Annual Report 1998–1999

☛ Natural Environment Research Council begin tour Foreword

As Chairman of its Board I am resulting from the refusal of planning permission for the proposed under- pleased to contribute this ground storage of radioactive waste and the consequent decision by UK Foreword to the British Nirex to suspend almost all research into underground disposal options. Geological Survey’s Annual Report. In these and other sustainable development issues the British Geological Survey has a vital public service duty to provide expert knowledge, data and This year has seen significant impartial advice to governments, academe, industry and the public. It must decisions taken on organisational also confront budgetary and organisational realities faced by public sector and programme restructuring bodies, research establishments and business. Against such a competitive and consolidation of manage- background it is in the national interest for the BGS to continue to receive ment policies designed to equip adequate funds through the NERC to maintain the highest levels of geo- the BGS to meet fully new and science capability of its staff and facilities. exciting challenges. This process is likely to continue into next I see a BGS continuing to support, in significant measure, the year. Government’s commitment to sustainable development through social progress, protection of the environment, prudent use of natural resources In managing these changes I and enhancement of the quality of life of the nation. express sincere gratitude to the Director, Dr Falvey, his executive This report sets out the progress the BGS has made during the past year team and the staff of the Survey and, in several areas, illustrates the contributions made to society in this who have contributed so much to the new strategic planning processes as country and overseas. well as the continuing operational programmes. I also appreciate the continuing support of members of the Board and particularly their contribu- There is much to be done in the ensuing months to translate plans and tions to Programme Development Groups. good intentions into successful actions. I am confident that within the BGS, there is the necessary team spirit and high quality scientific expertise Of course, change can bring uncertainty, but I am satisfied that all reason- to ensure timely delivery of all programme objectives. able measures have been taken by the Director and his Executive to consult staff on the restructuring and the programme and management reorganisa- The Board and I look forward to continuing our work with the Director tion. Indeed the proposed new Strategy for BGS has its roots in the strate- and the BGS staff to the benefit of all. gic planning team drawn from the youth of the organisation, who conducted wide ranging consultation within BGS and outside. All successful organisations have proper regard for their human resources and I congratulate the Survey on its renewal of its Investors in People status.

This year, the BGS has continued to operate successfully against agreed Eric Hassall CBE, DSc, CEng, FIMinE, FRICS, FGS programme objectives and has done much to redress the income losses Chairman of the BGS Board.

Main cover photograph Small cover photographs Beachy Head Lighthouse, East Sussex. The photograph shows the debris pile resulting Survey geologists J Horne, B N Peach and C T Clough at Tayvallich, Argyll. This picture, from a rock slide which took place on 10/11th January 1999, disrupting the electricity taken in the early 20th century, was used for publicising the BGS photographic exhibition supply to the lighthouse. Beachy Head and other chalk cliffs in the area are receding Hard Times, which was displayed at several locations during the year, including the Natural episodically due to marine erosion at a rate History Museum in London. (BGS photo: MNS557). estimated to be between 0.25 and 1.2 metres Cave in cliffs of Whitby Mudstone at Runswick Bay, near Whitby, North Yorkshire. per year. As a result of the slide, the BGS These 'hob-holes' show where the mineral jet was dug. This photograph is one of the were commissioned to advise The illustrations from the new BGS EarthwiseTM Publication Scarborough and Whitby- Corporation of Trinity House on the short- the Jurassic Coast. (BGS copyright NERC). and long-term stability of the cliff before making a decision about the best way to Apophyllite (Jalgaon, India, ca. 85mm long). Pure samples such as this are used to maintain electricity supply to the Beachy determine the rates of important mineralogical processes. The data are used in appli- Head Light. An engineering geological sur- cations such as the disposal of mine waste and other pollutants. This sample was vey of the cliff and a geophysical survey of analysed by a student from Nottingham University as part of an M.Sc. project carried the cliff top, using high-resolution resistivity out jointly with the BGS. (Photo by Paul Tod). imaging, were carried out, and samples of Rother Valley Country Park, Rotherham. Previously an open cast coal mine, chalk from the debris pile were tested in the now reclaimed as a nature reserve. (Photo by Paul Tod) (MN28125). BGS laboratories. Following the initial survey a second, minor, fall took place on the Bibliographical reference 8th April, removing a portion of the cliff BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1999. identified during the survey as unstable. Annual Report of the British Geological Survey 1998–1999. (Photo by Paul Tod). (Swindon, Wiltshire: Natural Environment Research Council). Editor: David Bailey Print Production: John Stevenson Design & Production: Adrian Minks The maps of Great Britain used in this report which are based on Ordnance Survey Mapping, are Reprography: James Rayner, Jayne Kmieciak, Stephen Wilkinson reproduced with permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown copyright. Ordnance Survey licence number GD 272191/1999. © NERC 1999. All rights reserved. 12/99 C30 ISBN 0 85272 347 4 ☛ Report of the British Geological Survey 1998–99

The Mission of the British Geological Survey is to:

Advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its adjacent continental shelf by means of systematic surveying and data collection, long-term monitoring and high-quality research.

Provide comprehensive, objective, impartial and up-to-date geoscientiﬁc information, advice and services which meet the needs of customers in the industrial, engineering, governmental and scientiﬁc communities of the UK and overseas, thereby contributing to the economic competitiveness of the United Kingdom, the effectiveness of public services and policy, and quality of life.

Enhance the UK science base by providing knowledge, information, education and training in the geosciences, and promote the public understanding of the relevance of geoscience to resource and environment issues.

