the United States. Sandy was the last to leave. He went to Coconut Grove, to stay with one of

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 190 his roommates in law school, Roger Schindler, happened to Michio Kushi’s driver. He was planning to bring Michio to live there. But there was no place to eat or to buy Florida for a seminar, but he “flaked out” and couldn’t get it macrobiotic foods. So in Nov. 1970 Sandy and two of his together, so in about 1973-74 Sandy organized the weekend close friends started Oak Feed Store. One partner was Leon seminar. Michio’s students in Boston sent Sandy detailed Matsil, a dentist and Sandy’s boyhood friend from Queens; information about how Michio was to be treated, where he the other was Joel Magazine, an attorney and public was to stay (hotel or motel only), what he was to eat, his defender in Miami, who also went to law school with Sandy detailed schedule, etc. “They were incredibly protective.” in Oklahoma and who Sandy turned on to macrobiotics. The seminar was very successful, with a good turnout at a They just wanted to have food available. They did not go local church or private school auditorium. Michio stayed at into it thinking it would be a business–Sandy’s father lent Sandy’s house and did individual consultations. Sandy and them $4,000 to start the store. It was named Oak Feed Store Michio got along very well, and Sandy gave Michio all they because the law library was on Oak Avenue. The word money they collected–in part because he didn’t care about “Feed” was used because the purpose of the store was “to the money. Soon he and Michio became lifelong very close feed the people the good food.” They name came friends, and Michio started to give seminars in the Miami spontaneously; no one person thought of it. This was the area on a regular basis. first of many enterprises that Sandy would help to finance. In about 1973 LJZ bought a very nice house, It was located on the second floor walk-up of the law library communally, in Pinecrest a very nice neighborhood of of the lawyer of one of his friends. The room was about 10 Miami; there the three friends continued living together for by 15 feet. This was the first macrobiotic food store or a year. Macrobiotic visitors and friends stayed in the guest organization in the greater Miami area. They ordered their house on the property. In 1974 Sandy bought his own house foods via common carrier (truck) from Akin, a distributor in (with a lake in his back yard) on 63rd Avenue in Miami, Jacksonville, Florida. Akin distributed many Erewhon about 4 miles from Oak Feed Store. products. They also ordered quite a bit of food via mail In about 1974 Sandy started the Macrobiotic Foundation order direct. They relatively few foods: Bulk brown rice, of Florida. Its purpose was to spread macrobiotics. Edmund almonds, miso, noodles, noodles, apple juice, plus one Benson was on the board of directors. The cooking classes cosmetic (Oregene shampoo). “It was really a strict, strict continued at Sandy’s house in Coral Gables. Anyone macro kind of place.” There was a commune in Coconut passing through Florida who knew macrobiotic cooking was Grove named the Maya House, and its members were invited to be a guest teacher at the cooking class. Tim regular workers at Oak Feed Store. Sandy also worked there Redmond taught the first class on macrobiotic desserts– regularly. featuring apple pie. Sandy’s repertoire didn’t include Also in about 1970 Sandy and his two friends started desserts, except perhaps those made from agar or kuzu. Jay another communal affiliation that they called LJZ Pinsky, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, asked if Sandy Enterprises–Leon, Joel, and Zuni; Sandy’s nickname was had any apple butter, peanut butter, or sesame butter; he Zuni. Everything went into one pool and they shared didn’t. “We still ate basically rice, vegetables, miso soup, everything 100%–totally. All money from Joel’s law salary, and aduki beans. We were as close to a Number 7 diet as all money from Leon’s dental practice and investments, all you can imagine.” Continued. Address: Owner, Oak Feed money Sandy earned from the store went into this pool, and Store and Restaurant, 4500 S.W. 63 Ave., Miami, Florida each person took whatever they needed. This included 33133. Phone: 305-446-9036. purchases of houses, cars, clothing–everything. This lasted for the next 7 years and worked very well. To this day, they 605. Barreto Penié, Jesus. 1999. Soja: Mitos, realidades, are all still close friends. perspectivas [Soya: Myths, realities, perspectives]. Havana, Oak Feed Co. became increasingly popular. After about Cuba: GAN (Grupo de Apoyo Nutricional). 64 p. No index. one year they moved to a street-level retail store in the same 28 x 18 cm. [91 ref. Spa] building. Then in late 1971 or early 1972 they moved • Summary: The Prologue (by Dr. Elio Perón Mirabal, around the corner to a bigger store at 3030 Grand Avenue– Chief of the National Soya Groupo {Jefe del Grupo where they stayed for the next 20 years. By this time they Nacional de Soja}) is dedicated to the memory of Jesus were running a real business–in spite of themselves. Montane Oropesa. Contents: 1. Introduction: History, use in Sandy recalls: “Once I got into macrobiotics I was a America, use in Cuba, criteria and controversies. 1. zealot about it–preaching, teaching, everything.” In 1972 he Economic aspects, production and consumption: World began to give the first macrobiotic cooking classes in the economic situation, regional economic situation, national area out of a rented home in Coral Gables, where he and economic situation (Cuba), production and consumption Leon lived. A macrobiotic community began to evolve, with worldwide, production and consumption in America, Sandy at its center. Sandy got to know Neal Loeb, who had production and consumption in Cuba, cost. studied macrobiotics in Boston, Massachusetts, and was

3. Properties of soya: Agrotechnical properties, dietetic corporate structure beyond the people in the main office properties, traditional foods made from soya, therapeutic who were involved in acquiring new companies. One of the properties, use of soya to make dairy alternatives, use of reasons they purchased Morningstar was for the corporate soya to make oils and fats, use of soya to make protein structure–human resources, research labs, etc. So all the products, use of soya to make meat alternatives or research work for Suiza is done by Morningstar. After extenders, the myth of meat, industrial uses. 4. Perspectives Morningstar bought Avoset, the technology, packaging, and on clinical utilization: Reduction of blood lipids, antioxidant formulations improved, but the basic business remained properties, arteriosclerosis, soya in the prevention and unchanged–until 5-6 years ago when Ted Nordquist arrived treatment of cancer, arterial hypertension and cardiac and Morningstar first began to work with soy. The first insufficiency, treatment of kidney and liver disorders, development of formulation for Silk soymilk was done at allergies and food intolerance, artificial (enteral) nutrition, Gustine. Ann knows Ted extremely well. menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis. On the front of the building where Ann works is written An appendix is a reprint of: Blanca, I.; Martin Posada, “Morningstar Foods” in large letters; below that in smaller S. 1998. Bioavailability of soya isoflavones and its letters is written “Avoset.” Gustine is near Merced, implications for health. SoyaNoticias No. 252. p. 105. Jan/ California. Morningstar and Suiza have their corporate March. Address: Especialista de I Grado en Medicina headquarters in the same building in Dallas, Texas. For Interna, Máster en Nutrición en Salud Pública [Cuba]. information on Sun Soy (which is sold at Ralph’s supermarkets in southern California), contact Patty Herbeck 606. Shaw, Ann. 2000. History of Avoset Foods, (phone: 214-303-3400) in Dallas. Wildwood soymilk is also Morningstar Foods, and Suiza (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. made at the Gustine plant. They also package products for March 27. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Trader Joe’s. At Morningstar’s yogurt plant in Fullerton, Center. they package soy yogurts for Ted Nordquist and Trader • Summary: The plant in Gustine (where Ann has worked in Joe’s. Address: Research Dep., Morningstar Foods (a Suiza research for 26 years) used to be called Avoset Food Corp. Company), 299 Fifth Ave., Gustine, California 95322. Avoset has been a pioneer in ESL products since the Phone: 209-854-6461. company started; this plant is almost 90 years old. Originally it was a creamery, owned by Foremost, then by 607. Global Food Industries, Inc. 2000. Company profile Smith-Kline (a pharmaceutical company). In the 1940s, (Portfolio). Townville, South Carolina. Ten inserts. 28 cm. during World War II, Avoset pioneered ultra-pasteurized • Summary: Inserts: (1) Cover letter: The company “has products for the U.S. military–such as whipping cream in been in business since 1982, as one of the leaders in little glass jars for use on submarines. In the 1950s they manufacturing soy-based dehydrated entrees.” Four sales pioneered whipped toppings in pressurized squirt cans. In U.S. offices: Mid-Atlantic, Southeast (Florida), West Coast the mid-1960s Avoset was the first U.S. company to install a (California), Armed Forces. (2) Food processing: They have gable-top ESL (extended shelf-life) packaging machine, U.S. manufacturing plants in Illinois (Ashcomb), which packaged long-life whipping cream, and half-and- Mississippi, and Iowa. Sales offices in Florida, California, half. The non-ESL products had a shelf-life of 10-14 days Mexico City, San Salvador (El Salvador), and La Paz and were considered “nuisance items” by fluid dairies and (Bolivia). R&D office: Champaign, Illinois. Manufacturing retailers. In about 1975 Smith-Kline sold Avoset to plants in USA and 21 countries. (3) Letter from the Anderson Clayton, which broke up the company and sold it president, Neal Pfeiffer. to Quaker Foods, which sold it in June 1987 to Kraft, which (4) International organizational chart: Ramlakhan sold it in about 1988 Morningstar–which was basically a Boodram is in charge of equipment and product group of venture capitalists from the Southland Dairies in development. Paulette Harary is in charge of International Texas which bought specialty dairies (such as Bancroft development. (5) Five main reasons for using our low cost, Dairy) making value-added dairy products such as cultured high protein entrees: Tastes great, nutrition, alternative diets foods, coffee creamers, whipping cream, half-and-half, etc.– (vegetarian, kosher, halal), quick, easy, consistent products other than just fluid milk. Other branded preparation, convenient (light weight, shelf life of 2 years, 1 Morningstar products included Second Nature (cholesterol- cubic foot holds 500 servings). (6) Menu description: Ala free eggs), International Delight (coffee creamers), etc. King, “Chicken” style dinner in sauce, Chili, Chunky “beef” In about 1997 (3 years ago) Suiza Foods Corp. style stew, Chunky “chicken” style stew, Country breakfast, purchased Morningstar. Suiza started with one dairy in Goulash (New!), Picadillo (New Mexican meal!), Puerto Rico in the 1980s; then they started to buy other Butterscotch, chocolate & vanilla puddings, Salsa verde dairies, and became a major “dairy consolidator,” putting (Mexican meal–coming soon!), Seafood chowder (Coming together these many dairies under umbrella. Suiza was soon!), Sloppy joe, Spaghetti, Stroganoff, Sweet and sour, basically an acquisitions firm, which did not have any Tinga (Mexican meal–coming soon!), Vegetable “beef”

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 192 style soup (Coming soon!), Other products, Beverages. (7) been for 20 years the vice president at Rosetto Foods–the Countries with operations: Vegetable oil extraction facilities largest ravioli maker in the world. They are very committed are in: Ibadan, Nigeria; Roseau, Dominica; St. Paul, to ravioli since tofu and ricotta cheese are almost identical– Minnesota, USA; Mayaro, Trinidad. Essential oil distillation but tofu has better health benefits. facility is in: St. Georges, Grenada. Soymilk production Northern Soy pays and treats all of its workers very lines are in: Roseau, Dominica; Kingston, Jamaica; Mexico well, and has a superb benefits package. The workforce is City, Mexico; Lagos, Nigeria; Rome, Italy. Extruded extremely diverse–Jamaicans, Vietnamese, Hispanics, etc.– products facilities are in: Cairo, Egypt; Giza, Egypt; Ho Chi and loyal. There is almost no turnover. They have always Min City, Vietnam. Health supplement packaging line is in: worked toward being a company where work is respected in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Powdered products canning line is every sense. One recent record was when the first Jamaican in: St. Louis, Missouri, USA. (8) Easy and creative recipes person in world history curded tofu at Northern Soy. using Global Food as a starter (title page). (9) Potato tart. Norman is still a vegetarian and he continues to believe (10) Nutrition information (sample) (Title page). (11) that tofu has immense “planetary benefits.” These benefits Nutrition facts–Ala King. Address: P.O. Box 489, show up in ways that people just can’t understand. It’s like Townville, South Carolina 29689. Phone: 1-800-225-4152 what the Buddha said about karma–”Don’t ask me to or 864-287-1212. explain it; it just works.” Norman and Andy haven’t been involved with the Rochester Zen Center for about 10 years. 608. Holland, Norman. 2000. Update on Northern Soy, Inc. Rich Products of Buffalo, New York, has visited (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 18. Conducted by Northern Soy and is interested in working together. William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Address: 545 West Ave., Rochester, New York 14611. • Summary: Northern Soy, still run by Norman and Andy Phone: 716-235-8970. Schecter, has outgrown its present plant in Rochester, New York. They recently purchased 6½ acres of land, where they 609. ASA Today (St. Louis, Missouri).2001. ASA advances hope to break ground with a new tofu manufacturing facility use of soy flour around the world. 7(6):6. April. in late-September. Eventually the new plant is scheduled to • Summary: The biggest success in using soy flour in be 85,000 square feet, but phase one will be about one-third breads to date has been in Turkey. The American Soybean of that area. They have hired an engineer (who has designed Association is expanding its efforts into Egypt, South food plant for General Foods, Cadbury-Schweppes, etc.) to Africa, Haiti, and India. work with Norman and Andy to design the plant and equipment. They plan to have a state-of-the-art facility. Up 610. Gaskell, Mark. 2001. Update on testing edamamé in until now Norman and Andy have done all of the equipment California (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. April 14. design–and they have “rigged up” a very original and Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. efficient system. They are considering building their own • Summary: Mark has been varieties of testing green tofu equipment (with local tool-and-die makers) to get to vegetable soybeans in southern California since 1997. In the next level; if they buy a tofu system like Nasoya has, 1998 he tested 55 varieties in San Luis Obispo. The biggest they believe it would sacrifice the quality of their tofu. recent change is a change in funding during the last 1-2 They have survived as tofu manufacturers while many years. The University of California has restructured its other pioneers have gone into marketing or out of business. funding program based on workgroups that unite They now make 1,200 lb/hour or 60,000 lb/week of tofu. researchers and educators statewide; there are now 50-100 But their old plant is bursting at the seams. The new plant workgroups in the Univ. of California system, Division of will eventually able to make 5,000 lb/hour or 250,000 lb/ Agriculture and Natural Resources. One of these is a week of tofu. “Specialty Crops Workgroup” that includes edamamé. Northern Soy has survived and prospered in three areas: Therefore many more researchers are now studying (1) By making private-label tofu–marketed by other edamamé in California than was the case two years ago. In companies. They make all or most of the tofu for Whole the past, the state was reluctant to fund non-traditional crops Foods Markets (East Coast, Midwest, Colorado), UNFI because much of the research funding is driven by (United Natural Foods–Stow Mills label), Trader Joe’s (East agricultural commodity groups. Coast), Tree of Life, etc. They also have their own SoyBoy Wyatt Brown, who is a Professor of Crop Sciences at label. (2) By making baked and flavored tofu–in four Cal Poly in San Luis Obispo for 9 months, is one such flavors: Italian, Caribbean, Tofulin (Oriental), and Baked- researcher. His students study edamamé as part of their Seasoned-and-Smoked. They probably outsell White Wave senior project, but they are often slow in making their data 4 or 5 to 1 on these products east of the Mississippi River. available–which is frustrating for Mark. He hasn’t even And (3) by making tofu-filled ravioli. They just bought a seen their data from last year. Wyatt is part of the CSU new $90,000 ravioli machine. They hired a fellow who had (Calif. State Universities) system, which is different from

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 193 the UC (University of California) system. Wyatt is away this important for good flavor. Marita Cantwell at Davis is summer and is not doing edamamé trials. investigating optimum harvest and post-harvest conditions Mark is planting his edamamé trials this month, both on with different varieties to get the best shelf-life; she has private farms and on UC farms. He has hired a student who some good data. Its hard for her to study flavor since it will help him gather the data. He just stepped down this hasn’t yet been quantified, and its very difficult and spring as chair of the Specialty Crops Workgroup with the complicated to measure. Few California consumers have UC system and Marita Cantwell has taken his place. His quality expectations with edamamé. workgroup got funding last year to do edamamé research in Some edamamé grown in Sun Valley, California, is just several different growing areas in California. Marita (phone: now starting to appear frozen in the pods in Costco stores. 530-752-7305), a post-harvest specialist at UC Davis, is Mark’s family has recently had it often for dinner and found doing post-harvest research on edamamé. The workgroup it to be “delicious.” He thinks there is a “huge future for has now chosen a set of ten varieties because they are edamamé in California.” commercially available seeds and seed is consistently Mark started testing 55 varieties of vegetable-type available; that has been a big headache in the past. These soybeans from the USDA National Germplasm Collection varieties are now grown and tested in Mark’s area (new in Urbana, Illinois. But not all of these were edamamé Santa Maria in Southern California), Salinas (by Richard varieties, and he could only get 100 seeds of each variety. Smith, farm adviser), Fresno (by Richard Mollinar, farm So the program stalled. Several years ago he learned about adviser), and at UC Davis (by Steve Temple, an the Snow Brand from Carol Miles and found a source on the agronomist). In all locations except Mark’s they are tested Internet. But the seed arrived last fall, too late for planting. on UC experimental farms, and some are tested in That’s the seed Mark is using this year. Mark also got commercial growers’ fields. Seedex varieties from Colorado but he was frustrated Almost all of the research on soybeans in the USA because Seedex would not reveal the names of the original (99%) has been done on grain soybeans and is not Japanese varieties; this was unacceptable. applicable to edamamé, which acts very differently. These Another source of varieties came from edamamé vegetable varieties have been selected primarily for research that Mark did in 1992-93 in Honduras and vegetable characteristics. A lot of the adaptation information Guatemala. He was working for U.S. AID on the Caribbean is not relevant. Mark did his graduate work at Iowa State Basin Project to diversify agriculture in the region and to University and he taught soybean physiology and export these new crops. Their marketing specialist, after production in the agronomy department there. Even at the returned from a trip to Tokyo, talked about how Taiwan’s same latitude and daylength, there is an interaction with exports of edamamé to Japan were decreasing due shortages temperature which makes growing in California different of land, water, and workers–who were moving indoors for from the Midwest. “The daylength effect runs faster at electronic and clothing assembly. He believed there was a warmer temperatures and is confounded by warmer potential for frozen edamamé exports to Japan from the temperatures. So in coastal California, we have very Caribbean. Since Mark knew something about soybeans, the different growing conditions than would be found at the project added edamamé to the 35 crops they were testing. A same latitude in, for example, Arkansas or Alabama.” In big vegetable freezing plant in Guatemala became very addition, there may be a night temperature effect. In Fresno, interested in the development of edamamé. the night temperatures are generally much lower than in the Fortunately, during the last 1-2 years seed of good Midwest. edamamé varieties has become available through seed Mark believes that we will eventually learn a lot about companies like Evergreen Seeds (Anaheim, California) and edamamé flavor and nutriceutical value. For example, with Territorial Seeds (Cottage Grove, Oregon); Mark orders off medicinal or culinary herbs, the intensity of flavors is often their Internet sites. Good varieties include Kaohsiung No. 1, magnified by stress or temperature extremes. A typical Sapporo Midori, Misono Green, Sayamusume, Snow Brand edible plant species typically has 150 or so volatile varieties, White Lion, and Lucky Lion. compounds that contribute to flavor, color, etc. Many of Mark is now looking for a nutriceutical person (such as those a radically affected by temperature relationships. In a biochemist) to join his workgroup in order to evaluate the addition, edamamé is harvested as a fresh vegetable; the phytochemical content of the different edamamé varieties. quality is adversely affected as you increase the temperature The Specialty Crops Workgroup will have a meeting in at harvest. So it must be harvested within a rather narrow December 2001 at Davis; much new information will be optimum time window of about 50 hours on the coast and presented. 10 hours at the same latitude inland in California. Concerning flavor, Mark believes that by using varieties Harvesting during the cool early morning hours, then that are popular as edamamé in Japan ensures that the flavor chilling or freezing quickly (to get the “field heat” out of it; will be acceptable to Americans. Concerning harvesting, IQF = “individually quick frozen” as on trays) is also Craig Underwood, who has grown edamamé for several

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 194 years in Ventura County, harvests them like green beans, In Florida, the McIntyres and community members lived four times over by hand. Most vegetables that resemble together in a large house at 940 17th St., Miami Beach, FL edamamé (such as snow peas, green beans, or lima beans) 33139. It took a while to find a good factory site, but are hand picked in California. Mark believes strongly that eventually the company relocated on the second floor of a edamamé should be grown by vegetable growers, not by very old warehouse next to a railroad siding at 1111 N.W. soybean grain growers. 22nd., Miami, Florida 33127. Immediately below the tofu Mark’s data on edamamé are published in his quarterly shop was a large fruit and vegetable wholesaler. Getting the newsletter, which is on his website: www.sbceo.k12. ca.us/ building ready for food manufacturing, moving in existing ~uccesb1. Address: UCCE (Univ. of California Co- equipment, and constructing new facilities was a big job. operative Extension), 624 West Foster Rd., Santa Maria, Joci’s mom and dad came down to help build the tofu shop. California 93455. Phone: 805-934-6240. Her dad was a retired steam fitter or plumber, and he helped a lot. In addition to the group from Montana, many people 611. AGP–Ag Processing Inc a cooperative. 2001. Annual from the large surrounding Maraji community who had report. 12700 West Dodge Road, P.O. Box 2047, Omaha, specialized skills helped the name company to get started– Nebraska 68103-2047. 28 + 20 p. 28 cm. free of charge. A man with framing and dry-wall skills built • Summary: Net sales for 2001 (year ended Aug. 31) were a storage room for the soybeans, which the company $1,788.716 million, up 9.0% from $1,640,838 million ordered by the tractor-trailer load. A plumber built a water (revised downward from $1,961,736 million) in 2000. chilling system to accept the hot tofu. An engineer helped to Earnings from continuing operations (before income taxes): develop the cooking system. An augur pump, usually used $46.038 million, up 2.70 fold from the $17.069 million for maraschino cherries, was used to pump the delicate (revised downward from $20.908 million) in 2000. curds. Dick found many used 200-gallon dairy tanks in This year AGP has a new CEO, Martin P. Reagan. “In south Florida; they were used for curding the tofu. Some of fiscal 2001, AGP began to divest its U.S. and Caribbean these skilled people were also working in Miami to prepare feed operations, its swine business, and its Sherman, Texas, a Boeing-707 at the airport for Maraji. In those day, Guru refinery, ending its relationship with Archer Daniels Maraji and his family spent a lot of time in Miami; many of Midland (ADM) in these businesses.” “Through a disciples lived in Miami in ashrams. transaction with ADM in fiscal 2001, AGP divested itself of Shortly after Swan Gardens started making tofu in Consolidated Nutrition which was jointly (50-50) owned by Miami, Tree of Life began to distribute their tofu; this was a the two companies. In a related transaction, AGP acquired major breakthrough. Swan had a large vacuum packaging ADM’s share of Masterfeeds, the Canadian feed operation machine and they packed much tofu under the attractive that had been equally owned by the two companies.” Also Tree of Life label. an “expansion of the Soybean Component Premium A man named Jim Emmerson (who was probably in his Program [to include protein], and an increase in bio-fuel mid-60s at the time) worked very closely with Swan visibility and growth.” AminoPlus is “AGP’s high Gardens as a financial and business advisor; he had a great performance dairy supplement” [bypass soy protein]. deal of experience running businesses and served as a chief Contains color photos of (1) Leiting and Lindsay. (4) financial officer (CFO) for other organizations. Guru Maraji The board of directors. (5) Management staff. Contains was very active in the Miami area, and very big events were many color photos. AGP now has a website listed on the hosted in his honor. At such events, Swan Gardens would rear cover: www.agp.com. Address: Omaha, Nebraska. often provide bulk tofu for the vegetarian meals. Phone: (402) 496-7809. Swan Gardens had its tofu distributed as far north as Washington, DC, through Tree of Life, and into the 612. SoyaScan Notes.2001. Brief history of Swan Gardens, Midwest to Rainstar (Columbus, Ohio). Some of their tofu Inc. of Montana and Florida. Part II (Overview). Dec. was even distributed to the Caribbean–probably to the Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Virgin Islands or the Bahamas. Dick used to say that the • Summary: Continued: Move to Florida: The community company became the largest soyfoods manufacturer in the (about 6 adults and many kids) packed up two vans and U- southeastern USA at the time. Haul trailers, left St. Ignatius in August 1979 and moved to While in Miami, Swan Gardens had a problem, which Miami, Florida. They sold the organic farm, tofu company, lasted for about one year, with yellow spots appearing on other buildings, and property to Gerald Minsk, who their tofu. At one point about one-third of their tofu was changed the name of the company to The Tofu Factory. being returned because of yellow spots on the surface; Minsk was with a community of people who lived together nobody wanted to buy it. It was borderline disaster. Tests in Denver, then in Boulder, Colorado, before moving to showed that it was caused by a harmless bacterium and the Montana. tofu makers came to believe that the bacteria came in on the soybeans.

For the first few years the company struggled to break Cuba, and ideally to publish a paper in an academic journal. even or turn a profit. Dick and Joci had a house and earned Before she does, however, she would like to learn more a salary. The employees either lived with them or in another about the role of soyfoods in international food aid. She group house / ashram. Everyone lived simply and worked sends an article published in Cuba on soyfoods. Address: extremely hard–usually 7 days a week. At the end of each Univ. of California at Berkeley, 533 30th St., Apt. 5, day, the workers had to clean the plant, pipes, etc. Oakland, CA 94609. Phone: 510-839-0979. In 1980 Swan Gardens rode out the nearby violent riots in Miami caused when police shot an unarmed black man 615. Jordan, Joe. 2002. U.S. agribusinesses take first steps on the back of a motorcycle. in Cuba. Bluebook Update (Bar Harbor, Maine) 9(1):1, 7. During December 1985 and Jan. 1986 Swan Gardens Jan/March. launched Soya Kaas, a meltable cheese alternative that • Summary: In Nov. 2001 Hurricane Michelle devastated contained both tofu and casein (a protein from cow’s milk). parts of Cuba, severely damaging crops and killing five They developed and manufactured the product in Georgia. people. While continuing to enforce its 38 year old Shortly after the product was launched they established embargo, the U.S. government responded by easing some Soya Kaas, Inc. as a subsidiary of Swan Gardens Inc. sanctions last year. ADM, Cargill Inc, and Riceland Foods By Jan. 1986 Swan Gardens had moved from Florida to have secured contracts to sell soy, corn, rice, wheat and Georgia, settling in Decatur, a suburb of Atlanta. There are other staples to Cuba. Cargill will ship 10,000 tons of crude various theories about why Swan Gardens left Miami. Jim soy oil in January and February. Emmerson had a piece of property in or near Decatur; that may have been an attraction, but they would have had to 616. NewsEdge Corporation. 2002. Business wire: Bunge’s build a new factory. Soya Kass was Dick and Joci’s most unsecured debt placed on ‘rating watch negative’ after important and valuable product. Cereol bid (News release). Chicago, Illinois. 2 p. July 25. Gradually Swan Gardens became profitable; Dick and • Summary: Bunge Ltd. has announced a definite Joci kept the financial records. Dick and Joci are truly agreement to acquire a controlling stake, approximately remarkable people, admired or even revered by most who 55%, in Cereol S.A., a leading French agribusiness worked with them at Swan Gardens. But they are also company, from Edison S.p.A. for approximately 449.2 “fiercely private people and quite strong willed. It was a million Euro. Later, Bunge plans to offer to purchase the waste of time to argue with Joci; she knew she was right, remaining 45% of publicly held Cereol shares, for a total of and she ran the show. It was sort of a brown-shirt mentality. 821.4 million Euro paid for all of Cereol’s shares. Bunge Everyone had to work hard and toe the line for the greater will also pay up to an additional 77 million Euro following spiritual cause.” the resolution of a legal arbitration proceeding pending At some point Dick and Jocelyn sold Swan Gardens and against Cereol. The transaction is expected to close in late Soya Kaas. They probably gave a generous portion of the 2002 or early 2003; it is subject to regulatory approvals of profits to Guru Maraji. the USA and European Union. Maraji now does satellite broadcasts twice a week Bunge is organized as a Bermuda corporation. About which appear on regular television such as Dish Network. 40% of Bunge’s equity is outstanding; the remainder is held He is also actively traveling and teaching worldwide. He by family members and private shareholders connected with often flies a large jet, which he leases. the company. The company’s sales in 2001 were $11.5 billion and EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, 613. Ramnarine, Angela Usha. 2001. The manufacture of depreciation and amortization) were about $700 million. tofu, okara and derived products. MSc thesis, University of Bunge’s products fall into five areas: agribusiness, fertilizer, the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, Dep. edible oils, wheat milling and bakery, and other (corn and of Chemical Engineering, Food Science and Technology. soy derived products). xiii + 229 p. Illust. 29 cm. * Cereol has operations in North America and Europe, where it is a leader in oilseed processing, edible oil 614. Wilson, Suzanne. 2002. Re: Prof. Sidney Mintz, products, and soy ingredients. Net sales for 2001 were research on foodways and soyfoods in Cuba. Letter to reported at 4.7 billion Euro and EBITDA was 272 billion William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Feb. 19. 1 p. Typed, Euro. with signature. The combined operations of Bunge and Cereo will • Summary: She went with Prof. Mintz to a meeting at become the world’s largest oilseed processor with nearly 34 Soyfoods Center a few years ago. Since that meeting she million tonnes (metric tons) of oilseed processing capacity. has completed 16 months of fieldwork in Cuba, where Note: Cereol was created on 1 Jan. 1990 when the among other things she studied Cuban foodways. She is Ferruzzi-owned European crushing operations were about to write up her reflections on the role of soyfoods in reorganized into a new company.

