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The Brisbane Episcopate of St. Clair Donaldson 1904-1921

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The Brisbane Episcopate of St. Clair Donaldson 1904-1921 10488 5RL57N 3 ^Oe,T 01900 967 8 m TiiE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND Accepted for the award of on...A.MM.JlS.^. I, Alexander P. Kidd, hereby state that this thesis has not been submitted in whole or in part to this or any other university for the purposes of a higher degree. The dissertation is an original piece of research. It is based on primary sources and, except where otherwise acknowledged, all conclusions are my own. All primary and secondary sources are acknowledged in the citations which are correct to the best of my knowledge. (A. P. KIDD ) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS One of the outstanding things I discovered when researching the material for this thesis was the unfaihng courtesy and interest I met where ever I went. My thanks are due to the many who helped, included in which are the archivist at Lambeth Palace Library, the librarian at Trinity College, Cambridge, Dr David Thurley at the S.P.C.K. office in London, the librarian at Rhodes House Library at Oxford, Capt. Smith of the Church Army, Blackheath, England, Dr Brenda Haugh of the Church of England Centre in London, Ms Susan Lockridge, librarian of St Francis' Theological College, assistants at the State Archives and at the John Oxley Library, and many others. Because the list is so long I have omitted some, but nevertheless, they are remembered with thanks. The majority of the material used in the thesis, however, comes from the archives of the Diocese of Brisbane. Mrs Patricia Ramsay has my especial thanks for her kind hospitality and great help through many hours spent at the Archives, and Professor Paul Crook, for his unfailing interest and patient supervision. The Most Reverend St. Clair George Alfred Donaldson, D.D. Archbishop of Brisbane. 1904 - 1921 ABSTRACT In August 1903 the third Bishop of Brisbane died. It was not until some seventeen months later, in December 1904, that St Clair Donaldson became its fourth bishop, and in the following year its first archbishop and metropolitan of the Province of Queensland. The events leading up to his appointment, the state of the diocese he presided over for seventeen years, and the part he played on the national Church stage form the background of this thesis. Donaldson inherited a diocese which financially was not strong, and during his time in Brisbane there were more lean years than fat. Finance was a limiting factor to his achievements as a builder, and to expansion within the diocese. Nevertheless five years after his arrival the first section of the new cathedral had been completed (if not paid for), and at the end of his term the building of St Martin's Hospital had been started. These were his legacy of stone and mortar to the diocese. His reaction to some of the problems which arose from the conditions under which the clergy worked, his hopes for training a native clergy, and the state of diocesan finances are discussed. Donaldson's attitude to public morality, the Empire, conscription for the war, his views on education, and the start of the diocesan secondary school system, and his masterly handling of the Yarrabah crises reveal something of his character, and his success as a diocesan bishop and metropolitan. But Donaldson was concerned not only with local issues. His unshakeable behef in the ideal of a national Church, and his efforts to achieve his ideal through the strengthening of the powers of General Synod, and the breaking of the nexus which bound the Church of England in Australia and the Church in England together placed him at the forefront of other churchmen of his day who held similar views. This and his diocesan ascendancy assured his place in Australian Anglican history as a great episcopal statesman. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I INTRODUCTION i II BACKGROUND AND CHURCHMANSHIP An outline of Donaldson's family background, and of his churchmanship, as well as a brief look at the churchmanship in some ofthe dioceses in Australia at the time of his arrival. g III THE RELUCTANT BISHOP tj The death of Bishop Webber, Donaldson's predecessor, the attempts to elect a new bishop, and the events leading up to Donaldson's eventual appointment. IV GENTLEMEN OF THE CLOTH 3 6 The state ofthe clergy when Donaldson arrived, his ideas for training a native clergy, and his attempts to increase clergy numbers. ¥ HIGH FINANCE ^^ The state of parochial and diocesan finances when Donaldson arrived, and his attempts to improve them; the cost of building the cathedral and St Martin's Hospital. VI FOR THE WELL-BEING OF SOCIETY 90 A discussion of some ofthe social issues ofthe day, and Donaldson's response to them. VII WRANGLE FOR RELIGION 116 The