Natural Environment Research Council

☛ Contents

Director’s Introduction ...... 1 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES Geological Mapping of Britain ...... 2 Minerals and Geochemistry ...... 8 Geophysics ...... 12 Hydrogeology ...... 15 Marine and Coastal Geology ...... 18 Records and Databases ...... 20 Science for All ...... 22 Northern Ireland ...... 24 Isotope Geosciences ...... 25 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME International Development and Assistance: — Mapping and Minerals ...... 26 — Groundwater and Pollution ...... 29 — Geohazards ...... 30 — Environmental Geoscience ...... 31 Resources: — Minerals ...... 32 — Oil and Gas ...... 34 Geology and Geohazards ...... 36

P A Tod, BGS © NERC Environmental Geoscience ...... 38 Charles Kennedy, Liberal Democrat MP for APPENDICES Ross, Skye and Inverness, examining the 1. Acronyms ...... 43 BGS core collections from the high racking fork lift truck. During his visit in May 2. Organisation ...... 44 1999, he joined BGS scientists to discuss the 3. Finance ...... 45 synergy between science and industry, with 4. Publishing ...... 46 special emphasis on European affairs. 5. Staff List ...... 56 6. Academic Collaboration ...... 62 7. Business Collaboration ...... 64 8. Committees ...... 66 9. Core Strategic Programme Achievements ...... 67 10.The BGS Board ...... 78

British Geological Survey

Dr D A Falvey presents Professor S Sparks FRS with a print of 'View of Mount Etna, from Catania' (from Sir William Hamilton's Campi Phlegraei, published 1776) following his delivery of the 1998 Distinguished Lecture entitled 'The Eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat'. P A Tod, BGS © NERC Director’s Introduction

the BGS has been subject to periodic survey, which, it is hoped, will eventually external reviews, which did much to create extend to national coverage. Phase 1, a structure that allows effective delivery of undertaken in collaboration with World national geoscience programmes. The BGS Geoscience Corporation Ltd, covered an Board agreed last year that further review area of 14 000 square kilometres, extending over the next few years was not the best from the Mersey and Dee estuaries in the way to improve the effectiveness of the north-west, south as far as Shrewsbury and BGS. Instead, they accepted that the BGS east to Lincoln. Although much work programmes should be subject to system- remains to be done, the project is already atic development by Programme Development Groups (PDG). The role of providing valuable data on diverse subjects each PDG would be to look at a BGS such as the environmental baseline distribu- programme area and consider how its tion of caesium-137 and deeply-buried geo- objectives, approach and delivery of logical structures in Charnwood Forest. products to the user community could be improved.The first two PDGs, set up to I cannot finish without expressing my consider the Coastal and Coastal regret that it has recently been necessary to Engineering Geology programme area and declare a State of Redundancy in the BGS the Urban Environmental Surveying —the first time since its foundation in I am delighted to introduce the BGS programme area, were introduced in 1998. 1835. This arose out of an important Annual Report for 1998/99. It gives me the These two PDGs have since been successful exercise, carried out during 1998, in which in consulting a wide customer base through opportunity to thank the BGS staff for the BGS reviewed its financial and expertise extensive customer questionnaires, meet- their support during the year — a year that base and identified its future requirements called for major changes in scientific ings and workshops and have recom- in these areas. It has been a painful, but culture and direction. mended future plans for each of the programme areas. necessary, experience. I hope we can now put it behind us and move forward. A major part of the year saw work continue on the new BGS Strategy, driven by the Among the many highlights in the scien- BGS Strategy Team. The work included tific work of the BGS, the year has seen the David A Falvey, PhD, FGS, CGeol internal consultation with all levels of the first phase of the Hi-Res project; an Director of the British Geological Survey BGS staff through senior staff meetings, the airborne geophysical and radiometric November 1999 BGS Intranet, e-mail consultation, newsletters and various presentations, alongside consultation with stakeholders outside the organisation. The final draft of the BGS Strategy was approved by the BGS Board at its meeting in March 1999 and is the result of eighteen months of work by staff at all levels. The key issues that came out of the Strategic Planning exercise were a tighter focus on the needs of the client base and the delivery of a programme that addresses major resource, hazard and environmental issues directly.

Implementation Task Forces were set up following ﬁnalisation of the BGS Strategy to consider such issues as ongoing strategic planning, customer involvement, the BGS programme, the Digital Geoscience Spatial Model, the organisational structure, operational procedures, human resources and communication.

Another step towards a more customer- focused approach was seen in the setting up of Programme Development Groups. In J Evans, BGS © NERC recent years the structure and function of An aerial view of the BGS Headquarters at Keyworth.

1 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

The BGS is dedicated to CORE STRATEGIC PROGRAMME provide, on maps and in This, the principal business task of the BGS, entails long- databases and written term mapping/surveying, monitoring, databasing, support- accounts, geological ing scientific research and the provision of scientific advice. The Core Strategic Programme contains the underpinning information for all parts scientific activity which provides geoscientific information in of Great Britain and her support of decision making by public and private bodies at territorial waters, com- national to local levels on broad issues relating to resources, mensurate with the land use, geohazards and the environment. A small, but key needs of the whole user element of the Core Strategic Programme is the promotion of community. the public understanding of science. The programme’s primary funding is from the Science Budget. Geological Mapping of Britain

The 15-year programme of geological through the Moray Firth and Strathmore, mapping carried out within the encircling the largely cold-based ice cap of Multidisciplinary Regional Surveys sub- the East Grampian Highlands. The East programme was started in 1990/91. The Grampian ice sheet retreated prior to the cumulative output over the nine years is Windermere Interstadial (11 000 to 178 resurveyed or revised 1:50 000 geo- 13 000 years BP), allowing movement logical maps, 68 memoirs, two sheet expla- onshore of marine-based ice streams, in nations, three new editions of regional places for up to 15 kilometres. Recent guides and three sub-surface memoirs. excavations at the Burn of Benholm in T S M Bain, BGS © NERC During the current year 4593 square kilo- Kincardineshire showed that, prior to the Psammites and semipelites of the Southern metres were resurveyed or revised; 154 Late Devensian, Scandinavian ice crossed Highland Group form a typically rugged 1:10 000 maps were released to the public the North Sea Basin and impinged upon mountain landscape. Ben Venue and and 43 technical reports written. Fifteen the Scottish coast. This ice movement has Loch Katrine, Trossachs. shallow boreholes, totalling 628 metres, been confirmed by studies of rafts of peat were drilled. and shelly till locally exposed here beneath Late Devensian till and outwash. Southern Highlands: the first 1:50 000 (Aberfoyle) map compilation for this Monadhliath: work has continued on project has resulted in the production of a defining the Neoproterozoic basin config- detailed stratigraphical model of the uration of the Dalradian Grampian group uppermost Dalradian succession. Much of of the Central Highlands. A provenance this Southern Highland Group developed study mainly using the Sr–Nd isotopic as a complex anastomosing sequence of composition of semipelites shows that prograding and aggrading debris flows and detritus was derived largely from early and turbidites, predominantly composed of late Proterozoic sources. The proportions channel and overbank wacke sandstones from each of these sources vary through- and arenites. The basin suffered relatively out the stratigraphical succession, both in active and quiescent stages of deposition, the Central Highlands and throughout the reflecting differential crustal extension Dalradian. Collaboration with the with time. At times, faulting resulted in Greenland Geological Survey (GEUS) led basaltic intrusion, which was subsequently to a project member spending two months reworked as volcaniclastic sediments. in north-east Greenland, examining the Nathorst Land Group. T S M Bain, BGS © NERC East Grampian: in north-east Scotland, a Coarse feldspathic arenite with clasts complex Late Devensian and earlier glacial Ayr and Lanark: three-dimensional derived from an ancient quartz-feldspathic history has been determined. Two major modelling using earthVision software has hinterland, Southern Highland Group. Late Devensian ice streams are recognised. produced contoured surfaces of strati- These flowed from the Western Highlands graphical horizons within the ☛ 2 GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN

PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME

This is an extension of the Core Strategic Programme, consisting of research activities co-funded by the BGS from Science Budget appropriations, and by partners in the private and public sectors (including the EU). Co-funded projects address surveying and generic research issues relevant to the BGS Core Strategic Programme and to the A Howard, BGS © NERC strategic interests of the co-funding partners. Co-funding The Inch Mine Coal and overlying Warmden Sandstone (Lower Coal helps demonstrate specific customer support for elements of Measures), temporarily exposed during our core strategic programme and is expected to expand in construction of the M65 Motorway, near the future. Blackburn. Identification of this coal, and its distinctive fish-bearing roof measures, will lead to substantial revision and improvement of the forth- Carboniferous coal-bearing strata that can volcanic rocks and was emplaced at a coming geological maps of the Preston be correlated across the Midland Valley. depth of about three to six kilometres. A and Rochdale districts. Manipulation of the surfaces has enabled major shear system cutting the volcanic the construction of isochore maps and rocks has been recognised, and a previ- incorporation into a 3D model, which ously unsuspected early phase of Cu-Fe includes fault surfaces. mineralisation, predating deformation, has been determined. Detailed studies of the Southern Uplands: mapping has late Silurian part of the Windermere continued in the Leadhills district (Sheet Supergroup, in conjunction with two uni- 15E). Conodont faunas are more wide- versity mapping contracts, have quantified spread than previously thought and should lithofacies variation in terms of overlap- greatly improve biostratigraphical correla- ping turbidite fans. The bio- and lithos- tion of the chert successions. Temporary tratigraphical problems of the sections along the new M6 motorway have D Wilson, BGS © NERC Carboniferous succession in the Vale of revealed numerous closely spaced tectonic Thinly bedded Ordovician turbiditic Eden have been resolved. discontinuities within thick greywacke sandstones and mudstones of the successions of the Gala Group. A new Yorkshire: field mapping of the Nantmel Formation form much of the stratigraphical scheme has been developed Huddersfield sheet was completed and rugged coast of Ceredigion on the south for the subdivision of the Permian rocks of good progress was made on the revision of side of Cardigan Bay. The view here is the Lochmaben Basin. the Leeds sheet. Considerable use was from Foel y Mwnt, north of Cardigan. made of relief models, computer-generated The field survey of the district was North-east England: concern over the from aerial photographs, for the revision completed during the year. consequences of minewater outbursts in of the Wharfe valley, north of Leeds. Field areas of rising groundwater highlighted the checking of areas of Millstone Grit, terrace importance of BGS work in such areas as deposits and landslips has proved the relia- the Northumberland Coalfield. BGS staff bility of this approach. contributed to the debate over a wide spectrum of related environmental issues. Mid-Wales and Welsh Borders: work is Revision mapping in the Warkworth and continuing in the Builth Wells district to Alnwick areas has identified widespread resolve the complex structures associated landslips in till and glacial sand and gravel. with the Twyi Anticline. Reconnaissance Whereas most of the slips presently appear mapping of the Ross-on-Wye sheet has stable, they may be reactivated by a signifi- revealed a series of hitherto unknown cant rise in groundwater level as a result of major north-west-trending fractures that mine flooding. Completion of a research are linked to similar structures in the contract with the University of Durham South Wales Coalfield. has provided valuable insights into the West Midlands: following the completion sedimentology and stratigraphy of outliers of fieldwork on the Wolverhampton sheet, of Coal Measures, adjacent to the Stublick work on the revision of the Dudley sheet Fault System, in the Tyne valley. was initiated. Quaternary glacial buried Lake District: field mapping, petrography channels are a feature of the area west of and geochemistry have differentiated the Wolverhampton, and one at Trysull was products of several eruptive centres within investigated by geophysical traverses. A McMillan, BGS © NERC the Ordovician Borrowdale Volcanic Preliminary results confirm a thick infill of Ice wedge casts in glaciofluvial sand and Group. The Haweswater intrusive Devensian (glacial) and pre-Devensian gravel, Hallheath’s Quarry, Lochmaben. complex has a genetic association with the sediments. ☛ GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN 3 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

