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A Thesis Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh

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A Thesis Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh THE SETTLEMENT OF THE HEBREWS IN CANAAN. •****•#•***** A Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh, The Rev. M. J. CJameron Dinwoodie, M.A. *•*•****#** The Y/est Manse, TILLIGOULTRY. 9th. May, 1936 PREFACE.*•** *•* The period of the Conquest and the settlement was an important one in the life of Israel. In it we see the foundations of the national life being laid, and the people coming into possession of the land which they believed had been promised to their fathers. These years were important too because during them the Israelites took the momentous step of exchanging their nomadic life for a sedentary life. And they were important also from the point of view of the religious life of the people and the development of Yahwism. , It is therefore possible to deal with the period in several different ways, and to consider the develop­ ment of the nation politically, economically or religious­ ly. In the present work we shall confine ourselves to an examination of the political history of the period. The era of the Conquest is one for which we have very few contemporary records relating to Palestine. Nor have we any references to the Conquest by the Israel­ ites from extra-Biblical sources on which we may confid­ ently rely. Such references as we have to invasions ii. of Palestine do not necessarily refer to the Israelites. It is therefore extremely difficult to write with confidence on the history of these years. nevertheless, every year sees further additions to our stock of extra-Biblical evi­ dence, and these are making it easier to form an opinion on the nature, date and course of the Conquest and settlement. The Conquest of Canaan, as the term is usually under­ stood, was only one stage of a long process extending both earlier and later. In order to understand it fully, it is therefore necessary to make some examination of the Biblical traditions of the Patriarchal Age, and to relate them to external events. For it was in that age that the claims were laid on the land on behalf of Israel. At the other end of the period, it will be convenient to stop as soon as Israel was firmly settled in the land, that is, just before the period of the Judges. The one exception we shall make is that for the sake of completeness we shall consider the migration of the tribe of Dan to the north of Palestine. We shall not examine the consequences of the Conquest and settlement or its bearing on later history, as this would unduly overload the work. The first thing that requires to be done is to examine the various sources of the history for the period, the written sources in the Old Testament and the Amarna Letters, together with the Egyptian inscriptions, and the other sources of information which we have in the results of archaeological iii. research. In particular, the nature and value of the Old Testament traditions require to be examined. Thereafter the history of Egypt and the rest of the Near East from the time of the Hyksos until the XlXth Dynasty requires to be summarised to provide a historical background for the Conquest, For during this period, as always, Ganaan was the bridge between the Nile and the Euphrates. Prom this we will be able to get an idea of the period during which the Conquest was most likely to take place, and it will be necessary to try to decide that question by examining the various theories that have been proposed. This will conclude the preliminary work which is contained in Part I. Part II is devoted to an examination of the founding of the Israelite federation in Canaan during the Patriarchal Age. A preliminary investigation is necessary into the question of how and when the Semitic invasions of Palestine took place. This will lead us to consider the question of the Habiru, who were associated with the race movements of the 15th and 14th ceiituries B.C. The Patriarchal narratives of the Old Testament are next examined and their nature determined, and on the results of this examination a tentative reconstruction of the events of the Patriarchal Age from the time of Abraham to the period of the Sojourn in Egypt is made. This includes such incidents as the founda­ tion of the Israelite federation, the settlement at Shechem, the settlement of Judah in the South, and the going down to * first of the Joseph tribe and later of the rest. iv. A short account of the Sojourn in Egypt and the Exodus, necessary to connect the fortunes of Israel before the period of the Conquest with that event and the later history, com­ pletes Part II of the work. Part III opens with a necessary examination of the nature of the Conquest, and the probable course of its de­ velopment. TUteareafter the various phases of the Conquest are taken up in order and discussed, from the first attempt to win an entrance from the south, to the final agreement that was made about the bounds of the tribes. As we have already pointed out, the reconstruction of the history of the period is very difficult, and iii some places it\5 seems impossible to arrive at any definite con- elusions in the present state of our knowledge. Many of the theories about particular points in the subject must therefore be regarded as puarely tentative. nevertheless, they are not advanced without having some foundation in the evidence provided from one or other of our sources of information. These have always been the point from which we have started throughout the work. •*•*•**•**#**••* -*#*-•* CONTENTS. Page. Preface. i PART I. THE SOURCES: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & DATE OP THE CONQUEST. Chap. I. The Sources. !• Chap. II. The Historical Background. 23* Chap. III. The Date of the Conquest. 40. PART II. THE BIRTH OP D3RAEL. Chap. IV. The Coming of the Semites. 54 • Chap. V. The Habiru. 62. Chap. VI. The Patriarchal Narratives. 75 • Chap. VII. The Era of the Patriarchs. 33. Chap. VIII. The Sojourn in Egypt and Exodus. 107. Part III. THE CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT OP THE LAND. Chap. IX. The Nature of the Conquest. 119. Chap. X. The First Attempt from the South. 125. Chap. XI. The Conquest of Trans-jordania. 131. Chap. XII. The Invasion at Jericho. 150. CONTENTS, continued. PART III, cont. Page. Chap. XIII. Further Advances in the South. 20?. Chap. XIV. The Settlement ^Conquest in North.217. Chap. XV. Later Expansions from Central Palestine. 234. Chap. XVI. Conclusion. 249. APPENDICES. The Kings of Egypt during period. 261. Tables of Dates suggested by various authorities. • 262. The 'Sons' of Jacob: Clans of Judah. 264. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 265. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 271. MAPS. at end. i). To Illustrate Joshua's Campaigns, ii). To illustrate the Principal Places mentioned in Palestine, iii). The Tribal Boundaries at about 1200 B.C. **********•******-** PART* * * * ONE* * THE SOURCES: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & DATE OP THE CONQUEST CHAPTER OHE, THE SOURCES. ***#**•* The event in the history of Israel known as the Conquest is one the investigation of which is partic­ ularly difficult. For the later history, there are numerous contemporary sources both internal and ex­ ternal, but for the period of the Conquest the written records belong to a much later age. The age in which the Conquest took place is one lying on the border­ line between history and legend, so that greater pains are required in the examination of the sources, and less confidence can be put in the results arrived at. For the period we are considering there are two sources of facts for a reconstruction of events. There are first the written sources of the Old Testa­ ment, the Amarna Letters and the Egyptian inscriptions. There are also the facts which have been made known by the excavation of the sites of the cities and towns of the age. Some scholars have been tempted to set the one group of facts against the other, and to say that the facts of archaeology support or disprove the theories 2. of Biblical critics. This is a mistake, for the written sources provide facts as important and deserving of attent­ ion as those of archaeology, while the theories built up on the facts of archaeology are not necessarily to be pre­ ferred to the theories of Biblical critics. The two sets of facts must both be used, and as far as possible a bal­ ance must be kept between them. This is more difficult than might be imagined, for generally speaking a scholar is either a Biblical critic or an excavator, and he in­ clines to pay greater attention and give more weight to the facts with which he is more familiar. The Biblical historian, and more especially the historian of the early period of Israel's history, must bear this in mind and continually strive to overcome the tendency to bias which is inherent in the nature of his subject* The Biblical Tradition and its value. Turning first to the Biblical Tradition of the Conquest, we find that the account of the occupation of Palestine West of the Jordan by the Israelites under Joshua is con­ tained in the book which bears his name and in the first chapter of the Book of Judges. The occupation of the land on the East of Jordan is recorded in the second part of the Book of Numbers and in the first three chapters of the Book of Deuteronomy. These sources deal with the Conquest as the term is generally understood.
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