Metamorphic Events During the Formation of the East African Orogen: Case Studies from Madagascar and Tanzania

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Metamorphic Events During the Formation of the East African Orogen: Case Studies from Madagascar and Tanzania Metamorphic events during the formation of the East African Orogen: case studies from Madagascar and Tanzania Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch–Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Christian–Albrechts–Universit¨at zu Kiel vorgelegt von Niels J¨ons Kiel 2006 Metamorphic events during the formation of the East African Orogen: case studies from Madagascar and Tanzania Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch–Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Christian–Albrechts–Universit¨at zu Kiel vorgelegt von Niels J¨ons Kiel 2006 Referent: Prof. Dr. Volker Schenk Korreferent/in: ..................... Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung: ..................... Zum Druck genehmigt: Kiel, . Der Dekan Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt zwar eine monographische Dissertation dar, die einzelnen Ka- pitel, denen eine Einleitung vorangestellt ist, sind jedoch bezuglich¨ ihres Aufbaues so kon- zipiert, daß sie unabh¨angig voneinander publiziert werden k¨onnen bzw. bereits publiziert sind. Durch diesen Umstand ist es zu erkl¨aren, daß jedes Kapitel nochmals eine eigene Einleitung, Diskussion und ein Literaturverzeichnis enth¨alt. Auch beim Schreibstil, dem Umfang, der Verwendung von Abkurzungen¨ sowie der Formatierung von Abbildungen und Tabellen wurde bereits den Anforderungen unterschiedlicher Fachzeitschriften Rechnung getragen. Diesen Umstand m¨oge der Leser berucksichtigen.¨ Kiel, September 2006 Niels J¨ons vi Table of Contents Zusammenfassung xi Abstract xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The formation of the East African Orogen in the context of the Gondwana assembly . 1 1.2 The Madagascar–Tanzania connection . 2 1.3 Of granulites and whiteschists . 3 1.4 Study approach and analytical techniques . 3 1.5 Outline of this study . 4 References . 6 2 Metamorphic evolution of northern Madagascar 9 2.1 Abstract . 9 2.2 Introduction . 10 2.3 Geological setting . 12 2.4 Analytical procedure and data processing . 13 2.5 Petrography and mineral chemistry . 15 2.5.1 Northern (S´eriede Daraina-Milanoa) and central Bemarivo Belt . 15 2.5.2 Southern Bemarivo Belt (S´eriede Sahantaha) . 15 2.6 Mineral reaction history . 24 2.7 Conventional geothermobarometry . 26 2.8 Geochronology . 28 2.8.1 Monazite textures and chemistry . 28 2.8.2 Geochronological results . 32 2.9 Discussion and conclusions . 33 2.9.1 P-T path and geodynamic interpretation . 33 2.9.2 Interpretation of the geochronological results . 35 2.9.3 The Bemarivo Belt and its relation to the formation of Gondwana . 35 2.10 Acknowledgements . 36 References . 36 viii Table of Contents 3 The Vohibory Block: Relics of the Mozambique Ocean 43 3.1 Abstract . 43 3.2 Introduction . 43 3.3 Geological setting . 44 3.4 Petrography and mineral chemistry . 46 3.5 Geothermobarometry and pressure-temperature evolution . 46 3.6 Geochemistry . 47 3.7 Geochronology . 50 3.8 Discussion and conclusions . 52 3.9 Acknowledgements . 52 References . 53 4 Metamorphic evolution of southern Madagascar 57 4.1 Abstract . 