Engineering Terms to Know
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Crystal Structures
Crystal Structures Academic Resource Center Crystallinity: Repeating or periodic array over large atomic distances. 3-D pattern in which each atom is bonded to its nearest neighbors Crystal structure: the manner in which atoms, ions, or molecules are spatially arranged. Unit cell: small repeating entity of the atomic structure. The basic building block of the crystal structure. It defines the entire crystal structure with the atom positions within. Lattice: 3D array of points coinciding with atom positions (center of spheres) Metallic Crystal Structures FCC (face centered cubic): Atoms are arranged at the corners and center of each cube face of the cell. FCC continued Close packed Plane: On each face of the cube Atoms are assumed to touch along face diagonals. 4 atoms in one unit cell. a 2R 2 BCC: Body Centered Cubic • Atoms are arranged at the corners of the cube with another atom at the cube center. BCC continued • Close Packed Plane cuts the unit cube in half diagonally • 2 atoms in one unit cell 4R a 3 Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP) • Cell of an HCP lattice is visualized as a top and bottom plane of 7 atoms, forming a regular hexagon around a central atom. In between these planes is a half- hexagon of 3 atoms. • There are two lattice parameters in HCP, a and c, representing the basal and height parameters Volume respectively. 6 atoms per unit cell Coordination number – the number of nearest neighbor atoms or ions surrounding an atom or ion. For FCC and HCP systems, the coordination number is 12. For BCC it’s 8. -
2020 Aerospace Engineering Major
Major Map: Aerospace Engineering Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.S.E.) College of Engineering and Computing Department of Mechanical Engineering Bulletin Year: 2020-2021 This course plan is a recommended sequence for this major. Courses designated as critical (!) may have a deadline for completion and/or affect time to graduation. Please see the Program Notes section for details regarding “critical courses” for this particular Program of Study. Credit Min. Major ! Course Subject and Title Hours Grade1 GPA2 Code Prerequisites Notes Semester One (17 Credit Hours) ENGL 101 Critical Reading and Composition 3 C CC-CMW ! MATH 141 Calculus 13 4 C CC-ARP C or better in MATH 112/115/116 or Math placement test score CHEM 111 & CHEM 111L – General Chemistry I 4 C CC-SCI C or better in MATH 111/115/122/141 or higher math or Math placement test AESP 101 Intro. to Aerospace Engineering 3 * PR Carolina Core AIU4 3 CC-AIU Semester Two (18 Credit Hours) ENGL 102 Rhetoric and Composition 3 CC-CMW C or better in ENGL 101 CC-INF ! MATH 142 Calculus II 4 C CC-ARP C or better in MATH 141 CHEM 112 & CHEM 112L – General Chemistry II 4 PR C or better in CHEM 111, MATH 111/115/122/141 or higher math ! PHYS 211 & PHYS 211L – Essentials of Physics I 4 C CC-SCI C or better in MATH 141 EMCH 111 Intro. to Computer-Aided Design 3 * PR Semester Three (15 Credit Hours) ! EMCH 200 Statics 3 C * PR C or better in MATH 141 ! EMCH 201 Intro. -
Metallurgical Engineering
ENSURING THE EXPERTISE TO GROW SOUTH AFRICA Discipline-specific Training Guideline for Candidate Engineers in Metallurgical Engineering R-05-MET-PE Revision No.: 2: 25 July 2019 ENGINEERING COUNCIL OF SOUTH AFRICA Tel: 011 6079500 | Fax: 011 6229295 Email: [email protected] | Website: www.ecsa.co.za ENSURING THE Document No.: Effective Date: Revision No.: 2 R-05-MET-PE 25/07/2019 Subject: Discipline-specific Training Guideline for Candidate Engineers in Metallurgical Engineering Compiler: Approving Officer: Next Review Date: Page 2 of 46 MB Mtshali EL Nxumalo 25/07/2023 TABLE OF CONTENTS DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................ 3 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 5 1. PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT ......................................................................................... 5 2. AUDIENCE............................................................................................................................. 6 3. PERSONS NOT REGISTERED AS CANDIDATES OR NOT BEING TRAINED UNDER COMMITMENT AND UNDERTAKING (C&U) ..................................................... 7 4. ORGANISING FRAMEWORK FOR OCCUPATIONS ............................................................. 7 4.1 Extractive Metallurgical Engineering ..................................................................................... 8 4.2 Mineral Processing Engineering .......................................................................................... -
Control in Robotics