East Midlands: the resurvey of the two-phase event. Survey work commenced Melton Mowbray sheet continued. on the Beaconsfield and Buckingham Mudstone-dominated formations of the districts; no detailed geological map has Lias Group variously crop out or underlie ever been published for the latter. drift across large areas. They contain East Anglia: in this region, identification numerous thin limestones and mapping and analysis of derived palynomorphs in has revealed local complex faulting. In the silts and clays of the Crag are continuing to eastern and southern parts of the district, provide important information on prove- there is a thick Anglian drift sequence, nance and palaeogeography. The technique which includes at least three mappable has recently been extended, with university varieties of till. The drift overlies irregular collaboration, to the analysis of tills, where it bedrock topography with subglacial is being combined with the analysis of (tunnel) valleys. In the Wreake valley, to foraminifers within chalk clasts in the tills. the south, the deposits of a major pre- Some data indicate directions of provenance Anglian drainage system were mapped (the which conflict with previously published A Humpage, BGS © NERC Bytham Sands and Gravels). The precise accounts. In the Biggleswade district (Sheet High-level Pleistocene gravel deposit at position and extent of these fluvial 204) a selective revision survey was carried Caesar’s Camp, west of Aldershot. The deposits has long been a matter of conjec- out, including a refinement of the Chalk clast content is predominantly of flint. ture in this part of the Midlands. stratigraphy. In the Woodbridge and However, the results of recent drilling by Felixstowe district, mapping has identified the BGS suggest that the trunk stream complex glacial deposits along the former may have passed to the north of Melton Anglian ice-margin. Deep solution hollows Mowbray, rather than being everywhere and faults in the Chalk were investigated by coincident with the present course of the geophysical methods. Three boreholes were Wreake. drilled to improve knowledge of the Cotswolds and eastwards: the first Holocene deposits. detailed survey of the Moreton-in-Marsh London Basin: the revision survey of the district was completed and a full set of Aldershot–Guildford district was 1:10 000 scale maps was released. The area completed, with attention focused in par- includes the so-called Moreton Drift, a ticular on the Quaternary deposits and the southerly occurrence of the Middle Lower Greensand Group. Two distinct Pleistocene glacial deposits that are better ages of Head deposits, which accumulated developed further north in the Midlands. during periglacial conditions, were recog- As well as including potential resources of nised. Clay-dominated deposits cap the sand and gravel, the succession of deposits low hills formed by Weald Clay whereas throws some light on the Quaternary younger sandy sediments mantle the valley A Humpage, BGS © NERC chronology of southern England. Field slopes on the Lower Greensand. West of Iron pan development in the Folkestone relationships support the controversial Godalming, extensive wet heathland, Formation at an outcrop at Tilford, Surrey. view that the Anglian glaciation, the last to much of it important for nature conserva- affect southern Britain, was a composite, tion, may overlie a perched water table caused by an iron pan in the Sandgate Formation. This discovery may help to model the effects on the wetland of water extraction from nearby boreholes. Ongoing collaborative work at Sheffield University on the palynomorphs of lower Tertiary sequences has shown it is unlikely that the Weald was ‘unroofed’ prior to deposition of the Lambeth Group. Hampshire Basin: in the Winchester and Salisbury districts, mapping has demonstrated significant structural control of lithofacies within the Chalk. This work was enhanced by ImageStation screen displays of 1:25 000 stereo aerial photography. Wessex Basin: thematic maps were produced for the ball-clay deposits in the Wareham area. The sand and gravel resources were also reappraised by field R A Ellison, BGS © NERC mapping and trial pits. In the Ringwood Extensive dissolution features in Upper Chalk at an excavation for the Channel Tunnel Rail district, mapping and geophysical log corre- Link, near Gravesend. The infill is mainly of Thanet Sand Formation. lations have enabled improved integration ☛ 4 GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN

of the Tertiary stratigraphy between the Land Survey Digital Research and Wareham basin and the Isle of Wight. A Development: procedures were established for UK 3D subsurface refined Chalk stratigraphy has been mapped incorporating scanned map data, including over the Dean Hill Anticline, a north-facing mine plans and geological maps at 1:10000 mapping and database structure in the Upper Chalk, which may scale into a Digital Map Compilation System Subsurface mapping of the overlie an extension of the Mere Fault. (DMCS). This system was implemented, Cheshire–Staffordshire area is now enabling geologists, using MicroStation, to Lyme Bay: in the Sidmouth district, complete. This is the third in a series compile digital geological maps from field and mapping of the Upper Greensand, using a describing the subsurface geology of archival data. The maps are geologically attrib- refined stratigraphy, has enabled faunal large areas of the UK onshore area, uted and printed out as hard copy for checking records to be clarified for the first time. concentrating on the pre-Mesozoic suc- and archiving. Borehole and geological map cession. The structure and evolution of Detailed logging of previously unrecorded data were combined using earthVision sections has revealed marked lateral varia- the Northumberland Trough and software to produce a three dimensional model adjacent areas is now published, and tions in the Chalk, unusual elsewhere in of the Permo-Triassic aquifer in the West the Anglo–Paris Basin. the structure and evolution of the Midlands. Craven Basin and adjacent areas is with South Devon: mapping of the Middle to the publication unit. Upper Devonian sequences in the Torquay Carboniferous sandstone An atlas of subsurface structures is district continued, providing valuable com- provenance Pennine Basin being compiled. This is intended as a parison with those of Plymouth. Hematite This project underpins the BGS’s capabil- definitive publication on major and baryte deposits near Sharkham Point ity in its leading-edge research, develop- structures in the UK, integrating are newly regarded as of a low-temperature ment and application of heavy mineral surface and subsurface observations cross-course type of mineralisation derived stratigraphy techniques. Applications (boreholes, seismic etc.) to explain from Permo-Triassic basinal brines. include sandstone provenance identity, the development of the structures Ongoing collaborative research between the palaeoclimate, correlation, burial diagene- and their relationship to the strati- BGS and the University of East Anglia seeks sis, and exploration well geosteering. graphical development of different to identify the base of the Triassic in the red parts of the UK. bed succession of Devon using magne- tostratigraphical techniques but the results are, at present equivocal. Continuous Revision Programmes: addresses the needs of the user community for up-to-date geoscientific information, particularly in areas of high demand and urban development, both within and outside the 15-year programme. It is of considerable long-term strategic importance to develop suitable methods of ongoing data collection and information databasing for map revision at 1:10 000 and 1:50 000 scales. In Scotland, 45 cored rotary boreholes from site investigations were examined and the results incorporated into the Correction Copy set of maps. Examination of temporary exposures, A Chadwick, BGS © NERC primarily from engineering excavations, A typical output illustrating a 3D perspective view of the top Caledonian Basement in continued in conjunction with the databas- northern England. ing of information from those mine plans, mine entries and quarries not related to coal extraction. In England, revised maps were made available for areas of South Yorkshire, Bristol/Bath and North London. Southern and Eastern England Modelling Project: in parallel with the current 1:50 000-scale map digitisation programme, this project seeks to link with geo-environmentally important issues on a GIS system. The wealth of data relating to the geology of the London Basin has been integrated for the first time. Outputs from the system include geological maps at any required scale, graphical borehole logs, geological cross-sections, site-specific 3D block diagram. reports and derivative contour plots. D Bridge, BGS © NERC ☛ GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN 5 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