May 8–Dean Foods announces that it has signed a 617. Byrne, Harlan S. 2002. To market, to market: Global definitive agreement to acquire the 64% equity interest in agribusiness goliath Bunge Ltd. feeds the world and White Wave, Inc. it does not currently own. The price of nourishes stockholders. Barron’s. Oct. 21. this 64% was approximately $189 million, bringing Dean’s • Summary: In Aug. 2001 Bunge, the multinational total investment to approximately $204 million. White Wave agribusiness company, first began selling its stock to the had total sales of approximately $125 million during the 12 public (IPO) and was listed on the New York Stock months ending 31 March 2002. Exchange. Initially priced at $16, the shares now trade May (late)–Central Soya Co. acquires CanAmera, about $23–quite impressive for a company with operations Canada’s largest producer of edible oil products. Central on four continents. In a second offering in March 2002, Soya had owned 50% of CanAmera since it was established Bunge issued 16 million shares at $19 apiece. Yet the in 1992. company’s name is not well known to the billions of people Aug. 13. Pharmacia spins-off Monsanto; as a result, who consume its products. Soybeans, which supply nearly Pharmacia no longer owns any equity interest in Monsanto. one-third of the world’s edible oils, have powered much of During fiscal 2002 Monsanto suffered huge financial losses. the company’s growth in recent years. In the past 5 years, Net income showed a loss of $1,693 million–down Bunge’s soybean processing capacity has leaped to 34 dramatically from +$295 million in 2001. million tons from 5 million tons–about the same as ADM Oct. 1–Bunge acquires Cereol S.A. (based in Paris), and Cargill. which includes Central Soya (a U.S. soybean processing Founded 185 years ago as a grain trader in Amsterdam, pioneer and leading manufacturer of soy protein The Netherlands, and incorporated in Bermuda, Bunge is concentrates and soy lecithins) and CanAmera Foods (in now headquartered in White Plains, New York. Since the Canada). 1960s, Bunge has been expanding in the USA, which is Oct. 4–Mr. Shoan Yamauchi, the most important tofu now the key to its global distribution. pioneer in the United States and Hawaii, dies in Torrance, Bunge’s latest expansion involves the two-stage California. He began making tofu in Hawaii in 1939 at a purchase (for about $900 million) of Cereol, S.A., a leading company that was started in 1923. In 1947 he and his wife oilseed processor. Completion of the deal, expected in early came to Los Angeles, where in late 1947 they purchased the 2003, will catapult Bunge to No. 1 among the world’s Hinode Tofu Co. at 6th St. and Towne Ave. This company, oilseed processors. Photos show: (1) Three views of Bunge which is now named House Foods America Corporation grain elevators, shipping lines, and storage facilities. (2) A (still in Los Angeles), is the oldest existing Japanese- small photo shows Alberto Weisser, Chairman and CEO. A American tofu manufacturer in the United States. small graph shows Bunge’s stock price from Aug. 1901 to Oct. 21–The National Organic Standards take effect. the present. Sept. (late)–U.S. Food & Agribusiness Exhibition in Havana, Cuba. Some 290 U.S. companies take the rare 618. SoyaScan Notes.2002. Chronology of major soy- opportunity to present their products to over 16,000 visitors. related events and trends during 2002 (Overview). Dec. 31. Nov. 14–Biodegradable hydraulic fluid made from soy Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. oil is first used in the elevator inside the Statue of Liberty. • Summary: Jan. 1–The Kerry Group (of Wisconsin and Its advantages over the petroleum-based oils previously Iowa) creates Nutriant as its new nutritional division; into used are its environmental friendliness and improved Nutriant it merges Solnuts and Iowa Soy. safety–says the National Park Service and USDA. March–Proceedings of the Fourth International Dec.–Hain-Celestial buys Imagine Foods (maker of Soy Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Dream and Rice Dream) for $52 million. Imagine has Chronic Disease held at San Diego, California, published as annual sales of about $70 million. a supplement to the Journal of Nutrition, 132(3):545S- 619S. General chairpersons and Supplement editors: 619. Jordan, Joe. 2002. U.S. Food & Agribusiness Stephen Barnes and Mark Messina. Exhibition shows opportunities for oilseed industry. March–A new tofu plant owned by Sunrise Soya Foods Bluebook Update (Bar Harbor, Maine) 9(4):2. Dec. of Vancouver, starts operation in Toronto, Canada. This is • Summary: In late September, 290 U.S. companies took the company’s first plant in eastern Canada. the rare opportunity to present their products to over 16,000 March 15–Minnesota becomes the first U.S. state to visitors in Havana, Cuba, at the U.S. Food & Agribusiness pass legislation requiring diesel fuels sold in their state to Exhibition. The trade show was organized by PWN contain a 2% blend of biodiesel (B2). By 1 July 2002 nearly Exhibicon, a Connecticut-based company that applied for every gallon of diesel fuel sold in Minnesota must contain a the permit in Nov. 1999. U.S. companies can now sell goods 2% blend of biodiesel. to Cuba on a cash-only bases thanks to revised trade sanctions, which became law in Oct. 2000. Companies first

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 197 took advantage of the new law after Cuba appealed for Foods Corp after his company had purchased Suiza Dairies permission to buy food from the USA following the in Puerto Rico. Then he began acquiring American dairy devastating Hurricane Michelle in Nov. 2001. companies. Dean’s first soymilk company was White Wave, ADM, the primary sponsor of the event, signed $19.05 started in 1977 by Steve Demos in Boulder, Colorado–after million in contracts for soy, corn, and rice products. Cargill, he returned from a 3-year trip to India, where he became a Inc. signed contracts worth $17.1 million. A photo shows soy convert. In 1996 White Wave introduced Silk soymilk. Paul Lang, President of Natural Products, Inc. discussing By 2001 Dean Foods owned about one-third of the privately soyfoods with Cuban president Fidel Castro. As part of the held White Wave and had an option to acquire the rest of Iowa delegation, he attended a dinner with Fidel Castro. the company the following year. Demos and Engles met Lang notes about two years after the USSR dissolved, Cuba over the lawsuit that White Wave filed against Suiza, which had no feeds for their dairy herds; the cows stopped owned Sun Soy, a competing soymilk brand. Dean Foods producing and many died [or were slaughtered for meat]. was planning to merge with Suiza, and Demos was Since then, that Cuba has converted 18 or their 19 dairy concerned that this merge might cause him problems; so he plants so they make soymilk and/or dairy alternatives. Also, argued in court that the option didn’t apply should the Cuba is working to incorporate 50% textured soy into most merger proceed. of the countries meat; in the past they succeeded in Eventually the two sides came to a friendly settlement. incorporating 30% soy. Lang said that Castro has an The Dean-Suiza merger was completed in late 2001 and in excellent understanding of soyfoods and of the economics 2002 the new Dean Foods acquired the remaining two- of using soy protein to feed Cuba. thirds of White Wave that it didn’t already own. Demos and PWN Exhibicon has already applied for the permit to Engles have become friends, and both are happy about the organize a follow-up exhibition in Jan. 2004. present arrangement. Dean has allowed White Wave (which has 180 employees) to continue to operate autonomously. 620. Iowa Soybean Review (Iowa Soybean Association, Urbandale, Iowa).2003. Top U.S. customers received 622. Mescher, Kelly. 2004. World Initiative for Soy in assistance. 15(1):15. Oct. Human Health: Providing much needed protein in Haiti. • Summary: Every one of the top ten U.S. soybean Investing Checkoff dollars. Iowa Soybean Review (Iowa customers was once a recipient of some type of U.S. foreign Soybean Association, Urbandale, Iowa) 15(7):8-9. Spring. assistance. “Today these nations are powerful U.S. trade • Summary: “Building demand for U.S. soybeans starts by partners. A table shows export value in millions of U.S. providing a quality product that consumers around the dollars.” world desire. But in developing markets, it starts by helping Whole soybeans: European Union $1,167 million. others. China $1,012. Mexico $755. Japan $724. Taiwan $385. “In December 2003, a World Health Initiative for Soy in Indonesia $245. Korea $226. Canada $130. Thailand $115. Human Health (WISHH) team of five people traveled to Israel $95. Haiti, an island country in the Caribbean. Through an Soybean meal: Canada $200 million. Indonesia $167. investment of checkoff dollars, they went to set up a pilot Philippines $138. Dominican Republic $71. Turkey $62. program to demonstrate the nutritional benefits and Saudi Arabia $59. Japan $59. Mexico $50. Egypt $49. consumer acceptance of soy protein products in Thailand $44. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce. humanitarian feeding programs and to explore opportunities for development of a commercial soy foods industry. It’s a 621. Forgrieve, Janet. 2004. Cream of the crop: Ex- way of generating future sales of U.S. soybeans to benefit Coloradan molds business into dean of dairy. Rocky American farmers.” Mountain News (Denver, Colorado). April 10. p. 1C. Business section. 623. Hymowitz, Ted. 2005. The two species of soybean rust • Summary: The offices of Dean Foods Co. take up 12 (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 31. Conducted by floors of a downtown Dallas, Texas, skyscraper. In 2003 the William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. company had $9.2 billion in sales and 28,000 employees, • Summary: The soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) and 120 facilities. Yet the company is not as well known as indigenous to Asia and Oceania (Australia, New Zealand) is the many brands it owns. The Chairman and CEO, Gregg now coming to be called “Asian soybean rust;” it much Engles, grew up in Denver, Colorado, graduating from high more aggressive, virulent and harmful that its relative, school in 1975. He later earned degrees from Dartmouth Phakopsora meibomiae, which is indigenous to the Western College and Yale Law School. After joining a law firm, he Hemisphere / New World, and which is relatively non- realized that law wasn’t his thing, so in 1983 he moved to aggressive and benign. Dallas to work for a small investment firm. But he realized Since plant pathologists find it very difficult to that he wanted to work for himself. In 1993 he started Suiza differentiate between the two species of rust, they now

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 198 sequence the proteins to make sure. annual Midwest Specialty Grains Conference. 19 p. Held Rust was first reported on soybeans in Brazil in about 23-25 Aug. 2005 at Bloomington (near Minneapolis), 1993-1995, but it was eventually decided that it was not the Minnesota. [6 ref] aggressive species. That was the first time plant pathologists • Summary: An excellent PowerPoint presentation with 19 realized there were two species. slides containing color photos and graphics. (2) In 2004 in Note: Soybean rust was first reported on soybeans in the Western nations, the retail market for soyfood products is Western Hemisphere in 1976 in Puerto Rico. At the time, worth $4.0 billion. (4) The world’s soybean crop is that rust was identified as Phakopsora pachyrhizi by a plant currently valued at $65-$70 billion before processing, and pathologist at USDA’s Plant Disease Research Laboratory over $100 billion as processed soybean oil and meal. The (PDRL), Frederick, Maryland (Vakili and Bromfield 1976, USA is still the world’s largest soybean producer. (5) p. 996). Address: Prof. of Plant Genetics, Dep. of Crop During the past 5 years, world soybean production has Sciences, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. increased at an average rate of 6.8% per year. Over the past 40 years, it has increased 500% and is forecast to top 229 624. Sweets, Laura E.; Wrather, J. Allen; Wright, Simeon. million tonnes (metric tons) in 2004/05. A bar graph shows 2005. Soybean rust. Http:muextension.missouri.edu/ world production from 1965 to 2004. explore/agguides/crops/g04442.htm. 2 p. (6) A table shows world soybean production by leading • Summary: “Asian soybean rust is a serious foliage disease world producers from 2000 to 2005. In descending order of that has the potential to cause significant soybean losses. annual production in 2004 they are: USA (3.3%), Brazil Although Asian soybean rust was identified on soybean (12.4%), Argentina (8.8%), China (4.0%), India (5.5%), plants in Hawaii in 1994, the disease was not reported in the Paraguay (9.3%), other (5.4%), and total (6.8%). A total for continental United States until the fall of 2004. The USDA each year is given. The compound average growth rate over released an official notice of the confirmation of soybean the past 5 years is shown in the final column (and in rust on soybean leaf samples collected in Louisiana on Nov. parentheses after each country, above). Note that Brazil’s 10, 2004. Over the next few weeks the fungus was detected production is growing the fastest and the USA’s the slowest. on plants from a number of additional states, including (7) A pie chart shows utilization of soybeans worldwide: Missouri.” Crushed for soybean oil and meal 83.2%. For seed and use “History: Soybean rust was first reported in the Eastern on farms 7.5%. Used directly as human food 6.2%. Change Hemisphere [Asia] in the early 1900s. It is now accepted in stocks (leftover) 3.1%. that there are two different fungal species, Phakopsora (8) The specialty soybean market (6.2% of the total) of pachyrhizi and Phakopsora meibomiae, that cause soybean 13.4 million tonnes is worth an estimated $3.0 to $3.5 rust. Phakopsora meibomiae, referred to as the New World billion. The U.S. is thought to have about 50% of this type, is a much weaker pathogen and is the pathogen that market. A table shows “Estimated world use of soybeans for has been found in limited areas in the Western Hemisphere direct food by region in 2005.” Asia 95.7% of total. Africa (primarily the Caribbean). 1.8%. Europe 1.2%. USA 0.8%. South America 0.3%. “Phakopsora pachyrhizi, referred to as the Asian or Central America and Caribbean 0.1%. (9) Six factors Australasian soybean rust, is the more aggressive pathogen. influencing today’s market and the U.S. ability to compete. It was first reported in Japan in 1902 and was initially (10) The issue of genetically engineered soybeans: The U.S. limited to tropical and subtropical areas of Asia and is not sensitive to our customers’ needs and concerns. A bar Australia. Unfortunately, it is Phakopsora pachyrhizi that graph shows the percentage of the U.S. soybean crop that has been spreading through the soybean-producing regions has been genetically engineered: Rising from 40% in 1998 of the world. Phakopsora pachyrhizi was reported from to about 85% in 2005. Hawaii in 1994, Zimbabwe in 1998 and Paraguay in 2001. (11) A graph shows that since 1996 the U.S. share of In Africa this aggressive soybean rust has spread to Uganda, world soybean exports has decreased from 65% to 45%, Zambia, Rwanda, Nigeria, West Africa, Mozambique, South while Brazil’s share has increased from 22% to 35% and Africa and Cameroon. In South America, Phakopsora Argentina’s from 2% to 14%. (12) U.S. exports have fallen pachyrhizi has been found in most of the soybean-producing from 26.9 million tonnes in 2000 to 24.9 million tonnes in regions of Brazil as well as Argentina, Bolivia and 2004, a decrease of 1.9%. Over these past 5 years, 16 of the Colombia.” Address: 1. Dep. of Plant Microbiology and top 25 nations buying U.S. soybeans have reduced their Commercial Agriculture Program; 2. Dep. of Plant imports of U.S. soybeans. A table shows details for each Microbiology and Pathology, Delta Research Center; 3. nation each year, with a final column for average percentage Plant Diagnostic Clinic. All: Univ. of Missouri. change per year. The biggest average annual percentage decreases for the past 5 years have been: Netherlands - 625. Golbitz, Peter. 2005. Enhancing relationships with 44.4%. United Kingdom -24.9%. France -24.1%. Greece - buyers in the new world market. Paper presented at 2nd 20.6%. Israel -20.0%. Thus, “Dropping exports show that

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 199 we haven’t been paying attention to our best customers’ health and feel that this “What is Tofu” pamphlet that we needs.” (13-14) Eight things the U.S. can do to improve this talked about will help dramatically. situation. Address: Bar Harbor, Maine. “Your book has provided us with a wealth of information and we look forward to working with you to 626. Low, Dennis. 2006. Re: Tofu in Trinidad and Tobago: develop more soy products in the near future.” History of Pacific Food Co. Letter (e-mail) to William Note: Letter (e-mail) from Dennis Low, Manager, Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Jan. 17 and 18. 2 p. Pacific Trading Co., Uptown Excellent Mall, Corner of Park • Summary: “Stephen Low was born in 1937 in Kwangtung and Frederick Street, Port of Spain, Trinidad, West Indies. (Guangdong), southern China. His father was an established 2006. Jan. 18. Dennis is the son of Stephen and Theresa businessman in Trinidad and Tobago. Stephen remained in Low. He interviewed his parents just before writing this China until 1960, when he decided to move to Trinidad to story. Their company’s only product is “Fresh Tofu.” do business with his father. He arrived in Trinidad in 1962. Address: Manager, Pacific Food Co., Uptown Excellent Theresa Low, his wife, was born in 1946 in Hong Kong and Mall, Corner of Park and Frederick St., Port of Spain, arrived in Trinidad in 1965. In 1965 the Stephen Low Watch Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. Company was born. “After 30 years in the watch business, Stephen and his 627. Brown, Lester R. 2008. Plan B 3.0: Mobilizing to save wife Theresa’s business was established and they were civilization. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Co. xiv looking for new opportunities to explore. They belonged to + 400 p. Jan. 16. Illust. Index. 21 cm. [1023 endnotes] a local Chinese club and they would gather weekly to • Summary: A remarkable, very important book. A must- socialize, eat, and play majong. read for all who care about the fate of their planet and “One day a friend of theirs brought in a traditional civilization. Chinese dessert, “Tofu fah,” better known as silken tofu. Contents: Preface. 1. Entering a new world. I. A Theresa has always enjoyed this dessert growing up and civilization in trouble: 2. Deteriorating oil and food security. was very impressed on how her friend had made it. She 3. Rising temperatures and rising seas. 4. Emerging water asked her friend for the recipe and started making it at home shortages. 5. Natural systems under stress. 6. Early signs of almost on a daily basis. Cooking for a family of 5 kids, decline. cooking was one of Theresa’s favorite hobbies. One day she II. The response–Plan B: 7. Eradicating poverty, decided that she wanted to make tofu at home. She used the stabilizing population. 8. Restoring the earth. 9. Feeding same recipe as the silken tofu and began to press it. Using a eight billion well. 10. Designing cities for people. 11. variety of methods, whether it was to use hot or cold water, Raising energy efficiency. 12. Turning to renewable energy. how much beans to water ratio, even types of cloth to wrap III. An exciting new option. 13. The great mobilization it in, how much weight to press it with, and how long to (as during World War II). Notes. Acknowledgments. About press it for. It took them about 1 month of trial and error to the author. perfect the art of making tofu. The section titled “The changing food prospect” (p. 36- “They then told their friends about her success and 38) notes that even though there has been a drop in grain having a business background naturally started talking production per capita, this has been partially offset by the about selling it. They talked about great health benefits from enormous growth in world soybean production, from 68 tofu, soy milk and knew this would be a great opportunity. million tons in 1984 to 222 million tons in 2007. In Brazil After some initial research, they realized that all tofu sold and Argentina, the growth of soybean production since within Trinidad was imported. They felt that she can make about 1980 has been spectacular; by 2005 soybean tofu at a fraction of the cost of the competitor. This was production in both countries was rivaling or exceeding grain their opportunity, so they jumped on it. In 1998 the Pacific production. Increasingly, high-protein soybean meal is used Food Company was born. Their hobby officially has turned to feed livestock, poultry, and fish. Feed rations containing into a career. They bought beans locally, and soaked them. about 80% grain and 20% soybean meal are now standard They invested in some grinding machines, pressing fare worldwide. “This allowed the global diet to improve equipment, designed their own label and packaging even as the grain supply per person was declining.” The equipment. Now in 2006 Pacific foods tofu is sold world’s farmers are now struggling to expand production everywhere to major supermarkets, restaurants and local fast enough “to feed 70 million more people each year and merchants. Fresh tofu is now widely accepted across to allow billions of low-income consumers to move up the Trinidad. Currently we are doing homework on soy food chain. But they are being further challenged by the products to expand our business. This year we will be explosive “demand for grain to produce fuel ethanol for launching firm tofu, flavored tofu and tofu puffs. cars.” “One of our goals this year is to educate more people on Tables: 1-1 (p. 16). Top 20 failing states, 2006. From what tofu is and what great benefits it has towards your worst to better: Sudan, Iraq, Somalia, Zimbabwe, Chad,

Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 629. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. 2008. Soybean Afghanistan, Guinea, Central African Republic, Haiti, production, imports, and crushing (to make soybean oil and Pakistan, North Korea, Burma, Uganda, Bangladesh, meal) in the Caribbean. www.fas.usda.gov. Nigeria, Ethiopia, Burundi, Timor-Leste. Some 17 of these • Summary: USDA’s Production, supply & distribution countries have rapid rates of population growth; they are (PS&D) database gives statistics on soybean production and caught in the demographic transition trap. 7-1 (p. 150). Plan crushing worldwide in spreadsheet form. The only B budget: Additional annual funding needed to reach basic Caribbean country for which soybean production is given social goals. Total: 77 billion dollars. 8-1 (p. 170). Plan B (in metric tons) is Jamaica, as follows: 1984/85 = 1,000. budget: Additional annual funding needed to restore the 1985/86 = 1,000. 1986/87 = 2,000. Thereafter production is earth. Total: 113 billion. 12-1 (p. 261). World energy from zero up to the present. In short (according to USDA renewables in 2006 and Plan B goals for 2020. 13-1 (p. statistics), the Caribbean / West Indies is presently an 274). Plan B carbon dioxide emissions reductions and insignificant producer of soybeans. sequestrations in 2020. Reduction of 81.5% from 2006 Only two countries are importing soybeans in market baseline. 13-2 (p. 282). Plan B budget: Additional annual year 2008/09: Cuba is importing 180,000 tonnes (metric expenditures needed to meet social goals and restore the tons) and Barbados is importing 25,000 tons. Most of earth. Total: 77 + 113 = 190 billion. 13-3 (p. 284). Military Cuba’s imported soybeans are crushed to make soybean oil budgets by country and for the world in 2006 and Plan B and meal, or are used to make drinkable soy yogurt–a low- budget. Total: 1,235 vs. 190. / Can we save the earth? “It cost and nutritious alternative to cow’s milk. depends on you and me, on what you and I do to reverse The statistics from this same database on soybean these trends. It means becoming politically active. Saving crushing show much more activity. Six countries crush our civilization is not a spectator sport. soybeans. Cuba, the leading soybean crusher in the “We have moved into this new world so fast that we Caribbean, began in 1964/65 with a crush of 20,000 tonnes have not fully grasped the meaning of what is happening... (metric tons), increased to 35,000 tonnes in 1966/67, The two overriding policy challenges are to restructure decreased to only 5,000 tons during 1970-1973, increased taxes and reorder fiscal priorities.” Taxes must be back to 20,000 tons during 1973-1976, dropped back to restructured “to get the market to tell the ecological truth.” zero during 1978-82, increased to 33,000 in 1984/85, Fiscal priorities must be reordered “to get the resources dropped back to less than 10,000 from 1986-2000, then needed for Plan B.” (p. 285-86). Address: President, Earth began a steady increase to 175,000 tonnes in 2008/09. Policy Inst., 1350 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Suite 403, Barbados began in 1995/96 with a crush of 15,000 Washington, DC 20036. Phone: 202-496-9290. tonnes (metric tons) and increased steadily to a crush of 25,000 tons in 2008/09. 628. Bunge Ltd. 2008. Annual report 2007. 50 Main St., Trinidad and Tobago began in 1984/85 with a crush of White Plains, NY 10606. 9 + 72 + 69 p. April. 28 cm. 1,000 tonnes (metric tons), increased to a peak of 140,000 • Summary: Consolidated net sales for 2007 (year ended tons in 1992/93, then fell to zero by 2006/07. Dec. 31) were $37,842 million, up 43.7% from 2006 The Dominican Republic began in 1972/73 with a crush ($26,2747 million). Net income in 2007 was $778 million, of 12,000 tonnes (metric tons), increased to a peak of up 49.3% from 2006 ($521 million). 48,000 tons in 1988/89, then fell to zero by 1996/97. Most of the annual report consists of the dull Form 10-K Haiti began in 1980/81 with a crush of 23,000 tonnes submitted to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (metric tons), increased to a peak of 85,000 tons in 1983/83, Accompanying the annual report is a “Notice of Annual then fell to zero by 1986/87. General Meeting of Shareholders” (77 p.). Information is Jamaica began in 1967/68 with a crush of 1,000 tonnes given about the amount of money paid to individual (metric tons), increased to a peak of 74,000 tons in 1982/83, company officers. then fell to zero by 1996/97. Bunge is a “limited liability company formed under the laws of Bermuda.” Bunge is registered with the registrar of 630. SoyaScan Notes.2008. Chronology of Cuba, 1492 to Companies in Bermuda. In 1818, the company was founded 1959. Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center. as a grain trading company in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. • Summary: 1492 Oct.–When Christopher Columbus Bunge’s principal executive offices and corporate “discovered” Cuba in the name of Spain and explored the headquarters are located in White Plains, New York, USA, northeastern coast, some 50,000 Indians lived there. Its but the company’s registered office is located in Hamilton, name drives from the Indian Cubanacan. 1762-63–The Bermuda. Address: White Plains, New York. Phone: 914- British occupy Havana, but otherwise Cuba remained under 684-2800. Spanish control until 1898. 1700s–A slave-based sugar plantation economy developed, aided by early mechanization of milling. 1868–Cuba begins a ten-year

Copyright © 2009 by Soyinfo Center HISTORY OF SOY IN CARIBBEAN 201 armed struggle against Spain. Virtually all of the rest of imperialistic USA 13 days later, and which becomes Latin America has already won its independence from Spain increasingly harsh and corrupt. under leaders such as San Martin, Sucre, and Simon 1953 July 26–A group of 123 young Cuban mean and Bolivar. women, headed by young lawyer Fidel Castro, launch an 1878–The ten year war ends with guarantees of rights armed attack on Cuba’s second largest military barracks, the by Spain, which Spain failed to carry out. 1895 Feb. 24– Moncada Garrison, just outside Santiago de Cuba. The Cuba begins its second war of independence against Spain, attempted uprising failed; the leadership was imprisoned led by Jose Marti who has lived for a while in the USA and and many people were killed, but this became the “26th of noted that democratic institutions are being corroded by July Movement” which ignited and mobilized the spirit that what he felt was egotism and selfishness. He starts a full- became the Cuban Revolution. Today July 26th is scale movement and uprising for local rights and the ethical celebrated in Cuba as Patriots Day. 1956 Dec. 2.–Fidel ideal of social justice. Castro and 81 other revolutionaries sail from Mexico to 1898 April–The U.S. declares war on Spain after the Cuba in the yacht Granma, marking the beginning of the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana harbor. In June 1898 guerilla struggle in the Sierra Maestra mountains. 1958– U.S. naval units land in Cuba at Guantanámo Bay, thus Guerilla fighting intensifies. 1958 Dec. 31–On New Year’s derailing Cuba’s long attempt to gain independence just Eve, Cuban dictator Batista flees the island. before this goal was about to be achieved. The U.S. “wins” 1959 Jan. 8–Fidel Castro makes a triumphal entry into this Spanish-American war and Spain gives up all claims to Havana. He takes power, becoming premier on Feb. 16. The Cuba. By 1900 the USA owns about 70% of the land in great majority of Cubans support Castro and 20,000 died in Cuba purchased from Spanish landowners at low prices the 7-year struggle against Batista. March 17–U.S. President after the 10-year war. 1901–The Platt Amendment is forced Eisenhower orders the CIA to begin training exiles to into the Cuban constitution during the U.S. military overthrow Castro. The government begins a program of occupation; it gives the USA the right to intervene in Cuba sweeping economic and social changes. On 17 May 1959 whenever the USA decides a Cuban government is not the new revolutionary government passes the first Agrarian “adequate” or perceives that its interests are in jeopardy. Reform Law, giving land to 100,000 peasant families and 1902–U.S. Marines end their occupation of Cuba and Cuba eventually nationalizing 44% of Cuba’s land. Many is granted formal independence, but only under the businesses are also nationalized, including over $1,000 conditions stated in the Platt Amendment. To guarantee this million of U.S. owned properties, mostly without ability to intervene it establishes a 30-mile-square naval compensation. The United Fruit Company (now United base at Guantanamo Bay in eastern Cuba. The U.S. landed Brands) is one of largest landowners to lose its land. On troops in Cuba in 1906, 1912, and 1917. Agreements in May 19, two days later President Eisenhower signs the 1903 and 1934 agreements further legitimize the U.S. lease Pluto Plan, a CIA program aimed to destabilize Cuba of this land. The U.S. and other foreign investments acquire through a comprehensive program of subversion that a dominant role in the economy. culminated in the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961. 1933–The first Cuban revolution. Machado was the Cooperatives and collectives are organized. In the following dictator and the ABC party (including Communists) wanted years, some 700,000 Cubans emigrate, mostly to the U.S. to abolish corruption and oppression. The ABC party wins but then the two young leaders are assassinated. Colonel 631. SoyaScan Notes.2008. Chronology of Cuba, 1960 to Fulgencio Batista emerges in 1934 and starts to choose present. Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center. Cuba’s rulers. 1934–The Platt Amendment is eliminated • Summary: 1961 April 17–The Bay of Pigs incident; some from the Cuban constitution, but the U.S. government 1,400 Cubans, trained and backed by the U.S. Central remains the dominant influence in internal Cuban politics. Intelligence Agency (CIA) try unsuccessfully to invade and In 1940 Batista is elected president. 1952 March 10– overthrow the Castro regime. During this invasion, Cuba Former president Batista, with the support of the upper first declares itself a socialist country and establishes ties military, carries out a practically bloodless coup (Carlos with the Soviet Union. Also in 1961, most of Cuba’s priests Prio Socarras, 16th president of Cuba from 1948, fled) 1 and nuns are expelled from the Island. Castro also closes month before elections in which the left-of-center Orthodox Cuba’s Catholic schools and hospitals, and forbids the Party was expected to win; one of their candidates for celebration of Christmas. Cuban soldiers remove and Senator was Fidel Castro. Their symbol was a broom; they destroy the crucifixes on the wall at the front of most wanted to clean up corruption. This makes a mockery of the classrooms, replacing them with a photograph of Castro. democracy preached by the U.S., and disillusions and 1962 Oct. 22–Cuban missile crisis after the U.S. learns embitters many young Cubans seeking change through that the USSR had brought offensive nuclear missiles to democracy. The students are furious. Batista (El Hombre) Cuba. President Kennedy orders a naval and air quarantine establishes a dictatorship, which is recognized by the on shipment of offensive military equipment to the island.

On Oct. 28 Kennedy and Soviet Premier Khruschev reach program that gives 1 liter of cow’s milk to every child ages an agreement on a formula to end the crisis. On Nov. 2, 7-14, and replacing the cow’s milk with soy yogurt drink. Kennedy announced that the Soviet missile bases in Cuba By early 1995 Cuba has 15 soy drink factories in operation, were being dismantled. 1962–the U.S. imposes an export with plans for 37 factories by the end of 1995. embargo, severely damaging the economy. The stated goal of the embargo is to prevent Cuba from exporting violent 632. SoyaScan Notes.2008. Chronology of Frank N. Meyer revolution to the hemisphere. They need hard currency to do (1875-1918), USDA plant explorer in Asia. Compiled by that. 1965–Che Guevara leaves Cuba to promote revolution William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center. abroad. 1966–The Cuban Adjustment Act is passed by the • Summary: 1875 Nov. 29–Frans Meyer is born in U.S. congress, stating that all Cuban refugees to the USA Amsterdam, Netherlands. 1889–Meyer, age 14 becomes a will be considered political refugees and given automatic gardener’s helper, later a gardener at the Amsterdam admission to America. 1967–Che Guevara dies in Bolivia as Botanical Garden, and assistant to Prof. Hugo de Vries, the he works to spread the Cuban revolution. 1968–Cuba bans eminent Dutch botanist and geneticist, in his special all private enterprise and selling, increasingly following the experimental garden. Note: In 1900 de Vries was one of Soviet model of Socialism. Material incentives become the three scientists who, at a conference in London, England, motivating force for workers. “rediscovered” the work of Gregor Mendel, introducing 1975-78–Cuba sends troops to aid the Soviet-backed modern genetics. faction (MPLA, Popular Movement for the Liberation of 1901 Oct. 20–Meyer first arrives in the USA, in Angola) in the Angola Civil War. MPLA wins control of Washington, DC, with a letter of introduction from de Vries most of the country by 1976 and gains wide recognition as to Erwin F. Smith, one of the five plant pathologists who the government of Angola after defeating UNITA (backed were working with Beverly T. Galloway at the USDA in by the USA and South Africa) and the National Front (based 1889. Smith found Meyer a modest job as a gardener in the in Zaire). The 16-year war officially ended in May 1991. USDA greenhouses on the Mall at Washington, DC.; here 1977–U.S. and Cuba sign agreements to exchange Meyer worked from 23 Oct. 1901 to 31 Aug. 1902. He diplomats without restoring full ties. resigned 1 Sept. 1902. On 15 Sept. 1902 re-entered USDA 1980–The Mariel boat lift–125,000? people are service at the Plant Improvement Garden at Santa Ana, forcefully expelled from Cuba; some were later discovered California. Resigned after 7 months on 1 April 1903 and to be criminals and mental patients. 1984–The USA invades became head gardener at a little nursery in Montecito, Grenada, causing great fear in Cuba. 1986 April–Fidel gives California. a speech calling for a revamping of many Cuban economic 1904 Jan. to March–In St. Louis, Missouri, attending the and political policies. 1987–A U.S.-Cuban agreement World’s Fair and working at Armstrong’s nursery. 1904 provided for 20,000 Cubans to emigrate to the U.S. each March to August–Made journeys of study in California year. 1990–The “Special Period” begins. This is what (visited Luther Burbank in Santa Rosa), Mexico (took a Cubans call the time since the Soviet Bloc fell apart in 1989 steamer in March from San Francisco to San Blas, Mexico; and they lost 75-85% of their foreign trade. Austerity and walked across Mexico from San Blas to Guadalajara to hardship in Cuba starts to grow. Mexico City, then to Vera Cruz on the Gulf of Mexico), and 1991–Update. Cuba has resisted the social and Cuba. From Havana he took a ship to New Orleans, economic reforms that have swept the USSR and eastern Louisiana, then on to St. Louis. 1904 Aug. 1–Began work at bloc countries. Castro is the last dictator (unelected the Missouri Botanical Garden [called the Shaw Botanical totalitarian ruler) in Latin America. The economy is in Garden locally] in St. Louis. Was a member of the jury on ruins–since Cuba was dependent for 80% of its trade on the Forestry at the World’s Fair of 1904. Resigned Shaw Soviet bloc. The U.S. embargo on trade and Garden on 1 July 1905. telecommunications is still in effect. Yet by 1991 the 1905–In about early March, Adrian J. Pieters, a fellow economic hardships have bottomed out and the standard of Dutchman who had come to know and admire Meyer, tells living is slowly improving. 1991 Sept.–The USSR Fairchild about Meyer’s love of walking and deep interest unilaterally offers to withdraw large numbers of troops from in plants. On March 10 Fairchild asks Pieters to telegram Cuba. Cuba asks for U.S. troops to leave Guantánamo Bay. Meyer to ask whether he would be interested in going to President Bush predicts that within a few years Cuba will be China as an agricultural explorer (Fairchild 1938, p. 315; a democracy, and that the people will oust Castro the Cunningham 1984, p. 21). The dream of Meyer’s youth had dictator. 1993 Aug.–Cuba legalizes the ownership and use come true. But 3 months passed before Meyer left St. Louis. of the U.S. dollar by Cuban citizens. 1994–Cuba is now 1905 July–Fairchild and Meyer first meet and instantly involved in a massive conversion to sustainable become mutual friends. For a detailed description of their development, including a conversion to organic agriculture first meeting see Fairchild 1938 (p. 314-16). On 10 July from chemical agriculture. 1995–Cuba is phasing out its

1905 Meyer re-enters USDA service for the third time, now as an agricultural explorer in the Bureau of Plant Industry. 1905-1908–First expedition; mainly to China, but also to Japan, Korea, Manchuria, and Eastern Siberia. He collected nearly 2,000 plants and seeds. He left Washington, DC, on 27 July 1905 and returned on 7 July 1908. 1906 Feb. 23–Meyer’s first soybean introduction, SPI 17852 from Peking was received in the USA; it was later named Peking, and was the most important soybean variety he introduced. 1908 July 21–Meyer submits a Petition for Naturalization (now located at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Dep. of Justice, Washington, DC). 1909-1912–Second Expedition. 1912-1915–Third Expedition. 1916-1918–Fourth Expedition. 1918 June 4–Telegram arrives in Washington at 4:00 p.m. from the Consul at Nanking “Frank Meyer, Department Agriculture, disappeared from steamer in this consular district en route Hankow to Shanghai, June 2nd.” His death occurred at night. His body was recovered from the Yangtze River on June 5, about 30 miles above the little town of Wuhu, and buried on June 12 at the Bubbling Well Protestant Cemetery in Shanghai. His death remains a mystery to his friends; it is not known whether he died from accident or suicide. It was well known among his friends, and clearly indicated in his letters to David Fairchild, that he had been very much depressed by the wars in both Europe and China and by his long confinement in the city of Ichang. In 1907 the U.S. only had 23 varieties of soybeans, whereas in 1919 the U.S. had 629 varieties; most of the new ones were introduced by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction (OFSPI), many by Meyer. Named varieties introduced by Meyer (or selected directly from introduced by Meyer), in order of PI Number are: Meyer (PI 17852), Peking (17852 B, selected from the Meyer variety), Lexington (PI 17862), Wilson (PI 19183), Morse (PI 19186), Virginia (PI 19186 D, selected from Morse in 1909), Habaro (PI 20405), Chestnut (PI 20405 B, selected from Habaro), Duggar (PI 20798), and O.A.C. 211 (OAC 211, selected from Habaro), Biloxi (PI 23211), and Laredo (PI 40658). Of these varieties, Peking, introduced in 1906, proved to be the most important commercially in America.

An asterisk (*) at the end of the record means that SOYFOODS CENTER does not own that document. A plus after eng (eng+) means that SOYFOODS CENTER has done a partial or complete translation into English of that document. An asterisk in a listing of number of references [23* ref] means that most of these references are not about soybeans or soyfoods.

