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Distribution, Movement, and Ecology of Etheostoma Spilotum

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Distribution, Movement, and Ecology of Etheostoma Spilotum Eastern Kentucky University Encompass Online Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship January 2015 Distribution, Movement, and Ecology of Etheostoma spilotum (Gilbert), the Kentucky Arrow Darter, in Gilberts Big Creek and Elisha Creek, Red Bird River Basin, Clay and Leslie Counties, Kentucky Jonathan Bradley Baxter Eastern Kentucky University Follow this and additional works at: https://encompass.eku.edu/etd Part of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Baxter, Jonathan Bradley, "Distribution, Movement, and Ecology of Etheostoma spilotum (Gilbert), the Kentucky Arrow Darter, in Gilberts Big Creek and Elisha Creek, Red Bird River Basin, Clay and Leslie Counties, Kentucky" (2015). Online Theses and Dissertations. 337. https://encompass.eku.edu/etd/337 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Encompass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Online Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Encompass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Distribution, Movement, and Ecology of Etheostoma spilotum (Gilbert), the Kentucky Arrow Darter, in Gilberts Big Creek and Elisha Creek, Red Bird River Basin, Clay and Leslie Counties, Kentucky By: Jonathan Baxter Masters of Science Eastern Kentucky University Richmond, Kentucky 2015 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Eastern Kentucky University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2015 Copyright © Jonathan Baxter, 2015 All rights reserved ii Dedication This thesis and love for fish is dedicated to my grandparents Willard (“Granddaddy”) and Sadie Igleheart. Without them and more specifically Granddaddy, I am not sure I would have been introduced to, or developed my passion for, the outdoors. Additionally, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my loving wife, Priscilla, and two beautiful kids, Logan and Isabella, who not only sacrificed their time and patience with this process but also offered endless love and support. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. Sherry Harrel, for her expert guidance, friendship, and extreme patience through this process. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Charles Elliott and Dr. Michael Floyd, for their comments and assistance over the span of this project. I would also like to thank everyone that helped me in the field and with logistics; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) staff (Dr. Michael Floyd, Carrie Allison, Jennifer Garland, Jessica Blackwood- Miller, and Jim Gruhala), U.S. Forest Service (USFS) staff (Sandie Kilkpatrick, Pam Martin, and Kim Tarter), Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission (KSNPC) staff (Mike Compton and Cory Stringfield), and fellow graduate students, Eric Smith, Colin Arnold, Brajaan Hayes, and Garret Clevenger. In addition, a special thanks goes out to the USFWS and the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources (KDFWR) for funding and financial support. Also, I would like to thank the Red Bird Ranger District of the Daniel Boone National Forest (DBNF) for providing housing and logistical support. Also, special thanks to Eastern Kentucky University for their cooperation and the use of equipment to complete fieldwork and data analyses. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Study Area ........................................................................................................................... 6 Study Design ........................................................................................................................ 7 Reach level measurements .................................................................................................. 8 Microhabitat Plots ............................................................................................................... 8 Fish sampling ....................................................................................................................... 8 Microhabitat measurements ................................................................................................ 9 Movement Survey ................................................................................................................ 9 Data analysis ............................................................................................................. 12 Population Estimates ......................................................................................................... 12 Movement Analysis ........................................................................................................... 12 Habitat association ............................................................................................................ 13 Results ...................................................................................................................... 14 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 17 LITERATURE CITED ..................................................................................................... 26 APPENDIX A: .............................................................................................................. 31 Tables ................................................................................................................................ 31 APPENDIX B: .............................................................................................................. 41 Figures ............................................................................................................................... 41 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Fish abundance during quantitative sampling spring, summer and fall 2013 in Gilberts Big Creek and Elisha Creek. ............................................................ 32 2. Number of plots occupied by Kentucky Arrow Darter across seasons at Gilberts Big and Elisha Creek. ........................................................................... 34 3. Movement data of Kentucky Arrow Darter in Gilberts Big and Elisha Creek 2013-2014. ......................................................................................................... 35 4. Kruskal-Wallis two-sample comparison of occupied (O) and unoccupied (U) reaches within seasons within Gilberts Big Creek and Elisha Creek. Significant p-values (p<0.05) are in bold. ......................................................... 37 5. Kruskal-Wallis two-sample comparison of occupied and unoccupied reaches across seasons within Gilberts Big Creek and Elisha Creek. Significant p-values (p<0.05) are in bold. ............................................................................ 38 6. Kruskal-Wallis two-sample comparison of habitat variables assessed in occupied and unoccupied plots within seasons Gilberts Big Creek and Elisha Creek. Significant p-values (p<0.05) are in bold. .............................................. 39 7. Kruskal-Wallis two-sample comparison of habitat variables assessed in occupied and unoccupied plots across seasons Gilberts Big Creek and Elisha Creek. Significant p-values (p<0.05) are in bold. .............................................. 40 vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Distributional map of historical KAD locations showing current presence/absence during 2007-2009 sampling. .......................................................................................... 42 2. Study area with antenna locations for Gilberts Big and Elisha Creek within Red Bird District of the Daniel Boone National Forrest (highlighted in green). ........... 43 3. Barrier on Gilberts Big Creek located ≈7000m from confluence of the Red Bird River. .............................................................................................................. 44 4. Diagram depicts microhabitat sampling plot locations for assessing Kentucky Arrow Darter habitat at the reach level. ......................................................................... 45 5. Diagram depicts microhabitat sampling locations for assessing Kentucky Arrow Darter habitat at the reach level. .................................................................................... 46 6. Kentucky Arrow Darter antenna transceiver located on Elisha Creek (antenna E7), showing placement in a naturally constricted segment of the channel. ....................... 47 7. Ventral PIT-tagging procedure used on Kentucky Arrow Darters >50mm (TL); tags placed just anterior of the vent. .............................................................................. 48 8. Mean reach density (Kentucky Arrow Darters /m2) for Gilberts Big Creek across seasons. .......................................................................................................................... 49 9. Mean reach density of (Kentucky Arrow Darters /m2) for Elisha Creek across seasons. ........................................................................................................................ 50 10. Length frequency histogram of all Kentucky Arrow Darters (Male N=79, Female N= 60, Unknown N=6) captured at Gilberts and Elisha Creek across seasons during 2013. ...................................................................................................... 51 vii Abstract The Kentucky Arrow Darter (KAD), Etheostoma spilotum, is
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