Coastal and Estuarine Engineering behaviour of Evolution Project British rocks and soils This project aims to examine the ● An advisory panel was established, com- Holocene evolution of the UK Coastal prising eminent engineering geologists Zone over a variety of timescales from from industry, academia and govern- decades to millenniums in order to better ment, which will advise on the forma- understand the long-term processes that tions to be studied and ensure project drive coastal evolution. It will provide outputs meet the needs of the user knowledge and data that will help in pre- community. dicting the response of the coast to various scenarios of environmental change. ● Keynote presentations were given at two During the year the project has been CIRIA meetings on the geology of the included in the BGS Programme Mercia Mudstone Group and the Development Group Review. Objectives Lambeth Group. These will form part and deliverables have been market-tested of CIRIA reports. by means of a questionnaire sent to ● members of the user community. The Reports on the shrink and swelling result was a strong endorsement for the behaviour of the Gault clay and the project from the community and a clearer Mercia Mudstone Group have been focus for its deliverables. These will completed. include a series of reports on key British ● estuaries and a series of maps illustrating Initial development work on a new lab- coastal change. The first of these reports oratory method to characterise the D Wilson, BGS © NERC will be completed by the end of shrinkage and swelling behaviour of Ercall Quarry forms part of an important 1999/2000. During 1998/99, 12 scientific mudrocks has been completed. Testing SSSI at the northern end of The Wrekin papers have been presented at both results are promising and will be range in Shropshire. It is one of the few national and international conferences and published soon. A second prototype test localities where an unconformable contact a number of internal reports have been apparatus and a testing programme are between bedded Cambrian quartzites (in completed. The project has involved planned in the near future. the upper part of the view) and working closely with, and received co- Ground Level Change in the Precambrian granitic rocks can be seen. funding from, major research initiatives by The latter have been dated at about 560 the Environment Agency, MAFF and Thames Estuary area Ma using isotopic techniques. DETR. This is an Environment Agency/NERC co-funded project with the Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space Geodesy (Nottingham University). Data from two years of monitoring three at continuous GPS reference stations, show that is now possible to determine time-averaged mean height changes in ground level to within 0.6 millimetres. Episodic GPS readings have been made at 22 monitoring stations sited with respect to known geological criteria. They show that the London Clay as a whole undergoes seasonal movement in the order of five millimetres. In addition, readings at several sites on the Chalk indicate a rising trend, perhaps in the order of one to two millimetres per year. If this trend were to continue, it would have important implications for the hydrology of the Thames Estuary and its interaction with global sea-level rise. Namurian glacioeustatic marine bands (Realising Our Potential Award) D Wilson, BGS © NERC This is a NERC/OST-funded study of The Wrekin (in far distance), the Lawley and Caer Caradoc form a line of impressive glacioeustatic flooding surfaces preserved Shropshire hills of Precambrian volcanic rock. The valley containing the regionally important in the Carboniferous of the UK. As with Church Stretton Fault Zone separates them from Precambrian sedimentary rocks of the Pleistocene and Holocene examples, Longmynd (in the foreground). (View north-eastward from above Carding Mill Valley near glacial/interglacial transition sea-level rise Church Stretton). was catastrophically rapid and pulsed in ☛ 6 GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN

Doug Tragheim, BGS © NERC View to SSW of orthophoto draped over a digital elevation model showing the network of cambered strata, and the location of geophysical traverse AF5. the Carboniferous examples. Significant between the shafts and their surrounds knowledge was gained during the year of gave rise to detectable anomalies. In the effects of these transitions on terrestrial addition to known shafts, unknown shafts equatorial palaeoflora were also detected. The next step will be to verify the anomalies on the ground. Digital Photogrammetry in support of the Land Survey 3D stereo models created using digital photogrammetry were produced as an aid for PARTNERSHIP geological interpretation for all or substantial parts of the following 1:50 000 scale sheets: PROGRAMME Winchester, Leeds, Ringwood, Melton Mowbray, and the Wirral Peninsula Chalk Aquifer Study: in Sussex, a joint project with Southern Water (Liverpool). An increase in mapping rates in seeks to apply the recently revised some types of geological terrain, especially lithostratigraphy of the Chalk to an the Chalk, encouraged the BGS to invest in area between Worthing and the River an expanded, distributed, Windows NT- Ouse, using aerial photography and based digital photogrammetric system. selected fieldwork. Airborne Remote Sensing Geological Conservation Publications: Gisela Agar, BGS © NERC A poorly understood ground instability in Scotland, joint projects were started A pre-dawn thermal image showing problem called cambering was studied in with English Nature/Scottish Natural abandoned mine shafts near Bradford. the Cotswolds by a team of multidiscipli- Heritage to produce Geological nary geoscientists. It was investigated Conservation Review volumes on the using airborne imagery to map the distrib- Permo-Carboniferous igneous rocks and ution of clay minerals and soil moisture, the Dalradian rocks of Scotland. A partnership was also established with Scottish digital photogrammetry to look at surface Natural Heritage to produce the latest in geometry, electrical resistivity imaging and their ‘Landscape fashioned by Geology’ ground penetrating radar, to reveal geolog- series covering the islands of Mull, Iona ical structure at depth. Insights were and Staffa. gained into the way competent rocks like limestone move on clay layers and thus In England, work was carried out in col- fracture. A paper on the work was ‘best of laboration with the Joint Nature session’ at an international conference. Conservancy Council to compile a book documenting and describing over 40 Research was also conducted to establish Precambrian geological sites in England whether abandoned mine shafts could be and Wales. Although much of the work Mike Raines/Doug Tragheim, BGS © NERC detected using an airborne thermal was a desk study, some field visits were Correlation of GPR faults (top) with scanner. Pre-dawn thermal data were undertaken to sites such as the Longmynd graben/half-graben structures as shown by collected over an area of mine shafts near and The Wrekin. the 2D electrical resistivity image (bottom). Bradford. The temperature contrast

GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN 7 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

