Kirjeitä, Kirjoja Ja Musiikillisia Pienyhteisöjä

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Kirjeitä, Kirjoja Ja Musiikillisia Pienyhteisöjä Tommi Harju Tommi ISBN: 978-952-5959-94-9 (PRINT) ISBN: 978-952-5959-95-6 (PDF) (ISSN 0788-3757) SUOMEN YLIOPISTOPAINO OY – JUVENES PRINT TAMPERE 2015 Kirjeitä, kirjoja ja musiikillisia pienyhteisöjä Kirjeitä, Kirjeitä, kirjoja ja musiikillisia pienyhteisöjä Johann Gottfried Waltherin (1684–1748) merkitys kanonisoituneessa musiikinhistoriassa STUDIA MUSICA TOMMI HARJU TUTKIJAKOULUTUS DOCMUS-TOHTORIKOULU 64 STUDIA 64 MUSICA TAIDEYLIOPISTON SIBELIUS-AKATEMIA 2015 Harju_Tommi_B5_fin.indd 1 4.3.2015 13.42 KIRJEITÄ, KIRJOJA JA MUSIIKILLISIA PIENYHTEISÖJÄ Johann Gottfried Waltherin (1684 – 1748) merkitys kanonisoituneessa musiikinhistoriassa KIRJEITÄ, KIRJOJA JA MUSIIKILLISIA PIENYHTEISÖJÄ Johann Gottfried Waltherin (1684 – 1748) merkitys kanonisoituneessa musiikinhistoriassa — TOMMI HARJU Studia Musica 64 Taideyliopiston Sibelius-Akatemia DocMus-tohtorikoulu Studia Musica 64 © Tommi Harju Taitto: Marko Myllyaho Painopaikka: Suomen Yliopistopaino Oy – Juvenes Print Tampere 2015 isbn 978-952-5959-94-9 (painettu) isbn 978-952-5959-95-6 (pdf ) issn 0788 – 3757 Taideyliopisto Sibelius-Akatemia DocMus-tohtorikoulu Tommi Harju Kirjeitä, kirjoja ja musiikillisia pienyhteisöjä. Johann Gottfried Waltherin (1684 – 1748) merkitys kanonisoituneessa musiikinhistoriassa TIIVISTELMÄ Väitöstutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää säveltäjä, urkuri ja teoreetikko Johann Gottfried Waltherin (1684 – 1748) elämää ja merkitystä. Tutkimus lähtee liikkeelle länsimaisen taidemusiikin kaanoneita kritisoivasta lähtökohdasta, jonka mukaan suurten mestarien varaan rakentuvan kaanonin varjoihin on jäänyt joukko säveltäjiä. Heillä voidaan katsoa olevan oma, osin piilotettu mutta tärkeä merkityksensä musii- kinhistoriassa. Suuren aikalaisensa Johann Sebastian Bachin taa jäänyt J. G. Walther voidaan hyvällä syyllä lukea tällaisten säveltäjien joukkoon. Biografisesti painottuva tutkimus perustuu ensisijaisesti Waltherin säilynei- siin kirjeisiin (47 kpl). Biografisen lähestymistavan ohella käytetään hyväksi ns. uuden historiantutkimuksen lajeja mentaliteettien historiaa ja mikrohistoriaa. Mentaliteettien historian avulla voidaan kuvata tutkimuksen taustalla olevia kä- sitteellisiä oletuksia ja näkökulmia. Ne näyttäytyvät usein piilotettuina, alitajuisina ja hitaasti muuttuvina käsityksinä. Mikrohistoria tarkastelee mentaliteettien histo- riaa laajemmin ihmistä kokonaisuutena ja hänen elinympäristöään. Mikrohistorian yksi suuntaus on ollut lähestyä tarkastelemalla tutkimuskohdetta pienyhteisöjen välityksellä. Molemmat uuden historian lajit ovat luonteeltaan kaanonkriittisiä ja mahdollistavat aiempaa monipuolisemman lähteiden käytön osana elämäkerrallista tutkimusta. J. G. Walther toimi elämänsä aikana urkurina Erfurtissa (1702 – 1707) ja Weimarissa (1707 – 1748). Hänen toiminnastaan aikansa musiikillisessa kentässä on löydettävissä säveltäjän, urkurin, sovittajan, teoreetikon, opettajan, urkujentarkas- tajan, kirjojen kerääjän ja runoilijan roolit. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan näitä kaik- kia Waltherin kirjeistä löytyviä rooleja. Saksi-Weimarin prinssi Johann Ernstin vaikutuksella syntyneiden urkukonserttosovitusten lisäksi Waltherin sävellyksistä tunnetuimpia ovat urkukoraalit, joita on säilynyt monissa Waltherin kokoamissa käsikirjoituskokoelmissa. Koraalit edustavat eräänlaista synteesiä pohjois- ja etelä- saksalaisista koraalityypeistä. Urkukoraalien avulla voidaan myös tarkastella urku- rin työkenttää mikrohistoriallisen arkipäivän historian ja retoriikan näkökulmasta. Laajemmin Walther on jäänyt musiikinhistoriaan ensimmäisestä saksankielisestä tietosanakirjasta Musicalisches Lexicon (1732), jonka kokoamisprosessia tutkimuk- sessa tarkastellaan. Tutkimuksessa Waltherin ympärillä toimineiden muusikkojen ja teoreetikkojen pienyhteisöt välittyvät ennen kaikkea kirjoittavina ja kirjallisina tiiviinä sosiaalisina verkostoina ja eritasoisina musiikillisina pienyhteisöinä. Monien aikalaistensa tavoin J. G. Walther osoitti kiinnostusta alkemiaan. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan alkemiaa luonnollisena osana tuon ajan elämää. Alkemian kautta voi- daan tarkastella myös ajassa eläneitä päällekkäisiä mentaliteetteja. Waltherin koh- dalla alkemia oli osin filosofinen ilmentymä, osin käytännön kokeilua. Sitä ei pidä nähdä vain kullanluomisen yrityksenä tai ”Viisasten kiven” etsintänä. Moninaiset ajattelun kerrostumat heijastuvat myös J. G. Waltherin teoreettiseen kirjastoon. Tutkimuksessani Waltherin yksityiskirjasto pyritään rekonstruoimaan mikrohis- toriaan liittyvästä kirjahistoriallisesta lähtökohdasta mahdollisimman täydellisesti perustuen Waltherin kirjemerkintöihin. Tutkimus kuvaa Waltherin elämää monita- soisena, ja moniäänisempänä kuin mitä 1600- ja 1700-luvun saksalaisen kielialueen