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Primenom Prostornih Sistema Za Podršku Odlučivanju (Primer Grada Beograda)

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Primenom Prostornih Sistema Za Podršku Odlučivanju (Primer Grada Beograda) UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU Marina M. Ilić ODRŽIVO UPRAVLJANJE GEODIVERZITETOM URBANIH PREDELA PRIMENOM PROSTORNIH SISTEMA ZA PODRŠKU ODLUČIVANJU (PRIMER GRADA BEOGRADA) Doktorska disertacija Beograd, 2016.godine UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE Marina M. Ilić SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF GEODIVERSITY IN URBAN AREAS USING SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (CASE STUDY OF BELGRADE) Doctoral Dissertation Belgrade, 2016 ii Mentori: ___________________________________________________ Prof. dr Ljupko Rundić, redovni profesor Univerzitet u Beogradu, Rudarsko‐geološki fakultet ___________________________________________________ Prof. dr Sanja Stojković, vanredni profesor Univerzitet u Beogradu, Geografski fakultet Članovi komisije: __________________________________________________ Dr Ljubinko Rakonjac, naučni savetnik Institut za šumarstvo _________________________________________________ Dr Jelena Ćalić, naučni saradni Geografski institut "Jovan Cvijić" SANU _________________________________________________ Prof. dr Miodrag Ralević, redovni profesor u penziji Univerzitet u Beogradu, Arhitektonski fakultet Datum odbrane: _______________________ iii ODRŽIVO UPRAVLJANJE GEODIVERZITETOM URBANIH PREDELA PRIMENOM PROSTORNIH SISTEMA ZA PODRŠKU ODLUČIVANJU (PRIMER GRADA BEOGRADA) Rezime: U urbanom području Beograda čest je konflikt oko načina korišćenja resursa. Sa jedne strane postoji stalna potreba prostora za izgradnju novih objekata za stanovanje, poljoprivredu i industrijsku proizvodnju, a sa druge strane da se rasursi zaštite jer im preti degradacija ili čak potpuno uništenje. Zbog toga se geodiverzitetom, kao prirodnim resursom, mora upravljati na održivi način pri čemu je veoma važna njegova zaštita. U zavisnosti od ugroženosti i vrednosti elemenata geodiverziteta (geoloških, geomorfoloških, hidroloških i pedoloških) određuje se i koliko i na koji način se oni mogu koristiti. Održivo upravljanje geodiverzitetom podrazumeva balans između korišćenja i zaštite. Celokupna problematika upravljanja se može sagledavati sa aspekta proučavanja procesa donošenja odluka s obzirom na to da se tokom svih upravljačkih funkcija donose odgovarajuće odluke. Proces donošenja prostornih odluka je često kompleksan, multidisciplinaran i uključuje veliki broj zainteresovanih strana. Relevantne informacije u vezi problema koji se rešava moraju biti prikupljene i organizovane na način da podržavaju analizu problema i zadovoljavaju potrebe donosilaca odluka i različitih interesnih grupa. Odlučivanje u vezi zaštite geodiverziteta mora biti vođeno jasnim ciljevima, identifikacijom prioriteta i zainteresovanih strana na različitim nivoima. U kompleksnim situacijama kada se raspolaže sa velikom brojem informacija neophodan je kompjuterski sistem za podršku donosiocima odluka. Uvođenjem prostornih sistema za podršku odlučivanju u proces upravljanja geodiverzitetom doprinosi se postizanju ovih ciljeva. Osnovna postavka ovog sistema, koji je prikazan u doktorskoj disertaciji, podrazumeva kombinaciju geografskih iv informacionih sistema (GIS) sa tehnikama prostorne višekriterijumske analize u cilju podrške rešavanja problema održivog upravljanja geodiverzitetom na području grada Beograda, kroz izbor lokacija koje imaju najveći stepen pogodnosti da budu deo zaštićenih područja Beograda. Ključne reči: geodiverzitet, prostorni sistemi za podršku odlučivanju, održivo upravljanje, urbana područja, grad Beograd Naučna oblast: Multidiscilinarne studije Uža naučna oblast: Zaštita životne sredine UDK broj: v SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF GEODIVERSITY IN URBAN AREAS USING SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (CASE STUDY OF BELGRADE) Abstract: Conflict over natural resources figured prominently in th urban areas of Belgrade. On the one hand there is a constant need for space for the construction of new buildings for housing, agriculture and industrial production, and on the other hand the resources need protection because of the threat of degradation or even complete destruction. Therefore, the geodiversity, as well as natural resource, must be managed in a sustainable manner in which it is very important its protection. In what way and how will these resources be used depends on the vulnerability and values of the elements of geodiversity (geological, geomorphological, hydrological and soil). Sustainable management of geodiversity implies a balance between use and protection. The whole issue of governance can be viewed as a study of the decision making process with regard to the fact that during all the control functions make appropriate decisions. Spatial decision‐making process is often complex, multidisciplinary and includes a large number of stakeholders. Relevant information regarding the problem to be solved must