SUBJECT/GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX BY RECORD Centrafrique in French). 187, 224, 247, 264, 283, 292, 301, 317, NUMBERS 459

Africa–Chad. 247, 264, 307, 317 Aburagé. See Tofu, Fried Africa–Comoros, Federal Islamic Republic of the. Isles Comores Acidophilus soymilk or soy acidophilus milk. See Soymilk, in French. Also called Comoro Islands. Includes the islands of Fermented Great Comoro (Grande Comore), Anjouan, Mayotte {a French Overseas Territorial Collective since 1976}, and Mohéli. 317, 349, Adhesives or Glues for Plywood, Other Woods, Wallpaper, 459 Building Materials, Etc.–Industrial Uses of Soy Proteins (Including Soy Flour). 109, 126 Africa–Congo (formerly Zaire). Officially Democratic Republic of the Congo. Also known as Congo-Kinshasa. Named Zaire from ADM Agri-Industries Ltd. (Windsor, Ontario, Canada). Formerly 1971 to May 1997. Named Congo Free State from 1855-1908, named Maple Leaf Monarch, and before that Maple Leaf Mills Belgian Congo (Congo Belge in French) from 1908-1960, Ltd. (Including Maple Leaf Milling). Toronto Elevators Ltd. Republic of the Congo from 1960 to 1964, then Democratic Merged with Maple Leaf Milling in 1962. 335 Republic of the Congo from 1964-1971. 119, 120, 138, 139, 175, 185, 187, 203, 224, 247, 264, 283, 299, 301, 317, 339, 362, 374, ADM. See Archer Daniels Midland Co. 375, 388, 409, 426

Adventists, Seventh-day. See Seventh-day Adventists Africa–Congo Republic (Officially Republic of the Congo or People’s Republic of the Congo. Also known as Congo- Adzuki bean. See Azuki Bean Brazzaville. Called Middle Congo {Moyen-Congo} from about 1880 to 1960. Part of French Equatorial Africa from 1910 to Africa (General). 48, 57, 109, 166, 193, 266, 284, 335, 379, 382, 1958). 307 443, 459, 482, 563 Africa–Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast until Oct. 1985; Part of French Africa–Algeria, Democratic and Popular Republic of. 48, 118, West Africa from 1895-1959). 247, 264, 272, 283, 299, 301, 307, 120, 139, 140, 147, 148, 187, 247, 299, 301, 339, 360, 362, 374, 317, 349, 388, 426, 459 409 Africa–Djibouti (Also Jibuti; French Somaliland–Côte Française Africa–Angola. 185, 187, 272, 349 des Somalis–from 1892 to 1967. French Territory of the Afars and Issas from 1967 to 1977). 317 Africa–Benin (Bénin in French; Dahomey before 1975; Part of French West Africa from 1904-1960). 203, 247, 264, 283, 292, Africa–Egypt. Named United Arab Republic (UAR) from 1958- 299, 301, 307, 317, 318, 349, 459 1971. 48, 53, 120, 139, 140, 187, 232, 247, 252, 264, 268, 272, 283, 292, 299, 301, 307, 317, 318, 339, 343, 347, 349, 360, 362, Africa–Botswana (Bechuanaland until 1966). 224, 247, 264, 283, 374, 388, 409, 426, 451, 485, 575, 607, 609, 620 292, 301, 307, 317, 339, 349 Africa–Eritrea (Part of Ethiopia from 1952 to May 1993). 120, Africa–Burkina Faso (Upper Volta before 4 Aug. 1984). 187, 203, 187 224, 247, 264, 283, 299, 301, 307, 317, 339, 349, 374, 409, 422, 459 Africa–Ethiopia (Including Eritrea from 1952 to May 1993. Formerly Part of Italian East Africa). 120, 167, 187, 232, 247, Africa–Burundi (Part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda- 252, 263, 264, 272, 283, 284, 292, 299, 301, 307, 309, 317, 339, Urundi or Belgian East Africa until 1962). 187, 224, 247, 264, 349, 362, 374, 426, 459 283, 292, 299, 301, 307, 317, 374 Africa–Gabon (Part of French Equatorial Africa from 1910 to Africa–Cameroon (Spelled Kamerun from 1884-1916; Cameroun 1958). 187, 224, 247, 264, 285, 301, 339, 374, 388, 409, 426 in French). 151, 187, 203, 212, 224, 246, 247, 264, 272, 283, 292, 299, 301, 307, 317, 339, 374, 379, 388, 409, 422, 426, 459, 624 Africa–Gambia (The). Includes Senegambia. 53, 123, 138, 187, 203, 224, 247, 264, 283, 292, 299, 307, 317, 349, 362, 409 Africa–Cape Verde or Cape Verde Islands (Ilhas do Cabo Verde. República de Cabo Verde). 187, 283, 292, 349 Africa–Ghana (Gold Coast before 1957). 53, 123, 138, 187, 203, 212, 224, 232, 247, 252, 264, 268, 272, 283, 292, 299, 301, 307, Africa–Central African Republic (République Centrafricaine; Part 317, 339, 349, 362, 374, 388, 409, 426, 504, 593 of Ubangi-Shari-Chad from 1906-1910. Then Ubangi-Shari or Oubangui-Chari. Part of French Equatorial Africa from 1910- Africa–Guinea (French Guinea before 1958; Guinée in French; 1960. Called Central African Empire from 1976-1979; Part of French West Africa from 1895-1958). 139, 224, 283, 362, 459

1890) and Upper Senegal-Niger (Haute-Sénégal et Niger)). 147, Africa–Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese Guinea before Sept. 1974). 203, 247, 264, 283, 299, 301, 317, 374, 409, 459 317, 349, 374, 409 Africa–Mauritania, Islamic Republic of (Part of French West Africa–Introduction of Soy Products to. Earliest document seen Africa from 1904-1960). 247, 264, 283, 292, 307, 317, 349 concerning soybean products in a certain African country. Soybeans as such have not yet been reported in this country. 187, Africa–Mauritius (Ile Maurice, Including Rodriguez, in the 224, 247, 317 Mascarene Islands, 450 Miles East of Madagascar). 53, 119, 120, 123, 187, 283, 292, 299, 349, 374, 388 Africa–Introduction of Soy Products to. This document contains the earliest date seen for soybean products in a certain African Africa–Morocco, Kingdom of (Including Western Sahara. Divided country. Soybeans as such had not yet been reported by that date into French Morocco and Spanish Morocco from 1912-1956. in this country. 187, 224, 247, 317 Spanish Morocco Renamed Spanish Sahara). 118, 120, 139, 147, 148, 185, 187, 203, 224, 247, 264, 283, 284, 285, 292, 307, 309, Africa–Introduction of Soybeans to or Dissemination of Soybeans 317, 318, 339, 349, 360, 362, 374, 388, 409, 426 from. Other or general information and leads concerning Africa. 362 Africa–Mozambique (Moçambique; Portuguese East Africa before 1975). 187, 307, 317, 347, 349, 374, 375, 388, 411, 624 Africa–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest document seen concerning soybeans in a certain African country. 120, 123, 252, Africa–Niger (Part of French West Africa from 1904-1959). 247, 299, 301, 374 264, 283, 292, 299, 301, 307, 317, 459

Africa–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest document seen Africa–Nigeria, Federal Republic of. 53, 123, 138, 151, 167, 185, concerning the cultivation of soybeans in a certain African 187, 188, 191, 201, 203, 204, 212, 224, 225, 246, 247, 264, 272, country. 120, 123, 252, 299, 301, 374 283, 284, 285, 301, 309, 344, 347, 360, 379, 459, 470, 516, 544, 593, 607, 624 Africa–Introduction of Soybeans to. This document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in a certain African country. 119, Africa–Reunion (Réunion is a Department of France, in the 120, 123, 188, 201, 204, 252, 299, 301, 374, 459 Mascarene Islands, 425 Miles East of Madagascar). 120, 139, 147, 299, 388, 459 Africa–Introduction of Soybeans to. This document contains the earliest date seen for the cultivation of soybeans in a certain Africa–Rwanda (Part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda- African country. 119, 120, 123, 188, 201, 204, 252, 299, 301, 374, Urundi or Belgian East Africa until 1962). 185, 187, 212, 224, 459 247, 264, 283, 292, 299, 307, 317, 339, 362, 374, 388, 426, 459, 624 Africa–Kenya (British East Africa Protectorate from 1895. Renamed Kenya Protectorate in 1920). 123, 187, 201, 203, 232, Africa–Sao Tome and Principe, Democratic Republic of. 307, 317 247, 264, 283, 284, 292, 307, 309, 317, 318, 349, 470 Africa–Senegal (Part of French West Africa from 1895-1959. Africa–Lesotho (Basutoland before 1966). 123, 187, 203, 247, Sénégal & Sudanese Republic from June 20 to August 20, 1960. 252, 264, 283, 292, 299, 301, 307, 317, 349, 350, 364, 366, 374, Includes Senegambia). 139, 194, 203, 212, 224, 247, 264, 283, 387, 389, 398, 403, 405, 406, 411, 551, 594 292, 299, 307, 317, 339, 347, 349, 379, 388, 409, 459

Africa–Liberia. 187, 224, 247, 264, 283, 292, 307, 317, 349, 374, Africa–Seychelles, Republic of. 123, 264, 283, 292, 307, 317 426, 492, 512, 544, 551, 569, 593 Africa–Sierra Leone. 53, 119, 123, 138, 187, 194, 203, 212, 224, Africa–Libya (Including Tripoli, Tripolitania, and Cyrenaica; Also 232, 247, 252, 264, 272, 283, 292, 299, 307, 317, 349 Spelled Libia). 120, 181, 187, 332, 334, 374 Africa–Somalia. (Formed in 1960 by the Union of British Africa–Madagascar (Malagasy Republic or Republique Malgache Somaliland and Italian Somaliland. Formerly Part of Italian East before 1975). 120, 147, 167, 194, 212, 246, 247, 264, 283, 292, Africa). 187, 232, 252, 264, 283, 301, 307, 317, 339, 349, 362, 307, 317, 343, 374, 379, 388, 409, 426, 459 374, 388, 409, 426

Africa–Malawi (Nyasaland from 1891-1964). 119, 123, 187, 203, Africa–South Africa, Republic of (Including four former 212, 224, 247, 292, 307, 317, 339, 349, 362 Homelands–Bophuthatswana, Transkei, Venda, and Ciskei). 9, 45, 53, 56, 76, 118, 120, 123, 138, 139, 140, 141, 151, 167, 174, 185, Africa–Mali (Part of French West Africa from 1895-1960. Senegal 187, 201, 204, 208, 344, 409, 426, 495, 496, 609 & Sudanese Republic from June 20 to August 20, 1960. Formerly also called French Sudan (Soudan français, created on 18 Aug. Africa–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 167, 188, 201

Amaranth, Grown for Grain / Seed (Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Africa–Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from 1899-1956). 120, 123, A. caudatus, and A. cruentus. Genus formerly spelled Amarantus). 139, 232, 247, 264, 283, 292, 301, 307, 317, 339, 344, 362, 374, 382 388, 409, 426 Amazake. See Rice Milk (Non-Dairy) Africa–Swaziland, Kingdom of (Independent Kingdom Inside South Africa; Formerly Also Spelled Swazieland). 187, 247, 264, American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia). See Franklin, 272, 299, 301, 307, 317, 349, 388, 422, 426 Benjamin

Africa–Tanzania, United Republic of (Formed the Bulk of German American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities in the United East Africa 1895-1946. Tanganyika existed 1920-1961. Created in States and Canada, and General Information (Headquarters in St. 1964 by Merger of Tanganyika and Zanzibar). 123, 187, 191, 194, Louis, Missouri. Established 3 Sept. 1920. Named National 201, 203, 208, 212, 224, 232, 246, 247, 252, 264, 283, 284, 292, Soybean Growers’ Association until 1925). 143, 332, 334 299, 301, 307, 309, 317, 339, 347, 349, 374, 426, 459, 460, 470, 512 American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities, Offices, and Influence Worldwide (General). 236, 421 Africa–Togo (Togoland until 1914). 203, 212, 247, 264, 283, 292, 299, 301, 307, 317, 349, 459, 502 American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities, Offices, and Influence in Asia. 179, 236, 421 Africa–Tunisia. 120, 139, 147, 187, 224, 247, 283, 292, 307, 317, 349, 360 American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities, Offices, and Influence in Europe (Western and Eastern). 179, 238 Africa–Uganda. 123, 141, 144, 187, 201, 204, 208, 280, 284, 301, 309, 347, 504, 512, 624 American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities, Offices, and Influence in Latin America. 179, 236, 248, 295, 418, 421, 436, Africa–Zambia (Northern Rhodesia from 1899-1964). 123, 139, 440, 441, 455, 476, 602 187, 247, 264, 272, 292, 299, 301, 307, 317, 339, 347, 349, 362, 374, 375, 388, 409, 422, 426, 451, 459, 502, 545, 624 American Soybean Association (ASA)–Checkoff Programs (Legislated / Mandatory Funding. State Programs Starting in Africa–Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia from 1923-1970, Rhodesia North Carolina in Sept. 1966, National Programs Starting in 1989- from 1970-79). 48, 120, 123, 139, 151, 185, 187, 188, 264, 272, 1991), and State Promotion Boards (Research & Promotion 299, 301, 339, 362, 374, 388, 409, 422, 426, 451, 459 Councils). 369, 622

Ag Processing Inc a cooperative (AGP). 523, 611 American Soybean Association (ASA)–Funding Before Checkoff Program or 1971. Voluntary or from USDA (FAS or ARS). 179 Agricultural Economics, Bureau of. See United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of Agricultural Economics American Soybean Association (ASA)–Honorary Life Members. 181 Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States. 8, 9, 29, 39, 43, 51, 54, 55, 62, 63, 97, 114, 130, 131, 156, 157, 158, 207, 226, American Soybean Association (ASA)–Japanese-American 300, 319, 322, 333, 376, 377 Soybean Institute (JASI). 181

Agricultural Research Service of USDA. See United States American Soybean Association (ASA)–Soybean Council of Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Agricultural Research Service America (June 1956-1969). Replaced by American Soybean (ARS) Institute (Est. 11 July 1969). 179

Agronomy, soybean. See Cultural Practices, Soybean Production American Soybean Association (ASA)–State Soybean Associations and Boards (Starting with Minnesota in 1962). 575 Alfa-Laval (Lund, Sweden). 471, 472, 473, 554, 555, 556 American Soybean Association (ASA)–State Soybean Alfalfa or Lucerne / Lucern (Medicago sativa). 5, 6, 10, 24, 61, Associations and United Soybean Board–Activities Related to 507, 579 Food Uses of Soybeans / Soyfoods, or Soy Nutrition, in the United States (Not Including Soy Oil or Edible Oil Products). 181, Allergies. See Nutrition–Biologically Active Phytochemicals– 575 Allergens American Soybean Association (ASA)–Strayer. See Strayer Almond Butter or Almond Paste. 269 Family of Iowa

Alternative medicine. See Medicine–Alternative American Soybean Association (ASA) or United Soybean Board– Activities Related to Food Uses of Soybeans / Soyfoods, or Soy

Nutrition, Outside the United States (Not Including Soy Oil). 248, 418, 436, 441, 476, 580, 590, 609, 622 Asia, East–Japan–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 48, 53, 57 Amino Acids and Amino Acid Composition and Content. See also Nutrition–Protein Quality; Soy Sauce, HVP Type. 165, 171, 173, Asia, East–Korea (North and South; Formerly Also Spelled Corea 197, 382, 411, 558 and Called “Chosen” by the Japanese [1907-1945]). 48, 53, 57, 71, 112, 118, 120, 127, 130, 138, 140, 148, 166, 187, 203, 212, Anatomy, soybean. See Soybean–Morphology, Structure, and 224, 238, 247, 264, 268, 270, 283, 284, 292, 299, 309, 339, 343, Anatomy 362, 374, 375, 388, 409, 425, 426, 443, 453, 456, 485, 502, 620, 632 Andreas Family of Minnesota and Iowa–Incl. Reuben Peter Andreas, and his sons Albert, Glenn, Dwayne (1918- ), and Asia, East–Korea–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks– Lowell Andreas (1922- ). 600 Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 48, 57

Animal Welfare (Including Protection and Cruel Treatment of Asia, East–Macao / Macau (Portuguese Colony, then Overseas Animals). See also: Animal Rights. 477 Territory. Returned to China in 1999). 187, 194, 203, 247

Aquaculture. See Fish or Crustaceans (e.g. Shrimp) Fed Soybean Asia, East–Manchuria (Called Manchukuo by Japanese 1932-45; Meal Using Aquaculture or Mariculture The Provinces of Heilongjiang [Heilungkiang], Jilin [Kirin], and Liaoning Were Called Northeast China after 1950). 44, 45, 48, 53, Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM) (Decatur, Illinois; 57, 80, 86, 118, 120, 127, 130, 138, 139, 140, 148, 167, 200, 632 Minneapolis, Minnesota until 1969). 126, 186, 335, 372, 436, 477, 485, 590, 600, 615, 617, 619 Asia, East–Manchuria–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks– Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 48, 53 Argentina. See Latin America, South America–Argentina Asia, East–Mongolia (Mongol Uls; Outer and Inner Mongolia Arkady, British. See British Arkady Co. Ltd. Before 1911; Outer Mongolia [Mongolian People’s Republic] Thereafter). 112 Arkansas Grain Corp. See Riceland Foods Asia, East–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–Statistics, Arlington Experimental Farm. See United States Department of Trends, and Analyses. 284 Agriculture (USDA)–Arlington Experimental Farm Asia, East–Taiwan (Republic of China. Widely called by its Asgrow (Des Moines, Iowa). Incl. Associated Seed Growers, Inc. Portuguese name, Formosa, from the 1870s until about 1945). 48, Acquired in Feb. 1997 by Monsanto Co. from Empresas La 53, 57, 148, 166, 187, 189, 194, 224, 232, 238, 247, 252, 270, Moderna, S.A. (ELM). 219, 376, 377, 416, 572 272, 284, 299, 304, 324, 332, 334, 339, 347, 362, 374, 375, 388, 396, 421, 422, 443, 451, 459, 502, 559 Asia (General, Including East, Southeast, South, Middle East, and Central). 193, 545, 563 Asia, East–Taiwan–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks– Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 48 Asia, East (General). 179, 301, 374, 409, 603, 624 Asia, East. See Chinese Overseas, Especially Work with Soya Asia, East–China (People’s Republic of China; Including Tibet. (Including Chinese from Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, etc.), Zhonghua Renmin Gonghe Guo). 2, 3, 8, 32, 44, 45, 46, 48, 53, Japanese Overseas, Especially Work with Soya, Koreans 57, 75, 80, 88, 98, 101, 118, 119, 120, 127, 130, 136, 138, 139, Overseas, Especially Work with Soya 140, 148, 181, 187, 189, 208, 263, 309, 332, 334, 344, 347, 375, 382, 426, 443, 451, 463, 474, 502, 590, 620, 632 Asia, Middle East–Afghanistan, Islamic State of. 187, 224, 232, 247, 252, 272, 283, 299, 362, 388, 627 Asia, East–China–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks– Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 53 Asia, Middle East–Bahrain, State of (Also spelled Bahrein). 48, 57, 343 Asia, East–Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (British Colony until 1 July 1997, then returned to China). 166, 171, 187, Asia, Middle East–Cyprus. 120, 123, 388, 426 189, 212, 270, 425, 453, 485 Asia, Middle East–Introduction of Soy Products to. Earliest Asia, East–Japan (Nihon or Nippon). 2, 3, 8, 32, 37, 38, 42, 44, document seen concerning soybean products in a certain Middle 45, 46, 48, 50, 53, 57, 59, 80, 86, 101, 118, 119, 120, 130, 138, Eastern country. Soybeans as such have not yet been reported by 139, 140, 148, 166, 174, 181, 187, 189, 203, 208, 212, 213, 238, that date in this country. 166, 187, 194, 236, 343 270, 284, 302, 309, 332, 334, 343, 396, 451, 453, 461, 496, 502, 559, 590, 620, 632

Asia, Middle East–Introduction of Soy Products to. This document Asia, Middle East–Syria (Syrian Arab Republic; Including contains the earliest date seen for soybean products in a certain Latakia, Alawiya, and Territory of the Alaouites). 203, 212, 224, Middle Eastern country. Soybeans as such had not yet been 232, 247, 252, 318, 362, 363 reported by that date in this country. 166, 187, 194, 236, 343 Asia, Middle East–Turkey (Including Anatolia or Asia Minor). Asia, Middle East–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest document 120, 139, 187, 194, 224, 247, 264, 284, 285, 339, 362, 363, 374, seen concerning soybeans in a certain Middle Eastern country. 388, 409, 421, 426, 609, 620 120, 123, 232, 252 Asia, Middle East–United Arab Emirates (Formerly Trucial States Asia, Middle East–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest document or Trucial Oman; Also Dubai). 343, 496 seen concerning soybeans or soyfoods in connection with (but not yet in) a certain Middle Eastern country. 120 Asia, Middle East–Yemen (Formed in May 1990 by the Merger of Pro-Soviet South Yemen [People’s Democratic Republic of Asia, Middle East–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest document Yemen, Including Aden] and Pro-Western North Yemen [Yemen seen concerning the cultivation of soybeans in a certain Middle Arab Republic]). 57, 194, 232, 247, 264, 283, 292, 307, 317, 343 Eastern country. 120, 123, 252, 272 Asia, Middle East, Mideast, or Near East (General). 266, 309, 451 Asia, Middle East–Introduction of Soybeans to. This document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in a certain Middle Asia, South–Bangladesh, People’s Republic of (East Bengal [See Eastern country. 123, 232, 252 India] from 1700s-1947, and East Pakistan [See Pakistan] from 1947-1971). 120, 167, 224, 238, 247, 264, 270, 292, 299, 301, Asia, Middle East–Introduction of Soybeans to. This document 307, 317, 339, 347, 360, 362, 374, 388, 409, 426 contains the earliest date seen for the cultivation of soybeans in a certain Middle Eastern country. 123, 252, 272 Asia, South–Bhutan, Kingdom of. 120, 292, 307, 317, 349, 374

Asia, Middle East–Iran, Islamic Republic of (Jomhori-e-Islami-e- Asia, South–India (Bharat, Including Sikkim, and Andaman and Irân; Persia before 1935). 48, 57, 187, 232, 270, 272, 284, 299, Nicobar Islands). 53, 88, 118, 119, 120, 123, 130, 139, 140, 144, 301, 318, 339, 343, 426, 498 151, 166, 167, 171, 174, 179, 185, 187, 188, 189, 203, 208, 212, 213, 224, 232, 246, 247, 252, 264, 268, 270, 272, 282, 283, 284, Asia, Middle East–Iraq (al Jumhouriya al ‘Iraqia). 187, 232, 247, 292, 299, 301, 302, 304, 307, 309, 317, 318, 324, 339, 343, 344, 270, 301, 339, 343, 362, 363, 374 347, 349, 360, 374, 375, 382, 396, 421, 443, 451, 486, 492, 502, 507, 512, 609, 621, 625, 627 Asia, Middle East–Israel and Judaism (State of Israel, Medinat Israel; Established May 1948; Including West Bank, Gaza Strip, Asia, South–Introduction of Soybeans to or Dissemination of and Golan Heights Since 1967). 120, 174, 187, 203, 212, 224, Soybeans from. Other or general information and leads concerning 238, 247, 264, 272, 283, 292, 299, 301, 307, 317, 349, 360, 463, South Asia. 374 496, 502, 620, 625 Asia, South–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest document seen Asia, Middle East–Jordan, Hashemite Kingdom of (Transjordan concerning the cultivation of soybeans in a certain South Asian until 1949). 187, 194, 203, 212, 224, 232, 247, 252, 264, 272, 283, country. 252 292, 299, 301, 307, 317, 343, 349 Asia, South–Nepal, Kingdom of. 120, 187, 203, 224, 247, 264, Asia, Middle East–Kuwait (Dowlat al-Kuwait). 236, 343 272, 283, 284, 292, 299, 301, 307, 309, 317, 339, 347, 349, 362, 374, 388, 409, 426, 451, 502 Asia, Middle East–Lebanon (al-Jumhouriya al-Lubnaniya). 187, 203, 212, 224, 247, 272, 299, 307 Asia, South–Pakistan, Islamic Republic of (Part of India until 1947. West Pakistan 1947-1971). 119, 120, 123, 167, 187, 203, Asia, Middle East–Oman, Sultanate of (Saltanat ‘Uman). 187, 343 212, 224, 232, 238, 247, 252, 263, 264, 270, 272, 292, 299, 301, 318, 339, 347, 360, 362, 374, 388, 409, 426, 627 Asia, Middle East–Palestine (Divided between Israel and Jordan in 1948-49). 120, 123, 139, 203, 212, 224, 247, 264, 283, 292, Asia, South–Sri Lanka, Democratic Socialist Republic of (Ceylon 307, 317 before 22 May 1972. Serendib was the ancient Arabic name). 48, 57, 119, 120, 123, 139, 151, 185, 187, 188, 212, 224, 232, 247, Asia, Middle East–Qatar, State of (Dawlet al-Qatar; Also called 252, 264, 270, 272, 283, 284, 292, 299, 301, 307, 309, 317, 337, Katar). 343 339, 344, 347, 349, 362, 374, 375, 387, 402, 405, 406, 409, 422, 426, 451, 502, 512, 551, 578, 586, 587, 594, 595 Asia, Middle East–Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of (al-Mamlaka al- ‘Arabiya as-Sa‘udiya). 166, 236, 270, 272, 299, 301, 339, 343, Asia, Southeast (General). 246, 343, 374 360, 374, 388, 620

Asia, Southeast–Brunei (State of Brunei Darussalam; Part of Asia, Transcaucasia (Presently Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. British Borneo before 1984). 374 Formerly Transcaucasian Soviet Republics from about 1917 to Dec. 1991). 136 Asia, Southeast–Cambodia, Kingdom of (Kampuchea from 1979 to the 1980s; Also Khmer Republic). 48, 120, 147, 187, 264, 283, Asian Vegetable R&D Center (AVRDC, Taiwan). 252, 270, 272, 349, 502 374, 451, 502

Asia, Southeast–Indonesia (Netherland(s) Indies, Netherlands East Aspergillus oryzae. See Koji, Miso, or Soy Sauce Indies, or Dutch East Indies before 1945) (Including Islands of Java, Borneo, Celebes, Lesser Sunda, Moluccas, New Guinea Associated Seed Growers, Inc. See Asgrow (Des Moines, Iowa) [West Irian], and Sumatra). 48, 53, 57, 118, 119, 120, 123, 130, 138, 139, 140, 148, 151, 171, 181, 187, 189, 191, 203, 212, 224, Atlantic Ocean islands. See Oceania 232, 246, 247, 252, 264, 270, 272, 282, 283, 284, 292, 299, 301, 302, 307, 309, 317, 324, 332, 334, 339, 349, 374, 375, 388, 409, Australasia. See Oceania 422, 426, 443, 451, 459, 502, 559, 620 Australia. See Oceania–Australia Asia, Southeast–Indonesia–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks– Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 57 AVRDC (Taiwan). See International Soybean Programs

Asia, Southeast–Laos. 120, 147, 187, 203, 212, 224, 247, 264, Azuki Bean. Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi. Also 283, 285, 409, 426 called Adzuki, Aduki, Adsuki, Adzinki, Red Bean, Chinese Red Bean, Red Mung Bean, Small Red Bean. Japanese–Kintoki, Asia, Southeast–Malaysia, Federation of (Including East Malaysia Komame, Shôzu. Chinese–Xiaodou, Chixiaodou, Hsiao Tou Composed of Sarawak and Sabah. British Borneo or North Borneo [Small Bean], Ch’ih Hsiao Tou [Red Small Bean]. Former from about 1881 to 1963). Federation of Malaya before 1963. 48, scientific names: Phaseolus radiatus (L.), Dolichos angularis 53, 56, 57, 120, 123, 139, 151, 187, 188, 203, 212, 224, 232, 246, (Willd.), Phaseolus angularis (Willd.) Wight, or Azukia angularis 247, 252, 264, 270, 272, 284, 309, 339, 343, 344, 347, 362, 374, (Willd.) Ohwi. 32, 53, 200, 604 382, 426, 443, 502, 559 Azuki Beans–Etymology of These Terms and Their Cognates/ Asia, Southeast–Myanmar / Burma. Officially Union of Myanmar. Relatives in Various Languages. 200 45, 53, 119, 120, 123, 166, 167, 187, 203, 284, 309, 362, 388, 409, 426 Bacon or bacon bits, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Bacon, Ham, and Other Pork-related Products Asia, Southeast–Philippines, Republic of the. 50, 53, 118, 119, 120, 138, 139, 140, 148, 151, 166, 167, 171, 187, 188, 189, 203, Bacteria causing toxicity. See Toxins and Toxicity in Foods and 212, 224, 232, 246, 247, 252, 264, 270, 272, 283, 284, 292, 299, Feeds–Microorganisms, Especially Bacteria, and that Cause Food 301, 302, 307, 309, 317, 325, 339, 347, 349, 362, 374, 396, 409, Poisoning 426, 502, 512, 620 Balanced Foods, Inc. (New York City, and North Bergen, New Asia, Southeast–Singapore (Part of the Straits Settlements Jersey). Wholesale Distributor of Health Foods and Natural Foods. [British] from 1826 to 1946). 48, 56, 57, 123, 194, 247, 264, 270, Founded in 1939 by Maurice “Doc” Shefferman, Sam and Will 283, 284, 286, 292, 307, 309, 443, 471, 473, 496 Reiser. Purchased in Dec. 1986 by Tree of Life. 380

Asia, Southeast–Thailand, Kingdom of (Siam before 1938). 48, Bambarra groundnuts (Voandzeia subterranea). Also spelled 57, 118, 120, 139, 140, 167, 171, 185, 187, 189, 232, 252, 263, Bambara. 141, 167, 185 270, 272, 284, 299, 301, 302, 309, 339, 343, 347, 362, 374, 375, 388, 409, 422, 426, 451, 485, 502, 620 Barges used to transport soybeans. See Transportation of Soybeans or Soy Products to Market by Water Using Barges, Junks, etc Asia, Southeast–Timor-Leste (East Timor). 57, 343 Barricini Foods (Mountain Lakes, New Jersey)–Soy Ice Cream Asia, Southeast–Vietnam, Socialist Republic of (North and South) Company. Acquired Farm Foods and Ice Bean on 31 May 1985. (Divided by French into Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchine from Sold Farm Foods to 21st Century in 1993. 403 1887-1945). 48, 53, 118, 120, 140, 147, 187, 203, 212, 213, 224, 232, 247, 252, 262, 264, 283, 284, 309, 374, 388, 426, 480, 502, Battle Creek Food Co. See Kellogg, John Harvey (M.D.) 607 Bean curd skin. See Yuba Asia, Southeast. See Indonesians Overseas, Especially Work with Soya, Vietnamese Overseas, Especially Work with Soya Bean curd. See Tofu

Beef alternatives. See Meat Alternatives–Beef Alternatives, British Columbia. See Canadian Provinces and Territories–British Including Beef Jerky, etc. See also Meatless Burgers Columbia

Berczeller, Laszlo. 98 Broad Bean. Vicia faba L., formerly Faba vulgaris, Mönch. Also called Faba Bean, Fava Bean, Horse Bean. Chinese–Candou Bibliographies and / or Reviews of the Literature (Contains More (“silkworm bean”). Japanese–Soramame. German–Saubohne or Than 50 References or Citations). 9, 53, 107, 120, 139, 167, 171, Buschbohne. French–Grosse Fève, Fève de Marais, Féverole, 172, 174, 231, 246, 276, 284, 293, 308, 309, 346, 370, 394, 396, Faverole, Gourgane. 8, 221 459, 482, 502 Brown soybeans. See Soybean Seeds–Brown Biloxi soybean variety. See Soybean Varieties USA–Biloxi Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. See Procter & Gamble Co. Biographies, Biographical Sketches, and Autobiographies–See also: Obituaries. 4, 136, 181, 382, 444, 525, 583, 632 Building materials. See Adhesives or Glues for Plywood, Other Woods, Wallpaper, or Building Materials Biological control. See Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Bunge Corp. (White Plains, New York). Including Lauhoff Grain Biotechnology applied to soybeans. See Genetic Engineering, Co. (Danville, Illinois) since 1979. 616, 617, 618, 628 Biotechnology, and Transgenic Plants Burgers, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Burgers and Black soybeans. See Soybean Seeds–Black, Whole Dry Patties Soybeans–Black Seeded Burlison, William Leonidas (1882-1958, Univ. of Illinois). 498 Black-eyed peas. See Cowpeas–Vigna unguiculata Burma. See Asia, Southeast–Myanmar Boca Burger. See Kraft Foods Inc. Butter-beans. See Lima Beans Botany–Soybean. 53, 120, 262, 489

Bowen, Samuel (1732-1777)–He Introduced the Soybean to North Cajanus cajan. See Pigeon Pea, Pigeonpea or Red Gram America in 1765. See also: (1) His Ancestors and Descendants. (2) James Flint. 1 Cake or meal, soybean. See Soybean Meal

Boyer, Robert. See Ford, Henry Calcium Availability, Absorption, and Content of Soybeans, and Soybean Foods and Feeds. 9 Brady Crop Cooker. See Extruders and Extrusion Cooking, Low Cost–General and Other California. See United States–States–California

Bran, soy. See Fiber, Soy Canada–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 118 Brassica napus (L.) var. napus. See Canola Canada. 8, 9, 29, 44, 48, 53, 56, 57, 76, 114, 118, 120, 138, 139, Brassica napus. See Rapeseed 140, 148, 161, 174, 187, 213, 238, 274, 284, 309, 312, 335, 343, 350, 364, 366, 385, 386, 387, 392, 398, 401, 402, 405, 406, 409, Brazil. See Latin America, South America–Brazil 410, 411, 419, 422, 425, 427, 432, 433, 435, 437, 439, 442, 447, 453, 454, 462, 463, 496, 497, 498, 505, 518, 529, 538, 539, 548, Breeding of Soybeans and Classical Genetics. 53, 81, 83, 89, 90, 549, 556, 561, 562, 566, 567, 574, 578, 584, 586, 587, 594, 595, 103, 111, 112, 113, 114, 120, 201, 272, 318, 412, 426, 451, 572 598, 599, 618, 620

