Gloria N. Simubali 3 March 2020 Toronto, Canada Sustainable Development of Mineral, Energy , Geological resources Can Humanity do away with mining? • Mining dates back to the Ancient days – as far back as ± 6000 BC (Copper mining in Egypt)! • Search for ores then was driven by: • The need for metals • For power • For wealth • For making life easier

- Earlier workers included: - Geologists, Mineralogists, Miners, Metallurgists, Goldsmiths, Silversmiths, Smiths for copper, bronze, iron! Sustainable Development of Mineral, Energy , Geological resources Has anything changed? • About 43 different geoscience specialist fields have evolved • Why? • The need for metals and minerals is continuous • For power • For wealth • For making life easier …….Economics drives geology – the need to understand geology - After 8000 years of mining and exploration and at least 200 years of more intense prospecting and mining, mineral deposits are becoming ever harder to find Sustainable Development of Mineral, Energy , Geological resources The need for metals and minerals • Considerable potential to help reduce poverty and accelerate human development, through • Increasing government and community revenues • Generating employment – socioeconomic upliftment • Providing human (health, education, nutrition) and physical (transport, energy, water) infrastructure

• We have to find these metals and minerals: – They are difficult to find, because a mineral deposit is like a needle in a haystack. – But, understanding the geological haystack is critical in the location of mineral deposits – We need to understand how the rocks and the associated mineral deposits are formed Sustainable Development of Mineral, Energy , Geological resources What drives exploration in Namibia? • The mining sector is a significant contributor to economic growth in Namibia • Archeological sites indicate that mining in Namibia can be traced back to 400 years ago. • 1857 first large scale mining at Matchless was managed by Charles John Andersson • Late 50s to late 60s “mushrooming” of base metal mines like Otjihase, Matchless, Oamites, Kombat, etc. • Despite the long history of mining and exploration in Namibia, there has been very limited new discoveries of mineral deposits! Sustainable Development of Mineral, Energy , Geological resources Assessing Namibia’s Potential • Does the potential to discover and develop new deposits exist? • Do we have mineral deposits that can be re-evaluated for development?

• Mining Claims = 798 (402 Active, 396 Pending Renewal) • Mining Licenses (MLs) = 143 • 99 are Active and 44 are pending renewal • Exclusive Prospecting Licenses (EPLs) = 998 • 800 are Active (208 Foreign owned of which 22 are Canadian associated or Canadian companies) • 198 are pending renewal.

Sustainable Development of Mineral, Energy , Geological resources Assessing Namibia’s Potential • It can take decades to discover a new economically viable mineral deposit • It requires Persistence and Innovative Thinking • 1 in 1000 targets drilled becomes a mine! • Many companies will only open a mine if they can recover their initial costs within 3-4 years.

• New pre-competitive geoscience information is required to boost exploration investment by assisting industry to better target areas likely to contain the next major mineral deposits.

Sustainable Development of Mineral, Energy , Geological resources The role of the Geological Survey of Namibia • Have to map and research the geology and mineral deposits in Namibia to ensure Geoscience Data Availability: • Bringing together all existing information and data into a platform that is readily accessible by stakeholders • Conduct geophysical surveys • Provide the foundation for the understanding of the geology of Namibia – Is our Data relevant and effective? – Is it accessible?

Sustainable Development of Mineral, Energy , Geological resources Back arc basin

Sustainable Development of Mineral, Energy , Geological resources Geological Overview of Namibia

• Approx. 50% bedrock exposure

• Remainder - Kalahari and Namib deserts Current Mines in Namibia

1. Tschudi 2. Ohorongo 3. Otjikoto Gold 4. Okanjande Graphite 5. Otjozondu 6. Navachab 7. Desert Lion 8. Rossing 9. The Salt Company 10. Langer Heinrich 11. Salt & Chemicals 12. Husab 13. Matchless 14. Otjihase 15. Namdeb Coastal Mines 16. Debmarine Namibia 17. Skorpion 18. Rosh Pinah 19. Tantalite Valley 20. Namib Lead and Zinc 21. Uis Tin Diamonds Uranium Gold

Damara Province – skarn-/ vein-hosted

Rehoboth area– shear zone hosted vein deposits

Earth Sciences for Namibia’s Sustainable Development Copper, Lead and Zinc, Cobalt Nickel *Tin

* Orange River Pegmatite Belt • Tantalum • Lithium Mineral License Map Hydrocarbon Potential

• Coal in Permian rocks - Karoo Supergroup, • e.g. Aranos basin

• Oil + Gas • e.g. Kudu gas field, Orange Basin

• Oil prone source rock discovered offshore Sustainable Development of Mineral, Energy , Geological resources Geoscience Data Availability

Mineral Exploration Database IN SUMMARY • Namibian geology provides an opportunity to explore mineral deposits formed in various tectonic settings • Potential exists - discover and develop new deposits including to re-evaluate known mineral deposits • Mineral exploration baseline data - incentive exploration programmes. • Ability to utilize remote sensing and geophysical techniques in conjunction with geological mapping to narrow the search for targets • Ability to continually update datasets and to generate raw data and data-products at various scales Sustainable Development of Mineral, Energy , Geological resources IN SUMMARY • When we have highly skilled geoscience professionals, knowledge and data about our national mining potential, it improves our ability to regulate mining exploration and attract investment in a sustainable manner and allows for long term economic, physical and social planning!

Sustainable Development of Mineral, Energy , Geological resources GOING FORWARD • Efficient administration of modern mining legislation to eliminate Regulatory Framework uncertainty • We need to develop our mineral commodities using environmentally responsible practices • This requires expertise from across government, industry and academia to collectively address mining-related challenges in Namibia • Addressing legacy problems from earlier mining to eliminate existing social or environmental problems; • Invest in strengthening the collection and dissemination of geological data in Namibia • Invest in IT/Technology programs and infrastructure for sustainable geoscience data accessibility • Namibia’s extractive industry and services sector should establish the expertise and capacity for self-sustainability. • This requires targeted / systematic assessment of capacity gaps • Mutually beneficial bilateral arrangements Sustainable Development of Mineral, Energy , Geological resources Geology Underlies Everything!

THANK YOU!