säveltäjistä kertovissa elämäkerroissa yleensä esitetään. asiasanat: elämäkerrat – säveltäjät – teoreetikot – mentaliteettien historia – mikrohistoria – kirjastot – kirjahistoria – koraalit – urut – alkemia – esoteeriset tieteet – kaanonit University of Arts Helsinki Sibelius Academy DocMus Doctoral School Tommi Harju Letters, books and musical communities. The importance of Johann Gottfried Walther (1684 – 1748) in canonized music history ABSTRACT The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to study the life and importance of Johann Gottfried Walther (1684 – 1748). He was a composer, organist and theorist in the so called Bach Era. The study sets out on the critique of Western Art Music can- ons. Upon it there is a great deal of composers in music history that have been overshadowed by so called great master composers. These overlooked composers might have their own, partly hidden but equally important meaning in music histo- ry. J. G. Walther can justly be numbered as one of the composers, who hides behind the canonization of Johann Sebastian Bach. The study is based on the usage of Walther’s letters (N=47). In addition to the biographical method the research paradigms of La nouvelle histoire, namely micro- history and history of mentalities are used. The history of mentalities helps to con- ceive the hidden and even subconscious aspects of Walther’s letters. Microhistorical perspective is utilized to describe the subcommunities in Walther’s life. One ten- dency in microhistory has been to study the networks, where an individual lives. Both of these paradigms of La nouvelle histoire are canon critical by nature and they enable the multifaceted usage of sources as part of a biographical research. J. G. Walther worked as an organist in Erfurt (1702 – 1707) and in Weimar (1707 – 1748). In the letters of Walther can be found the roles of composer, organist, arranger, theorist, teacher, poet, book collector and organ expert. In addition to the well-known organ concerto arrangements there is a vast collection of organ chorales composed by Walther, which have preserved in various contemporary manuscript collections. These organ chorales present a kind of symbiosis of North and South German organ chorale types and styles. One can also conceive organ chorales via the view point and aspects of microhistorical everyday life and musical rhetorical principles. J. G. Walther is widely known of his Musicalisches Lexicon (1732) (the first German musical encyclopedia). Walther’s ways to collect information to Lexicon is depicted here based on his letters. The musical communities described in this study are perceived primarily as writing and literal communities. They can also be seen as tight social networks. Like many of his contemporaries J. G. Walther showed interest to alchemy, which is observed as a natural aspect of everyday life. Through alchemy one can also find many underlying mentalities in the context of 17th and 18th centuries. Walther understood alchemy partly from philosophical point of view and partly he made practical alchemical experiments. It is, however, not to be only regarded as a practice to create gold or to find the Philosophers Stone. Multiple layers of thinking and mentalities reflect also to the construction of Walther’s priva- te theoretical library. I try to reconstruct Walther’s theoretical library as completely as possible from the notes found in Walther’s letters. The reconstruction is based on the paradigms of microhistorical book history. This study describes the life of Johann Gottfried Walther as more multilayered and “polyphonic” than is accusto- med in the biographies of Walther’s contemporaries. keywords: biographies – composers – theorists – history of mentalities – microhistory – private libraries – book history – organ chorales – organ – alchemy – esotericism – musicological canons ESIPUHE Väitöstutkimukseni lähdettyä esitarkastukseen viime syksynä kouvolalaisen balla- dintekijä Kalevi Kullasvaaran laulu pikkukaupungin pojasta, jolla oli suuret unelmat pyöri useasti mielessäni. Yksi tämän pikkukaupungin pojan unelmista on viimein toteutunut käsillä olevan tutkimuksen lehdillä. Tutkimukseni valmistui sisällöllisesti vuonna 2014, jolloin tuli kuluneeksi 330 vuotta tutkimuskohteeni Johann Gottfried Waltherin syntymästä. Musiikkipiireissä tätä syntymäpäivää ei juurikaan notee- rattu, toisin kuin esimerkiksi Carl Philipp Emanuel Bachin tai Richard Straussin vuosipäiviä. Tämä kertoo toisaalta jotain Waltherin asemasta musiikinhistoriassa ja toisaalta tutkimukseni lähtökohdista. Tutkittavaa siis on riittänyt Jyväskylän yliopis- tossa alkaneiden musiikkitieteen opintojen alusta lähtien. Tuolloin sain ensiarvoisen johdatuksen tutkimuksen maailmaan ennen kaikkea FT Riitta Raution opastuksel- la, mistä osoitan hänelle tässä parhaimmat kiitokseni. Tutkimukseni jatkui työelämän
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