Breeding of soybeans. See Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology, Canada. See Ontario Soybean Growers (Marketing Board) and Transgenic Plants, Variety Development and Breeding Canadian Provinces and Territories–British Columbia. 56, 574, Breeding soybeans for food uses. See Soybean Production–Variety 594 Development, Breeding, Selection, Evaluation, Growing, or Handling of Soybeans for Food Uses Canadian Provinces and Territories–Nova Scotia. 274

British Arkady Company Ltd. and British Arkady Holdings Ltd. Canadian Provinces and Territories–Ontario. 118, 138, 335, 364, (Manchester, England). Subsidiary of ADM of the USA. Including 402, 405, 406, 410, 433, 439, 442, 462, 497, 498, 538, 561, 562, the Haldane Foods Group. 477, 485 578, 584, 586, 587, 594, 595, 598, 599

Canadian soybean varieties. See Soybean Varieties Canada Cheese, cream. See Soy Cream Cheese

Canavalia ensiformis. See Jack Bean (Canavalia ensiformis) Cheese. See Soy Cheese, Soy Cheese or Cheese Alternatives

Canavalia gladiata. See Sword Beans Cheesecake or cream pie. See Soy Cheesecake or Cream Pie

Cancer Preventing Substances in Soybeans and Soyfoods (Such as Chemical / Nutritional Composition or Analysis (Of Seeds, Plants, the Isoflavones Genistein and Daidzein) and Cancer Prevention. Foods, Feeds, Nutritional Components, or Animals (Incl. 489 Humans)). 8, 14, 37, 40, 42, 53, 59, 97, 173, 407

Candles, Crayons, and Soybean Wax–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil Chemurgy, the Farm Chemurgic Movement, and the Farm as an Hydrogenated Oil. 79, 109, 117 Chemurgic Council (USA, 1930s to 1950s, Including Wheeler McMillen, William J. Hale, and Francis P. Garvan). 397 Cannabis sativa. See Hemp Chiang, soybean (from China). See Jiang–Chinese-Style Canola (Brassica napus (L.) var. napus)–An Improved Variety of Fermented Soybean Paste the Rape Plant or Rapeseed Having Seeds with Little or No Erucic Acid. 335 Chicken, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Chicken, Goose, Duck, and Related Poultry Products. See also Meatless Carbohydrates (General). See also: Starch, Dietary Fiber, and Turkey Oligosaccharides (Complex Sugars). 53 Chickens (esp. Layers & Broilers) Fed Soybeans, Soybean Cardiovascular Disease, Especially Heart Disease and Stroke, But Forage, or Soybean Cake or Meal as Feed. 8, 117, 297 Including Cholesterol Reduction, and Hypertension (High Blood Pressure). Soy Is Not Always Mentioned. 577 Chico-San Inc. (Chico, California). Maker of Macrobiotic and Natural Foods. Founded in 1962. 213 Cargill, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minneapolis). 436, 615, 617, 619 China. See Asia, East–China Caribbean. See Latin America–Caribbean Chinese Overseas, Especially Work with Soya (Including Chinese Catering. See Foodservice and Institutional Feeding or Catering from Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, etc.). 56, 123, 284, 309, 381, 417, 480, 525, 583, 589 Catsup or Catchup. See Ketchup, Catchup, Catsup, etc. Word Mentioned in Document Chocolate substitute made from roasted soybeans. See Soy Chocolate Cattle, Bullocks, Bulls, Steers, or Cows for Beef / Meat or Unspecified Uses Fed Soybeans, Soybean Forage, or Soybean Coconut Milk and Cream. Or Coconuts Used to Flavor Soymilk, Cake or Meal as Feed. 80, 85, 251, 253, 258, 294 Rice Milk, etc. 557

Central America. See Latin America–Central America Coffee Creamer, Whitener or Lightener (Non-Dairy–Usually Contains Soy). 425, 606 Central Soya Co. (Fort Wayne, Indiana; Acquired in Oct. 1987 by the Ferruzzi Group in Ravenna, Italy. In 1991 became part of CSY Coffee, soy. See Soy Coffee Agri-Processing, Inc. [a holding company], operating as a member of the Eridania / Beghin-Say agro-industrial group, within Coix lachryma-jobi. See Job’s Tears Ferruzzi-Montedison). Acquired in Oct. 2002 by Bunge. 397, 400, 436, 616, 618 Coker Pedigreed Seed Co. (Hartsville, South Carolina). 114, 140

Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja (National Soybean Research Color of soybean seeds. See Seed Color (Soybeans)–Specific Center, CNPS or CNPSo). See Empresa Brasiliera Varieties), Soybean Seeds (of different colors)

Cereol. See Ferruzzi-Montedison (Italy) Commercial Soy Products–New Products, Mostly Foods. 84, 320, 326, 327, 330, 331, 351, 354, 361, 367, 391, 392, 393, 408, 430, Certification of soybean seeds. See Seed Certification (Soybeans) 446, 447, 448, 449, 457, 458, 465, 483, 487, 488, 490, 491, 493, 494, 508, 510, 513, 514, 515, 517, 520, 527, 541, 565, 573, 581, Ceylon. See Asia, South–Sri Lanka 589, 596

Checkoff programs (state and national). See American Soybean Commercial soy products–earliest. See Historical–Earliest Association (ASA)–Checkoff Programs Commercial Product

Compact Discs (CD-ROM)–References to a Compact Disc in names: Vigna sinensis (L.) (1890s-1970s), Vigna catjang (1898- Non-CD Documents. 574 1920), Vigna Katiang (1889). 5, 6, 8, 10, 24, 43, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 97, 150, 159, 163, 191, 246, Component / value-based pricing of soybeans. See Seed Quality 311, 321, 340, 341, 444

Composition of soybeans, soyfoods, or feeds. See Chemical / Cows / Cattle for Dairy Milk and Butter Fed Soybeans, Soybean Nutritional Composition or Analysis Forage, or Soybean Cake or Meal as Feed. 53, 117, 120, 511

Computerized Databases and Information Services, Information or Crayons. See Candles, Crayons, and Soybean Wax Publications About Those Concerning Soya. 463, 482, 489, 574 Creamer or soy cream for coffee. See Coffee Creamer / Whitener Concerns about the Safety, Toxicity, or Health Benefits of Soy in Human Diets. 429, 445, 605 Crop Rotation Using Soybean Plants for Soil Improvement. 8, 119, 167, 461, 469, 501 ContiGroup Companies, Inc. Named Continental Grain Co. until 1999 (New York, New York). 420 Cropping Systems: Intercropping, Interplanting, or Mixed Cropping (Often Planted in Alternating Rows with Some Other Continental Grain Co. See ContiGroup Companies, Inc. Crop). 8, 148, 298, 459, 469, 484, 501

Cookbooks, vegan. See Vegetarian Cookbooks–Vegan Cookbooks CSY Agri-Processing, Inc. See Central Soya Co. (Fort Wayne, Indiana) Cookbooks, vegetarian. See Vegetarian Cookbooks Cultural Practices, Cultivation & Agronomy (Including Crop Cookery, Cookbooks, and Recipes (Mostly Vegetarian) Using Management, Erosion, Planting, Seedbed Preparation, Water Soya. See also: the Subcategories–Vegetarian Cookbooks, Vegan Management / Irrigation). 8, 37, 38, 43, 53, 68, 77, 97, 99, 105, Cookbooks. 53, 131, 152, 213, 217, 223, 281, 290, 350, 499, 516, 109, 119, 120, 125, 140, 149, 151, 152, 169, 170, 177, 191, 209, 528, 551, 607 210, 240, 241, 250, 256, 279, 280, 289, 329, 356, 450, 467, 468, 501, 558 Cooperative Enterprises, Ventures, Research, or Experiments, and Cooperatives / Co-ops, Worldwide. See also: Soybean Crushers Cultures of nitrogen fixing bacteria for soybeans. See Nitrogen (USA)–Cooperative Crushers. 130, 234, 235, 268, 281, 336, 366, Fixing Cultures 432, 437, 469, 486, 492, 529, 610, 630 Dairy alternatives (soy based). See Coffee Creamer / Whitener or Cooperative soybean crushers. See Soybean Crushers (USA), Cream Alternative, Soy Cheese–Fermented, Soy Cheese–Non- Cooperative Fermented, Soy Cheese or Cheese Alternatives, Soy Cheesecake or Cream Pie, Soy Cream Cheese, Soy Yogurt, Soymilk, Soymilk, Corn / Maize (Zea mays L. subsp. mays)–Including Corn Oil, Fermented, Soymilk, Fermented–Soy Kefir, Tofu (Soy Cheese), Corn Germ Oil, Meal, Starch, and Gluten. 39, 51, 83, 143, 153, Whip Topping 183, 186, 194, 195, 203, 212, 218, 224, 239, 240, 247, 264, 276, 283, 284, 303, 309, 316, 372, 382, 416, 484, 572, 576, 615, 616, Dawa-dawa. See Natto–Soybean Dawa-dawa 619 Death certificates. See Obituaries, Eulogies, Death Certificates, Cotton Cloth, Fabric, Textile, Fibers or Raw Cotton in Bales, All and Wills from the Boll of the Cotton Plant (Gossypium sp. L.). 8 Deceptive or misleading labeling or products. See Unfair Cottonseed Meal and Cake (Defatted). Previously Spelled Cotton- Practices–Including Possible Deceptive / Misleading Labeling, Seed Cake. 253 Advertising, etc. See also: Adulteration

Cottonseed Oil. Previously Spelled Cotton-Seed Oil or Cotton Oil. Demos, Steve. See White Wave, Inc. (Boulder, Colorado) 48, 107, 109, 143, 148, 174 Detergents or soaps made from soy oil. See Soaps or Detergents Cottonseeds / Cottonseed. Previously Spelled Cotton Seeds / Seed. 57 DE-VAU-GE Gesundkostwerk GmbH (Lueneburg, Germany). 485

Cover Crop, Use of Soybeans as. See also: Intercropping. 75, 88, Developing nations. See Third World 119 Development, sustainable. See World Problems–Sustainable Cowpeas or Black-Eyed Peas. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Development and Growth Formerly spelled Cow Peas. Also called Blackeye Pea, Kubia, Pea Beans, Yardlong Cowpea. Chinese: Jiangdou. Previous scientific Diabetes and Diabetic Diets. 42, 45, 74, 79, 117, 126

Embargoes, tariffs, duties. See Trade Policies (International) Diesel Fuel, SoyDiesel, Biodiesel, or Artificial Petroleum. 120, Concerning Soybeans, Soy Products, or Soyfoods–Tariffs, Duties, 489, 618 Embargoes

Directories–Soybean Processors (Including Soyfoods Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Brazilian Manufacturers), Researchers, Conference Attendees, and Other Enterprise for Research on Management of Land for Animal Names and Addresses Related to Soyfoods, Vegetarianism, Production; EMBRAPA) (Brazil). Established 26 April 1973. Macrobiotics, etc. See also Directories–Japanese American in Includes Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja (National Soybean USA. 120, 213, 270, 308, 347, 422, 463 Research Center; CNPS or CNPSo). 438, 475, 522

Diseases and pests, plant protection from. See Plant Protection Energy, renewable, from soybeans. See Diesel Fuel, SoyDiesel, or from Diseases and Pests (General) Biodiesel. See also: Petroleum, Artificial

Diseases of Soybeans (Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral / Virus). See England. See Europe, Western–United Kingdom also: Nematode Disease Control. 41, 53, 54, 62, 63, 105, 119, 120, 140, 141, 150, 157, 158, 159, 219, 228, 259, 263, 271, 296, 300, Environmental Issues, Concerns, and Protection (General, 304, 306, 308, 314, 315, 323, 341, 346, 394, 396, 414, 415, 459, Including Deep Ecology, Pollution of the Environment, Global 461, 500, 501, 502, 503, 516, 526, 559, 623 Warming, Renewable Energy, etc.). 489, 627

Diseases, plant protection from. See Soybean Rust Environmental issues, concerns, and protection. See Water Use and Misuse District of Columbia. See United States–States–District of Columbia Enzymes in Soybean Seeds–Lipoxygenase (Formerly Called Lipoxidase) and Its Inactivation. 194, 598 Documents with More Than 20 Keywords. 8, 9, 10, 14, 29, 36, 37, 38, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 53, 55, 57, 80, 85, 89, 93, 109, 111, 112, Enzymes in Soybean Seeds–Other. 53, 129, 194 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, 124, 126, 130, 138, 139, 140, 146, 148, 151, 157, 166, 167, 174, 179, 185, 187, 189, 194, 200, Enzymes in Soybean Seeds–Peroxidase. 194 201, 203, 212, 213, 224, 232, 238, 246, 247, 248, 252, 264, 270, 272, 283, 284, 292, 293, 299, 301, 307, 309, 317, 332, 339, 343, Equipment for making soymilk. See Soymilk Equipment 347, 349, 353, 360, 362, 374, 382, 388, 409, 411, 422, 426, 438, 451, 459, 461, 470, 477, 485, 496, 498, 502, 505, 507, 516, 551, Erewhon (Boston, Massachusetts). Founded April 1966 by Aveline 572, 576, 593, 599, 607, 632 and Michio Kushi in Boston. Merged with U.S. Mills in 1986. 213, 496, 604 Dried-frozen tofu. See Tofu, Frozen or Dried-Frozen Erewhon–Los Angeles / West. Established Sept. 1969. Purchased Drying of soybeans. See Storage of Seeds from Erewhon (Boston) by John Fountain & John Deming on 1 Aug. 1975, then Broken Up and Re-Sold in 1979. Part Became DuPont (E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.) and DuPont Erewhon West. 213 Agricultural Enterprise / Products (Wilmington, Delaware). Formerly spelled Du Pont. 601 Essene Traditional Foods (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). 213

Earliest commercial soy products. See Historical–Earliest Estrogens (in Plants–Phytoestrogens, Especially in Soybeans and Commercial Product Soyfoods), Including Isoflavones (Including Genistein, Daidzein, Glycetein, Coumestrol, Genistin, and Daidzin). 378, 429, 445, Earliest document seen... See Historical–Earliest Document Seen 489, 605

Economics of soybean production. See Marketing Soybeans Etymology of the Word “Soy” and its Cognates / Relatives in English. 532 Edamamé. See Green Vegetable Soybeans, Green Vegetable Soybeans–Edamamé Etymology of the Words “Soya,” “Soy,” and “Soybean” and their Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 36, 47, 53, 120 Edible Soy Products, makers of Pro-Nuts (Hudson, Iowa). See Solnuts B.V. Etymology. See the specific product concerned (e.g. soybeans, tofu, soybean meal, etc.) Edible or food-grade soybeans. See Green Vegetable Soybeans– Vegetable-Type, Garden-Type, or Edible Soybeans Euronature (Paris, France). See Lima N.V. / Lima Foods (Sint- Martens-Latem, Belgium; and Mezin, France) Egypt. See Africa–Egypt Europe, Eastern (General). 344, 456, 473

Europe, Western–Andorra, Principality of. 496 Europe, Eastern–Bulgaria. 138, 139, 148 Europe, Western–Austria (Österreich). 44, 53, 113, 118, 120, 138, Europe, Eastern–Czechoslovakia (From 1918 until 1 Jan. 1993; 146, 148, 174, 187, 347, 496, 584 then divided into The Czech Republic [formerly Bohemia and Moravia], and Slovakia [officially “The Slovak Republic”]). 120, Europe, Western–Belgium, Kingdom of. 44, 53, 118, 119, 120, 138, 140, 146, 148, 187, 362, 374, 496 138, 139, 148, 174, 175, 187, 213, 343, 420, 422, 496

Europe, Eastern–Estonia (Formerly Estonian SSR, a Soviet Europe, Western–Denmark (Danmark; Including the Province of Republic from Aug. 1940 to Aug. 1991; Also Spelled Esthonia). Greenland [Kalaallit Nunaat]). 28, 44, 48, 53, 55, 57, 118, 138, 48, 57, 138 139, 148, 174, 213, 485, 552

Europe, Eastern–Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság). 44, 53, 120, Europe, Western–Finland (Suomen Tasavalta). 118, 174, 187, 485, 146, 148, 174, 187, 206, 267, 299, 301, 339, 496 496

Europe, Eastern–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest document Europe, Western–France (République Française). 44, 48, 53, 57, seen concerning soybeans in a certain Eastern European country. 74, 77, 79, 109, 112, 114, 120, 138, 139, 140, 146, 147, 148, 174, 138 187, 203, 213, 221, 246, 254, 255, 260, 273, 288, 289, 299, 301, 339, 362, 368, 374, 379, 388, 390, 422, 431, 459, 482, 496, 509, Europe, Eastern–Introduction of Soybeans to. This document 616 contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in a certain Eastern European country. 138 Europe, Western–Germany (Deutschland; Including East and West Germany, Oct. 1949–July 1990). 7, 8, 9, 44, 48, 53, 57, 113, 118, Europe, Eastern–Latvia (Formerly Latvian SSR, a Soviet Republic 120, 138, 139, 140, 146, 148, 174, 187, 213, 238, 239, 248, 281, from Aug. 1940 to Aug. 1991). 138 343, 360, 370, 479, 480, 481, 485

Europe, Eastern–Poland. 53, 120, 138, 139, 146, 174, 187, 238, Europe, Western–Greece (Hellenic Republic–Elliniki Dimokratia– 301, 339, 360, 496 Hellas. Including Crete, Kríte, Kriti, or Creta, and Epirus or Epeiros). 187, 194, 382, 477 Europe, Eastern–Romania (Including Moldavia and Bessarabia until 1940-44). 48, 120, 138, 140, 146, 187, 360, 422, 451 Europe, Western–Iceland (Lydhveldidh or Lyoveldio Island). 496

Europe, Eastern–Russia (Russian Federation; Formerly Russian Europe, Western–Introduction of Soy Products to. Earliest SFSR, a Soviet Republic from 1917 to Dec. 1991). 48, 57, 113, document seen concerning soybean products in a certain western 118, 119, 123, 130, 138, 151, 200, 632 European country. Soybeans as such have not yet been reported in this country. 187 Europe, Eastern–Serbia and Montenegro (Named Yugoslavia before 13 March 2002). Composed of Serbia and Montenegro Europe, Western–Introduction of Soy Products to. This document (Plus Autonomous Provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo) since 17 contains the earliest date seen for soybean products in a certain April 1992. 57 Western European country. Soybeans as such had not yet been reported by that date in this country. 187 Europe, Eastern–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 48 Europe, Western–Introduction of Soybeans to or Dissemination of Soybeans from. Other or general information and leads concerning Europe, Eastern–USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or Western Europe. 146 Soviet Union; called Russia before 1917. Ceased to exist in Dec. 1991). 48, 53, 57, 113, 118, 119, 120, 123, 130, 138, 139, 140, Europe, Western–Ireland, Republic of (Éire; Also Called Irish 146, 148, 151, 174, 192, 200, 309, 451, 502, 632 Republic). 48, 57, 496

Europe, Eastern–Ukraine (Ukrayina; Formerly Ukranian SSR, a Europe, Western–Italy (Repubblica Italiana). 37, 44, 45, 48, 53, Soviet Republic from 1917 to Dec. 1991). 118, 138 57, 118, 119, 120, 138, 139, 140, 146, 148, 167, 179, 185, 187, 213, 238, 299, 301, 339, 347, 409, 496, 545, 554, 567, 584, 607 Europe, Eastern–Yugoslavia. Composed of Serbia and Montenegro from 17 April 1992 to 13 March 2002. From 1918- Europe, Western–Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of (Occasionally 1991 included the 6 Republics of Serbia / Servia, Croatia, Bosnia spelled Luxemburg). 48, 57, 187 and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Montenegro. Included Carnaro, Fiume / Rijeka / Rieka 1947-1992; Formerly Europe, Western–Malta. 247, 477 Also Spelled Jugoslavia. See also Serbia and Montenegro. 48, 57, 138, 139, 148, 187, 299, 301, 339, 360, 388, 409, 426, 451, 496 Europe, Western–Netherlands, Kingdom of the (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden), Including Holland. 44, 48, 53, 57, 113, 114, 118,

120, 136, 138, 139, 140, 148, 168, 174, 187, 213, 238, 343, 345, Faba bean or fava bean. See Broad Bean (Vicia faba) 352, 397, 552, 590, 617, 625, 632 Family history. See Genealogy and Family History Europe, Western–Norway, Kingdom of (Kongeriket Norge). 48, 57, 118, 128, 138, 148, 174, 485, 496 Farm (The) (Lanark, ONT, Canada). See Plenty Canada

Europe, Western–Portugal (República Portuguesa; Including Farm (The) (Summertown, Tennessee). See also Soyfoods Macao / Macau {Until 1999} and the Azores). 48, 57, 139, 185, Companies (USA)–Farm Food Co. 274, 284, 350, 364, 366, 386, 194, 203, 213, 247, 301, 339, 362, 374, 388, 409, 426, 496 399, 403, 411, 597

Europe, Western–Scotland (Part of United Kingdom). 213, 343, Farm Food Co. (San Rafael, then San Francisco, California), Farm 477 Foods, and Farm Soy Dairy (Summertown, Tennessee). Div. of Hain Food Group (Uniondale, New York). Merged with Barricini Europe, Western–Spain, Kingdom of (Reino de España). 45, 120, Foods on 31 May 1985. Acquired by 21st Century Foods from 139, 140, 179, 187, 194, 213, 272, 299, 301, 339, 343, 496, 594 Barracini Foods in mid-1993. 350, 403, 411

Europe, Western–Sweden, Kingdom of (Konungariket Sverige). Feeds–Soybeans, soybean forage, or soy products fed to various 44, 48, 53, 57, 118, 138, 139, 148, 174, 213, 471, 472, 473, 485, types of animals. See The type of animal–chickens, pigs, cows, 496, 552 horses, etc.

Europe, Western–Switzerland (Swiss Confederation). 53, 120, Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Hay (Whole Dried Soybean 146, 187, 213, 270, 312, 496 Plants, Foliage and Immature Seed Included). 36, 53, 66, 80

Europe, Western–United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Pasture, Grazing or Ireland (UK–Including England, Scotland, Wales, Channel Foraging. 53, 80, 85, 104, 120, 130 Islands, Isle of Man, Gibraltar). 2, 3, 4, 8, 19, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 103, 111, 113, 114, Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Pastures & Grazing–Hogging 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 138, 139, 140, 146, 148, 174, 179, 187, Down / Off, Pasturing Down, Grazing Down, Lambing Down / 201, 213, 270, 286, 343, 395, 422, 477, 480, 485, 496, 504 Off, and Sheeping-Down / Off. 8, 53, 80

Europe, Western. 37, 44, 80, 98, 107, 166, 179, 266, 284, 309, Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Silage / Ensilage Made in a 440, 472 Silo. 8, 36, 53, 76, 80, 85, 97, 104, 120, 130

Evans Seed Co. (West Branch, Ogemaw County, Michigan) and Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Soilage and Soiling (Green Mr. Edward Ellsworth Evans (1864-1928). 8 Crops Cut for Feeding Confined Animals). 53, 80, 85

Expellers. See Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Screw Presses and Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Straw (Stems of Whole Expellers Dried Soybean Plants). Also Fertilizing Value, Other Uses, Yields, and Chemical Composition. 80, 85, 141 Experiment Stations, Office of. See United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Office of Experiment Stations Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants or Full-Fat Seeds (Including Forage, Fodder {Green Plants}, or Ground Seeds). 24, 47, 48, 51, Experiment stations (state) in USA. See Agricultural Experiment 52, 55, 109, 111, 119, 134, 140, 151, 167, 305, 484, 501 Stations in the United States Feeds Made from Soybean Meal (Defatted). 45, 85, 90, 97, 117, Explosives Made from Glycerine–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a 186, 205, 220, 237, 251, 253, 254, 269, 294, 297, 369, 384, 397, Non-Drying Oil. 46 470

Exports. See Trade of Soybeans, Oil & Meal, or see Individual Feeds, Other Types (Okara, Calf Milk Replacers, Soybean Hulls, Soyfoods Exported etc.). 258

Extruders and Extrusion Cooking, Low Cost–General and Other, Fermented Specialty Soyfoods–Soy Wine, Cantonese Wine Starter Including Brady Crop Cooker, Thriposha, etc. 268, 531 (Kiu-Tsee / Tsée), Soy Fermentation Pellicle or Bean Ferment (Tou Huang), Meitauza (Mei-Tou-Cha), Soyidli, Dosa / Dosai, Extruders and Extrusion Cooking, Low Cost–Including Triple “F” Dhokla, and Soy Ogi. 284, 309 Inc., Insta-Pro, and Soy Innovations International. 460, 470 Fermented black beans (dow see). See Soy Nuggets Extruders and Extrusion Cooking. See also: Low Cost Extrusion Cookers (LECs). 553 Fermented tofu. See Tofu, Fermented

Fermented whole soybeans. See Natto, Dawa-dawa, Kinema, Fodder, soybean. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants or Full- Thua-nao Fat Seeds

Ferruzzi-Montedison (Italy). Purchased Central Soya Co. (USA) Food and Drug Administration (FDA, U.S. Dept. of Health and in Oct. 1987. European crushing operations renamed Cereol on 1 Human Services). 107, 312 Jan. 1990. Cereol acquired by Bunge in April 2003. 238, 616, 617, 618 Food uses of soybeans, breeding for. See Variety Development, Breeding, Selection, Evaluation, Growing, or Handling of Fertilizer, soybean meal used as. See Soybean Meal / Cake, Fiber Soybeans for Food Uses (as from Okara), or Shoyu Presscake as a Fertilizer or Manure for the Soil Foodservice and Institutional Feeding or Catering, Including Quantity or Bulk Recipes. 237, 477, 507, 570, 594 Fertilizers / Fertilizer, Fertilization, Plant Nutrition, Mineral Needs, and Nutritional / Physiological Disorders of Soybeans Foodservice and institutional feeding or catering. See School (Including Chlorosis). 184, 198, 201, 244, 250, 278, 311, 459, 558 Lunch Program

Fiber–Okara or Soy Pulp–Etymology of This Term and Its Forage, soybean. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants, Feeds / Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 516 Forage from Soybean Plants or Full-Fat Seeds

Fiber–Okara or Soy Pulp, Used as an Ingredient in Commercial Ford, Henry (1863-1947), and His Researchers–Work with Soy– Soyfood Products. 392, 408, 447, 449, 494, 570 Robert Boyer, Frank Calvert, William Atkinson, Edsel Ruddiman, Bob Smith, Holton W. “Rex” Diamond, and Jan Willemse. 115, Fiber–Okara or Soy Pulp, from Making Soymilk or Tofu–Value 126, 129, 155 Added Uses (Not Including Livestock Feeds) and Solutions to Disposal Problems. 570, 593 Foreign Agricultural Service of USDA. See United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Foreign Agricultural Service Fiber–Okara or Soy Pulp, from Making Soymilk or Tofu. 53, 80, (FAS) 281, 284, 290, 309, 385, 401, 419, 427, 437, 492, 507, 516, 551, 570, 576, 593, 613 France. See Europe, Western–France

Fiber, Soy–Bran (Pulverized Soybean Hulls / Seed Coats) and Frankfurters, hot dogs, or wieners–meatless. See Meat Other Uses of Soybean Hulls. 53, 237, 576 Alternatives–Meatless Sausages

Fiber, Soy–Bran–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790; American Statesman and Relatives in Various Languages. 53 Philosopher), Charles Thomson, and the American Philosophical Society (APS–Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). 200 Fibers (Artificial Wool or Textiles Made from Spun Soy Protein Fibers, Including Azlon and Soylon)–Industrial Uses of Soy French Polynesia. See Oceania Proteins. 120 Frozen desserts, non-dairy. See Soy Ice Cream Fiji. See Oceania–Fiji Frozen tofu. See Tofu, Frozen or Dried-Frozen Fish or Crustaceans (e.g., Shrimp) Fed Soybean Meal or Oil as Feed Using Aquaculture or Mariculture. 325 Funk Brothers Seed Co. (Bloomington, Illinois). Founded in 1901 by Eugene D. Funk, Sr. (1867-1944). Started selling soybeans in Flatulence or Intestinal Gas–Caused by Complex Sugars (As the 1903. Started Crushing Soybeans in 1924. Renamed Funk Seeds Oligosaccharides Raffinose and Stachyose in Soybeans), by Fiber, International by 1983. 140 or by Lactose in Milk. 555 Galaxy Nutritional Foods, Inc. and its Soyco Foods Div. (Orlando, Flavor Problems and Ways of Solving Them (Especially Beany Florida). 601 Off-Flavors in Soy Oil, Soymilk, Tofu, Whole Dry Soybeans, or Soy Protein Products, and Ways of Masking or Eliminating Ganmodoki. See Tofu, Fried Them). 391, 553, 555, 557 Gardner, Henry A. See Paint Manufacturers’ Association of the Flax plant or flaxseed. See Linseed Oil, Linseed Cake / Meal, or U.S. the Flax / Flaxseed Plant Gas, intestinal. See Flatulence or Intestinal Gas Flour, soy. See Soy Flour Geese, Ducks, Pheasants, and Other Poultry Fed Soybeans, Soybean Forage, or Soybean Cake or Meal as Feed. 8

Great Eastern Sun and Macrobiotic Wholesale Co. (North Gene banks. See Germplasm Collections and Gene Banks Carolina). 496

Genealogy and Family History. See Also: Obituaries, Biographies. Green Manure, Use of Soybeans as, by Plowing / Turning In / 53, 136, 181, 285, 382, 444, 525, 583, 632 Under a Crop of Immature / Green Soybean Plants for Soil Improvement. 36, 49, 52, 53, 58, 65, 66, 70, 71, 89, 111, 119, 123, General Mills, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minneapolis). 281, 285 184, 185

Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology, and Transgenic Plants. 572, Green Vegetable Soybeans–Edamamé (Japanese-Style, In the 582, 625 Pods), Usually Grown Using Vegetable-Type Soybeans. 284, 599, 610 Genetics, soybean. See Breeding of Soybeans and Classical Genetics Green Vegetable Soybeans–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 36, 42, 47, 85 Georgeson, Charles Christian (1851-1931) of Kansas and Alaska. 8 Green Vegetable Soybeans–Horticulture–How to Grow as a Garden Vegetable or Commercially. 53 Germany. See Europe, Western–Germany Green Vegetable Soybeans–Large-Seeded Vegetable-Type or Germination / viability of seeds. See Seed Germination or Edible Soybeans, General Information About, Not Including Use Viability–Not Including Soy Sprouts As Green Vegetable Soybeans. 322, 505

Germplasm Collections and Gene Banks. 456, 498, 505, 610 Green Vegetable Soybeans–Leaves of the Soybean Plant Used as Food or Medicine. Called Huo in Chinese. 261 Glidden Co. (The) (Chicago, Illinois, and Cleveland, Ohio). See also: Julian, Percy. 168, 397 Green Vegetable Soybeans–Vegetable-Type, Garden-Type, or Edible of Food-Grade Soybeans, General Information About, Gluten. See Wheat Gluten Including Use As Green Vegetable Soybeans. 140, 610

Glycerine, explosives made from. See Explosives Made from Green Vegetable Soybeans, Usually Grown Using Vegetable-Type Glycerine Soybeans. 36, 42, 45, 47, 52, 64, 66, 74, 77, 79, 80, 85, 104, 119, 120, 127, 128, 130, 140, 149, 191, 246, 284, 309, 536, 559, 578, Glycine javanica or Glycine wightii. See Neonotonia wightii 592, 599, 610

Glycine soja. See Wild Annual Soybean Green soybeans. See Soybean Seeds–Green

Glycine species, wild perennial. See Wild, Perennial Relatives of Groundnuts. See Peanuts the Soybean Growth regulators / substances -. See Soybean–Growth Regulators Goitrogens / Goitrogenic Substances (Which Can Affect Thyroid / Substances Function and Cause Goiter). 181 Guam. See Oceania–Guam Golbitz, Peter. See Soyatech (Bar Harbor, Maine) Haberlandt soybean variety. See Soybean Varieties USA– Government policies and programs effecting soybeans. See Haberlandt Policies and programs Haberlandt, Friedrich J. (1826-1878, Hochschule fuer Grain Processing Corporation (GPC–Muscatine, Iowa). 400 Bodenculture, Vienna, Austria). 53, 118

Granose Foods Ltd. (Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire [Bucks.], Hain Celestial Group, Inc. (Uniondale, New York). Hain Food England). Acquired by Haldane Foods Group in Jan. 1991. 477, Group, Inc. before 30 May 2000. Hain Pure Food Co. since Nov. 485 1931. Founded in Oct. 1926 by Harold Hain as Hain Health Foods. 618 Granum. See Natural Foods Distributors and Master Distributors in the USA–Janus Haldane Foods Group Ltd. (Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, England). Including Regular Tofu Co., Realeat Foods, Direct Grazing green soybean plants. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean Foods, Haldane Foods, Vegetarian Feasts, Vegetarian Cuisine, Plants–Pasture, Grazing or Foraging Genice, Unisoy, and Granose Foods Ltd. Acquired by The Hain Celestial Group in fall 2006. 477, 485

Hamanatto. See Soy Nuggets Historical–Earliest Document Seen on a Particular Subject. 8, 48, 179, 238, 335, 343, 364 Harvesting and Threshing Soybeans (Including Use of Chemical Defoliation and Defoliants to Facilitate Harvesting). 36, 53, 97, Historical–Earliest Document Seen on a Particular Subject. 7, 37, 109, 459, 516 47