dispute between Donaldson, Frodsham, and Garland conceming the Bible in State Schools League. VIII EDUCATION HAS FOR ITS OB.IECT THE 140 FORMATION OF CHARACTER The genesis of the Church school system and the founding of St John's College. IX THE DEBACLE AT YARRABAH ^^Q The difficulties in mrming the mission station at Yarrabah, and goverment intervention. X LAD'S IMMIGRATION SCHEME iso The pre-war immigration scheme of English lads for farm work in Queensland, sponsored by the Church. XI FOR GOD AND EMPIRE 19 2 Donaldson's thoughts on the strength of the British Empire; his involvement in the conscription referenda. XII ONWARD CHRISTIAN SOLDIERS 220 Donaldson's efforts to establish parity between the various denominations in the war-time chaplaincy service, and the spiritual well-being of the forces. XIII NEXUS 2 30 Donaldson's belief in a national Church for Australia, and his efforts to break the nexus between the Church in England and the Church in Australia. XIV REFORMATION OF GENERAL SYNOD 251 AND A.B.M. Donaldson's efforts to reform General Synod to provide for coercive powers so that its determinations would be effective in all dioceses; and his efforts to make the Australian Church its own missionary society through the A.B.M. XV CONCLUSIONS: 271 Appendix I. 2 7 6 Abbreviations. 2 7 8 Bibliography. 2 7 9 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION On 3 August 1903 the Right Rev. William Thomas Thomhill Webber, D.D., third Bishop of Brisbane died. After several abortive attempts to elect a bishop, the Diocesan Synod of Brisbane delegated its responsibility to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Archbishop's choice was St Clair Donaldson, Rector of Homsey, an appointment Donaldson accepted reluctantly. He was enthroned as the fourth Bishop of Brisbane on 21 December 1904. Donaldson brought with him a strong belief in a national Australian Church, a belief which was not shared by many of his fellow bishops. In the struggle for autonomy Donaldson played a significant part, but since that time his reputation of being one of Australia's greatest Church statesmen has largely lived on in the minds of scholars. This thesis looks at the problems Donaldson encountered as a diocesan, at how successful he was in overcoming them, at the very great contribution he made to the national Church scene, and in the process learn something of the man himself His family background and education were important influences on his work as Archbishop and on his churchmanship which was middle-of-the-road, so to speak: neither high nor low, and thus he became a sounding board for the Evangelicals and high churchmen alike. Donaldson's episcopate seems to fall naturally into two parts: his achievements as diocesan bishop, and the part he played in the wider affairs of the Australian Church. For this reason in this work his diocesan activities have been divided from his attempts to reform General Synod and the Australian Board of Missions, and his role in trying to achieve autonomy for the Australian Church. One of his first and enduring pieces of work, which indirectly cormects both phases of his episcopate, was to preside over the formation of the Province of Queensland. Although the spade work had been done before he arrived, he was able to overcome diocesan jealousies to convince his Synod of the need to change the Bishop Election Canon to make smooth the transition from being an independent diocese to becoming the metropolitical See. Most of his time of course was occupied as diocesan bishop, and in line with his desire to see the creation of a national Church, he wanted to have a clergy bom and trained in Australia. He expanded the theological college and was successful in having it become the training centre for the province. He took the Church to the bush by 1 expanding the embryo bush brotherhood. The conditions under which his clergy worked were generally poor, and these he tried to improve, not altogether successftiUy, and not through any fault of his own nor for the want of trying. His efforts, as in so many other areas, were hampered by the poor financial state of the diocese, a problem he was unable to amend because of the disinclination of Anglicans to give generously to their Church, years of drought, and year •; of war. Webber left to Donaldson the mammoth task of building the new cathedral. Even with such financial straits in the diocese the first section was completed, although not paid for, within five years of his arrival. After the war he initiated the building of St Martin's Hospital. These two buildings were his lasting memorial in stone and mortar. Throughout his episcopate Donaldson was concerned with the moral turpitude of society, both public and private, evidence of which was to be found in such things as gambling, excessive drinking, and lack of attendance at Sunday worship.
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