The BGS carries out Minerals and systematic geochemical surveying of the UK and maintains national Geochemistry databases of geochemical, radiometric and Striking the balance between the need for A hydrogeochemical atlas of Wales and the mineral data. a sustainable environment and the need adjacent parts of England (the first of its for mineral products requires authorita- kind) is nearing completion, containing data tive, systematic information. Technology on streamwater chemistry at a resolution of Foresight has identified the problems and one sample per two square kilometres. A challenges associated with the stages of the companion volume, based on stream- natural resource cycle, from exploration, sediment and soil geochemistry for the same through the identification, extraction, pro- area, is in preparation; the geochemical data cessing and industrial use of resources, to on which this volume is based were released the disposal of waste and the remediation into the public domain. and aftercare of contaminated land. On the international level, the BGS Collectively, the projects that make up the continued to take the lead in initiatives to Minerals and Geochemistry Core harmonise geochemical maps and (Below) Distribution of lead in soil Programme offer the impartial expertise, mapping in Europe and worldwide. samples from part of the Stoke-on-Trent knowledge and information on which Collection of samples for the UK urban area, shown in relation to various sound economic and environmental component of the global reference types of made ground. decisions can be based at every stage of the network was completed. cycle. They also provide fundamental data in support of geological mapping. Natural Environment G-BASE Radioactivity Survey (NERS) The Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Maps of radon potential based on solid Environment (G-BASE) provides baseline and drift geology and gamma-ray dose geochemical data for soils, stream based on solid geology for the Liverpool sediments and streamwaters for economic Bay area at 1: 250 000 scale were and environmental applications. In 1998, published, and are included for sale in the suites of geochemical samples (stream G-BASE volume Regional geochemistry of sediments, stream waters and soils) were parts of North-west England and North collected over an area of 5000 square kilo- Wales. The Lake District radon map was metres in the East Midlands, including prepared in draft form, and data were both rural and urban areas. analysed for gamma dose to prepare new maps for the Lake District based on solid and drift geology. A Geographical Information System is being developed using Lake District data. This will allow a much more flexible approach to presenting data on natural radioactivity. MINGOL (Minerals GIS On- Line) Data from the DETR-commissioned County Mineral Resource Planning maps for Warwickshire, Hereford and Worcester, Shropshire, Staffordshire and South Wales are now incorporated into MINGOL to form a series of ‘intelligent’ maps for minerals planning and other purposes. Additional maps will be added as they are published. Mineral exploration areas have been updated, and information from the recently published Coal Map of ICRCL – Threshold Trigger Britain is now being incorporated within Concentration 500 ppm the MINGOL system. Work is continuing on the 1:250 000 mineral resource map Marcello Di Bonito, BGS © NERC series: the first map, covering the Lake ☛ 8 MINERALS AND GEOCHEMISTRY MINERALS AND GEOCHEMISTRY

David Jones, BGS © NERC Part of the radon potential map for the Liverpool Bay area, showing estimated proportions of houses above the UK Action Level (200 becquerels per cubic metre) based on solid and drift geology.

District, is complete in draft, and compila- indicate a striking similarity—an important tion of the next map (Tyne–Tees) is in result for risk assessment modelling. progress. Further chapters for Mineral Further development is in progress to apply Resources of Britain have been completed. this methodology to low-salinity, diagenetic A new edition of the Directory of Mines waters to investigate their inﬂuence on and Quarries was published in May 1998 hydrocarbon reservoir cementation and the and data capture for the Mineral remobilisation of precious metals. Occurrence Database, which now contains over 4000 records and is linked into Potentially toxic elements in MINGOL, is continuing. air particulates

Gold in orogenic extensional Rapid and cost effective methods for the -100 basins chemical analysis of trace elements -1000 OD collected on air filters have been developed Integrated multidisciplinary field and lab- and successfully applied to samples -500 oratory investigations continued on this collected within the city of Castellon, -600 project, aimed at understanding the distri- Spain. Potential sources of contamination -700 bution of gold in the Dalradian of the were identified using the chemical ‘finger- Scottish Highlands. New mineral and prints’ of the particulates collected. An fluid parageneses have been established important achievement was the rapid mea- which throw new light on gold enrich- surement of lead isotopes using laser ment processes in lode gold deposits. ablation multicollector ICP-MS to Petrogenetic modelling of late Caledonian determine different environmental sources BIRMINGHAM intrusive bodies, using lithogeochemical of lead contamination. This could have a and isotopic data, is in progress to profound effect on air quality monitoring compare intrusions that are related to in relation to legislation on lead in petrol. mineralisation with those which are not. Geochemical laboratories SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE Palaeofluid flow in resource COALFIELD development The laboratory capability was upgraded through the acquisition of new Energy The highlight of the year was the successful Dispersive XRF and instrumentation. These Niall Spencer, BGS © NERC analysis of fluid inclusions in Quaternary instruments will provide analytical data for Coal Resources Map of Britain: detail. calcite from the Sellafield repository area by continuing in-house core programmes and Purple, deep coal; mauve, shallow coal; laser ablation, cold plasma ICP-MS. This permit greater flexibility when bidding for blue, defunct coalfield; red circles, allows reconstruction of the chemistry of commissioned research projects. Detection opencast coal mines; contours on the top palaeogroundwaters for comparison with limits will be improved and productivity will of the Coal Measures. the present-day waters. Initial results be significantly enhanced. ☛ MINERALS AND GEOCHEMISTRY 9 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

(Opposite) Diagenetic vivianite cluster in unconsolidated anaerobic urban canal mud (LV cryoSEM back-scattered electron image). A E Milodowski/P Wetton, BGS © NERC

PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME Coal Resources Map of Britain: This has Nottingham, the low-vacuum and been produced in collaboration with the cryogenic SEM (LV cryoSEM) has been Coal Authority. The map is on a scale of used to study the processes controlling 1:1500000, with larger-scale insets of the the mobilisation and fixation of heavy main coalfields, and shows coal resources, metals, iron and phosphate in canal subdivided into categories, and the locations mud. Samples from an industrial envi- of current mines. It illustrates the extent of ronment in the West Midlands were coal resources onshore and offshore, with compared with sediments in the rural subsurface contours indicating the geometry environment of the Ashby Canal. LV of both coal and possible coal bed methane cryoSEM enables the fabrics of the mud resources. Other insets provide information samples to be examined in a near on resource classification, historic coal pro- pristine wet-state, reducing the physical A E Milodowski/P Wetton, BGS © NERC duction, coal resources of post- and chemical disturbance associated Internal symmetry of an iron sulphide Carboniferous age, and coal bed methane. with conventional SEM. CryoSEM framboid growing in rural canal mud (LV The map is the first of this type prepared specimens are rapidly frozen, limiting cryoSEM back-scattered electron image). since 1947, when the coal industry was the oxidation of unstable fine-grained nationalised. Its objective is to provide a reduced phases such as sulphides in synopsis of the coal endowment of the anoxic muds. As a result, it has been country for the benefit of environmental possible to follow the development of guidance and resource management. All the sulphide diagenesis, from amorphous data will be integrated into the BGS metal sulphide gels associated with minerals GIS system (MINGOL). biofilms to more crystalline sulphide Interlaboratory collaboration: a project phases. The technique has also been supported by the EU has been set up to used to test sequential chemical extrac- assist collaboration between the geochemi- tion schemes which are used to evaluate cal laboratories of European geological chemical speciation in contaminated surveys (the Czech Republic, Estonia, soils and sediments. The cryoSEM Finland, Hungary, Lithuania, observations demonstrated significant Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, shortcomings in the interpretation of the Slovak Republic and the UK). The chemical extraction data. comparability of data provided by each CryoSEM has also been applied to the laboratory for geochemical mapping study of rock–water interaction processes purposes will be assessed to facilitate data associated with organic contamination in interpretation across national boundaries. the Sherwood Sandstone aquifer beneath Laboratories compare data obtained from Fergus MacTaggart, BGS © NERC an industrial site in the West Midlands. identical samples provided by an indepen- A prismatic crystal of gadolinite, 2.5 mil- This work, in collaboration with the dent laboratory. Detailed investigation of limetres across, in a cavity in the Arran Universities of Sheffield and Leeds, aqua regia leaching procedures has also granite, Scotland. The first recorded in situ under EPSRC funding, used cryoSEM been undertaken. Exchange visits by methodologies developed by the BGS. occurrence in Britain of the rare-earth- project staff promote technology and Delicate fabrics providing evidence of element minerals gadolinite and fergu- information transfer. sonite is the result of an XRD, electron- rock–water interaction and microbial probe and ion-microprobe study in collab- Development of cryogenic SEM: in degradation and biofilm development oration with Edinburgh University. collaboration with the University of were preserved and observed. ☛ 10 MINERALS AND GEOCHEMISTRY MINERALS AND GEOCHEMISTRY

Tim Cullen, BGS © NERC World Geoscience ‘Skyvan’ aircraft used for HiRES-1 airborne survey (see page 14) with concrete pads for calibrating gamma-ray detectors.

Fluoride reduction in ground- Institute of Gerontology in the Ukraine, and water the Association of State Geologists, Moldova. It will address the prediction of This new water quality improvement project areas likely to have fluoride problems and is co-funded via the EU Inco-Copernicus will develop remediation technologies to programme and in collaboration with geo- remove fluoride from groundwater. The Tim Colman, BGS © NERC logical consultants in the Netherlands, BGS contribution is in the development of a View of the 18th century open pit at Parys Slovakia and Hungary, the Institute of Rock geochemistry and health risk prediction geo- Mountain mine, Anglesey, North Wales. and Ore Mineral Formation in Ukraine, the graphical information system. Portable Infrared Mineral Analyser This field portable spectrometer has been used in mineral exploration, industrial mineral assessment, oil exploration, and stratigraphical studies. A review was produced describing all these applications. A paper describing the use of the instrument to identify minerals along borehole core, as an input to a 3D model of the mineralisation at Parys Mountain on Anglesey, was ‘best of session’ at an international conference.

BGS © NERC

Ternary gamma-ray (potassium–equivalent, uranium–equivalent, thorium) image of the eastern half of the HiRES-1 survey area (see page 14), showing features related to solid geology and Tim Colman, BGS © NERC overlying superﬁcial deposits. The red and yellow areas NNE of Nottingham represent the A BGS geologist measuring infra-red differing signatures of the Sherwood Sandstone and Mercia Mudstone groups. The predominantly spectra of alteration minerals associated blue area NW of Derby largely reﬂects the Carboniferous limestones of the White Peak, an area with volcanic massive sulphide minerali- affected by higher than average levels of the radioactive gas radon, a uranium decay product. sation in the Parys Mountain open pit.

MINERALS AND GEOCHEMISTRY 11 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

The studies of the physical Geophysics properties of rocks are applied to the solutions of engineering, geotechnical, geomagnetic, and seismic Geophysical Monitoring location and magnitude. The rapid problems, to the exploration exchange of seismic data on significant The UK magnetic observatories at earthquakes in Europe was promoted for mineral deposits and Lerwick, Eskdalemuir and Hartland were through co-operation with several maintained and improved back-up systems hydrocarbons, and to the European institutions. were installed to ensure data quality and understanding of 3-D continuity. Data were retrieved to The National Seismological Archive, a crustal structure. Edinburgh by telephone and data products repository for bulletins, seismograms and published in electronic form on the other papers from seismological observato- Geomagnetism Information and ries in the UK that have now closed, and Forecasting Service (GIFS) accessible via other material of seismological interest, the Internet. GIFS provides a seven-day, was maintained. A new catalogue of the 24-hour service to academic, government Archive was completed and made available and commercial users. Through the to users electronically. Research into the INTERMAGNET programme, data from history of seismology in the UK to trace a global set of magnetic observatories were further collections of data uncovered exchanged in near-real time with agencies chapters in the history of the subject previ- in the US, Canada, Japan and France. ously unknown, including stations and Geomagnetic measurements were made at bulletins never before used. Among the 15 of the 51 sites in the UK repeat station finds were a number of photographs of network. early seismologists and their observatories Improvements were made to the instru- in the UK. mentation and data collection hardware Multicomponent Seismology and software installed at sites in the 141- station UK seismic network. In particular, Research on seismic wave theory was the recording of strong ground motions carried out to investigate the effects of from nearby earthquakes was improved fluid-filled fractures on wave propagation. Imaging of regional aeromagnetic data and this will provide data relevant to safety Synthetic modelling has shown the over Britain and Ireland reveals the con- considerations for the nuclear industry. potential to describe the microstructural trasting basement architecture to the north Recordings of seismic events were properties of fault gouge and assess the and south of the Iapetus Suture. The retrieved to Edinburgh automatically whether faults will act as conduits or white dashed line indicates the position of under computer control every six hours barriers to fluid flow. In collaboration with the suture (at mid-crustal depth) as and analysed promptly to determine time, Edinburgh University advances were made inferred from other data sources. in the analysis and interpretation of multicomponent sea bed seismic data in the presence of anisotropy. National geophysical mapping and data management The first two gravity anomaly maps in the 1:1 000 000 UTM Series (North Britain and South Britain) were published. Good progress was made in the development of on-line access to our substantial geophysical data holdings. All the regional aeromagnetic data for the UK land and offshore area were loaded into a revised line-based databank. Rock physical property data for the UK and information on more than 700 local geophysical surveys (some 13 000 individual geophysical traverses) is now accessible on-line. A database query system has been developed for the BGS Intranet, providing an effective, platform-independent interface G S Kimbell, BGS © NERC with the data. ☛ 12 GEOPHYSICS GEOPHYSICS

Davie Galloway, BGS © NERC The Arran macroseismic survey. The magnitude 4 ML earthquake near Arran on 4th March 1999 was the largest earthquake in Scotland for 12 years. The contours show the intensity with which the earthquake was felt according to the European Macroseismic Scale. The data were provided by more than 1000 members of the public who returned questionnaires published in the local and national press.