Control in Robotics Mark W. Spong and Masayuki Fujita Introduction The interplay between robotics and control theory has a rich history extending back over half a century. We begin this section of the report by briefly reviewing the history of this interplay, focusing on fundamentals—how control theory has enabled solutions to fundamental problems in robotics and how problems in robotics have motivated the development of new control theory. We focus primarily on the early years, as the importance of new results often takes considerable time to be fully appreciated and to have an impact on practical applications. Progress in robotics has been especially rapid in the last decade or two, and the future continues to look bright. Robotics was dominated early on by the machine tool industry. As such, the early philosophy in the design of robots was to design mechanisms to be as stiff as possible with each axis (joint) controlled independently as a single-input/single-output (SISO) linear system. Point-to-point control enabled simple tasks such as materials transfer and spot welding. Continuous-path tracking enabled more complex tasks such as arc welding and spray painting. Sensing of the external environment was limited or nonexistent. Consideration of more advanced tasks such as assembly required regulation of contact forces and moments. Higher speed operation and higher payload-to-weight ratios required an increased understanding of the complex, interconnected nonlinear dynamics of robots. This requirement motivated the development of new theoretical results in nonlinear, robust, and adaptive control, which in turn enabled more sophisticated applications. Today, robot control systems are highly advanced with integrated force and vision systems. -
Crystal Structure of a Material Is Way in Which Atoms, Ions, Molecules Are Spatially Arranged in 3-D Space
Crystalline Structures – The Basics •Crystal structure of a material is way in which atoms, ions, molecules are spatially arranged in 3-D space. •Crystal structure = lattice (unit cell geometry) + basis (atom, ion, or molecule positions placed on lattice points within the unit cell). •A lattice is used in context when describing crystalline structures, means a 3-D array of points in space. Every lattice point must have identical surroundings. •Unit cell: smallest repetitive volume •Each crystal structure is built by stacking which contains the complete lattice unit cells and placing objects (motifs, pattern of a crystal. A unit cell is chosen basis) on the lattice points: to represent the highest level of geometric symmetry of the crystal structure. It’s the basic structural unit or building block of crystal structure. 7 crystal systems in 3-D 14 crystal lattices in 3-D a, b, and c are the lattice constants 1 a, b, g are the interaxial angles Metallic Crystal Structures (the simplest) •Recall, that a) coulombic attraction between delocalized valence electrons and positively charged cores is isotropic (non-directional), b) typically, only one element is present, so all atomic radii are the same, c) nearest neighbor distances tend to be small, and d) electron cloud shields cores from each other. •For these reasons, metallic bonding leads to close packed, dense crystal structures that maximize space filling and coordination number (number of nearest neighbors). •Most elemental metals crystallize in the FCC (face-centered cubic), BCC (body-centered cubic, or HCP (hexagonal close packed) structures: Room temperature crystal structure Crystal structure just before it melts 2 Recall: Simple Cubic (SC) Structure • Rare due to low packing density (only a-Po has this structure) • Close-packed directions are cube edges. -
Technical Report 05-73 the Methodology Center, Pennsylvania State University
Engineering Control Approaches for the Design and Analysis of Adaptive, Time-Varying Interventions Daniel E. Rivera and Michael D. Pew Control Systems Engineering Laboratory Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287-6006 Linda M. Collins The Methodology Center and Department of Human Development and Family Studies Penn State University State College, PA Susan A. Murphy Institute for Social Research and Department of Statistics University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI May 30, 2005 Technical Report 05-73 The Methodology Center, Pennsylvania State University 1 Abstract Control engineering is the field that examines how to transform dynamical system behavior from undesirable conditions to desirable ones. Cruise control in automobiles, the home thermostat, and the insulin pump are all examples of control engineering at work. In the last few decades, signifi- cant improvements in computing and information technology, increasing access to information, and novel methods for sensing and actuation have enabled the extensive application of control engi- neering concepts to physical systems. While engineering control principles are meaningful as well to problems in the behavioral sciences, the application of this topic to this field remains largely unexplored. This technical report examines how engineering control principles can play a role in the be- havioral sciences through the analysis and design of adaptive, time-varying interventions in the prevention field. The basic conceptual framework for this work draws from the paper by Collins et al. (2004). In the initial portion of the report, a general overview of control engineering principles is presented and illustrated with a simple physical example. From this description, a qualitative description of adaptive time-varying interventions as a form of classical feedback control is devel- oped, which is depicted in the form of a block diagram (i.e., a control-oriented signal and systems representation). -