Hawaii. See United States–States–Hawaii Historically Important Events, Trends, or Publications. 36, 271, 485, 523, 618 Hay, soybean. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Hay History. See also Historical–Earliest..., Biography, and Obituaries. Healing arts, alternative. See Medicine–Alternative 14, 36, 44, 47, 53, 55, 70, 95, 97, 102, 107, 109, 114, 120, 123, 127, 140, 151, 174, 180, 181, 188, 189, 191, 201, 204, 208, 252, Health Foods Movement and Industry in the United States– 272, 285, 332, 334, 353, 357, 389, 397, 403, 411, 451, 459, 461, General (Started in the 1890s by Seventh-day Adventists). 485 466, 471, 477, 480, 496, 507, 529, 530, 536, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 564, 570, 575, 580, 593, 597, 604, 606, 612, 618, 626, 630, Health foods distributors and wholesalers. See Balanced Foods, 631, 632 Inc. (New York City, and New Jersey) Hogging down soybeans. See Forage from Soybean Plants– Heart disease and diet. See Cardiovascular Disease, Especially Hogging Down Heart Disease and Stroke Holland. See Europe, Western–Netherlands Hemp Oil or Hempseed Oil (from the seeds of Cannabis sativa). 48 Home Economics, Bureau of. See United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Hemp (Cannabis sativa)–Used as a Source of Fiber for Textiles or Economics Paper, Protein (Edestin), or Seeds (Asanomi). Includes Marijuana / Marihuana. See Also Hemp Oil or Hempseed Oil. Does NOT Hong Kong. See Asia, East–Hong Kong include Wild Hemp (Sesbania macrocarpa) or Sunn Hemp (Crotolaria juncea) or Manila hemp (Musa textilis, a species of Horse bean. See Broad Bean (Vicia faba) plantain). 48 Horses, Mules, Donkeys or Asses Fed Soybeans, Soybean Forage, Herbicides. See Weeds–Control and Herbicide Use or Soybean Cake or Meal as Feed. 8

Historical–Documents on Soybeans or Soyfoods Published Before Horvath, Artemy / Arthemy Alexis (1886-1950s?). 98, 101 1900. 1, 2, 3, 4 Hulls, soybean, uses. See Fiber, Soy Historical–Documents on Soybeans or Soyfoods Published from 1900 to 1923. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, Human Nutrition–Clinical Trials. 53, 218 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, Hunger, Malnutrition, Famine, Food Shortages, and Mortality 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 Worldwide. 166, 172, 187, 189, 201, 504, 627

Historical–Earliest Commercial Product Seen of a Particular Type Hyacinth Bean. Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet; formerly Dolichos or Made in a Particular Geographic Area. 84, 320, 326, 327, 331, lablab. Also Called Bonavist Bean, Egyptian Kidney Bean, 354, 367, 392, 465, 490, 515, 541 Egyptian Lentil. In South and Southeast Asia Called Lablab Bean. Chinese–Biandou (W.-G. Pien Tou). 314 Historical–Earliest Document Seen Containing a Particular Word, Term, or Phrase. 8, 53, 57, 219, 253, 364, 385, 507 Hydrogenated Products (Margarine, Shortening, Soy Oil) Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Geographical Historical–Earliest Document Seen That Mentions a Particular Region. 44, 107, 126, 174 Soybean Variety. 8, 10, 29, 300, 333, 498 Hydrogenation. See Margarine, Margarine, Shortening, Trans Historical–Earliest Document Seen of a Particular Type. 419 Fatty Acids, Vanaspati

Historical–Earliest Document Seen on a Particular Geographical Ice cream, soy. See Soy Ice Cream Area–a Nation / Country, U.S. State, Canadian Province, or Continent. 5, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 49, 55, IITA (Nigeria). See International Institute of Tropical Agriculture 61, 70, 76, 77, 89, 111, 112, 113, 120, 123, 138, 160, 166, 187, (IITA) (Ibadan, Nigeria) 194, 200, 203, 224, 232, 236, 247, 252, 299, 301, 317, 374

Illinois, University of (Urbana-Champaign, Illinois). Soyfoods Research & Development. 225, 231, 342, 599 Industrial uses of soy proteins (including soy flour). See Adhesives or Glues for Plywood, Other Woods, Wallpaper, or Illinois. See United States–States–Illinois Building Materials

Illumination or Lighting by Burning Soy Oil in Wicked Oil Lamps Industrial uses of soy proteins. See Fibers (Artificial Wool or Like Kerosene–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Non-Drying Oil. Textiles Made from Spun Soy Protein Fibers, Including Azlon and 109 Soylon), Plastics (Including Molded Plastic Parts, Plastic Film, Disposable Eating Utensils and Tableware–From Spoons to Plates, Illustrations Published after 1923. See also Photographs. 143, 168, and Packaging Materials) 276, 345, 419, 488, 518, 528 Industrial uses of soybeans. See Chemurgy, the Farm Chemurgic Imagine Foods, Inc. (Palo Alto & San Carlos, California). Rice Movement, and the Farm Chemurgic Council (USA, 1930s to Dream / Beverage Manufactured by California Natural Products 1950s) Including, Lecithin, Soy–Industrial Uses, Soybean Meal / (CNP, Manteca, California). 618 Cake, Fiber (as from Okara), or Shoyu Presscake as a Fertilizer or Manure for the Soil Implements, agricultural. See Machinery (Agricultural), Implements, Equipment and Mechanization Industry and Market Analyses and Statistics–Market Studies. 44, 48, 57 Important Documents #1–The Very Most Important. 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 34, 37, 44, 47, 48, 49, Infant Foods and Infant Feeding, Soy-based. See Also Infant 53, 55, 61, 67, 70, 76, 77, 89, 90, 111, 112, 113, 114, 119, 120, Formulas, Soy-based. 171, 218, 284 121, 123, 138, 139, 146, 160, 166, 179, 187, 188, 194, 200, 201, 203, 204, 215, 219, 224, 232, 236, 238, 247, 252, 262, 272, 293, Infinity Food Co. Renamed Infinity Company by 1973 (New York 299, 301, 317, 333, 335, 343, 362, 364, 374, 396, 444, 459, 461, City, New York). 213 480, 498, 501, 618 Information, computerized. See Computerized Databases and Important Documents #2–The Next Most Important. 24, 27, 48, Information Services, and Websites, Websites or Information on 57, 107, 141, 147, 185, 189, 343, 353, 385, 438, 451, 482, 505, the World Wide Web or Internet 507, 582 Information. See Reference Books and Other Reference Resources Imports. See Trade of Soybeans, Oil & Meal, or see Individual Soyfoods Imported Ink for Printing–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil. 46, 109, 126 India. See Asia, South–India Inoculum / inocula of nitrogen fixing bacteria for soybeans. See Indiana. See United States–States–Indiana Nitrogen Fixing Cultures

Indonesia. See Asia, Southeast–Indonesia Insects–Pest Control. See also: Integrated Pest Management. 5, 28, 53, 67, 89, 90, 105, 108, 120, 140, 150, 208, 216, 219, 228, Indonesian-style soy sauce. See Soy Sauce, Indonesian Style or 259, 276, 328, 346, 459, 461, 503, 516, 526, 559 from the Dutch East Indies (Kecap, Kécap, Kechap, Ketjap, Kétjap) Ketchup / Catsup INTSOY–International Soybean Program (Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois). Founded July 1973. 225, 228, 230, 231, 232, Indonesians Overseas, Especially Work with Soya. 113 234, 252, 272, 276, 282, 298, 299, 301, 310, 312, 318, 323, 336, 337, 338, 339, 362, 363, 374, 375, 388, 409, 426, 434, 438, 451, Industrial Uses of Soy Proteins–General and Minor Uses–Galalith, 459, 470, 475, 531, 575 Sojalith, Cosmetics (Lotions and Soaps), Rubber Substitutes, Insecticides, etc. 74, 79, 109, 129, 186 Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales (IRAT–Tropical Institute of Agronomic Research). 299, 347, 379, 459 Industrial Uses of Soybeans (General Non-Food, Non-Feed). 117, 127, 129 Institutional feeding. See Foodservice and Institutional Feeding or Catering Industrial uses of soy oil as a drying oil. See Ink for Printing, Paints, Varnishes, Enamels, Lacquers, and Other Protective / Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Biological Control. 108, Decorative Coatings, Rubber Substitutes or Artificial / Synthetic 502 Rubber (Factice) Intercropping–use of soybeans in. See Cropping Systems: Industrial uses of soy oil as a non-drying oil. See Lubricants, Intercropping, Interplanting, or Mixed Cropping Lubricating Agents, and Axle Grease for Carts

International Institute of Agriculture (IIA) (Rome). 48, 57, 111, 112, 113, 114, 119, 120, 121 Janus Natural Foods (Seattle, Washington). And Granum. 496

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) (Ibadan, Japan. See Asia, East–Japan Nigeria). 246, 379, 438, 451, 459, 470, 544, 593 Japanese Overseas, Especially Work with Soya. 122, 262, 480, International Nutrition Laboratory. See Miller, Harry W. (M.D.) 496, 604 (1879-1977) Japanese Soybean Types and Varieties–Early, with Names. 32, 50, International soybean programs. See Asian Vegetable R&D Center 53, 140 (AVRDC, Taiwan), INTSOY–International Soybean Program (Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois), International Institute of Jerky, tofu. See Tofu, Flavored / Seasoned and Baked, Broiled, Agriculture (IIA) (Rome), International Institute of Tropical Grilled, Braised or Roasted Agriculture (IITA) (Ibadan, Nigeria), United Nations (Including UNICEF, FAO, UNDP, UNESCO, and UNRRA) Work with Soy, Jiang–Chinese-Style Fermented Soybean Paste (Soybean Jiang Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales (IRAT–Tropical {doujiang} or Chiang [Wade-Giles]). Includes Tuong from Institute of Agronomic Indochina. 45, 120

Internet. See Websites or Information on the World Wide Web Job’s Tears (Coix lachryma-jobi; formerly Coix lacryma). Called Hatomugi or Hato Mugi in Japanese, and Adlay in South Asia. Introduction of Soybeans (as to a Nation, State, or Region, with Sometimes mistakenly called “Pearl Barley” (Since it is unrelated P.I. Numbers for the USA) and Selection. 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, to Barley). 51 16, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 42, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 61, 62, 63, 68, 69, 73, 86, 89, 92, 93, 96, 100, 110, Johnson Family of Stryker, Williams County, Ohio. Including (1) 111, 112, 113, 114, 119, 120, 121, 123, 132, 133, 144, 160, 188, Edward Franklin “E.F. Soybean” Johnson (1889-1961) of Johnson 201, 204, 208, 252, 272, 299, 301, 362, 374, 444, 498 Seed Farms (Stryker, Ohio) and Ralston Purina Company (Missouri); (2) Elmer Solomon Johnson (1879-1920); (3) Perhaps Introduction of foreign plants to the USA. See United States E.C. Johnson and Hon. Solomon Johnson (1850-1918). 40, 132 Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Section of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction Kaempfer, Engelbert (1651-1716)–German physician and traveler. 53, 200 Iodine number. See Soy Oil Constants–Iodine Number Kecap, Kechap, Ketjap, Ketchup. See Soy Sauce, Indonesian Style Iowa State University / College (Ames, Iowa), and Univ. of Iowa or from the Dutch East Indies (Kecap, Kécap, Kechap, Ketjap, (Iowa City). 599 Kétjap)

Iowa. See United States–States–Iowa Kefir, soy. See Soymilk, Fermented–Kefir

IRAT. See Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales (IRAT) Kellogg, John Harvey (M.D.), Sanitas Nut Food Co. and Battle Creek Food Co. (Battle Creek, Michigan). Battle Creek Foods Iron Availability, Absorption, and Content of Soybean Foods and Was Acquired by Worthington Foods in 1960. 332, 334 Feeds. 218 Ketchup, Catchup, Catsup, Katchup, etc. Word Mentioned in Isoflavones in soybeans and soyfoods. See Estrogens, Incl. Document. 120, 284, 309 Genistein, Daidzein, etc. Kibun. See Soymilk Companies (Asia) Isolated soy proteins. See Soy Proteins–Isolates Kikkoman Corporation (Tokyo, Walworth, Wisconsin; and Israel. See Asia, Middle East–Israel and Judaism Worldwide). Incl. Noda Shoyu Co. and Kikkoman International Inc., and Kikkoman Shoyu Co. 343 Ito San soybean variety. See Soybean Varieties USA–Ito San Kinako. See Roasted Whole Soy Flour (Kinako–Dark Roasted, Itona (Wigan, Lancashire, England). Maker of Milk and Meat Full-Fat) Alternatives. 477 Kiribati. See Oceania Ivory Coast. See Africa–Côte d’Ivoire Kloss, Jethro. See Seventh-day Adventists–Cookbooks and Their Jack Beans. Canavalia ensiformis (L.) D.C. Also Called Sword Authors Beans and (Rarely) Horse Beans. Chinese–Daodou (pinyin); formerly Tao-tou (Wade-Giles). 24

Koji (Soybeans and / or Grains Fermented with a Mold, Especially Latin America–Caribbean–Cuba. 9, 10, 11, 30, 31, 37, 38, 40, 41, Aspergillus oryzae). 343, 556 42, 47, 48, 53, 56, 69, 71, 72, 73, 76, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 104, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, Korea. See Asia, East–Korea 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 143, 145, 146, 161, 165, 168, 169, 170, 176, 177, Koreans Overseas, Especially Work with Soya. 265 178, 182, 187, 190, 192, 198, 200, 206, 211, 222, 227, 233, 237, 244, 245, 249, 250, 251, 253, 256, 257, 258, 262, 267, 278, 285, Kosher / Kashrus, Pareve / Parve / Parevine–Regulations or Laws. 287, 293, 294, 296, 297, 305, 306, 336, 341, 348, 355, 356, 362, See also: Kosher Products (Commercial). 453 363, 370, 371, 375, 391, 394, 396, 404, 409, 413, 415, 428, 438, 443, 450, 456, 466, 467, 468, 469, 474, 479, 480, 481, 483, 484, Kraft Foods Inc. (Work with Soy). Including Anderson Clayton, 495, 497, 501, 502, 503, 506, 514, 520, 521, 524, 525, 526, 527, Boca Burger, and Balance Bar. 606 529, 530, 532, 533, 534, 535, 537, 538, 539, 540, 542, 543, 546, 547, 549, 550, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, Kudzu or Kuzu–Tropical Kudzu or Puero (Pueraria phaseoloides) 562, 563, 564, 566, 567, 568, 571, 575, 577, 580, 583, 585, 590, (Roxb.) Benth. Formerly Pueraria javanica. 167 591, 600, 602, 603, 605, 614, 615, 618, 619, 629, 630, 631, 632

Kudzu or Kuzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata. Formerly Pueraria Latin America–Caribbean–Dominica. 15, 20, 21, 123, 187, 203, lobata, Pueraria thunbergiana, Pachyrhizus thunbergianus, 212, 224, 247, 264, 345, 385, 386, 387, 389, 392, 398, 399, 401, Dolichos lobatus). For Rhodesian Kudzu Vine see Neonotonia 403, 404, 405, 406, 409, 411, 432, 433, 437, 447, 454, 486, 492, wightii. See also Tropical Kudzu or Puero (Pueraria 494, 507, 512, 516, 517, 522, 529, 551, 578, 586, 587, 595, 607 phaseoloides). 167, 604 Latin America–Caribbean–Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo Kushi, Michio and Aveline–Their Life and Work with or San Domingo before 1844). 76, 78, 81, 83, 112, 114, 120, 152, Macrobiotics, and Organizations They Founded or Inspired. 496, 182, 187, 194, 197, 203, 205, 212, 215, 224, 240, 241, 242, 243, 604 247, 248, 264, 272, 283, 284, 292, 293, 295, 301, 307, 309, 317, 339, 345, 349, 360, 369, 388, 402, 405, 418, 421, 426, 436, 438, Kuzu. See Kudzu or Kuzu (Pueraria...) 441, 452, 455, 476, 495, 499, 522, 528, 541, 565, 573, 580, 588, 620, 629 La Choy Food Products, Inc. Purchased in Sept. 1943 by Beatrice Creamery Co. 117 Latin America–Caribbean–French Overseas Departments– Guadeloupe, and Martinique (French West Indies). Guadeloupe Lablab purpureus or Lablab bean. See Hyacinth Bean (consisting of two large islands–Basse-Terre and Grande-Terre) administers 5 smaller dependencies–Marie-Galante, Les Saintes, Large-seeded soybeans. See Green Vegetable Soybeans–Large- La Désirade, St.-Barthélemy, and St. Martin (shared with Seeded Vegetable-Type or Edible Soybeans Netherlands Antilles). 77, 79, 109, 112, 114, 120, 121, 147, 187, 203, 221, 254, 255, 260, 273, 288, 289, 299, 368, 390, 422, 431, Latin America (General). 200, 238, 284, 293, 353, 356, 409, 440, 459, 490, 491, 507, 508, 509, 519 522 Latin America–Caribbean–Grenada. 26, 27, 123, 187, 203, 212, Latin America–Caribbean–Antigua and Barbuda (Including 224, 247, 345 Redonda). 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 23, 120, 121, 123, 212, 264, 352, 358, 366, 398, 404, 406, 426 Latin America–Caribbean–Haiti. 160, 182, 187, 203, 212, 215, 224, 238, 247, 248, 264, 283, 284, 292, 307, 309, 317, 345, 349, Latin America–Caribbean–Bahamas, Commonwealth of The (Also 350, 352, 358, 360, 365, 366, 367, 393, 406, 430, 438, 464, 495, Called The Bahamas, Bahama Islands, or Bahama). 123, 179, 182, 548, 578, 586, 609, 622, 627, 629 187, 236, 299, 301 Latin America–Caribbean–Introduction of Soybeans to or Latin America–Caribbean–Barbados. 7, 12, 14, 25, 28, 46, 89, 90, Dissemination of Soybeans from. Other or general information 120, 121, 220, 366, 438, 480, 492, 578, 582, 586, 587, 629 and leads concerning the Caribbean. 56, 474, 480

Latin America–Caribbean–Bermuda (A British Dependent Latin America–Caribbean–Introduction of Soybeans to. This Territory). 49, 52, 58, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 111, 114, 120, 123, 154, document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in a certain 155, 179, 395, 616, 617, 628 Caribbean country. 5, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 49, 55, 77, 89, 112, 121, 123, 160, 262, 501 Latin America–Caribbean–British Dependent Territories–Anguilla, Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Turks and Latin America–Caribbean–Introduction of Soybeans to. This Caicos Islands. See also: Bermuda. 23, 25, 120, 121, 123, 187, document contains the earliest date seen for the cultivation of 212 soybeans in a certain Caribbean country. 5, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 49, 55, 77, 89, 112, 121, 123, 160, 262, 444, 501

Latin America–Caribbean–Jamaica. 61, 101, 102, 105, 106, 120, Latin America–Caribbean–Saint Kitts and Nevis, Federation of. 121, 146, 162, 163, 167, 171, 172, 173, 182, 185, 187, 189, 203, 18, 123, 212, 264, 269, 444 209, 210, 212, 215, 216, 217, 218, 224, 229, 235, 247, 248, 264, 265, 268, 275, 280, 283, 284, 295, 299, 301, 307, 309, 317, 326, Latin America–Caribbean–Saint Lucia. 22, 123, 187, 212, 247, 327, 343, 345, 357, 358, 381, 383, 384, 387, 389, 398, 400, 402, 264, 349, 352, 358, 359, 366, 387, 389, 398, 401, 404, 405, 406, 404, 405, 406, 408, 411, 419, 426, 427, 433, 434, 437, 438, 446, 409, 410, 411, 419, 433, 439, 442, 454, 465, 507, 513, 516, 544, 448, 449, 454, 462, 470, 471, 472, 473, 477, 480, 486, 492, 504, 569, 578, 586, 587, 593, 594 510, 511, 512, 516, 551, 570, 575, 576, 578, 581, 586, 587, 589, 604, 607, 608, 629 Latin America–Caribbean–Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. 123, 212, 224, 247, 264, 352, 358, 366, 398, 406, 426, 486, 492, 512, Latin America–Caribbean–Lesser Antilles–Virgin Islands 515, 516, 578, 586, 587 (Including British Virgin Islands and Virgin Islands of the United States–St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas), Leeward Islands Latin America–Caribbean–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks– (Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda [Including Redonda], Dominica, Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 109, 248, 279, 298, 405, 436, Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Saint Kitts [formerly Saint Christopher] 539, 540, 567, 629 and Nevis), Windward Islands (Barbados, Grenada, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago), Latin America–Caribbean–Trinidad and Tobago. 25, 70, 75, 88, and Netherlands Dependencies (Including Aruba, Curaçao or 89, 91, 94, 103, 105, 108, 119, 120, 123, 137, 141, 144, 149, 150, Curacao, and Bonaire off Venezuela, and Saba, St. Eustatius, and 151, 159, 164, 175, 181, 188, 191, 195, 201, 204, 208, 209, 210, southern St. Martin / Maarten in the Lesser Antilles). Note– 216, 229, 239, 247, 248, 269, 272, 277, 279, 281, 284, 286, 290, Guadeloupe and Martinique and the five dependencies of 298, 299, 301, 309, 311, 321, 328, 332, 334, 336, 340, 343, 344, Guadeloupe, which are French Overseas Departments in the 354, 361, 372, 385, 396, 417, 420, 423, 424, 438, 457, 461, 470, Lesser Antilles, are also called the French West Indies, French 478, 480, 485, 487, 488, 493, 511, 522, 531, 575, 596, 607, 613, Antilles, or Antilles françaises. 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 626, 629 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 46, 48, 55, 57, 70, 74, 75, 77, 79, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 103, 105, 108, 109, 112, 114, 119, 120, 121, Latin America–Caribbean–Virgin Islands of the United States–St. 123, 137, 141, 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 159, 164, 175, 179, 181, Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix (Danish West Indies before Jan. 182, 187, 188, 191, 195, 201, 202, 203, 204, 208, 209, 210, 212, 1917). 28, 55, 148, 187, 202, 271, 331, 336, 351, 396, 425, 453, 216, 220, 221, 224, 229, 230, 239, 247, 248, 254, 255, 260, 264, 502, 612 269, 271, 272, 273, 277, 279, 281, 284, 286, 288, 289, 290, 298, 299, 301, 309, 311, 321, 328, 331, 332, 334, 336, 340, 343, 344, Latin America–Caribbean or West Indies (General). 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 345, 349, 351, 352, 354, 358, 359, 361, 366, 368, 372, 385, 386, 14, 44, 45, 95, 107, 166, 174, 182, 193, 196, 223, 231, 246, 266, 387, 389, 390, 392, 396, 398, 399, 401, 403, 404, 405, 406, 409, 316, 335, 353, 358, 359, 364, 366, 379, 382, 435, 440, 451, 460, 410, 411, 417, 419, 420, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 431, 432, 433, 463, 475, 482, 496, 511, 523, 545, 575, 580, 597, 610, 611, 624, 437, 438, 439, 442, 444, 447, 453, 454, 457, 459, 461, 465, 470, 625 478, 480, 485, 486, 487, 488, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 499, 502, 507, 508, 509, 511, 512, 513, 515, 516, 517, 519, 522, 528, 529, Latin America–Central America (General). 48, 57, 179, 285, 353, 531, 541, 544, 551, 565, 569, 573, 575, 578, 582, 586, 587, 588, 580 593, 594, 595, 596, 607, 612, 613, 626, 629 Latin America–Central America–Belize (British Honduras before Latin America–Caribbean–Netherlands Dependencies– about 1975). 48, 57, 120, 121, 187, 212, 224, 232, 247, 252, 264, Netherlands Antilles, and Aruba–Curaçao (Curacao), Bonaire, 275, 277, 283, 298, 299, 316, 374, 470, 486, 492, 512, 551 Saba, St. Eustatius, and St. Maarten (Shared with France as St.- Martin). Aruba was part of Netherlands Antilles until 1986. 57, Latin America–Central America–Canal Zone including the 182 Panama Canal (Opened 1914, Owned and Operated by the USA. Returned to Panama on 31 Dec. 1999). 187, 200 Latin America–Caribbean–Puerto Rico, Commonwealth of (A Self-Governing Part of the USA; Named Porto Rico until 1932). Latin America–Central America–Costa Rica. 112, 114, 120, 187, 5, 6, 9, 24, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 43, 50, 51, 54, 59, 60, 61, 200, 203, 212, 224, 232, 247, 248, 252, 264, 272, 283, 284, 292, 62, 63, 108, 110, 113, 114, 120, 130, 131, 134, 142, 146, 153, 156, 293, 298, 299, 307, 309, 314, 315, 317, 339, 345, 349, 353, 357, 157, 158, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 199, 207, 213, 214, 219, 374, 409, 426, 438, 485, 496, 500, 502, 522, 580, 584 225, 226, 228, 232, 234, 252, 259, 261, 263, 270, 271, 272, 274, 276, 282, 291, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 308, 310, 312, 313, 314, Latin America–Central America–El Salvador. 113, 114, 120, 146, 315, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 324, 325, 328, 329, 330, 333, 336, 167, 187, 194, 203, 212, 224, 247, 248, 264, 272, 283, 292, 293, 337, 338, 342, 346, 347, 362, 363, 373, 374, 376, 377, 378, 380, 295, 307, 317, 349, 409, 426, 438, 495, 512, 522, 580, 607 388, 396, 397, 407, 409, 412, 414, 416, 429, 445, 458, 489, 498, 500, 502, 505, 518, 536, 572, 574, 579, 584, 592, 598, 599, 601, Latin America–Central America–Guatemala. 112, 114, 120, 173, 606, 621, 623 187, 194, 200, 203, 212, 224, 232, 247, 248, 264, 283, 292, 293, 302, 307, 317, 339, 345, 349, 350, 353, 362, 364, 374, 382, 388,

389, 409, 411, 426, 427, 435, 438, 442, 454, 476, 492, 495, 502, Latin America–South America–Colombia. 87, 112, 114, 120, 139, 512, 516, 551, 578, 580, 586, 587, 590, 597, 610 179, 187, 194, 200, 203, 205, 224, 232, 247, 248, 252, 264, 272, 283, 284, 292, 293, 295, 299, 301, 302, 307, 309, 317, 328, 339, Latin America–Central America–Honduras. 187, 194, 203, 212, 353, 357, 360, 362, 374, 388, 409, 426, 438, 451, 500, 522 224, 247, 264, 283, 284, 292, 293, 299, 307, 309, 317, 339, 349, 409, 422, 426, 438, 575, 610 Latin America–South America–Ecuador (Including the Galapagos Islands. Formerly also called Equator, the English translation of Latin America–Central America–Introduction of Soybeans to or the Spanish “Ecuador”). 112, 114, 120, 179, 187, 203, 205, 212, Dissemination of Soybeans from. Other or general information 215, 224, 232, 247, 248, 252, 264, 268, 272, 283, 284, 292, 293, and leads concerning Central America. 112, 474 295, 299, 301, 307, 309, 317, 339, 347, 349, 353, 360, 362, 374, 388, 409, 426, 438 Latin America–Central America–Introduction of Soybeans to. This document contains the earliest date seen for the cultivation of Latin America–South America–French Guiana (A French Overseas soybeans in a certain Central American country. 113, 252 Department, Guyane or Guyane française, formerly occasionally called Cayenne). 48, 57, 299, 339, 362, 374, 388, 426, 459 Latin America–Central America–Mexico. 8, 44, 113, 114, 118, 120, 136, 138, 139, 140, 146, 182, 187, 200, 213, 232, 238, 248, Latin America–South America–Guyana (British Guiana before 252, 272, 284, 293, 295, 301, 309, 336, 343, 353, 357, 360, 362, 1966). 8, 19, 48, 53, 57, 91, 106, 113, 114, 120, 123, 146, 151, 374, 382, 388, 396, 400, 409, 422, 426, 438, 443, 451, 455, 476, 188, 203, 212, 224, 247, 248, 264, 269, 272, 277, 283, 284, 292, 485, 504, 518, 522, 553, 567, 580, 584, 585, 590, 607, 620, 630, 298, 299, 309, 340, 353, 492, 512 632 Latin America–South America–Introduction of Soy Products to. Latin America–Central America–Nicaragua. 167, 187, 224, 232, This document contains the earliest date seen for soybean products 247, 252, 264, 283, 292, 293, 298, 299, 301, 349, 388, 415, 438, in a certain South American country. Soybeans as such had not yet 495, 512, 522, 551 been reported by that date in this country. 187

Latin America–Central America–Panama. 32, 50, 173, 187, 203, Latin America–South America–Introduction of Soybeans to or 212, 215, 224, 247, 248, 264, 272, 283, 284, 292, 293, 299, 307, Dissemination of Soybeans from. Other or general information 309, 317, 347, 349, 356, 360, 374, 438, 474 and leads concerning South America. 119, 474

Latin America–Central America–Soybean Production, Area and Latin America–South America–Introduction of Soybeans to. Stocks–Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 298 Earliest document seen concerning soybeans in a certain South American country. 19, 70, 111, 112, 113 Latin America–South America (General). 48, 57, 202, 285, 293 Latin America–South America–Introduction of Soybeans to. Latin America–South America–Argentina (Argentine Republic). Earliest document seen concerning the cultivation of soybeans in a 48, 53, 57, 111, 114, 118, 120, 138, 139, 140, 146, 167, 187, 190, certain South American country. 19, 89, 111, 112, 113 200, 284, 293, 299, 301, 309, 339, 353, 357, 360, 362, 374, 409, 426, 438, 440, 461, 475, 522, 539, 572, 584, 602 Latin America–South America–Introduction of Soybeans to. This document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in a certain Latin America–South America–Bolivia. 187, 194, 203, 212, 224, South American country. 19, 89, 111, 112, 113, 121, 123, 146, 247, 264, 272, 283, 284, 292, 293, 299, 301, 307, 309, 317, 339, 200, 461 349, 353, 362, 374, 409, 422, 438, 512, 607 Latin America–South America–Introduction of Soybeans to. This Latin America–South America–Brazil–Soybean Production, Area document contains the earliest date seen for the cultivation of and Stocks–Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 214 soybeans in a certain South American country. 19, 89, 111, 112, 113, 121, 123, 146, 200, 461 Latin America–South America–Brazil, Federative Republic of. 48, 57, 111, 112, 113, 114, 120, 138, 139, 172, 185, 187, 192, 195, Latin America–South America–Paraguay. 167, 187, 203, 212, 224, 197, 200, 203, 207, 212, 213, 214, 215, 224, 247, 264, 283, 284, 247, 264, 284, 292, 301, 309, 317, 339, 349, 353, 362, 374, 388, 292, 293, 295, 299, 301, 302, 307, 309, 328, 339, 344, 353, 357, 409, 426, 428, 438, 461, 495 360, 374, 375, 409, 422, 426, 428, 438, 440, 443, 451, 461, 475, 485, 500, 501, 502, 522, 529, 553, 556, 559, 563 Latin America–South America–Peru. 113, 114, 119, 120, 146, 179, 187, 194, 200, 203, 205, 212, 215, 224, 232, 247, 252, 264, 283, Latin America–South America–Chile (Including Easter Island). 284, 286, 292, 293, 295, 299, 301, 307, 309, 310, 317, 339, 349, 86, 111, 114, 120, 121, 138, 148, 172, 179, 187, 203, 205, 212, 353, 360, 362, 374, 382, 409, 422, 438, 474, 522 224, 238, 247, 264, 283, 284, 292, 293, 295, 299, 301, 307, 309, 317, 339, 349, 353, 362, 374, 388, 409, 443, 485, 495, 522, 572, Latin America–South America–Soybean Production, Area and 584 Stocks–Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. See also Argentina and Brazil. 148, 205, 461

Latin America–South America–Suriname (Also Surinam before Lea & Perrins. See Worcestershire Sauce 1978; Dutch Guiana before 1975). 113, 114, 120, 187, 224, 298, 302, 353, 374, 502

Latin America–South America–Uruguay, Oriental Republic of. 92, Leaf Proteins and Leaf Protein Concentrate (LPC) As Alternative 113, 114, 120, 139, 167, 187, 203, 212, 224, 247, 264, 284, 293, Protein Sources. 268 301, 309, 347, 353, 357, 374, 388, 438 Leaves of the soybean plant used as food. See Green Vegetable Latin America–South America–Venezuela. 70, 75, 88, 89, 90, 113, Soybeans–Leaves of the Soybean Plant Used as Food or Medicine 123, 149, 160, 164, 187, 191, 194, 205, 248, 272, 284, 293, 295, 299, 309, 339, 347, 353, 360, 409, 422, 426, 438, 502, 522 Lecithin, Soy–Industrial Uses. 109

Latin America, Caribbean–Introduction of Soy Products to. Lecithin, Soy. 53, 120, 129, 168, 186, 313, 367, 397, 576, 618 Earliest document seen concerning soybean products in a certain Caribbean country. Soybeans as such have not yet been reported Lens culinaris or L. esculenta. See Lentils in this country. 76, 182 Lentils. Lens culinaris. Formerly: Lens esculenta and Ervum lens. Latin America, Caribbean–Introduction of Soy Products to. This 8, 340 document contains the earliest date seen for soybean products in a certain Caribbean country. Soybeans as such had not yet been Lever Brothers Co. See Unilever Corp. reported by that date in this country. 76 Leviton, Richard. See Soyfoods Association of North America Latin America, Caribbean–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest (SANA) document seen concerning soybeans in a certain Caribbean country. 5, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 22, 23, 25, 26, 49, 55, 61, 77, 89, Li Yu-ying (Li Yü-ying; Also called Li Shih-tseng; Chinese 112, 123, 160 Soyfoods Pioneer in France; born 1881 in Peking) and Usine de la Caséo-Sojaïne (Les Valées, Colombes (near Asnières), a few miles Latin America, Caribbean–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest northwest of Paris, and China). 53, 74, 79, 120 document seen concerning soybeans or soyfoods in connection with (but not yet in) a certain Caribbean country. 1, 7 Libraries. See National Agricultural Library (NAL, Beltsville, Maryland) Latin America, Caribbean–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest document seen concerning the cultivation of soybeans in a certain Lighting by burning soy oil. See Illumination or Lighting by Caribbean country. 5, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 22, 23, 25, 26, 49, 55, 61, Burning Soy Oil in Wicked Oil Lamps Like Kerosene 77, 89, 112, 123, 160 Lima Beans or Limas. Phaseolus limensis. Formerly: Phaseolus Latin America, Central America–Introduction of Soy Products to. lunatus. Also called Butter Beans. 54, 157, 610 Earliest document seen concerning soybean products in a certain Central American country. Soybeans as such have not yet been Lima N.V. / Lima Foods (Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium; and reported in this country. 187 Mezin, France). Owns Jonathan P.V.B.A. Owned by Euronature of Paris, France, since 1989. 496 Latin America, Central America–Introduction of Soy Products to. This document contains the earliest date seen for soybean products Linoleum, Floor Coverings, Oilcloth, and Waterproof Goods– in a certain Central American country. Soybeans as such had not Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil. 46, 109, 117, 120 yet been reported by that date in this country. 187 Linseed Oil, Linseed Cake / Meal, or the Flax / Flaxseed Plant Latin America, Central America–Introduction of Soybeans to. (Linum usitatissimum L.). 48, 57, 109, 148, 335 Earliest document seen concerning soybeans in a certain Central American country. 112, 113, 120 Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Soybeans (Seeds or Plant), or Soybean Products (Including Soy Oil). 38, 40, 89, 111 Latin America, Central America–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest document seen concerning the cultivation of soybeans in a Lipolytic enzymes in the soybean. See Enzymes in the Soybean– certain Central American country. 112, 113, 120 Lipoxygenase and Its Inactivation