57 4.2 Introduction . 58 4.3 Previous work and geological setting . 59 4.4 Analytical procedures . 62 4.4.1 Sampling . 62 4.4.2 Electron microprobe analyses and U-Th-total Pb dating . 63 4.4.3 Sensitive high-mass resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) . 63 4.5 Petrography and mineral chemistry . 64 4.5.1 Felsic and intermediate gneisses . 64 4.5.2 Metabasites . 65 4.5.3 Metapelites . 66 4.5.4 Calcsilicates . 86 4.5.5 Marbles . 88 4.5.6 Anorthosites . 88 4.6 Thermobarometric estimates and P–T evolution . 90 4.6.1 Qualitative estimates from reaction textures . 90 4.6.2 Conventional geothermobarometry . 91 4.7 Geochronology . 94 4.7.1 U-Th-total Pb dating of monazite . 94 4.7.2 U-Pb dating of zircon . 104 4.8 Discussion and conclusions . 105 4.8.1 Pressure-temperature evolution . 105 4.8.2 Timing of metamorphic events . 106 4.8.3 Implications for the Gondwana formation . 108 4.9 Acknowledgements . 108 References . 108 Table of Contents ix 5 Petrology of whiteschists from Mautia Hill 119 5.1 Abstract . 119 5.2 Introduction . 120 5.3 Previous work and geological setting . 121 5.4 Petrography and mineral chemistry . 123 5.4.1 Analytical procedure . 123 5.4.2 Metapelites . 123 5.4.3 Metabasites . 124 5.4.4 Other rock types . 124 5.4.5 Whiteschists and chlorite schists . 126 5.5 Thermobarometry . 139 5.5.1 Metapelites . 139 5.5.2 Metabasites . 140 5.5.3 Hornblende-kyanite-talc-quartz schists . 142 5.6 Reaction history . 142 5.6.1 CMASH-CO2-Fe2O3 system . 143 5.6.2 MASH-Fe2O3 system . 145 5.7 Discussion and conclusions . 146 5.7.1 P-T evolution . 146 5.7.2 Influence of water activity and oxygen fugacity . 147 5.7.3 Metasomatism and precursor rock of whiteschists . 147 5.7.4 Geodynamic setting . 148 5.8 Acknowledgements . 149 References . 149 List of Figures 157 List of Tables 159 A Bemarivo Belt: SHRIMP zircon data of metapelitic samples 161 B Vohibory & Betsimisaraka: Mineral chemistry and geochemistry 165 C Southern Madagascar: CL images of zircon used for U-Pb dating 169 D Mautia Hill: Mineral analyses for thermobarometry 175 Publications related to this thesis 179 Danksagung 181 x Table of Contents Zusammenfassung Die Bildung des Großkontinentes Gondwana wurde am Ubergang¨ vom Proterozoikum zum Phanerozoikum mit der Schließung des Mozambique-Ozeans und nachfolgender Kollision zwischen Kontinentalbl¨ocken Ost- und Westgondwanas abgeschlossen. Das gr¨oßte bei die- ser sogenannten Panafrikanischen Orogenese enstandene Gebirge ist das Ostafrikanische Orogen ( East African Orogen“), welches sich von Arabien durch Ostafrika bis in die Ant- ” arktis erstreckt. Die geodynamische Entwicklung dieses zentralen Gebirges ist trotz seiner wichtigen Lage in vielerlei Hinsicht noch unverstanden. So ist es nach wie vor unklar, zu welchem Zeitpunkt die Kontinent-Kollisionen stattfanden. Auch die M¨oglichkeit, daß das Ostafrikanische Orogen ein akkretion¨ares Gebirge darstellt, wird noch diskutiert. Datie- rungen von Metamorphoseereignissen zeigen eine deutlich bimodale Verteilung mit Haupt- phasen vor ca. 630 Millionen und vor ca. 535 Millionen Jahren (Ma). Die geodynamische Signifikanz beider Alter ist jedoch in vielen F¨allen unklar. Auch Relikte des postulierten Mozambique-Ozeans, welcher einstmals die Fragmente West- und Ostgondwanas bzw. den Mikrokontinent Azania getrennt haben soll, wurden