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Consideration of the Potential Impacts on the Marine Environment Associated with Offshore Petroleum Exploration and Development Activities

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Consideration of the Potential Impacts on the Marine Environment Associated with Offshore Petroleum Exploration and Development Activities C S A S S C C S Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Secrétariat canadien de consultation scientifique Research Document 2011/060 Document de recherche 2011/060 Maritimes Region Région des Maritimes Consideration of the Potential Impacts Examen des impacts possibles des on the Marine Environment Associated activités d’exploration et de mise en with Offshore Petroleum Exploration valeur du pétrole extracôtier sur le and Development Activities milieu marin K. Lee; S.L. Armsworthy; S.E. Cobanli; N.A. Cochrane; P.J. Cranford; A. Drozdowski; D. Hamoutene; C.G. Hannah; E. Kennedy; T. King; H. Niu; B.A. Law; Z. Li; T.G. Milligan; J. Neff; J.F. Payne; B.J. Robinson; M. Romero; and T. Worcester Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 4A2 This series documents the scientific basis for the La présente série documente les fondements evaluation of aquatic resources and ecosystems in scientifiques des évaluations des ressources et des Canada. As such, it addresses the issues of the écosystèmes aquatiques du Canada. Elle traite des day in the time frames required and the documents problèmes courants selon les échéanciers dictés. it contains are not intended as definitive statements Les documents qu’elle contient ne doivent pas être on the subjects addressed but rather as progress considérés comme des énoncés définitifs sur les reports on ongoing investigations. sujets traités, mais plutôt comme des rapports d’étape sur les études en cours. Research documents are produced in the official Les documents de recherche sont publiés dans la language in which they are provided to the langue officielle utilisée dans le manuscrit envoyé Secretariat. au Secrétariat. This document is available on the Internet at: Ce document est disponible sur l’Internet à: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/ ISSN 1499-3848 (Printed / Imprimé) ISSN 1919-5044 (Online / En ligne) © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2011 © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, 2011 Maritimes Region Georges Bank - Offshore Petroleum Correct citation for this publication: La présente publication doit être citée comme suit : K. Lee, S.L. Armsworthy, S.E. Cobanli, N.A. Cochrane, P.J. Cranford, A. Drozdowski, D. Hamoutene, C.G. Hannah, E. Kennedy, T. King, H. Niu, B.A. Law, Z. Li, T.G. Milligan, J. Neff, J.F. Payne, B.J. Robinson, M. Romero, and T. Worcester. 2011. Consideration of the Potential Impacts on the Marine Environment Associated with Offshore Petroleum Exploration and Development Activities. DFO. Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2011/060: xii + 134p. ABSTRACT Over the past few decades, in addition to global efforts, a significant amount of knowledge from scientific studies and environmental effects monitoring (EEM) programs has been gathered by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) on the potential impacts of exploration and development from oil and gas activities on marine ecosystems and marine resources. There have also been advances in operational techniques, including mitigation protocols, that have been developed in an effort to minimize the potential impacts of offshore petroleum resource recovery on marine ecosystems and marine resources. This research document is a compilation of DFO's most up-to-date ‘state of knowledge’ of the potential impacts of typical offshore petroleum activities that may arise in context of marine ecosystems and marine resources. The document has the following objectives under its Terms of Reference: description of the potential impacts of discharges and emissions and zones of influence, if any, from offshore vessels/platforms related to petroleum exploration and development, with a focus on the potential impacts on marine species (e.g. finfish, shellfish, invertebrates and mammals); overview of lessons learned in Atlantic Canada from offshore petroleum exploration and development activities on the Scotian Shelf and the Grand Banks (including results of EEM programs); identification of current offshore petroleum regulatory measures and available mitigation approaches and technologies; and where possible, a review of existing knowledge and identification of knowledge gaps in science and technology which, if closed, can lead to a better understanding of the potential environmental risks associated with petroleum- related activities in the Georges Bank area. The content of this document builds on earlier reports of Gordon (1988) and Boudreau et al. (1999), which summarized and quantified possible environmental impacts of petroleum exploration activities on Georges Bank. The scope of this document has been expanded