Latin America, Central America–Introduction of Soybeans to. This Lipoxygenase. See Enzymes in the Soybean–Lipoxygenase and Its document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in a certain Inactivation Central American country. 113 Lists and Descriptions (Official and / or Extensive) of Early U.S. Lauhoff Grain Co. See Bunge Corp. (White Plains, New York) Soybean Varieties with Their P.I. Numbers and Synonyms. 53,

140, 498, 505 Margarine Made with Soy Oil. 44, 186 Llama Toucan & Crow. See Stow Mills, Inc. Margarine. 53, 109, 117, 120, 126, 174, 540 Loma Linda Foods (Riverside, California). Named La Loma Foods from Feb. 1989 to Jan. 1990. Acquired by Worthington Market statistics. See the specific product concerned, e.g. Tofu Foods in Jan. 1990. 181, 327, 485 Industry and Market Statistics

Los Angeles–City and County–Work with Soyfoods, Natural / Market studies. See Industry and Market Analyses Health Foods, and / or Vegetarianism. 166, 187, 213, 285 Marketing–Soyfoods and Soyfood Products. 226 Low-cost extrusion cookers. See Extruders and Extrusion Cooking Marketing Soybeans, Market Development, and Economics Lubricants, Lubricating Agents, and Axle Grease for Carts– (Including Futures Markets, Hedging, and Mathematical Models). Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Non-Drying Oil. 109, 117 126, 179, 215, 238, 360, 440

Lucerne / lucern. See Alfalfa or Lucerne Markets and Crop Estimates, Bureau of. See United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of Agricultural Lupins or Lupin (Also spelled Lupine, Lupines, Lupinseed; Economics Lupinus albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus, L. mutabilis). 8, 10, 59, 119, 167 Marshall Islands. See Oceania–Marshall Islands

Macao / Macau. See Asia, East–Macao / Macau (Portuguese Marusan-Ai. See Soymilk Companies (Asia) Colony) Massachusetts. See United States–States–Massachusetts Machinery (Agricultural), Implements, Equipment, and Mechanization (Binders, Cultivators, Cutters, Harvesters, Meal or cake, soybean. See Soybean Meal Mowers, Pickers, Planters, Reapers, Separators, Thrashers, or Threshers). See also: Combines and Tractors. 239, 539 Meals for Millions Foundation (Los Angeles, California) and Multi-Purpose Food (MPF). 166, 187, 268, 285 Macrobiotics. See Kushi, Michio and Aveline–Their Life and Work Meat Alternatives–Beef Alternatives, Including Meatless Beef Jerky, Chili Con Carne, Goulash, Lasagna, Meat Balls, Mince, Macrobiotics. See also: George Ohsawa, Michio and Aveline Mincemeat, Sloppy Joes, Spaghetti Sauce, Steak, Veal, etc. See Kushi, Herman and Cornellia Aihara. 213, 491, 496, 507, 528, also Meatless Burgers. 326 541, 592, 604 Meat Alternatives–Commercial Products (Meatlike Meatless Madison Foods and Madison College (Madison, Tennessee). Meat, Poultry, or Fish / Seafood Analogs. See Also Meat Madison Foods (Then a Subsidiary of Nutritional Corp.) Was Extenders). 392, 490 Acquired by Worthington Foods in Aug. 1964. 101 Meat Alternatives–Meatless Bacon, Bacon Bits, Ham, and Other Maize. See Corn / Maize Pork-related Products. See also Meatless Sausages. 237

Malnutrition, hunger, famine, and food shortages. See Hunger, Meat Alternatives–Meatless Burgers and Patties. See Also Meat Malnutrition, Famine, Food Shortages, and Mortality Extenders. 223, 276, 381, 408, 427, 477, 533, 570, 573

Mammoth Yellow soybean variety. See Soybean Varieties USA– Meat Alternatives–Meatless Chicken, Goose, Duck, and Related Mammoth Yellow Poultry Products. See also Meatless Turkey. 237

Manchu soybean variety. See Soybean Varieties USA–Manchu Meat Alternatives–Meatless Sausages (Including Frankfurters, Hot Dogs, Wieners, Salami, Pepperoni, etc.). See Also Meat Manchuria. See Asia, East–Manchuria Extenders. 437, 447, 449, 477, 494, 573

Map / Maps. 143, 312, 336, 340, 358, 572, 584 Meat Products Extended with Soy Protein, or Meat Extenders (Marketed as Such). 117, 327, 538, 553 Maple Leaf Monarch or Maple Leaf Mills. See ADM Agri- Industries Ltd. (Windsor, Ontario, Canada) Meat alternatives companies. See Turtle Island Foods, Inc. (Hood River, Oregon. Maker of Tofurky and Tempeh) Margarine–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 174

Media, Popular Articles on Soyfoods in the USA, Canada, or Missouri. See United States–States–Missouri Related to North Americans in Asia. 126 Mitoku (Tokyo, Japan). 496 Medical aspects of soybeans. See Diabetes and Diabetic Diets Miyako Oriental Foods (Baldwin Park, California). 507 Medicine–Alternative–Incl. Acupuncture, Chiropractic, Drugless Doctors, Herbal Therapy, Holistic / Wholistic Medicine, Monsanto Co. (St. Louis, Missouri) and its HybriTech Seed Homeopathy, Natural Hygiene, Natural Medicine, Naturopathy, International subsidiary. Acquired Jacob Hartz Seed Co. in April Preventive / Preventative Medicine,. 489, 529, 538, 543, 567 1983. Acquired Asgrow in April Feb. 1997. Merged with Pharmacia & Upjohn on 31 March 2000 and was renamed Meitauza (mei-tou-cha). See Fermented Specialty Soyfoods Pharmacia Corp. 572

Mexico. See Latin America, Central America–Mexico Morphology, soybean. See Soybean–Morphology, Structure, and Anatomy Meyer, Frank N. (1875-1918). USDA Plant Explorer in Asia. 32, 136, 632 Morse, William J. (1884-1959, USDA Soybean Expert). 47, 53, 80, 85, 101, 104, 118, 127, 130, 133, 138, 140, 632 Michigan. See United States–States–Michigan Mottled, speckled, or spotted soybeans. See Soybean Seeds– Micronesia, Federated States of. See Oceania–Micronesia Mottled

Middle America. See Latin America–Central America; and Latin Mucuna pruriens. See Velvet Beans America–Caribbean or West Indies, Latin America, Central America, and Latin America, Caribbean or West Indies Mung Bean / Mungbean and Mung Bean Sprouts. Vigna radiata L. Formerly Phaseolus aureus. Also called Green Gram. Chinese– Miles Laboratories. See Worthington Foods, Inc. (Worthington, Lüdou. Japanese–Moyashi. Indonesian: Kacang / katjang + hijau / Ohio) ijo / hidjau. German–Buschbohne. French–Haricot Mungo. 246, 303, 507, 579, 583 Milk, coconut / cocoanut. See Coconut Milk and Cream National Agricultural Library (USDA, NAL, Beltsville, Milk, rice. See Rice Milk (Non-Dairy) Maryland). 489, 522

Milk, soy. See Soymilk National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR) (USDA-ARS) (Peoria, Illinois). Named Northern Regional Miller, Harry W. (M.D.) (1879-1977) and International Nutrition Research Laboratory prior to July 1976. Named Northern Laboratory (Mt. Vernon, Ohio). 181, 189, 332, 334 Regional Research Center prior to 28 Dec. 1991. 194, 248, 268, 284, 309, 312 Minerals (General). 53 Natto (Whole Soybeans Fermented with Bacillus natto). 45, 53, Minerals. See Calcium Availability, Absorption, and Content of 189, 263, 284, 309, 496, 505, 576, 598, 599 Soy Natto–Soybean Dawa-dawa (From West Africa. Also called Minnesota. See United States–States–Minnesota Dawadawa, Dadawa, Daddawa, Iru, Local Maggi, Ogiri, or Soumbala / Soumbara). 593 Miso (Including Tauco, Tao tjo, Tao-tjo, Taotjo, or Taoetjo from Indonesia; Jang from Korea). See also: Miso–Chinese-Style Natural Foods Distributors and Master Distributors (Japan). See (Soybean Chiang, or Jiang [pinyin]). 45, 53, 59, 80, 98, 101, 120, Mitoku (Tokyo, Japan) 171, 189, 213, 284, 309, 343, 463, 465, 490, 496, 507, 576, 604 Natural Foods Distributors and Master Distributors (USA). See Miso Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Erewhon (Boston, Massachusetts), Erewhon–Los Angeles / West, Geographical Region. 284, 343 Essene Traditional Foods (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), Great Eastern Sun and Macrobiotic Wholesale Co. (North Carolina), Miso Soup–Mainly Japanese. 213, 604 Infinity Food Co. Renamed Infinity Company by 1973 (New York City), Janus Natural Foods (Seattle, Washington), Stow Mills, Inc. Miso companies (USA). See Miyako Oriental Foods (Baldwin (Brattleboro, Vermont) Lama Trading Co., Tree of Life (St. Park, California) Augustine, Florida), United Natural Foods, Inc. (UNFI), Westbrae Natural Foods, Inc. (Berkeley, California) Miso, soybean–Chinese-Style. See Jiang–Chinese-Style Fermented Soybean Paste Natural Foods Movement and Industry in the United States (Started in the Mid-1950s). 213

North Carolina. See United States–States–North Carolina Natural and Health Foods Retail Chains or Supermarkets: Bread & Circus (Tony Harnett, MA), Frazier Farms (Bill Frazier, Southern Northern Regional Research Center (NRRC) (Peoria, Illinois). See Calif.), Fresh Fields (Rockville, MD), GNC = General Nutrition National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR) Corp. (Pittsburgh, PA), Mrs. Gooch’s (Los Angeles, CA), Nature (USDA-ARS) Foods Centres (Wilmington, MA; Ronald Rossetti), Trader Joe’s, Whole Foods Market (Austin, TX), Wild Oats. 518, 606, 608 Northern Soy, Inc. (Rochester, New York). 608

Nauru. See Oceania Nuclear Power, Weapons, War, Fallout, or Radioactivity Worldwide. 631 Near East. See Asia, Middle East Nutrition (General). 101, 134, 160, 165, 171, 180, 187, 189, 231, Nematodes–Disease Control (Nematodes). Early Called Eelworms 281, 432, 441, 462 or Gallworms that Caused Root-Knot or Root-Gall. 53, 112, 202, 371, 450, 459, 468, 572 Nutrition–Biologically Active Phytochemicals–Allergens, Allergies, and Allergic Reactions Caused (or Remedied) by Neonotonia wightii (Also called Rhodesian Kudzu Vine, Perennial Soybeans, Soyfoods, Peanuts, or Animal Milks. 469, 504, 506, Soybean, or Soja perene / Soya Perenne; Formerly Glycine 605 javanica or Glycine wightii). 123, 167, 563 Nutrition–Biologically active phytochemicals. See Reproductive / Nestlé (Nestle–The World’s Biggest Food Group). 476, 556 Fertility Problems, Trypsin / Protease Inhibitors

Netherlands. See Europe, Western–Netherlands Nutrition–Biologically active substances. See Goitrogens and Thyroid Function New Caledonia (French Territory of). See Oceania–Pacific Ocean Islands that are Part of France–Territory of New Caledonia and Nutrition–Carbohydrates. See Oligosaccharides Dependencies Nutrition–Medical Aspects. See Cancer Preventing Substances in New England Soy Dairy. See Tomsun Foods, Inc. Soy, Cardiovascular Disease, Especially Heart Disease and Stroke, Diabetes and Diabetic Diets New York. See United States–States–New York Nutrition–Minerals. See Calcium Availability, Absorption, and New Zealand. See Oceania–New Zealand Content of Soy

Nigeria. See Africa–Nigeria Nutrition–Protein–Early and basic research. See Protein–Early and Basic Research Nitragin Inoculant and The Nitragin Company. 9 Nutrition–Protein. See Amino Acids and Amino Acid Composition Nitrogen Fixation, Inoculum, Inoculation, and Nodulation by and Content Rhizobium Bacteria. 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 25, 26, 27, 37, 38, 40, 46, 52, 53, 59, 61, 68, 70, 75, 80, 88, 90, 91, 105, 120, Nutrition, human, USDA bureau of. See United States Department 137, 140, 141, 151, 167, 197, 230, 233, 244, 250, 267, 278, 311, of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home 321, 348, 363, 444, 459, 469, 501, 558, 582 Economics

Nitrogen Fixing Cultures / Inoculants (Commercial and Nutrition. See Carbohydrates (General). See also Starch, Dietary Noncommercial from government), of Rhizobium Bacteria for Fiber, and Oligosaccharides (Complex Sugars), Chemical / Soybeans (Culture / Inoculant / Inoculum / Inocula). 9, 37, 267, Nutritional Composition or Analysis, Concerns about the Safety, 363 Toxicity, or Health Benefits of Soy in Human Diets, Flatulence or Intestinal Gas, Human Nutrition–Clinical Trials, Lipid and Fatty Noble Bean (Ontario, Canada). Founded 1979. 594, 595 Acid Composition of Soy, Minerals (General), Protein Quality, and Supplementation, Protein Resources and Shortages, and the Nomenclature of Soybean Varieties–Standardization of and “World Protein Crisis / Gap / Problem” of 1950-1979, Toxins and Confusion Concerning Names. 53, 140, 498, 505 Toxicity in Foods and Feeds–Microorganisms, Especially Bacteria that Cause Food Poisoning, Vitamins (General), Vitamins B-12 Nordquist, Ted. See WholeSoy & Co. (subsidiary of TAN (Cyanocobalamin, Cobalamins), Vitamins E (Tocopherols) Industries, Inc., California) Nutritional aspects of vegetarian diets. See Vegetarian and Vegan North America. See United States of America, and Canada. For Diets–Nutritional Aspects Mexico, see Latin America, Central America Nuts made from soybeans. See Soynuts

Obituaries, Eulogies, Death Certificates, and Wills. See Also: Oceania–Marshall Islands, Republic of the. 187 Biographies, Biographical Sketches and Autobiographies. 285 Oceania–Micronesia, Federated States of (Named Caroline Islands Oceania (General, Also Called Australasia, or Australia and until 1986. Formerly part of the U.S.-administered Trust Territory Islands of the Pacific / Pacific Islands). 48, 57, 166, 266, 284, 563 of the Pacific Islands). 187

Oceania–Atlantic Ocean Islands that are Part of the United Oceania–Nauru (Naoero; Named Pleasant Island from 1798 to Kingdom–Ascension (in south Atlantic), British Antarctic 1888). 343 Territory (Including South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands in south Atlantic), Channel Islands (in English Channel), Oceania–New Zealand–Including Stewart Island, Chatham Falkland Islands {or Islas Malvinas} and Dependencies (in south Islands, Snares Islands, Bounty Islands, and Tokelau (formerly Atlantic), Isle of Man (in Irish Sea), South Georgia Islands (in Union Islands). 48, 56, 57, 120, 140, 174, 284, 343, 474, 496, 623 South Atlantic), St. Helena (1,200 miles off the west coast of Africa). 48, 57 Oceania–Other Pacific Islands, Including American Samoa, Cook Islands (NZ), Niue (NZ), Northern Mariana Islands (U.S., Oceania–Australia, Commonwealth of (Including Tasmania, Including Saipan, Tinian, Rota). And Large Pacific Island Groups– Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Christmas Island, Coral Sea Islands Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia. 57, 187, 343 Territory, Norfolk Island, Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands, and Australian Antarctic Territory). 9, 45, 48, 53, 56, 57, Oceania–Pacific Ocean Islands that are Part of France–Territory of 120, 123, 138, 139, 167, 168, 174, 185, 213, 270, 284, 302, 304, New Caledonia (Nouvelle Calédonie) and Dependencies. 309, 324, 343, 344, 382, 388, 422, 425, 453, 474, 485, 496, 502, Dependencies are the Loyalty Islands (Iles Loyauté), Isle of Pines 624 (Ile des Pins–Kunié), Belep Archipelago (Iles Bélep), and Huon Islands (Ile Huon). 48, 57, 120, 147, 301, 343, 374, 388, 426 Oceania–Fiji. 48, 57, 120, 123, 187, 247, 299, 339, 343, 362, 374 Oceania–Papua New Guinea, Independent State of (British New Oceania–French Polynesia (French Oceania from about 1903 to Guinea from 1888, then Territory of Papua and New Guinea until sometime between 1946 and 1958. A French Overseas Territory in Sept. 1975. The northeast was German New Guinea from 1884 to the South Pacific Ocean, comprising the Marquesas, Society 1914, then Trust Territory of New Guinea). 48, 57, 123, 187, 343, Islands {Including Tahiti}, Gambier, and Tubuai Islands, and the 502 Tuamotu Archipelago). 299, 301, 339, 362, 459 Oceania–Samoa (Formerly Western Samoa; German Samoa until Oceania–Guam. 48, 57, 187, 343 1914). 187, 343

Oceania–Introduction of Soy Products to. Earliest document seen Oceania–Solomon Islands (British Solomon Islands Protectorate concerning soybean products in a certain country in Oceania. until July 1978). 48, 57, 187, 264, 283, 343 Soybeans as such have not yet been reported in this country. 187 Oceania–Tonga, Kingdom of. 48, 57, 187, 232, 343 Oceania–Introduction of Soy Products to. This document contains the earliest date seen for soybean products in a certain country in Oceania–Tuvalu (The Ellice Islands part of the Gilbert and Ellice Oceania. Soybeans as such had not yet been reported by that date Islands Colony before 1976). 48, 57, 343 in this country. 187 Oceania–Vanuatu, Republic of (Named New Hebrides until 1980). Oceania–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest document seen 48, 57, 187, 301, 343, 388 concerning soybeans in a certain country in Oceania. 123, 232, 301 Off flavors. See Flavor Problems

Oceania–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest document seen Ohio. See United States–States–Ohio concerning the cultivation of soybeans in a certain country in Oceania. 123, 301 Oil, soy–industrial uses of, as a drying oil. See Industrial Uses of Soy Oil, Linoleum, Floor Coverings, Oilcloth, and Waterproof Oceania–Introduction of Soybeans to. This document contains the Goods, Rubber Substitutes or Artificial / Synthetic Rubber earliest date seen for soybeans in a certain country in Oceania. (Factice) 301 Oil, soy–industrial uses of, as a hydrogenated oil. See Candles, Oceania–Introduction of Soybeans to. This document contains the Crayons, and Soybean Wax earliest date seen for the cultivation of soybeans in a certain country in Oceania. 301 Oil, soy–industrial uses of, as a non-drying oil. See Diesel Fuel, SoyDiesel, or Biodiesel. See also: Petroleum, Artificial, Oceania–Kiribati (Gilbert Islands until 1979). 48, 57, 343 Explosives Made from Glycerine, Illumination or Lighting by

Burning Soy Oil in Wicked Oil Lamps Like Kerosene, Lubricants, Lubricating Agents, and Axle Grease for Carts, Release or Curing Papua New Guinea. See Oceania–Papua New Guinea Agents for Concrete or Asphalt, Industrial Solvents, Hydraulic Fluids, and Other Minor or General Uses, Soaps or Detergents Pasture from green soybean plants. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Pasture, Grazing or Foraging Oil, soy–industrial uses of. See Paint Manufacturers’ Association of the U.S., Incl. Henry A. Gardner, L.P. Nemzek and Industrial Pasture from soybeans. See Forage from Soybean Plants–Hogging Uses of Soybeans Down

Oil, soy, industrial uses of, as a drying oil. See Industrial Uses of Patents–References to a Patent in Non-Patent Documents. 107, Soy Oil 268, 332, 334, 489, 553

Oil, soy. See Soy Oil Patties, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Burgers and Patties Okara. See Fiber–Okara or Soy Pulp Peanut Butter. 139, 223, 604 Oligosaccharides (The Complex Sugars Raffinose, Stachyose, and Verbascose). 555 Peanut Flour (Usually Defatted). 193

Olive / Olives (Olea europea). See also Olive Oil. 32, 181 Peanut Oil. 44, 48, 90, 139, 143, 148, 174, 186, 466

Olive Oil. 48, 109, 148, 178, 186, 627 Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea or A. hypogæa)–Also Called Groundnuts, Earthnuts, Monkey Nuts, Goober / Gouber Peas, Oncom, Onchom, or Ontjom. See Tempeh, Non-Soy Relatives Ground Peas, or Pindar Peas / Pindars. 8, 31, 34, 44, 48, 57, 90, 94, 139, 148, 162, 163, 165, 167, 174, 175, 185, 189, 191, 196, Ontario Soybean Growers (Name Changes–Ontario Soybean 223, 242, 243, 246, 291, 293, 316, 340, 382, 444, 466, 604 Growers Association, Nov. 1946 to 1949. Ontario Soya-Bean Growers’ Marketing Board, 1949 to 1989. Ontario Soybean Peking / Pekin soybean variety. See Soybean Varieties USA– Growers’ Marketing Board, 1989 to 1 Dec. 1999). 497 Mammoth Yellow

Ontario. See Canadian Provinces and Territories–Ontario Pellets Made from Soybean Meal or Cake. Also Called Soybean Pellets. 305, 544 Organic Farming–General (Non-Soy). See also: Organically Grown Soybeans in Commercial Food Products. 521, 526, 529 Peroxidase. See Enzymes in the Soybean–Peroxidase

Organically Grown Soybeans or Soybean Products in Commercial Phaseolus limensis or P. lunatus. See Lima Beans Food Products. 320, 531 Philippines. See Asia, Southeast–Philippines Organoleptic evaluation. See Taste Panel, Taste Test Results, or Sensory / Organoleptic Evaluation Photographs Published after 1923. See also Illustrations. 80, 101, 127, 136, 142, 154, 171, 175, 179, 181, 186, 193, 213, 219, 332, Origins, Domestication, and Dissemination of Soybeans 335, 352, 364, 366, 379, 385, 386, 387, 389, 410, 419, 427, 454, (General). 9, 461, 474 469, 489, 512, 518, 519, 523, 528, 532, 540, 544, 547, 551, 569, 580, 583, 590, 611, 617, 619, 631 P.I. numbers of soybeans. See Introduction of Soybeans (as to a Nation, State, or Region, with P.I. Numbers for the USA) and Photographs Published before 1924. See also Illustrations. 8, 37, Selection, Lists and Descriptions (Official and / or Extensive) of 38, 42 Early U.S. Soybean Varieties with Their P.I. Numbers and Synonyms Photoperiodism. See Soybean–Physiology–Photoperiodism / Photoperiod and Photoperiodic Effects, Soybean–Physiology and Pacific Islands. See Oceania Biochemistry

Paint Manufacturers’ Association of the U.S., Incl. Henry A. Phytochemicals in soybeans and soyfoods. See Cancer Preventing Gardner, L.P. Nemzek and Industrial Uses of Soybeans. 128 Substances in Soybeans and Soyfoods

Paints, Varnishes, Enamels, Lacquers, and Other Protective / Phytoestrogens in soybeans and soyfoods. See Estrogens Decorative Coatings–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil. 29, 37, 53, 109, 117, 120, 126, 128, 130 Pigeon Pea, Pigeonpea or Red Gram. Cajanus cajan (L.). Formerly Cytisus cajan. 134, 149, 246, 340, 444, 478 Pakistan. See Asia, South–Pakistan

Pigs, Hogs, Swine, Sows, Boars, Gilts, or Shoats / Shotes Fed Procter & Gamble Co. (Cincinnati, Ohio). Including the Buckeye Soybeans, Soybean Forage, or Soybean Cake or Meal as Feed to Cotton Oil Co. 107 Make Pork. 8, 40, 53, 80, 85, 254, 273, 381, 431 Production of soybeans. See Soybean Production Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. (Des Moines, Iowa). 584 Products, soy, commercial (mostly foods). See Commercial Soy Piper, Charles Vancouver (1867-1926, USDA). 53 Products–New Products

Plant Industry, Bureau of. See United States Department of Protease inhibitors. See Trypsin / Protease Inhibitors Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of Plant Industry Protection of soybeans from diseases. See Diseases of soybeans Plant Protection from Diseases and Pests (General). 36, 231 Protection of soybeans. See Insects–Pest Control. See also: Plastics (Including Molded Plastic Parts, Plastic Film, Disposable Integrated Pest Management, Nematodes–Disease Control, Eating Utensils and Tableware–From Spoons to Plates, and Rodents and Birds–Pest Control–Especially Rabbits and Packaging Materials)–Industrial Uses of Soy Proteins. 126 Woodchucks

Plenty (The Farm, Summertown, Tennessee). After Sept. 1983 see Protein–Early and Basic Research. 46, 53, 172, 221 Plenty Canada and Plenty USA. 345, 350, 352, 358, 359, 364, 411 Protein Quality, and Supplementation / Complementarity to Plenty Canada and The Farm in Canada (Lanark, Ontario, Increase Protein Quality of Mixed Foods or Feeds. See also Canada). 350, 366, 385, 387, 392, 398, 401, 402, 404, 405, 406, Nutrition–Protein Amino Acids and Amino Acid Composition. 409, 410, 411, 419, 427, 432, 433, 435, 437, 439, 442, 447, 454, 196, 251, 258, 382 462, 578, 586, 587, 594, 595 Protein Resources and Shortages, and the “World Protein Crisis / Plenty International (Summertown, Tennessee). Starting 1981. Gap / Problem” of 1950-1979. 204, 504 Also called Plenty USA 1983-1997. 364, 366, 383, 389, 399, 403, 404, 411, 435, 437, 486, 492, 512, 516, 544, 551, 569, 593 Protein Technologies International (PTI) (St. Louis, Missouri. Established on 1 July 1987 as a Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Plums (salted / pickled), plum products, and the Japanese plum Ralston Purina Co.) Sold to DuPont on 3 Dec. 1997. 601 tree (Prunus mumé).. See Umeboshi Protein products, soy. See Soy Protein Products Policies and Programs, Government, Effecting Soybean Production, Marketing, Prices, Subsidies, or Trade. 215, 360 Protein sources, alternative, from plants. See Amaranth, Azuki Bean, Bambarra groundnuts, Leaf Proteins, Lupins or Lupin, Population Growth (Human) and Related Problems (Including Peanuts & Peanut Butter, Sunflower Seeds, Wheat Gluten & Poverty) Worldwide. 266, 443 Seitan, Winged Bean

Pork, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Bacon, Ham, and Protein supplementation / complementarity to increase protein Other Pork-related Products quality. See Nutrition–Protein Quality

Poultry fed soybeans. See Chickens, or Turkeys, or Geese & Psophocarpus tetragonolobus. See Winged Bean Ducks, Chickens, or Turkeys, or Geese, Ducks, Pheasants, etc. Public Law 480 (Food for Peace Program. Formally–Agricultural Poultry, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–- Meatless Chicken, Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954). 179, 203, 212, Goose, Duck, and Related Poultry Products. See also Meatless 224, 247, 264, 283, 284, 292, 307, 317, 349, 360 Turkey Pueraria. See Kudzu or Kuzu Poverty, world. See Population Growth (Human) and Related Problems (Including Poverty) Puero. See Kudzu or Kuzu–Tropical Kudzu or Puero (Pueraria phaseoloides) Prices of Soybeans, Soybean Products, and Soybean Seeds. 8 Rabbits as pests. See Rodent and Birds–Pest Control–Especially ProSoya–Including ProSoya Inc. (Ontario, Canada), and ProSoya Rabbits and Woodchucks Corporation (Heuvelton, New York). No longer in Business– ProSoya UK Ltd. (ProSoya PLC) (Livingston, Scotland). Pacific Railroad / railway / rail used to transport soybeans. See ProSoya Foods, International ProSoya Corp. (IPC–British Transportation of Soybeans or Soy Products to Market by Columbia). 538, 548, 549, 561, 562, 566, 590 Railroad

Ralston Purina Co. (St. Louis, Missouri). Including Protein Roads or highways used to transport soybeans. See Transportation Technologies International, a Wholly Owned Subsidiary from 1 of Soybeans or Soy Products to Market by Roads or Highways July 1987 to 3 Dec. 1997. 40, 132 Roasted Whole Soy Flour (Kinako–Dark Roasted with Dry Heat, Rapeseed Oil. 48, 57, 148, 335, 627 Full-Fat). 171, 284, 309

Rapeseed or the rape plant. See Canola Rodale Press (Emmaus, Pennsylvania). 382

Rapeseed, the Rape Plant (Brassica napus), or Colza. See also Rodents and Birds–Pest Control–Especially Rabbits, Jackrabbits / Canola. 48, 57, 148, 163 Jack Rabbits, Hares, Woodchucks, Pigeons and Pheasants. 89, 90

Recipes. See Cookery Royal Wessanen NV Co. See Tree of Life (St. Augustine, Florida)

Reference Books and Other Reference Resources. 522 Rubber Substitutes or Artificial / Synthetic Rubber (Factice)– Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil. 46, 109, 117, 120, 126 Regulations or laws concerning foods (Use, processing, or labeling). See Kosher / Kashrus, Pareve / Parve / Parevine Russia. See Europe, Eastern–Russia Regulations Products (Commercial) Rust, soybean. See Rust, Soybean Release or Curing Agents for Concrete or Asphalt, Industrial Solvents, Hydraulic Fluids, and Other Minor or General–Industrial Safety concerns about soy in human diets. See Concerns about the Uses of Soy Oil as a Non-Drying Oil. 126 Safety, Toxicity, or Health Benefits of Soy in Human Diets

Reproduction / Reproductive or Fertility Problems in Animals Samoa. See Oceania–Samoa Caused by Phytoestrogens, Isoflavones, or Unknown Causes. 429, 445 Sanitarium Health Food Company (Wahroonga, Australia). In 2002 they acquired SoyaWorld of British Columbia, Canada. 485 Republic of China (ROC). See Asia, East–Taiwan Sausages, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Sausages Research & Development Centers. See (EMBRAPA) (Brazil), Illinois, University of (Urbana-Champaign, Illinois). Soyfoods, School Lunch Program. 235, 237, 248, 372, 398, 427 Iowa State University / College (Ames, Iowa), and Univ. of Iowa (Iowa City), National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Scotland. See Europe, Western–Scotland (Part of United (NCAUR) (USDA-ARS) (Peoria, Illinois) Kingdom)

Research on Soybeans. 459 Screw presses. See Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Screw Presses and Expellers Reviews of the literature. See Bibliographies and / or Reviews of the Literature Sea Vegetables or Edible Seaweeds, Often Used with Soyfoods. 9, 213, 265, 491, 507, 604 Rhizobium bacteria. See Soybean Production–Nitrogen Fixation Seaweeds, edible. See Sea Vegetables Rice Milk (Including Amazake) and Related Rice-Based Products (Some Made from Koji)–Etymology of These Terms and Their Seed Certification and Certified Seeds (Soybeans). 53 Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 507 Seed Color (Soybeans)–Gives the Color of Seed (and Often Rice Milk (Non-Dairy)–Amazake, Made with Rice Koji in the Hilum) for Various Specific Varieties. See also: Soybean Seeds of Traditional Way (Without Adding Commercial Enzymes). Also Different Colors. 42, 333, 505 called Rice Milk or Rice Drink. 496, 507, 556 Seed Companies and Seedsmen, Early Soybean, Worldwide Rice Milk (Non-Dairy)–Made with Commercial Enzymes, or a (Especially Before 1925)–Including Siebold & Co., Vilmorin- Mixture of Commercial Enzymes and Rice Koji. 556 Andrieux, Wood & Sons, Haage & Schmidt, Dammann & Co., Peter Henderson, Thorburn & Co., Mark W. Johnson, Johnson & Rice koji. See Koji Stokes, Harry N. Hammond, Burpee, E.E. Evans, Funk Bros. Seed Co. 8, 11, 130 Riceland Foods (Named Arkansas Grain Corp. before Sept. 1970). 615 Seed Germination or Viability–Not Including Soy Sprouts. 38, 42, 70, 75, 94 Rich Products Corporation (Buffalo, New York). 154, 155, 608

Seed Quality, Composition, and Component / Value-Based Pricing (Percentage and Quality of Protein, Oil, Fatty Acids, etc.). 302 Seventh-day Adventists–Overseas Companies Making Soyfoods (Europe). See DE-VAU-GE Gesundkostwerk GmbH (Lueneburg, Seed Weight / Size (Soybeans)–Weight of 100 Seeds in Grams, or Germany), Granose Foods Ltd. (Bucks., England) Number of Seeds Per Pound. 300, 333, 377, 598 Seventh-day Adventists–Overseas Companies Making Soyfoods Seed and plant introduction to the USA. See United States (Europe, Asia, and Latin America). Other, Including Alimentos Department of Agriculture (USDA)–United States Department of Colpac, Nutana, Saniku / San-iku Foods, Superbom. 212, 224, Agriculture (USDA)–Section of Foreign Seed and Plant 247, 264, 283, 292, 307, 317, 326, 327, 349, 357, 448, 449, 485, Introduction 496