Dark Matter and the Early Universe: a Review Arxiv:2104.11488V1 [Hep-Ph
Dark matter and the early Universe: a review A. Arbey and F. Mahmoudi Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Institut Universitaire de France, 103 boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France Abstract Dark matter represents currently an outstanding problem in both cosmology and particle physics. In this review we discuss the possible explanations for dark matter and the experimental observables which can eventually lead to the discovery of dark matter and its nature, and demonstrate the close interplay between the cosmological properties of the early Universe and the observables used to constrain dark matter models in the context of new physics beyond the Standard Model. arXiv:2104.11488v1 [hep-ph] 23 Apr 2021 1 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Standard Cosmological Model 3 2.1 Friedmann-Lema^ıtre-Robertson-Walker model . 4 2.2 A quick story of the Universe . 5 2.3 Big-Bang nucleosynthesis . 8 3 Dark matter(s) 9 3.1 Observational evidences . 9 3.1.1 Galaxies . 9 3.1.2 Galaxy clusters . 10 3.1.3 Large and cosmological scales . 12 3.2 Generic types of dark matter . 14 4 Beyond the standard cosmological model 16 4.1 Dark energy . 17 4.2 Inflation and reheating . 19 4.3 Other models . 20 4.4 Phase transitions . 21 5 Dark matter in particle physics 21 5.1 Dark matter and new physics . 22 5.1.1 Thermal relics . 22 5.1.2 Non-thermal relics . -
The Universe As a Laboratory: Fundamental Physics
The Universe as a Laboratory: Fundamental Physics The universe serves as an unparalleled laboratory for frontier physics, providing extreme conditions and unique opportunities to test theoretical models. Astronomical observations can yield invaluable information for physicists across the entire spectrum of the science, studying everything from the smallest constituents of mat- ter to the largest known structures. Astronomy is the principal player in the quest to uncover the full story about the origin, evolution and ultimate fate of the universe. The earliest “baby picture” of the universe is the map of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, predicted in 1948 and discovered in 1964. For years, physicists insisted that this radiation, seen coming from all directions in space, had to have irregularities in order for the universe as we know it to exist. These irregularities were not discovered until the COBE satellite mapped the radiation in 1992. Later, the WMAP satellite refined the measurement, allowing cosmologists to pinpoint the age of the universe at 13.7 billion years. Continued studies, including ground-based observations, seek to glean clues from the CMB about the basic nature of the universe and of its fundamental constituents. New telescopes and new technology promise to give astronomers better information about extremely distant objects—objects seen as they were in the early history of the universe. This, in turn, will provide valuable clues about how the first stars and galaxies developed and evolved into the objects we see in the universe today. The biggest mysteries in physics—and the biggest challenges for cosmologists—are the nature of dark matter and dark energy, which together constitute 95 percent of the universe. -
Handbook of Hydraulic Engineering Problems
Please site OMICS www.esciencecentral.org/ebookslogo here. HANDBOOK OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING Cutoff Time PROBLEMS Mohammad Valipour Seyyed Morteza Mousavi Reza Valipor Ehsan Rezaei eBooks Handbook of Hydraulic Engineering Problems Edited by: Mohammad Valipour Published Date: June 2014 Published by OMICS Group eBooks 731 Gull Ave, Foster City. CA 94404, USA Copyright © 2014 OMICS Group This eBook is an Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. However, users who aim to disseminate and distribute copies of this book as a whole must not seek monetary compensation for such service (excluded OMICS Group representatives and agreed collaborations). After this work has been published by OMICS Group, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice: Statements and opinions expressed in the book are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. A free online edition of this book is available at www.esciencecentral.org/ebooks Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders @ www.esciencecentral.org/ebooks eBooks Preface In near future, energy become a luxury item and water is considered as the most vital item in the world due to reduction of water resources in most regions. -
NGSS Physics in the Universe