to include the effects of production operations. The decision to broaden the scope was based on the fact that the overall life of a production field is generally on the order of decades, which far exceeds the duration of seismic surveys or exploratory drilling programs that typically last from tens of days to a few months, respectively. In addition, the potential impacts associated with the offshore petroleum production phase can be considerably different from the potential impacts associated with exploration activities. iii Maritimes Region Georges Bank - Offshore Petroleum The primary intent of the document is to summarize the existing state of knowledge. Some remaining knowledge gaps have been identified, although this is not the major focus of the document and it should not be viewed as a comprehensive review of research needs. The document only considers the state of knowledge of potential impacts on marine environments associated with offshore petroleum exploration prior to April 2010. It does not consider any new knowledge or lessons that may have been learned from the Gulf of Mexico oil spill associated with the April 20, 2010, accident of the Deepwater Horizon. Furthermore, the document is not to be viewed as an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) nor will such an assessment be provided with this document. Last, the document complements the document of Kennedy et al. (2011) entitled ‘The Marine Ecosystem of Georges Bank’ (DFO. Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2011/059. xiv + 232pp). iv Maritimes Region Georges Bank - Offshore Petroleum RÉSUMÉ Au cours des dernières décennies, Pêches et Océans Canada (le MPO) a acquis bien des connaissances sur les impacts possibles des activités d’exploration et de mise en valeur du pétrole et du gaz sur les écosystèmes marins et leurs ressources dans le cadre d’études scientifiques et de programmes de surveillance des effets environnementaux, ainsi que d’initiatives internationales. Des progrès ont été accomplis par ailleurs dans les techniques opérationnelles (notamment dans les protocoles d’atténuation des effets) qui ont été conçues pour réduire les impacts possibles de l’extraction des ressources pétrolières extracôtières sur les écosystèmes marins et sur leurs ressources. Le présent document de recherche dresse l’état récent des connaissances du MPO au sujet des impacts possibles que activités pétrolières courantes entreprises dans les eaux extracôtières peuvent avoir sur les écosystèmes marins et sur leurs ressources. Tel qu’indiqué dans son cadre de référence, le document vise les objectifs suivants : décrire les impacts possibles des déversements, émissions et zones d’influence, le cas échéant, associés aux navires et plateformes utilisés pour l’exploration et la mise en valeur du pétrole extracôtier, l’accent étant mis sur les impacts qui pourraient toucher des espèces marines (poissons, crustacés, invertébrés et mammifères); donner un aperçu des leçons tirées au Canada atlantique des activités d’exploration et de mise en valeur du pétrole extracôtier sur le plateau néo-écossais et les Grands Bancs (y compris les résultats des programmes de surveillance des effets environnementaux); recenser les mesures actuelles de réglementation visant le pétrole extracôtier ainsi que les techniques et méthodes d’atténuation disponibles; si possible, examiner les connaissances actuelles et déterminer quelles sont les lacunes dans l’information scientifique et la technologie qui une fois comblées pourraient mener à une meilleure compréhension des éventuels risques environnemnentaux associés aux activités pétrolières dans la région du banc Georges. Le présent document fait fond sur des rapports antérieurs de Gordon (1998) et de Boudreau et al. (1999), qui résumaient et quantifiaient les impacts environnementaux possibles des activités d’exploration du pétrole sur le banc Georges, mais il englobe les effets des activités de production. La décision d’élargir sa portée à ces activités a été fondée sur le fait que la vie d’un champ de prodution est généralement de l’ordre de plusieurs décennies, ce qui dépasse de beaucoup la durée des relevés sismiques ou des programmes de forage exploratoire, qui est généralement de dix jours et de quelques mois, respectivement. De plus, les impacts possibles de la phase de production du pétrole extracôtier peuvent être très différents de ceux des activités d’exploration. Le document vise avant tout à établir l’état actuel des connaissances. Bien que cela n’en constitue pas le principal sujet, le document met en évidence certaines lacunes subsistant dans ces connaissances, mais il ne doit pas être considéré comme un inventaire exhaustif des besoins en matière de recherche. Le document ne fait que dresser l’inventaire des connaisances sur les impacts possibles de l’exploration du pétrole extracôtier sur les milieux marins avant avril 2010. Il ne tient donc pas compte de v Maritimes Region Georges Bank - Offshore Petroleum
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