Seed companies, soybean. See Asgrow (Des Moines, Iowa), Coker Seventh-day Adventists–Overseas Companies Making Soyfoods Pedigreed Seed Co. (Hartsville, South Carolina), DuPont (E.I. Du (Oceania). See Sanitarium Health Food Company (Wahroonga, Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.) (Wilmington, Delaware), Evans Australia) Seed Co. (West Branch, Ogemaw County, Michigan) and Mr. Edward Ellsworth Evans (1864-1928), Funk Brothers Seed Co. Seventh-day Adventists. See Kellogg, John Harvey (M.D.), (Bloomington, Illinois), Monsanto Co. (St. Louis, Missouri), Sanitas Nut Food Co. and Battle Creek Food Co., Loma Linda Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. (Des Moines, Iowa) Foods (Riverside, California), Madison Foods and Madison College (Madison, Tennessee), Miller, Harry W. (M.D.) (1879- Seeds, soybean–Variety development and breeding of soybeans. 1977), Worthington Foods, Inc. (Worthington, Ohio) See Variety Development and Breeding Sheep, Lambs, Ewes, or Rams Fed Soybeans, Soybean Forage, or Seitan. See Wheat Gluten Made into Seitan Soybean Cake or Meal as Feed to Make Wool or Mutton. 8, 53

Sensory evaluation. See Taste Panel, Taste Test Results, or Shortening. 44, 107, 117, 126, 143, 174, 186, 236 Sensory / Organoleptic Evaluation Shoyu. See Soy Sauce Serbia and Montenegro. See Europe, Eastern–Serbia and Montenegro Shurtleff, William. See Soyinfo Center (Lafayette, California)

Sesame Butter, Tahini / Tahina / Tahin, or Sesame Paste. 213, 490, Silage, soybean. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Forage 604 Used for Silage / Ensilage

Sesame Oil. 48, 57 Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)–Soybeans and Soyfoods. 48

Sesame Seeds (Sesamum indicum) (Also Called Ajonjoli, Benne, Size of soybean seeds. See Seed Weight / Size (Soybeans)–Weight Benni, Benniseed, Gingelly, Gingely, Gingelie, Jinjili, Sesamum, of 100 Seeds in Grams, or Number of Seeds Per Pound Simsim, Teel, Til). Including Sesame as an Oilseed, Sesame Flour, and Sesame Salt / Gomashio. See also Sesame Butter / Tahini, Smoked tofu. See Tofu, Smoked Sesame Cake or Meal, Sesame Milk, and Sesame Oil. 48, 57, 148, 604 Soaps or Detergents–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Non-Drying Oil. 37, 44, 48, 53, 79, 109, 120, 126 Seventh-day Adventist work with vegetarianism. See Vegetarianism–Seventh-day Adventist Work with Soil Science. 88

Seventh-day Adventists–Cookbooks and Their Authors, Dietitians Soilage, soybean. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants– and Nutritionists–Ella E.A. Kellogg (1852-1920), Anna L. Soilage and Soiling Colcord (1860?-1940?), Jethro Kloss (1863-1946), Almeda Lambert (1864-1921), Lenna Frances Cooper (1875-1961), Julius Solnuts B.V. (Tilburg, The Netherlands; and Hudson, Iowa). G. White (1878-1955), Frances Dittes (1891-1979), Edyth Cottrell Including Edible Soy Products, makers of Pro-Nuts. Acquired by (1900-1995), Dorothea Van Gundy Jones (1903-1979), Philip S. Specialty Food Ingredients Europe BV in Dec. 1991. Acquired by Chen (1903-1978), Frank & Rosalie Hurd (1936- ), etc. 223 the Kerry Group in Jan. 2000 and Name Changed to Nutriant. 618

Seventh-day Adventists–General and Historical. 237, 264, 283, Solomon Islands. See Oceania–Solomon Islands 292, 307, 317 Solvents Used for Extraction of the Oil from Soybeans (General, Seventh-day Adventists–Influence Today of Seventh-day Type of Solvent, Unspecified, or Other). See also Ethanol, Adventist Affiliated Organizations in the Fields of Vegetarianism, Hexane, and Trichloroethylene Solvents. 167, 205, 248, 420 Health, and Soyfoods (Not Including Original Medical Research on Adventists). 349, 357, 419

Solvents, industrial. See Release or Curing Agents for Concrete or Soy Ice Cream (General–Usually Non-Dairy). 332, 350, 358, 364, Asphalt, Industrial Solvents, Hydraulic Fluids, and Other Minor or 372, 380, 381, 383, 385, 386, 387, 392, 400, 403, 408, 419, 425, General Uses 427, 437, 453, 465, 494, 516, 533, 540, 553, 556, 557, 562, 570, 576, 585 Soup, miso. See Miso Soup Soy Ice Cream Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and South Africa. See Africa–South Africa Analyses–Individual Companies. 403, 453

South America. See Latin America–South America Soy Nuggets–Whole Soybeans Fermented with Salt–Also called Fermented Black Beans, Salted Black Beans, Salty Black Beans, Soy Cheese–Fermented, Western Style, That Melts. May Contain Black Fermented Beans, Black Beans, Black Bean Sauce, Black Casein (Cow’s Milk Protein). 555 Bean and Ginger Sauce, Chinese Black Beans, or Preserved Black Beans. In China (Mandarin): Shi, Doushi, or Douchi (pinyin), Soy Cheese–Non-Fermented, Western Style, That Melts. Typically Tou-shih, Toushih, or Tou-ch’ih (Wade-Giles). Cantonese: Dow Made with Tofu or Isolated Soy Proteins. Usually Contains Casein see, Dow si, Dow-si, Dowsi, or Do shih. In the Philippines: Tausi (A Protein from Cow’s Milk). 601, 612 or Taosi / Tao-si. In Malaysia or Thailand: Tao si. In Indonesia: Tao dji, Tao-dji, or Tao-djie. In Japan: Hamanatto, Daitokuji Soy Cheese or Cheese Alternatives–General, Western Style, That Natto, Shiokara Natto, and Tera Natto. 53, 120, 284, 576 Melts. Often Contains Casein (Cow’s Milk Protein). 476, 532, 534, 536, 540, 576, 585, 591 Soy Oil–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 94 Soy Cheesecake or Cream Pie, Usually Made with Tofu. 411 Soy Oil Constants–Iodine Number / Value. 130 Soy Chocolate (Toasted Soy Flour) (Also includes use of non- roasted Soy Flour or Soymilk in Making Chocolate). 79, 117 Soy Oil as a Commodity, Product, or Ingredient for Food Use (in Cookery or Foods). Its Manufacture, Refining, Trade, and Use. Soy Coffee–Made from Roasted Soy Flour or Ground Roasted See Also: Industrial Uses of Soy Oil, and Nutrition: Lipids. 7, 26, Soybeans. 7, 37, 45, 53, 72, 79, 80, 104, 120, 284, 309, 516, 576 29, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 53, 57, 72, 74, 76, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 94, 104, 105, 106, 111, 116, 117, 118, 127, 128, 129, 130, 143, 145, Soy Cream Cheese, Usually Made of Tofu or Soy Yogurt. 527, 148, 161, 178, 182, 186, 205, 215, 236, 269, 295, 353, 360, 365, 529, 533, 553, 556, 557, 567, 571 375, 397, 420, 421, 427, 440, 446, 463, 470, 531, 629

Soy Flour–Whole or Full-fat. 98, 129, 189, 217, 284, 411, 576 Soy Protein Concentrates, Textured. 436

Soy Flour Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Soy Protein Council (Food Protein Council from 1971 to Dec. By Geographical Region. 187, 237, 463 1981). 312, 418, 436, 441

Soy Flour Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Soy Protein Isolates, Concentrates, or Textured Soy Protein Individual Companies or Products. 166 Products–Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Geographical Region. 237, 436 Soy Flour or Defatted Soybean Meal in Cereal-Soy Blends, with Emphasis on Dry Products Used in Third World Countries. 187, Soy Protein Isolates, Concentrates, or Textured Soy Protein 194, 203, 212, 224, 247, 264, 276, 283, 284, 292, 307, 309, 317, Products–Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– 349, 470, 476, 576 Individual Companies. 326, 327, 357, 477

Soy Flour, Defatted or Partially Defatted, Used as an Ingredient in Soy Protein Products (General, or Modern Products). See also: Second Generation Commercial Products Such as Baked Goods, Nutrition–Protein, Protein Quality, and Amino Acid Composition. Pasta, etc. 449, 483 193, 196, 248, 372, 397, 418, 441

Soy Flour, Grits, Meal, Powder, or Flakes–For Food Use (Usually Soy Proteins–Concentrates. 186, 436, 576, 618 Defatted or Low-Fat). See also Soy Flour–Whole or Full-fat. 36, 45, 47, 53, 74, 79, 80, 85, 88, 101, 102, 104, 117, 120, 127, 128, Soy Proteins–Isolates, for Food Use. See also: Isolates, for 130, 138, 151, 152, 166, 168, 186, 192, 193, 194, 231, 237, 248, Industrial (Non-Food) Use. 53, 155, 168, 186, 237, 372, 576, 601 258, 281, 284, 285, 290, 309, 353, 365, 393, 410, 419, 430, 434, 436, 460, 463, 497, 506, 516, 531, 551, 553, 554, 570, 576, 597, Soy Proteins–Isolates, for Industrial (Non-Food) Use. See also: 609, 619 Isolates, for Food Use. 120, 186

Soy Flour, Textured (Including TVP, Textured Vegetable Protein). Soy Proteins, Textured (General). 237, 607 248, 268, 326, 327, 357, 393, 436, 476, 477, 497, 507, 553, 575

Soy Sauce (Including Shoyu)–Imports, Exports, International Soy whip topping. See Whip Topping Trade. 1, 343, 463 Soy wine. See Fermented Specialty Soyfoods Soy Sauce (Including Shoyu). See Also Tamari, Teriyaki Sauce, and Traditional Worcestershire Sauce. 1, 45, 47, 53, 59, 74, 79, 80, Soy, etymology of the word. See Etymology of the Word “Soy” 85, 88, 98, 101, 102, 104, 117, 120, 127, 191, 213, 246, 265, 284, and its Cognates / Relatives in English 309, 343, 463, 469, 487, 496, 501, 576, 581 Soya–Soybean Production and Soy Products. 61 Soy Sauce Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– By Geographical Region. 284, 463 Soya Kaas Inc. See Swan Gardens Inc. and Soya Kaas Inc.

Soy Sauce Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– SoyaWorld Inc. See ProSoya Individual Companies. 343 Soyatech (Publisher of Soya Bluebook and Soya Newsletter, Bar Soy Sauce, Indonesian Style or from the Dutch East Indies Harbor, Maine. Note: In March 1980 Peter Golbitz and Sharyn (Kecap, Kécap, Kechap, Ketjap, Kétjap). See also Ketchup / Kingma started Island Tofu Works, a tofu manufacturing company, Catsup. 120, 284, 309 in Bar Harbor, Maine). 476, 590

Soy Sauce, Used as an Ingredient in Commercial Products. 449, Soybean–General Comprehensive and Basic Important 490, 491 Publications about Soybeans. 53

Soy Sprouts (Sprouted or Germinated Soybeans) for Food Use. Soybean–Growth Regulators / Substances Such as Triiodobenzoic 37, 45, 47, 53, 79, 80, 85, 94, 104, 117, 130, 213, 246, 284, 309, Acid (TIBA), Gibberellic Acid, Gibberellins, Auxins, Cytokinins, 490, 505, 525, 576, 583, 589, 599 Dicamba, and Florigen. 370, 479, 558

Soy Sprouts–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives Soybean–Morphology, Structure, and Anatomy of the Plant and Its in Various Languages. 47, 85 Seeds. 53

Soy Yogurt (Generally Non-Dairy). 518, 533, 535, 561, 564, 565, Soybean–Physiology–Photoperiodism / Photoperiod and 576, 585, 591 Photoperiodic Effects. 202

Soy Yogurt–Fermented / Cultured. 403, 469, 514, 520, 524, 529, Soybean–Physiology and Biochemistry (Including 530, 532, 534, 540, 542, 543, 553, 555, 556, 557, 560, 567, 597, Photoperiodism, Photosynthesis, Translocation, Plant Water 606, 631 Relations, Respiration, Photorespiration). 9, 94, 123, 183, 207, 509 Soy Yogurt Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– By Geographical Region. 529, 533, 534, 543, 553, 556 Soybean–Taxonomy. 53, 276, 502

Soy bran. See Fiber, Soy Soybean Council of America. See American Soybean Association (ASA)–Soybean Council of America Soy fiber. See Fiber Soybean Crushers (Europe). See Unilever Corp., Lever Brothers Soy ice cream companies (USA). See Barricini Foods (Mountain Co., Unimills B.V. (Netherlands) Lakes, New Jersey), Tofutti Brands, Inc. (Cranford, New Jersey) Soybean Crushers (USA), Early–Pacific Oil Mills and Albers Soy lecithin. See Lecithin, Soy Brothers Milling Co. (Seattle, Washington; 1911), Elizabeth City Oil and Fertilizer Co. (Elizabeth City, North Carolina; 1915. By Soy oil–industry and market statistics. See Soybean Crushing 1917 six other North Carolina oil mills were crushing soybeans), Chicago Heights Oil Mfg. Co. (Chicago Heights, Illinois; 1920), Soy protein companies (USA). See Glidden Co. (The), Grain A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. (Decatur, Illinois; 1922), Piatt County Processing Corporation, Protein Technologies International (PTI), Cooperative Soy Bean Co. (Monticello, Illinois; 1923–batch Rich Products Corporation solvent), Blish Milling Co. (Seymour and Crothersville, Indiana; 1923), Eastern Cotton Oil Co. (Norfolk, Virginia; 1924– Soy sauce companies (international). See Kikkoman Corporation continuous solvent). 107 (Tokyo, Walworth, Wisconsin; and Worldwide) Soybean Crushers (USA). See Seed Companies, Soybean–Funk Soy sauce companies or brands (USA). See La Choy Brothers Seed Co. (Bloomington, Illinois)–After 1924

Soy sauce. See Tamari, Worcestershire Sauce Soybean Crushing (General: Soy / Soybean Oil and Soybean Meal). 167, 226, 342, 497, 539

Soybean Varieties Canada–Quebec No. 537–Early Development. Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Screw Presses and Expellers 29 (Continuous, Mechanical). 470, 531 Soybean Varieties Canada–Quebec No. 92–Early Development. 29 Soybean Crushing–New Soybean Crusher. 446 Soybean Varieties USA–A.K.–Early Introduction. 73, 456 Soybean Crushing, Including Production and Trade of Soybean Oil, Meal or Cake, Margarine, or Shortening–Industry and Market Soybean Varieties USA–Agate–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Statistics, Trends, and Analyses -. 44, 48, 53, 57, 82, 126, 205, Type. 140 238, 269, 295, 335, 440, 463 Soybean Varieties USA–Aksarben–Early Introduction. 87, 111, Soybean Meal (SBM) (Defatted). Formerly Called Bean Cake, 140, 200 Beancake, Soybean Cake, Oilmeal, or Presscake. 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 53, 80, 85, 90, 97, 117, 120, 126, 128, 129, 148, 182, 186, Soybean Varieties USA–Amherst–Early Introduction. 29 189, 195, 205, 220, 221, 238, 248, 251, 253, 254, 269, 294, 295, 297, 325, 335, 340, 360, 369, 384, 397, 440, 446, 452, 455, 470, Soybean Varieties USA–Aoda–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- 533, 556, 575, 602, 629 Type. 140

Soybean Meal / Cake, Fiber (as from Okara), or Shoyu Presscake Soybean Varieties USA–Arlington–Early Introduction. 29, 38, 40, as a Fertilizer or Manure for the Soil–Industrial Uses. 45, 53, 80, 42, 111, 112 90, 120 Soybean Varieties USA–Auburn–Early Selection (1907). 29 Soybean Production–General, and Amount Produced. 40, 46, 75, 118, 139, 141, 146, 147, 152, 167, 186, 195, 205, 235, 269, 275, Soybean Varieties USA–Austin–Early Introduction. 29, 111 277, 293, 303, 344, 375, 423, 424, 437, 438, 461, 469, 503, 537, 539, 542, 544, 549, 569, 593 Soybean Varieties USA–Baird–Early Introduction. 113

Soybean Rust (Fungal Disease). 271, 304, 308, 314, 315, 324, Soybean Varieties USA–Bakaziro / Bakajiro–Early Introduction. 336, 396, 500, 502, 559, 623, 624 Renamed Amherst by May 1907. 8

Soybean Seeds–Black in Color. Food Use is Not Mentioned. 8, 29, Soybean Varieties USA–Bansei–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- 32, 40, 42, 51, 53, 54, 55, 62, 63, 69, 82, 87, 88, 92, 93, 111, 112, Type. 140, 200 113, 114, 124, 135, 140, 141, 149, 151, 157, 158, 177, 185, 188, 190, 200, 202, 459, 461, 501, 632 Soybean Varieties USA–Barchet–Early Introduction. 38, 42, 51, 87, 111, 140, 200 Soybean Seeds–Black in Color. Used as Food (Including in Soy Nuggets and Inyu), Beverage, Feed, or Medicine, or Their Soybean Varieties USA–Biloxi–Early Introduction. 38, 40, 42, 54, Nutritional Value. 191, 213 55, 62, 63, 69, 70, 87, 111, 112, 113, 114, 140, 157, 177, 190, 200, 202, 271, 459, 501, 632 Soybean Seeds–Brown in Color. Especially Early Records. 8, 29, 38, 40, 42, 55, 63, 69, 93, 112, 114, 124, 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Black Eyebrow–Early Introduction. 29, 38, 40, 42, 114, 140 Soybean Seeds–Green in Color. Food Use is Not Mentioned. Early Named Varieties Include Aoda, Columbia, Giant Green, Guelph or Soybean Varieties USA–Brindle–Early Introduction. 29 Medium Green, Medium Early Green, Medium Green, Samarow, Sonoma, and Tashing. 8, 29, 32, 36, 96, 111, 114, 124, 140, 157 Soybean Varieties USA–Brown–Early Introduction. 29

Soybean Seeds–Mottled, Speckled, Spotted, Striped, Banded, Soybean Varieties USA–Brownie–Early Introduction. 29 Flecked, Variegated, or Bicolored. 32 Soybean Varieties USA–Buckshot–Early Introduction. 53 Soybean Seeds–Yellow in Color. Including Yellowish White, Cream Colored, and Pale (Pallida). Especially Early Records. See Soybean Varieties USA–Butterball–Early Introduction. 53 also: Soybean Seeds–White. 8, 10, 11, 29, 32, 36, 52, 63, 68, 69, 87, 93, 111, 112, 114, 124, 140, 149, 157, 185, 190, 200 Soybean Varieties USA–Chame–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Type. 140 Soybean Varieties Canada–Harovinton–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable-Type. 498 Soybean Varieties USA–Chernie–Early Introduction. 29, 140

Soybean Varieties Canada–O.A.C. 211–Early Development. 632 Soybean Varieties USA–Chestnut–Early Selection (1907). 29, 114, 140, 632

Soybean Varieties USA–Funk Delicious–Large-Seeded and / or Soybean Varieties USA–Chiquita–Early Introduction. 36, 51, 69, Vegetable-Type. 140 93, 111, 112, 124, 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Goku–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Varieties USA–Chusei–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Type. 140 Type. 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Gosha–Early Introduction. Renamed Soybean Varieties USA–Cloud–Early Introduction. 29 Manhattan by May 1907. 8

Soybean Varieties USA–Columbia / Columbian–Early Soybean Varieties USA–Grande–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Introduction. 29, 93, 112, 124, 140, 459 Type. 505, 599

Soybean Varieties USA–Delsoy–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Varieties USA–Green–Early Introduction. 29 Type. 498 Soybean Varieties USA–Guelph–Early Introduction. 29, 53, 96, Soybean Varieties USA–Disoy–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- 140 Type. 300, 505, 599 Soybean Varieties USA–Habaro–Early Introduction. Also spelled Soybean Varieties USA–Duggar–Early Introduction. 632 “Habara” in Canada. 29, 111, 140, 632

Soybean Varieties USA–Dunfield–Early Introduction. 93, 111, Soybean Varieties USA–Haberlandt–Early Introduction. 29, 36, 112, 114, 124, 140 51, 54, 96, 111, 112, 114, 124, 131, 140, 157

Soybean Varieties USA–Early Black–Early Introduction. Soybean Varieties USA–Hahto–Early Introduction. Large-Seeded Renamed Buckshot by May 1907. 8, 29 and / or Vegetable-Type. 38, 40, 42, 51, 54, 63, 80, 93, 111, 112, 124, 140, 157 Soybean Varieties USA–Early Brown–Early Introduction. 29, 38, 40, 42, 55, 112 Soybean Varieties USA–Hakote–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Type. 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Early Green–Early Introduction. 17, 36, 114, 140, 157 Soybean Varieties USA–Hamilton–Early Introduction. 111, 114, 498 Soybean Varieties USA–Early Yellow–Early Introduction. Renamed Ito San by about 1902. 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Hankow–Early Introduction. 8

Soybean Varieties USA–Easycook / Easy Cook–Early Soybean Varieties USA–Higan–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Introduction. Large-Seeded and/or Vegetable-Type. 80, 111, 112, Type. 124, 132, 135, 140, 333, 377 140, 157 Soybean Varieties USA–Hiro–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Varieties USA–Ebony–Early Introduction. 29, 111, 114, Type. 140 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Hokkaido–Large-Seeded and / or Soybean Varieties USA–Eda–Early Introduction. 53 Vegetable-Type. 140

Soybean Varieties USA–Edna–Early Introduction. 113 Soybean Varieties USA–Hollybrook–Early Introduction. 10, 11, 29, 52, 87, 112, 113, 140, 200, 461 Soybean Varieties USA–Edward–Early Introduction. 29 Soybean Varieties USA–Hongkong / Hong Kong–Early Soybean Varieties USA–Elton–Early Introduction. 29, 140 Introduction. 140

Soybean Varieties USA–Emerald–Large-Seeded and / or Soybean Varieties USA–Hoosier–Early Introduction. 111, 140 Vegetable-Type. 505, 599 Soybean Varieties USA–Hurrelbrink–Early Introduction. 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Fairchild–Early Introduction. 29 Soybean Varieties USA–Imperial–Large-Seeded and / or Soybean Varieties USA–Flat King–Early Introduction. 29 Vegetable-Type. 140

Soybean Varieties USA–Fuji–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Varieties USA–Indiana Hollybrook–Early Development. Type. 140 140

Soybean Varieties USA–Ito San–Early Introduction. Synonyms– Soybean Varieties USA–Mandarin–Early Introduction. 111, 114, Medium Early Yellow, Early White, Early Yellow, Kaiyuski 140, 177, 459 Daizu, Kiyusuki Daidzu, Kysuki, Yellow Eda Mame, Dwarf Early Yellow, Early, Eda Mame, Coffee Berry. 8, 29, 36, 52, 53, 96, 111, Soybean Varieties USA–Manhattan–Early Introduction. 29 112, 114, 124, 140, 157 Soybean Varieties USA–Medium Early Black–Early Introduction. Soybean Varieties USA–Jet–Early Introduction. 29 Renamed Buckshot by 1907. 8

Soybean Varieties USA–Jogun–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Varieties USA–Medium Early Green–Early Introduction. Type. 140 Renamed Ito-San by about 1902. Renamed Guelph by about 1907. 8 Soybean Varieties USA–Kahala–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Type. 505 Soybean Varieties USA–Medium Early Yellow–Early Introduction. 8 Soybean Varieties USA–Kaikoo–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Type. 505 Soybean Varieties USA–Medium Green–Early Introduction. 29, 53, 96, 111, 114, 124, 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Kailua–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Type. 505 Soybean Varieties USA–Medium Yellow–Early Selection (1905). Renamed Midwest by 1923. 29, 140, 185 Soybean Varieties USA–Kanrich–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable-Type. 505 Soybean Varieties USA–Merko–Early Introduction. 111

Soybean Varieties USA–Kanro–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Varieties USA–Merrimax–Large-Seeded and / or Type. 140 Vegetable-Type. 498, 505

Soybean Varieties USA–Kim–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Varieties USA–Meyer–Early Introduction. 29 Type. 505 Soybean Varieties USA–Midwest–Early Introduction. 112, 114, Soybean Varieties USA–Kingston–Early Introduction. 53 124, 140

Soybean Varieties USA–Kura–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Varieties USA–Mikado–Early Development. 29, 111 Type. 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Minsoy–Early Introduction. 111, 114, 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Laredo–Early Introduction. 69, 87, 112, 113, 114, 140, 141, 157, 200, 632 Soybean Varieties USA–Mokapu Summer–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable-Type. 505 Soybean Varieties USA–Lexington–Early Introduction. 93, 112, 114, 124, 140, 632 Soybean Varieties USA–Mongol–Early Introduction. 112

Soybean Varieties USA–Lowrie–Early Selection (1908). 29 Soybean Varieties USA–Morse–Early Introduction. 29, 93, 140, 632 Soybean Varieties USA–Magna–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Type. 300, 505, 599 Soybean Varieties USA–Nanda–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Type. 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Mammoth–Early Introduction. 29, 38, 51, 53, 54, 97, 113, 185 Soybean Varieties USA–Ogemaw / Ogema–Early Development. Synonym–Dwarf Brown (Morse 1948). 8, 29, 53, 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Mammoth Brown–Early Introduction. 63, 69, 93, 114, 124, 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Okute / O’kute / O’Kute–Early Introduction. 29 Soybean Varieties USA–Mammoth Yellow–Early Introduction. 8, 10, 36, 52, 63, 68, 69, 87, 93, 111, 112, 114, 124, 140, 149, 157, Soybean Varieties USA–Olive Medium–Early Introduction. 8 190, 200 Soybean Varieties USA–Osaya–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Varieties USA–Manchu–Early Introduction. 29, 36, 111, Type. 140 112, 114, 140, 157 Soybean Varieties USA–Otootan / O-too-tan–Early Introduction. Soybean Varieties USA–Manchuria–Early Introduction. 114, 151 54, 55, 62, 69, 82, 112, 113, 114, 124, 140, 149, 151, 157, 177, 185, 188, 190, 200, 202, 501

Soybean Varieties USA–Vinton–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Varieties USA–Peking / Pekin–Early Selection (1907). Type. 300, 322, 333, 505 29, 38, 40, 42, 63, 92, 93, 111, 112, 114, 124, 140, 461, 632 Soybean Varieties USA–Vinton 81–Large-Seeded and / or Soybean Varieties USA–Pinpu–Early Introduction. 114, 140 Vegetable-Type. 333, 377, 505, 599

Soybean Varieties USA–Prize–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Varieties USA–Virginia–Early Selection (1907). 29, 36, Type. 505, 599 38, 40, 42, 51, 55, 63, 93, 111, 112, 113, 114, 124, 140, 157, 200, 632 Soybean Varieties USA–Proto–Specialty, High Protein. 498 Soybean Varieties USA–Waseda–Large-Seeded and / or Soybean Varieties USA–Rokugatsu–Early Introduction. 8 Vegetable-Type. 140

Soybean Varieties USA–Rokusun–Large-Seeded and / or Soybean Varieties USA–Wea–Early Introduction. 114, 140 Vegetable-Type. 140, 157 Soybean Varieties USA–White Eyebrow–Early Introduction. 29 Soybean Varieties USA–Samarow–Early Introduction. 29, 53 Soybean Varieties USA–Willomi–Large-Seeded and / or Soybean Varieties USA–Sato–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Vegetable-Type. 140 Type. 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Wilson–Early Introduction. 29, 114, 124, Soybean Varieties USA–Seminole–Large-Seeded and / or 140, 157, 632 Vegetable-Type. 157, 160, 200 Soybean Varieties USA–Wilson-Five / Wilson Five / Wilson 5 / Soybean Varieties USA–Shanghai–Early Introduction. 461 Wilson-5 / Wilson V–Early Selection. 38, 40, 42, 51, 93, 111, 112, 114, 124, 140, 157 Soybean Varieties USA–Sherwood–Early Introduction. 29, 111 Soybean Varieties USA–Wisconsin Black–Early Introduction. 114, Soybean Varieties USA–Shiro–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- 140 Type. 140 Soybean Varieties USA–Yokoten / Yokotenn–Early Introduction. Soybean Varieties USA–Sioux–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- 140 Type. 140 Soybean Variety Development and Breeding–New Soybean Soybean Varieties USA–Sousei–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Varieties in the USA. 11 Type. 140 Soybean crushers (Canada). See ADM Agri-Industries Ltd. Soybean Varieties USA–Southern Prolific–Early Introduction. 140 (Windsor, Ontario, Canada)

Soybean Varieties USA–Soysota–Early Introduction. 114, 140 Soybean crushers (Europe). See Ferruzzi-Montedison (Italy)

Soybean Varieties USA–Suru–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean crushers (USA), Cooperative. See Ag Processing Inc a Type. 140 cooperative (AGP), Riceland Foods (Named Arkansas Grain Corp. before Sept. 1970) Soybean Varieties USA–Swan–Early Introduction. 29 Soybean crushers (USA). See Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM) Soybean Varieties USA–Tarheel Black / Tar-Heel Black / Tar Heel (Decatur, Illinois), Bunge Corp. (White Plains, New York), Black–Early Introduction. 63, 69, 93, 111, 112, 114, 124, 140 Cargill, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minneapolis), Central Soya Co. (Fort Wayne, Indiana), Continental Grain Co. (New York, New York), Soybean Varieties USA–Tashing–Early Introduction. 29 Procter & Gamble Co. (Cincinnati, Ohio). Including the Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Ralston Purina Co. (St. Louis, Missouri), Staley Soybean Varieties USA–Toku–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- (A.E.) Manufacturing Co. (Decatur,, Swift & Co. (Illinois) Type. 140 Soybean crushing–solvents. See Solvents Soybean Varieties USA–Tokyo / Tokio–Early Introduction. 29, 36, 51, 63, 93, 112, 114, 124, 140, 157 Soybean meal pellets. See Pellets Made from Soybean Meal

Soybean Varieties USA–Verde–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean oil. See Soy Oil Type. 505, 599 Soybean paste. See Miso, or Jiang

Soyfoods Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Soybean pellets. See Pellets Made from Soybean Meal By Geographical Region. Includes per capita consumption of soybeans. 427 Soybean processing. See Soybean Crushing Soyfoods Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Soybean production–Farm equipment. See Machinery Individual Companies. 433 (Agricultural), Implements, Equipment, and Mechanization Soyfoods Movement in North America (USA & Canada, General). Soybean production–Marketing. See Marketing Soybeans 411

Soybean production–Nitrogen Fixation and Inoculation. See Soyfoods companies (England). See Itona Nitragin Inoculant Company Soyfoods companies (Europe). See British Arkady Company Ltd. Soybean production–Plant protection. See Diseases (Bacterial, (Manchester, England), Haldane Foods Group Ltd. (Newport Fungal, and Viral / Virus), Insects–Pest Control. See also: Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, England), Lima N.V. / Lima Foods Integrated Pest Management, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) (Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium; and Mezin, France), Valsoia and Biological Control, Nematodes–Disease Control, Weeds– S.p.A. (Bologna, Italy) Control and Herbicide Use Soyfoods companies (USA). See Farm Food Co. (San Rafael, then Soybean production–Research. See Research on Soybeans San Francisco, California), Farm Foods, and Farm Soy Dairy, Galaxy Nutritional Foods, Inc. and its Soyco Foods Div. (Orlando, Soybean production in tropical and subtropical countries. See Florida), Hain Celestial Group, Inc. (Uniondale, New York), Tropical and Subtropical Countries, Soybean Production in SunRich Food Group (Hope, Minnesota), White Wave, Inc. (Mostly in (Boulder, Colorado)

Soybean production. See–Fertilizers and Plant Nutrition, Cover Soyfoods movement. See Farm (The) (Summertown, Tennessee), Crop, Use of Soybean as. See also: Intercropping, Crop Rotation Plenty (The Farm, Summertown, Tennessee), Plenty Canada and of Soybean Plants for Soil Improvement, Cropping Systems: The Farm in Canada (Lanark, Ontario, Canada), Plenty Intercropping, Interplanting, or Mixed Cropping, Cultural International (Summertown, Tennessee), Rodale Press (Emmaus, Practices, Green Manure, Harvesting and Threshing, Nitrogen Pennsylvania), Soyatech (Bar Harbor, Maine), Soyfoods Fixation, Inoculum, Inoculation, and Nodulation by Rhizobium Association of North America (SANA) Bacteria, Organically Grown Soybeans, Plant Protection from Diseases and Pests (General), Policies and Programs, Government, Soyinfo Center (Lafayette, California). Named Soyfoods Center Prices of Soybeans, Soybean Products, and Soybean Seeds, Seed until 1 Jan. 2007. 312, 332, 334, 353, 401, 524, 542, 553, 557, Germination or Viability–Not Including Soy Sprouts, Seed 564, 570, 614 Quality, Soil Science, Soybean Variety Development and Breeding–New Soybean Varieties in the USA, Storage of Seeds, Soymilk–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in Yield Statistics, Soybean Various Languages. 172

Soybeans, black. See Whole Dry Soybeans–Black Seeded Soymilk Companies (Asia)–Kibun, Marusan-Ai, Mitsubishi, Meiji, and Saniku Shokuhin in Japan. 471 Soybeans, ground (used as food). See Whole Dry Soybeans Soymilk Equipment Companies (Europe). See Alfa-Laval (Lund, Soybeans, whole dry (used unprocessed as food). See Whole Dry Sweden) Soybeans Soymilk Equipment. 428 Soyco Foods. See Galaxy Nutritional Foods, Inc. (Orlando, Florida) Soymilk Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Geographical Region. 524, 529, 530, 533, 534, 543, 601 Soyfood products, commercial. See Commercial Soy Products– New Products Soymilk Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Larger Companies. 189, 357 Soyfoods (General Food Uses of Soybeans). 117, 133, 513, 515, 517, 551, 576, 593, 603 Soymilk Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Smaller Companies. 403, 437 Soyfoods Association of North America (SANA). Founded 29 June 1978. 312 Soymilk Standards or Standard of Identity. 590

Soyfoods Center. See Soyinfo Center (Lafayette, California) Soymilk companies (Canada). See ProSoya