Standards-Based Education Priority Standards NGSS Physics in the Universe 11th Grade HS-PS2-1: Analyze data to support the claim that Newton’s second law of motion describes PS 1 the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration. HS-PS2-2: Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of PS 2 a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system. HS-PS2-3: Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that PS 3 minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision. HS-PS2-4: Use mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Coulomb’s PS 4 Law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects. HS-PS2-5: Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can PS 5 produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current. HS-PS3-1: Create a computational model to calculate the change in energy of one PS 6 component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known/ HS-PS3-2: Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be PS 7 accounted for as either motions of particles or energy stored in fields. HS-PS3-3: Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert PS 8 one form of energy into another form of energy. -
Hydraulic Theory and Hydraulic Engineering Projects of the Wusong River (吳淞江) Basin Between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries*
International Journal of Korean History (Vol.20 No.1, Feb. 2015) 47 Hydraulic Theory and Hydraulic Engineering Projects of the Wusong River (吳淞江) Basin Between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries* Chung Chulwoong** Introduction There are a number of diverse research topics and an abundance of research concerning the Jiangnan region, which saw rapid economic growth compared to other areas since the Song Dynasty. Such plentiful research is gradually expanding into a discourse on examining the meaning of economic development and transformation in the Jiangnan region during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Yet on the other hand, there are efforts to look to the Jiangnan region during the Ming and Qing Dynasties to find the driving force for China’s rapid economic development today. 1 This shows that the significance of economic * This work was supported by the 2013 Research Fund of Myongji University. ** Professor, Department of History, Myongji University 1 Regarding the two different positions concerning the economic growth of the Jiangnan region during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, refer to Philip C. C. Huang, The Peasant Family and Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta, 1350-1988 (California: Stanford University Press 1990); Li Bozhong (李伯重). Agricultural Development in Jiangnan, 1620-1850 (New York: St. Martin’s Press 1998); Chung Chulwoong, Chungkuk Kŭndae Kyŏngjye ae daehan Jeopkŭn Pangpup” (An approach to the economic development in modern China - Focusing on the research by Philip C. C. Huang) Yǒksahakpo (Journal of Historical Studies) 151, 48 Hydraulic Theory and Hydraulic Engineering Projects of the Wusong River ~ transformation that took place in the Jiangnan region since the Song Dynasty to this day can be translated into many different ways, and there is a lot of information to be reconsidered and reexamined. -
Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2
Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2 February 15, 2006 . DRAFT Cambridge-MIT Institute Multidisciplinary Design Project This Dictionary/Glossary of Engineering terms has been compiled to compliment the work developed as part of the Multi-disciplinary Design Project (MDP), which is a programme to develop teaching material and kits to aid the running of mechtronics projects in Universities and Schools. The project is being carried out with support from the Cambridge-MIT Institute undergraduate teaching programe. For more information about the project please visit the MDP website at http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk or contact Dr. Peter Long Prof. Alex Slocum Cambridge University Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Trumpington Street, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge. Cambridge MA 02139-4307 CB2 1PZ. USA e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] tel: +44 (0) 1223 332779 tel: +1 617 253 0012 For information about the CMI initiative please see Cambridge-MIT Institute website :- http://www.cambridge-mit.org CMI CMI, University of Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology 10 Miller’s Yard, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Mill Lane, Cambridge MA 02139-4307 Cambridge. CB2 1RQ. USA tel: +44 (0) 1223 327207 tel. +1 617 253 7732 fax: +44 (0) 1223 765891 fax. +1 617 258 8539 . DRAFT 2 CMI-MDP Programme 1 Introduction This dictionary/glossary has not been developed as a definative work but as a useful reference book for engi- neering students to search when looking for the meaning of a word/phrase. It has been compiled from a number of existing glossaries together with a number of local additions.