be collected and organized in a way to support the analysis of the problems and meet the needs of decision makers and various stakeholders. Deciding on the protection of geodiversity must be guided by clear objectives, identifying priorities and stakeholders at different levels. Complex situation,s when it has a large amount of information, requires a computer system to support decision‐making. The introduction of spatial decision support systems in the process of managing geodiversity contributes to achieving these goals. The default setting of this system, which is shown in his doctoral dissertation, involves a combination of Geographic Information System (GIS) vi techniques with spatial multi‐criteria analysis in order to support solving problems of sustainable management of geodiversity in the city of Belgrade. The final result is a selection of geosites that have the greatest potential to be part of the protected area of Belgrade. Keywords: geodiversity, Spatial Decision Support Systems, sustainable management, urban areas, the city of Belgrade Scientific Area: Multidiscilinarne study Specific Scientific Area: Environmental protection UDK Number: vii SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1 1.1 PREDMET DISERTACIJE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1 1.2 NAUČNI CILJ DISERTACIJE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2 1.3 OSNOVNE HIPOTEZE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2 1.4 METODE ISTRAŽIVANJA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 3 1.5 OBRAZLOŽENJE MULTIDISCIPLINARNOG KARAKTERA DISERTACIJE ‐‐ 5 2. ODRŽIVO UPRAVLJANJE GEODIVERZITETOM U URBANIM PODRUČJIMA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6 2.1 POJAM GEODIVERZITETA I ZAŠTITA GEOVREDNOSTI ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 6 2.2 GEOLOŠKI ELEMENTI ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12 2.3 GEOMORFOLOŠKI ELEMENTI ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15 2.4 PEDOLOŠKI ELEMENTI ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17 2.4.1 PALEOZEMLJIŠTA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 19 2.4.2 DIVERZITET ZEMLJIŠTA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 20 2.4.3 ENDEMIZAM ZEMLJIŠTA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 21 2.4.4 ZEMLJIŠTE KAO RESURS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 22 2.4.5 UGROŽENOST ZEMLJIŠTA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 24 2.4.6 ZEMLJIŠTA URBANIH SREDINA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 25 3. PROSTORNI SISTEMI ZA PODRŠKU ODLUČIVANJU ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 32 3.1 ODRŽIVO UPRAVLJANJE I ODLUČIVANJE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 32 3.2 PROCES DONOŠENJA PROSTORNIH ODLUKA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 34 3.3 VRSTE PROSTORNIH ODLUKA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 37 3.4 DEFINICIJA PROSTORNIH SISTEMA ZA PODRŠKU ODLUČIVANJU ‐‐‐‐‐ 38 3.5 EVOLUCIJA PSPO‐A ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 41 3.6 KOMPONENTE PSPO‐A ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 44 3.6.1 GEOGRAFSKI INFORMACIONI SISTEMI ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 46 3.6.2 UPRAVLJANJA MODELOM ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 47 3.6.3 UPRAVLJANJE DIJALOGOM ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 49 3.6.4 ZAINTERESOVANE STRANE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 50 3.6.5 UPRAVLJANJE ZNANJEM ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 51 3.7 PROCES RAZVOJA PSPO‐A ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 51 3.8 POJAM VIŠEKRITERIJUMSKOG ODLUČIVANJA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 53 viii 3.9 METODE VIŠEKRITERIJUMSKOG ODLUČIVANJA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 56 3.10 RAZVOJ I KOMPONENTE SOFTVERA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 60 3.10.1 RAZVOJ PSPO‐A INTEGRACIJOM RAZLIČITIH SOFTVERA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 62 4. BEOGRADSKI GEODIVERZITET I OBJEKTI GEODIVERZITETA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 65 4.1 GEOGRAFSKI POLOŽAJ I KARAKTERISTIKE GEODIVERZITETA ISTRAŽIVANOG PODRUČJA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 65 4.2 OBJEKTI GEODIVERZITETA BEOGRADA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 69 4.2.1 GEOLOŠKI OBJEKTI ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 69 4.2.1.1 GEOLOŠKA GRAĐA I ISTORIJA STVARANJA TERENA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 69 4.2.1.2 GEOTEKTONSKA GRAĐA TERITORIJE BEOGRADA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 73 4.2.1.3 LITOSTRATIGRAFSKE KARAKTERITIKE TERITORIJE BEOGRADA ‐‐‐‐‐ 74 4.2.1.4 TEKTONSKO‐STRUKTURNE KARAKTERISTIKE TERITORIJE BEOGRADA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 82 4.2.1.5 HIDROGEOLOŠKE KARAKTERISTIKE TERITORIJE BEOGRADA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 82 4.2.1.6 PREGLED I PROCENA VREDNOSTI MINERALNIH SIROVINA ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
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