Soymilk companies (England). See Itona Statistics on soybean yields. See Yield Statistics, Soybean Soymilk companies (USA). See Vitasoy, WholeSoy & Co. (subsidiary of TAN Industries, Inc., California) Statistics. See Industry and Market Analyses and Statistics, the specific product concerned, e.g. Tofu Industry and Market Soymilk, Fermented–Soy Kefir. 529 Statistics

Soymilk, Fermented, in Liquid or Viscous Form (Basic Research, Storage of Seeds, Viability During Storage or Storability, and Acidophilus Soymilk or Soy Acidophilus Milk, Soy Viili, Drying of Soybeans. 36, 53, 75, 88, 91, 329, 346, 459, 516 Buttermilk, Koumiss, Lassi, Piima, etc.). See also: Soy Yogurt, Soy Cheese, and Soy Kefir. 53, 79 Stow Mills, Inc. Including Llama Toucan & Crow (Brattleboro, Vermont), and Lama Trading Co. 608 Soymilk, Soy Drinks / Beverages, Soy-Based Infant Formulas, and Nogs (Liquid, Non-Fermented). Note–For Soymilk Products Straw, soybean. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Straw See Tofu, Yuba, Shakes, Soy Ice Cream, Soy Yogurt, and Soy Cheese or Cheese Alternatives. 36, 37, 42, 45, 46, 47, 53, 59, 71, Strayer Family of Iowa–Incl. George Strayer (1910-1981; 72, 74, 79, 80, 85, 98, 101, 102, 104, 117, 120, 126, 127, 130, executive officer of the American Soybean Association 1940- 151, 152, 171, 172, 181, 189, 246, 268, 269, 276, 281, 284, 290, 1967), His Father Bert Strayer (1880-1941), and His Nephew 309, 332, 334, 350, 353, 357, 372, 373, 381, 383, 385, 386, 391, Dennis Strayer (born 1938). 143 392, 398, 402, 403, 404, 405, 411, 419, 432, 434, 437, 459, 465, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 476, 483, 492, 494, 501, 512, 516, 524, Sufu. See Tofu, Fermented 525, 528, 529, 530, 532, 533, 534, 536, 538, 540, 541, 543, 546, 547, 548, 550, 551, 553, 554, 555, 556, 561, 564, 566, 567, 569, Sugars, complex, such as raffinose, stachyose, and verbacose. See 570, 574, 576, 580, 583, 585, 588, 590, 591, 593, 597, 606, 607, Oligosaccharides 613, 619, 621, 626 SunOpta, Inc. (Toronto, Ontario, Canada). Formerly SunRich Soymilk, Spray-Dried or Powdered. 53, 284, 556, 591, 600, 601 Food Group (Hope, Minnesota). Formerly Minnesota Waxy Corn Growers Export Inc., Minnesota Edamame, Jameson-Williams Co. Soynut Butter (Soynuts / Roasted Soybeans Ground to a Paste Acquired by Stake Technology Ltd. (Norval, Ontario, Canada) in Resembling Peanut Butter; May Also Be Made from Soy Flour July 1999, Stake changes its name to SunOpta on 31 Oct. 2003. Mixed with a Little Oil). 269, 576 590

Soynut companies (Europe & USA). See Solnuts B.V. (Tilburg, SunRich Food Group (Hope, Minnesota). See SunOpta, Inc. The Netherlands; and Hudson, Iowa). Including Edible Soy Products Sunflower Seeds and Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus)–Including Sunflowerseed Oil, Cake, and Meal. Once called the Heliotrope, Soynuts (Oil Roasted or Dry Roasted). 37, 53, 80, 130, 269, 281, Heliotropion, and Heliotropium. 53, 253, 335, 382, 627 290, 516, 544, 576, 593 Sustainable Development and Growth, Including Low-Input Soynuts–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in Sustainable Agriculture (LISA), Renewable Energy Resources Various Languages. 37 (Solar, Wind), Steady State Economics, and Voluntary Simplicity Worldwide. 529, 530, 557, 558, 631 Sprouts, Non-Soy. See also Soy Sprouts. 136 Swan Gardens Inc. and Soya Kaas Inc. (Atlanta, Georgia). 612 Sprouts. See Soy Sprouts Swift & Co. (Chicago, Champaign, and Oak Brook, Illinois). 400 Sri Lanka. See Asia, South–Sri Lanka Sword Beans. Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) D.C. 24 Staley (A.E.) Manufacturing Co. (Decatur, Illinois; Acquired by Tate & Lyle PLC in June 1988). 186, 436 Sword bean. See Jack Bean (Canavalia ensiformis)

Standardization of nomenclature of soybean varieties. See Tahini or tahina or tahin. See Sesame Butter Nomenclature of Soybean Varieties–Standardization of and Confusion Taiwan. See Asia, East–Taiwan

Standards for soyfoods. See Individual foods, e.g., Tofu Standards Tamari, Including Real Tamari (Soy Sauce Which Contains Little or No Wheat) or the Macrobiotic Word Tamari Meaning Statistics on soybean production, area and stocks. See individual Traditional Shoyu. 213 geographic regions (such as Asia, Europe, Latin America, United States, etc.) and nations within each region

Tariffs, duties, embargoes. See Trade Policies (International) 383, 385, 386, 392, 398, 401, 402, 403, 405, 408, 410, 411, 417, Concerning Soybeans, Soy Products, or Soyfoods–Tariffs, Duties, 419, 423, 424, 425, 427, 448, 453, 454, 457, 459, 463, 465, 470, Embargoes and Other Trade Barriers or Subsidies 480, 490, 492, 493, 494, 496, 507, 510, 516, 518, 525, 528, 536, 541, 544, 551, 570, 576, 578, 579, 580, 583, 588, 592, 593, 594, Taste Panel, Taste Test Results, or Sensory / Organoleptic 596, 597, 599, 608, 612, 613, 618, 626 Evaluation of the Quality of Foods and Beverages. 193 Tofu–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in Tauco, tao-tjo, or taoetjo (from Indonesia). See Miso Various Languages. 85, 284, 385

Taxonomy. See Soybean–Taxonomy Tofu Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Geographical Region. 284 Tempeh (Spelled Témpé in Malay-Indonesian). 120, 171, 189, 246, 284, 309, 330, 381, 385, 386, 392, 398, 403, 411, 419, 423, Tofu Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–Larger 424, 437, 458, 465, 478, 488, 507, 508, 516, 551, 576, 592, 595, Companies. 518 597 Tofu Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Tempeh–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in Smaller Companies. 403, 408, 437, 465, 490, 579 Various Languages. 120 Tofu companies (USA). See Northern Soy, Inc. (Rochester, New Tempeh Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By York), Swan Gardens Inc. and Soya Kaas Inc. (Atlanta, Georgia), Geographical Region. 594 Tomsun Foods, Inc. (Greenfield, Massachusetts; Port Washington, New York, Wildwood Harvest, Inc. Tempeh Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Larger Companies. 437 Tofu in Second Generation Products, Documents About. 437

Tempeh companies (Canada). See Noble Bean (Ontario, Canada) Tofu, Fermented (Also Called Doufu-ru, Toufu-ru, Furu, Fuyu, Tahuri, Tahuli, Tajure, Tao-hu-yi, or Sufu). See also Tofu-yo. 53, Tempeh companies. See Turtle Island Foods, Inc. (Hood River, 74, 79, 120, 284, 309, 507 Oregon. Maker of Tofurky and Tempeh) Tofu, Flavored / Seasoned / Marinated and Baked, Broiled, Tempeh, Non-Soy Relatives–Onchom (Oncom, Ontjom)–A cake Grilled, Braised, or Roasted. Including Tofu Jerky and Savory of Peanut Presscake or Okara (Oncom Tahu) Fermented with Baked Tofu. 494 Neurospora (Monilia sitophila = Oidium lupuli) molds. 120 Tofu, Fried (Especially Pouches, Puffs, Cutlets, or Burgers; Agé or Textiles made from spun soy protein fibers. See Fibers (Artificial Aburagé, Atsu-agé or Nama-agé, Ganmodoki or Ganmo). 284, 528 Wool or Textiles Made from Spun Soy Protein Fibers, Including Azlon and Soylon) Tofu, Frozen, Dried-frozen, or Dried Whole (Not Powdered). 53, 284 Textured soy flours. See Soy Flours, Textured (Including TVP, Textured Vegetable Protein) Tofu, Silken (Kinugoshi). 284, 309, 583

Textured soy protein concentrates. See Soy Protein Concentrates, Tofu, Smoked. 507, 608 Textured Tofu, Used as an Ingredient in Second Generation Commercial Textured soy proteins. See Soy Proteins, Textured Products Such as Dressings, Entrees, Ice Creams, etc. 490, 573

Third World. 94, 185, 261, 374, 470, 475 Tofu, baked or broiled at flavored / seasoned/marinated. See Tofu, Flavored/Seasoned/Marinated and Baked, Broiled, Grilled, Thyroid function. See Goitrogens and Thyroid Function Braised, or Roasted

Timor-Leste (East Timor). See Asia, Southeast–Timor-Leste (East Tofutti Brands, Inc. (Cranford, New Jersey)–Soy Ice Cream Timor) Company. Mintz’s Buffet Until Jan. 1982. 380, 425, 453

Tocopherols. See Vitamins E (Tocopherols) Tomsun Foods, Inc. (Greenfield, Massachusetts; Port Washington, New York. Named New England Soy Dairy from 1978-1983). 312 Tofu (Also Called Soybean Curd or Bean Curd until about 1975- 1985). See also Tofu–Fermented, Soy Ice Creams, Soy Yogurts, Tonga. See Oceania and Cheesecake, Which Often Use Tofu as a Major Ingredient. 36, 37, 45, 47, 53, 59, 72, 80, 85, 98, 104, 117, 120, 130, 171, 189, Toxins and Toxicity in Foods and Feeds–Microorganisms, 213, 262, 284, 309, 312, 320, 331, 343, 351, 354, 361, 373, 381, Especially Bacteria (Such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella,

Clostridium botulinum), that Cause Food Poisoning. See also: Aflatoxins (produced by molds) and Bongkrek Poisoning Tuvalu. See Oceania (produced in coconut by bacteria). 579 TVP. See Soy Flours, Textured (Including TVP, Textured Trade (International–Imports, Exports) of Soybeans, Soy Oil, and Vegetable Protein) / or Soybean Meal. See also Trade–Tariffs and Duties. 44, 47, 48, 53, 57, 82, 89, 118, 120, 138, 145, 148, 161, 179, 188, 201, 205, Umeboshi or ume-boshi (Japanese salt plums / pickled plums), 284, 295, 360, 384, 440, 455, 574, 602, 615, 620 Plum Products, and the Japanese Plum Tree (Prunus mumé) from whose fruit they are made. 507 Trade Policies (International) Concerning Soybeans, Soy Products, or Soyfoods–Tariffs, Duties, Embargoes and Other Unfair Practices–Including Possible Deceptive / Misleading Trade Barriers or Subsidies. 44, 76, 143, 145, 215, 452, 455, 463, Labeling, Advertising, etc. See also: Adulteration. 425 529, 546, 553, 554, 562, 574, 602, 615, 631 Unilever Corp., Lever Brothers Co., Unimills B.V. (Netherlands), Trade of Soyfoods (Import and Export, not Including Soy Oil or and Margarine Union. 269, 335 Soybean Meal, but Including Lecithin and Margarine) or Soyfoods Manufacturing Equipment. See also: Soy Sauce–Imports, Exports. United Kingdom. See Europe, Western–United Kingdom Miso–Imports, Exports. 174, 187, 236, 343, 454, 463, 477, 574 United Nations (Including UNICEF, FAO, UNDP, UNESCO, and Transcaucasia. See Asia, Transcaucasia (Presently Armenia, UNRRA) Work with Soy. 167, 172, 185, 189, 196, 203, 212, 224, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) 232, 247, 248, 264, 283, 284, 292, 298, 307, 317, 347, 349, 350, 356, 375, 459, 472, 473, 475, 480, 504, 529, 544, 545, 552, 553, Transportation of Soybeans or Soy Products to Market by 569, 593 Railroad / Railway / Rail within a Particular Country or Region. See also Railroads / Railways and Special Trains Used to Promote United Natural Foods, Inc. (UNFI, Auburn, Washington state). Soybeans and Soybean Production. 148 Formed in 1995. Includes Mountain People’s Warehouse (Nevada City, California), Cornucopia Natural Foods (Connecticut) and Transportation of Soybeans or Soy Products to Market by Roads Stow Mills (Vermont and New Hampshire), Rainbow Natural or Highways Using Trucks, Carts, etc. within a Particular Country Foods, Albert’s Organics, and Hershey Imports Co. 608 or Region. 127, 612 United States–States–Alabama. 29, 148, 274 Transportation of Soybeans or Soy Products to Market by Water (Rivers, Lakes) Using Junks, Barges, etc. within a Particular United States–States–Alaska. 154, 155, 213, 574 Country or Region. 523 United States–States–Arizona. 213 Tree of Life (St. Augustine, Florida). Purchased in Dec. 1985 by Netherlands-based Royal Wessanen NV Co. 496, 608, 612 United States–States–Arkansas. 9, 148, 213, 416, 572

Triple “F” and Insta-Pro. See Extruders and Extrusion Cooking, United States–States–California. 9, 122, 136, 166, 181, 187, 213, Low Cost–Including Triple “F” 219, 268, 274, 285, 328, 332, 334, 353, 380, 381, 383, 403, 411, 435, 486, 492, 516, 518, 521, 524, 529, 540, 550, 574, 580, 593, Tropical and Subtropical Countries, Soybean Production in 597, 606, 607, 610, 614, 618, 632 (Mostly in the Third World). 119, 123, 184, 185, 214, 229, 230, 231, 246, 302, 329, 407, 559 United States–States–Colorado. 213, 274, 460, 518, 531, 560, 610, 612, 621 Tropical kudzu. See Kudzu or Kuzu–Tropical Kudzu or Puero (Pueraria phaseoloides) United States–States–Connecticut. 9, 213, 411, 619, 621

Trucks or Carts used to transport soybeans. See Transportation of United States–States–Delaware. 148, 328 Soybeans or Soy Products to Market by Roads or Highways United States–States–District of Columbia (Washington, DC). 10, Trypsin / Protease / Proteinase Inhibitors. 370 31, 32, 38, 44, 47, 50, 53, 76, 80, 85, 93, 96, 104, 118, 128, 133, 140, 148, 180, 193, 203, 212, 213, 224, 225, 247, 264, 266, 283, Turkey. See Asia, Middle East–Turkey 292, 307, 317, 332, 334, 349, 382, 463, 612, 627, 632

Turkeys Fed Soybeans, Soybean Forage, or Soybean Cake or United States–States–Florida. 32, 108, 122, 207, 213, 219, 230, Meal as Feed. 8 236, 280, 328, 335, 358, 366, 380, 416, 444, 460, 485, 525, 583, 601, 604, 612 Turtle Island Foods, Inc. (Hood River, Oregon. Maker of Tofurky and Tempeh). 594 United States–States–Georgia. 1, 9, 148, 213, 336, 429, 599, 612

United States–States–Hawaii. 8, 9, 48, 53, 57, 120, 130, 154, 155, United States–States–Mississippi. 9, 48, 57, 114, 120, 148, 207, 213, 301, 302, 312, 339, 344, 380, 496, 574, 584, 618, 624 213, 498, 584, 607

United States–States–Idaho. 29 United States–States–Missouri. 9, 120, 132, 136, 148, 213, 274, 313, 369, 436, 489, 523, 572, 576, 599, 607, 624, 632 United States–States–Illinois. 9, 53, 78, 81, 83, 120, 126, 148, 194, 213, 225, 228, 231, 232, 234, 246, 248, 252, 263, 268, 272, United States–States–Montana. 29, 612 276, 282, 284, 299, 301, 302, 309, 310, 312, 318, 323, 328, 329, 336, 337, 338, 339, 342, 346, 362, 363, 365, 372, 374, 377, 388, United States–States–Nebraska. 9, 148, 523, 598, 599, 611 409, 416, 426, 451, 456, 470, 474, 475, 498, 505, 531, 548, 572, 575, 584, 598, 599, 607, 610, 623 United States–States–Nevada. 213

United States–States–Indiana. 9, 120, 148, 168, 213, 219, 397, United States–States–New Hampshire. 9, 213, 274 416, 500, 572 United States–States–New Jersey. 9, 29, 148, 213, 380, 425, 453 United States–States–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest document seen concerning soybeans in a certain U.S. state. 29 United States–States–New Mexico. 29, 213

United States–States–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest United States–States–New York. 9, 44, 114, 120, 148, 154, 155, document seen concerning soybeans or soyfoods in connection 213, 246, 274, 380, 507, 528, 583, 593, 604, 608, 616, 617, 628 with (but not yet in) a certain U.S. state. 9 United States–States–North Carolina. 9, 48, 53, 57, 120, 140, 148, United States–States–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest 213, 274, 395, 489, 598, 599 document seen concerning the cultivation of soybeans in a certain U.S. state. 9, 29 United States–States–North Dakota. 29, 213, 598, 599

United States–States–Introduction of Soybeans to. This document United States–States–Ohio. 9, 114, 120, 148, 168, 181, 213, 333, contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in a certain U.S. state. 334, 376, 377, 470, 579, 582, 584, 598, 599, 612 29 United States–States–Oklahoma. 9, 148, 213, 604 USA. See United States of America United States–States–Oregon. 9, 213, 610 United States–States–Introduction of Soybeans to. This document contains the earliest date seen for the cultivation of soybeans in a United States–States–Pennsylvania. 9, 56, 148, 213, 219, 382, 437 certain U.S. state. 9, 29 United States–States–Rhode Island. 9, 29, 213 United States–States–Iowa. 114, 120, 148, 181, 213, 219, 300, 319, 322, 333, 376, 377, 412, 416, 498, 505, 523, 572, 584, 598, United States–States–South Carolina. 9, 148, 157, 158, 213, 599, 599, 607, 610, 618, 619 607

United States–States–Kansas. 8, 9, 53, 120, 148, 237 United States–States–South Dakota. 9, 29, 319, 551

United States–States–Kentucky. 9, 29, 148, 274, 577 United States–States–Tennessee. 9, 29, 101, 148, 274, 284, 345, 350, 352, 358, 359, 364, 366, 383, 389, 399, 401, 403, 404, 411, United States–States–Louisiana. 87, 148, 200, 213, 365, 624 435, 445, 516, 551, 594, 595, 597

United States–States–Maine. 9, 29, 213, 476, 625 United States–States–Texas. 9, 148, 213, 219, 426, 569, 572, 593, 606, 611, 621 United States–States–Maryland. 9, 29, 114, 120, 148, 202, 213, 328, 396, 416, 485, 489, 572, 623 United States–States–Utah. 29, 213

United States–States–Massachusetts. 8, 9, 53, 114, 120, 165, 213, United States–States–Vermont. 9, 213 312, 466, 489, 496, 592, 604 United States–States–Virginia. 7, 9, 11, 48, 57, 130, 148, 213, 274, United States–States–Michigan. 8, 9, 29, 114, 126, 148, 213, 319, 328, 598, 599 572 United States–States–Washington state. 9, 136, 579, 599 United States–States–Minnesota. 9, 148, 213, 319, 335, 376, 416, 523, 537, 538, 539, 542, 549, 572, 584, 598, 599, 607, 618 United States–States–West Virginia. 9, 29, 120, 148, 274

United States of America (USA). 1, 7, 8, 9, 11, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, United States–States–Wisconsin. 9, 29, 53, 114, 120, 148, 213, 38, 39, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 76, 78, 80, 81, 274, 343, 572, 618 83, 85, 87, 97, 101, 102, 107, 111, 113, 114, 118, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Agricultural 146, 148, 151, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 161, 165, 166, 168, 174, Research Service (ARS, Established 1953). Including Agricultural 178, 180, 181, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 193, 194, 195, 201, 203, Research Administration (1942-1953). 193, 202, 230, 261, 268, 204, 205, 207, 212, 213, 215, 218, 219, 223, 224, 225, 226, 230, 271, 284, 308, 377, 396, 489 231, 232, 234, 237, 238, 247, 252, 261, 263, 264, 266, 268, 270, 272, 274, 276, 282, 283, 284, 285, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 309, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Arlington 310, 312, 313, 318, 319, 322, 323, 328, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, Experimental Farm at Arlington, Virginia (1900-1942). 96, 130, 336, 337, 338, 339, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 350, 351, 352, 140 353, 358, 359, 360, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 372, 374, 376, 377, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 388, 389, 395, 396, 397, 399, 400, 401, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of 403, 404, 409, 411, 412, 416, 422, 425, 426, 429, 435, 437, 440, Agricultural Economics (1922-1953). Including Bureau of 445, 451, 452, 453, 456, 459, 460, 461, 463, 470, 472, 474, 475, Markets and Crop Estimates (1921-1922), Bureau of Markets 477, 480, 485, 486, 489, 492, 495, 496, 498, 500, 502, 505, 507, (1913-1921), and Office of Farm Management and Farm 512, 516, 518, 522, 523, 525, 526, 528, 531, 551, 559, 563, 569, Economics (1905-1922). Transferred in 1953 to USDA’s 572, 574, 575, 576, 577, 579, 582, 583, 584, 590, 592, 593, 594, Economic Research Service. 139 595, 597, 598, 599, 601, 602, 604, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 623, 624, 625, 627, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of 628, 632 Human Nutrition and Home Economics (1943-1953). Including Bureau of Home Economics (1923-1943), Office of Home United States of America–Activities and Influence Overseas / Economics (1915-1923), and Nutrition and Home Economics Abroad. 10, 19, 42, 62, 63, 69, 70, 89, 93, 96, 100, 104, 132, 133, Work in the Office of Experiment Stations (1894-1915). 179, 181, 200, 202, 208, 228, 236, 248, 262, 292, 307, 317, 349, Transferred to the Agricultural Research Service in 1953. 130 369, 385, 418, 421, 436, 440, 441, 444, 455, 466, 476, 524, 529, 530, 537, 538, 539, 540, 542, 546, 548, 549, 550, 553, 554, 560, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of Plant 562, 580, 619, 622 Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering (1943-1953). Including Bureau of Plant Industry (1901-1943), Office of Plant United States of America–Commercial Products Imported from Industry (1900-1901), and Division of Agrostology (1895-1901). Abroad. 487 Transferred to Agricultural Research Service in 1953. 9, 32, 47, 50, 53, 80, 85, 93, 96, 101, 104, 118, 127, 130, 133, 138, 140, 632 United States of America–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks– Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 48, 57, 118, 126, 148, 186 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS, Est. 1953) Including Office of Foreign United States of America, soyfoods movement in. See Soyfoods Agricultural Relations (1939-1953). Foreign Agricultural Service Movement in North America (1938-1939). 179, 205, 248 Upjohn, Inc. Named Pharmacia & Upjohn since 2 Nov. 1995. 219, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Office of 416 Experiment Stations (1888-1955). Transferred to the Cooperative State Experiment Station Service in 1961. 5 USA. See United States of America

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Section of USDA National Agricultural Library (NAL, Beltsville, Maryland). Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction (Established 1898 within the See National Agricultural Library (NAL, Beltsville, Maryland) USDA with David Fairchild in Charge). Transferred to Bureau of Plant Industry (1 July 1901). Later Referred to as the Office of USDA. See United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction and then the Office of Foreign Plant Introduction. 32, 50, 136, 632 USSR. See Europe, Eastern–USSR

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA; Including Valsoia S.p.A. (Bologna, Italy). 554 Federal Grain Inspection Service [FGIS], and War Food Administration [WFA]). See also: Agricultural Marketing Service, Van Gundy, Dorothea. See Seventh-day Adventists–Cookbooks Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Bureau of Plant Industry, and Their Authors Economic Research Service, Food and Nutrition Service, Foreign Agricultural Service, and Section of Foreign Seed and Plant Vanuatu. See Oceania Introduction. 38, 42, 55, 63, 101, 107, 148, 157, 203, 212, 224, 247, 264, 283, 300, 309, 312, 314, 315, 365, 456, 498, 505, 598, Varieties of soybeans–Earliest document seen... See Historical– 610 Earliest Document Seen

Varieties, soybean–Japanese. See Japanese Soybean Types and Vegetarianism–Statistics and Analyses on the Number of Varieties Vegetarians or the Size of the Vegetarian Products Market. 381

Varieties, soybean. See Soybean Varieties, Soybean Varieties Vegetarianism–Veganism–Concerning a Vegan Diet or Lifestyle USA–Large-Seeded Vegetable-Type, Soybean Varieties USA– Free of All Animal Products, Including Dairy Products, Eggs, and Special High Protein in Some Cases Honey and Leather. 477, 538, 543, 597

Variety Development and Breeding of Soybeans (General, Velvet Beans. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Formerly: Mucuna utilis. Including Varieties and Seeds). 58, 59, 60, 64, 65, 66, 78, 88, 118, Formerly called Banana Beans (Rarely) or Velvetbeans. 5, 8, 10, 130, 140, 142, 153, 156, 157, 158, 162, 163, 175, 190, 202, 206, 24, 62, 464 219, 222, 228, 230, 231, 232, 246, 282, 287, 300, 319, 322, 333, 339, 355, 375, 376, 377, 388, 407, 409, 456, 459 Vestro Foods, Inc. See Westbrae Natural Foods

Variety Development, Breeding, Selection, Evaluation, Growing, Videotapes or References to Video Tapes. 312, 469, 503, 530, 535, or Handling of Soybeans for Food Uses. 276, 322, 505, 598, 599 538, 543, 546, 550, 564, 567

Variety development of soybeans. See Breeding of Soybeans and Vietnamese Overseas, Especially Work with Soya. 608 Classical Genetics, Germplasm Collections and Gene Banks, Introduction of Soybeans (as to a Nation, State, or Region, with Vigna unguiculata or V. sinensis. See Cowpeas or Black-Eyed P.I. Numbers for the USA) and Selection Peas

Variety names / nomenclature–standardization. See Nomenclature Vitamins (General). 53, 126, 173 of Soybean Varieties–Standardization of Vitamins B-12 (Cyanocobalamin, Cobalamins). 171 Variety names of early U.S. soybeans. See Lists and Descriptions (Official) of Early U.S. Soybean Varieties with Their P.I. Numbers Vitamins E (Tocopherols, Natural Powerful Antioxidant). 285 and Synonyms Vitamins in a vegetarian diet. See Vegetarian Diets–Nutritional Vegan cookbooks. See Vegetarian Cookbooks–Vegan Cookbooks Aspects–Vitamins

Veganism. See Vegetarianism–Veganism Vitasoy International Holdings Ltd. (Hong Kong Soya Bean Products Co. Ltd. before 24 Sept. 1990), and Vitasoy (USA) Inc., Vegetable soybeans. See Green Vegetable Soybeans (Brisbane, California–south of San Francisco). Including Nasoya Foods (from Aug. 1990) and Azumaya Inc. (from May 1993). Vegetable-type or edible soybeans. See Green Vegetable Founded by K.S. Lo (Lived 1910 to 1995), in Hong Kong. Started Soybeans–Large-Seeded Vegetable-Type or Edible Soybeans, in March 1940. 189, 332, 334 General Information About, Not Including Use As Green Vegetable Soybeans Voandzeia subterranea or Voandzou. See Bambarra groundnuts

Vegetable-type soybeans. See Green Vegetable Soybeans– War, Sino-Japanese. See Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)– Vegetable-Type, Garden-Type, or Edible or Food-Grade Soybeans Soybeans and Soyfoods

Vegetarian / Natural Foods Products Companies. See Imagine War, world. See World War I–Soybeans and Soyfoods, World War Foods, Inc. (California) II–Soybeans and Soyfoods

Vegetarian Cookbooks–Vegan Cookbooks–Do Not Use Dairy Water Use and Misuse–Environmental Issues. 627 Products or Eggs. 551 Waterproof goods or cloth. See Linoleum, Floor Coverings, Vegetarian Cookbooks. See also: Vegan Cookbooks. 223 Oilcloth, and Waterproof Goods

Vegetarian Diets–Nutritional Aspects–Vitamins. 165 Websites or Information on the World Wide Web or Internet. 572, 610, 611 Vegetarianism–Concerning a Diet Free of Flesh Foods, But Which May Include Dairy Products or Eggs. See also: Veganism. 126, Weeds–Control and Herbicide Use. 66, 119, 120, 201, 202, 216, 165, 237, 284, 378, 381, 419, 427, 543 227, 229, 242, 243, 245, 249, 250, 256, 257, 316, 377, 414, 459, 461, 559 Vegetarianism–Seventh-day Adventist Work with. 223, 237, 419, 477 Weight of soybean seeds. See Seed Weight / Size (Soybeans)– Weight of 100 Seeds in Grams, or Number of Seeds Per Pound

Westbrae Natural Foods, Inc. (Berkeley, California). Founded in Feb. 1971 by Bob Gerner. Later in Carson. Subsidiary of Vestro Woodworth, C.M. (1888-1960, Plant Breeder, Univ. of Illinois). Foods, Inc. Acquired by the Hain Food Group of Uniondale, New 83, 456 York, 14 Oct. 1997. 496 Worcestershire Sauce (Soy Sauce Was the Main Ingredient before Western Samoa. See Oceania–Samoa the 1940s). Including Lea & Perrins. 4, 59

Wheat Gluten Made into Seitan (Including Wheatmeat, Tan Pups, World–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–Statistics, Trends, and Tan Pops). 490, 491, 507 and Analyses. 138, 625, 627

Wheat Gluten. 117, 223, 449, 507, 573, 588 World War I–Soybeans and Soyfoods. 31, 34, 35, 107, 138

Whip Topping (Non-Dairy–Resembles Whipped Cream or World War II–Soybeans and Soyfoods. 143, 149, 153, 181, 188, Whipping Cream and Contains Soy Protein). 154, 155 191, 201, 208, 285, 496, 606, 627

White Wave, Inc. (Boulder, Colorado). Including Soyfoods World problems–Environmental issues & concerns. See Unlimited. Owned by Dean Foods Co. since 8 May 2002. 518, Environmental Issues, Concerns, and Protection (General, 536, 608, 618, 621 Including Deep Ecology, Pollution of the Environment, Global Warming, etc.) Whole Dry Soybeans (Used Unprocessed as Food). 37, 45, 47, 53, 77, 80, 85, 120, 128, 131, 152, 191, 276, 281, 290, 309, 353 World problems. See Hunger, Malnutrition, Famine, Food Shortages, and Mortality, Nuclear Power, Weapons, War, Fallout, Whole Dry Soybeans, Ground or Mashed to a Paste After Boiling, or Radioactivity, Population Growth (Human) and Related or Ground Raw with Water to a Fresh Puree or Slurry (Including Problems (Including Poverty), Protein Resources and Shortages, Japanese Gô). 269 and the “World Protein Crisis / Gap / Problem” of 1950-1979, Sustainable Development and Growth WholeSoy & Co. (subsidiary of TAN Industries, Inc.), Modesto WholeSoy Co. (California), and Aros Sojaprodukter (Örsundsbro, World. 44, 48, 53, 57, 95, 111, 112, 113, 118, 120, 138, 146, 179, then Enkoeping, Sweden; Founded by Ted Nordquist. Started Feb. 225, 232, 238, 252, 266, 272, 282, 299, 301, 332, 339, 362, 363, 1981). 606 374, 375, 388, 409, 422, 426, 627

Wild Annual Soybean (Glycine soja Siebold & Zuccarini, Worthington Foods, Inc. (Worthington, Ohio). Including Battle formerly named G. ussuriensis Regel & Maack, and G. Creek Foods (Michigan) from 1960, and Madison Foods angustifolia Miquel). 498 (Tennessee) from 1964. A subsidiary of Miles Laboratories from March 1970 to Oct. 1982. Including Loma Linda Foods from Jan. Wild, Perennial Relatives of the Soybean–Glycine Species 1990. 281, 477, 485 (Glycine albicans, G. arenaria, G. argyrea, G. canescens, G. clandestina, G. curvata, G. cyrtoloba, G. falcata, G. hirticaulis, G. Yellow soybeans. See Soybean Seeds–Yellow lactovirens, G. latifolia, G. latrobeana, G. mycrophylla, G. pindanica, G. tabacina, G. tomentella) (Former Names and Yield Statistics, Soybean. 10, 11, 17, 18, 26, 36, 37, 38, 42, 48, Synonyms Include G. sericea, and G. tomentosa). 167, 563 52, 53, 55, 90, 106, 111, 113, 114, 118, 119, 120, 141, 148, 151, 157, 158, 160, 185, 188, 191, 201, 209, 210, 214, 239, 252, 272, Wild, perennial relatives of the soybean. See Neonotonia wightii 279, 280, 298, 299, 301, 303, 318, 339, 344, 362, 374, 409, 459, 461, 484, 558, 567 Wildwood Harvest, Inc. Formed on 24 Aug. 2001 by the merger of Wildwood Natural Foods, Inc. (Santa Cruz and Fairfax, Yogurt, soy. See Soy Yogurt California; started Nov. 1977) and Midwest Harvest, Inc. (Grinnell, Iowa; started Jan. 1999). 606 Yuba (The Film That Forms Atop Soymilk When It Is Heated). Also Called Bean Curd Skin. 53, 59, 120, 284, 309, 576 Wildwood Natural Foods, Inc. See Wildwood Harvest, Inc. Yugoslavia. See Europe, Eastern–Serbia and Montenegro Wilson soybean variety. See Soybean Varieties USA–Mammoth Yellow Zaire. See Africa–Congo (formerly Zaire). Officially Democratic Republic of the Congo. Also known as Congo-Kinshasa Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) (Also Called Four- Angled Bean, Goa Bean, Goabean, Asparagus Bean, Asparagus Zea mays. See Corn / Maize Pea, Segidilla, Seguidilla or Seguidillas Bean, Square Podded Pea, Square Podded Crimson Pea, Botor tetragonoloba, Dolichos-, or Lotus tetragonolobus, Pois carré, Calamismis or Kalamismis). 32, 50, 185, 200, 291, 303