im zentralen Teil des Ostafrikanischen Orogens bisher nicht nachgewiesen, und die Lage der Suturzone ist daher nicht bekannt. Madagaskar und Tansania haben aufgrund ihrer zentralen Lage eine Schlusselstellung¨ bei der Kl¨arung dieser Fragen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht metamorphe Gesteine aus beiden L¨andern, um ein besseres Verst¨andnis der Geodynamik zur Zeit der Gondwanabil- dung zu erlangen. Die Gesteinsproben wurden petrographisch und mineralchemisch (EPMA) untersucht. Reaktionstexturen und geothermobarometrische Berechnungen dienten zur Herleitung der Druck-Temperatur-Entwicklung der Gesteinsmetamorphose. Die Metamorphoseereignisse wurden durch isotopische U-Pb SHRIMP-Analysen von Zirkonen sowie chemische in situ U-Th-Pb-Altersdatierung von Monazit zeitlich eingeordnet. Zudem wurde die Gesamtge- steinschemie ausgew¨ahlter Metabasite mittels RFA und ICP-MS untersucht. Auf Grund- lage dieser Daten wurden Ruckschl¨ usse¨ auf die geodynamische Entwicklung des Ostafrika- nischen Orogens gezogen. Die metabasischen Gesteine des Vohibory Blocks in Sudmadagaskar¨ zeigen geoche- mische Charakteristika von Basalten, welche an mittelozeanischen Rucken¨ und im Bereich von Inselb¨ogen gebildet wurden. Aufgrund ihres Bildungsalters von 700–850 Ma k¨onnen sie dem Mittelneoproterozoischen Mozambique-Ozean zugeordnet werden. Das haupts¨achliche Metamorphosestadium des Vohibory Blocks vor ca. 610 Ma markiert die Schließung eines Backarc-Beckens und Akkretion eines Inselbogens an den Kontinent Azania. xii Zusammenfassung Dieses Metamorphoseereignis kann im gesamten Sudteil¨ Madagaskars, sudlich¨ der Rano- tsara-Scherzone, durch Monazit- und Zirkondatierungen nachgewiesen werden. Im Gegen- satz zum Vohibory Block kam es in der Androyan-Gruppe Sudmadagaskars¨ jedoch vor ca. 535 Ma zu einer hochgradig metamorphen Uberpr¨ ¨agung, welche in großen Bereichen unter ultrahohen“ Temperaturen stattfand. Dieses Ereignis, welches mit der Ausbildung ” von Mineralparagenesen wie Sapphirin + Quarz, Orthopyroxen + Sillimanit + Quarz und Osumilith + Granat einhergeht, markiert die die Gondwanabildung abschließende Kollision des kontinentalen Blockes Azania mit dem Tansania-Kraton. Der Bemarivo Belt von Nordmadagaskar kollidierte zu gleicher Zeit (vor ca. 535–540 Ma) mit Azania. Die Kollision wurde gefolgt von magmatischen Intrusionen, die die Kru- ste noch bis vor ca. 510 Ma aufheizten. Das 630 Ma-Ereignis konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Es gibt aber Monazit mit einem Alter von ungef¨ahr 740 Ma, welcher als detritisch gedeutet wird und darauf hindeutet, daß diese n¨ordlichste tektonische Einheit Madagaskars einst im Bereich der Seychellen lag, von wo ¨ahnliche Alter bekannt sind. In Tansania kam es vor ca. 535 Ma zur Bildung der Weißschiefer von Mautia Hill, welche ebenfalls die Kollision des Tansania-Kratons mit Azania im sp¨aten Neoproterozoi- kum markieren. Diese unter einem niedrigen geothermischen Gradienten und einem im Uhrzeigersinn verlaufenden Druck-Temperatur-Pfad gebildeten Gesteine weisen eine sehr ungew¨ohnliche Mineralogie auf, welche sich unter dem Einfluß von Fluidinfiltration und stark oxidierenden Bedingungen ausbildete. Abstract The formation of the supercontinent Gondwana at the transition from the Proterozoic
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