Regional Crustal Structure of stress on geophysical log responses in fractured rocks. Typically most of the fluid Investigation of the regional crustal flow through fractured rocks is concen- structure of the UK has included three- trated in a small proportion of the dimensional modelling of magnetic fractures and a very important factor influ- basement structures in the Southern encing the distribution of flow is the local Scotland–Northern England region. This stress field. has provided insights into the contrasting crustal architecture on the northern Geotechnical capability (Laurentian) and southern (Avalonian) sides of the Iapetus Suture and has led to ● Contributions to a report by the models for the evolution of these opposing Construction Industry Research and margins and the nature of their subsequent Information Association (CIRIA) and convergence. Three-dimensional the Geological Society on Civil modelling methods have been used to Engineering uses of Geophysics were compute the gravity effects of the post- completed. Variscan cover sequence in south-east ● A Ph.D. was awarded with respect to England: removal of these effects is aiding 3D inversion research in collaboration in the interpretation of structures within with Bristol University. the underlying basement. ● A paper was presented at a National R J Cuss, BGS © NERC Interpretation software Railways meeting regarding geophysical First results from the Hi-RES airborne tomography of masonry structures. survey. Aeromagnetic images from the Development of a new version of the Matlock area demonstrating the GRAVMAG modelling program has ● A presentation was made at a national improvement in structural resolution. commenced. Revisions include a conference describing a novel interpre- (a) previous low resolution data; (b) redesigned user interface and powerful tation scheme for two down-hole resis- magnetic field measured by Hi-RES; new model editing capabilities. Upgrades tivity logs used routinely by the Ocean (c) Hi-RES data after removal of to the Wellog package were undertaken in Drilling Programme (ODP) and the oil anomalies due to man-made structures. order to support research into the effects industry. ☛ GEOPHYSICS 13 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME

Magnetic modelling: The production of occurrence. The BGS is collaborating with EUROPROBE: The BGS has been the 1998 revision of the BGS Global similar organisations in Greece, Russia, actively involved in international collabo- Geomagnetic Model (BGGM), which Armenia and Albania, with EU funding, to rative research programmes within incorporates geomagnetic data collected develop new techniques for the automatic EUROPROBE, supported by two EC- by organisations world-wide, was acquisition of gas geochemical data from funded research networks. Investigation supported by the UK Health and Safety remote sites using gas-sensing probes and of the eastern margin of the East Executive and an oil industry consortium. telemetry. The data will be integrated with European Craton (within the URO The BGS magnetic stations on Ascension seismic information acquired in parallel, network) has revealed that deformation Island and in the Falkland Islands were and used to determine whether or not the relating to the Palaeozoic Uralide orogeny maintained and provided data for the technique is a suitable method for monitor- is superimposed on, and strongly influ- model. The BGGM is used globally to ing ground disturbance associated with enced by, structures developed along this provide magnetic reference data for direc- tectonic events. margin as a result of earlier (Precambrian) tional drilling, helping to ensure rifting and orogenesis. Research into the HiRES: The High resolution airborne boreholes reach their geological targets Palaeozoic Amalgamation of Central Resource and Environmental Survey of and avoid well collisions. Under the terms Europe (the PACE Network) has resulted the UK (HiRES) is a multidisciplinary of a new five-year agreement, magnetic in major new compilations of European project spanning the ‘Geophysics’ and data for compass users was supplied for gravity and magnetic data that have ‘Minerals & Geochemistry’ programmes. publication on Ordnance Survey maps. provided dramatic images of the crustal The first survey (HiRES-1) was flown in architecture of Europe. Seismic Monitoring and Information the summer of 1998 in collaboration Service: The UK seismic monitoring and with World Geoscience Corporation Groundwater geophysics: Together with information service has been supported Ltd. The survey comprised 50 000 line- groups from Holland, France, Cyprus and for ten years by a broadly-based group of kilometres of magnetic, radiometric and Israel, the BGS is undertaking a project customers led by the DETR, including electromagnetic (VLF) data over an area which aims to establish an integrated geo- the nuclear, water and oil industries, of 14 000 square kilometres spanning the physical approach to groundwater explo- together with a number of public bodies. English Midlands. Preliminary data pro- ration and management. Co-funding is Seismic activity is monitored throughout cessing has been completed, and further provided by the European Commission’s the UK using a network of 141 seismic research into advanced processing INCO programme. Field studies were stations and information about significant methods to extract the full geological undertaken in Cyprus employing the earthquakes is disseminated rapidly to and environmental information content Electrokinetic Sounding (EKS) and customers. The data are compiled into is currently being undertaken. Removal azimuthal resistivity methods. Techniques monthly and annual bulletins and reports, of cultural ‘noise’ from the magnetic have been developed for discriminating and are used to develop the database for data is a particular challenge but initial between homogeneous and heterogeneous seismic hazard assessment. images confirm a significant improve- rock in azimuthal resistivity surveys ment in resolution over old surveys. See resulting in the enhanced mapping of sub- Edinburgh Anisotropy Project (EAP): page 11 for details of radiometric data. vertical, water-bearing fracture systems. The EAP consortium conducted research into advanced seismic methods with sponsorship from a consortium of 16 operating, service and software 60N mGal companies. Ideas on using converted 40 shear waves to image beneath basalts, 10 accounting for multiple reflections and 0 other processing problems, were tested -5 -10 and applied to datasets supplied by 55N -15 sponsors. Amplitude versus direction pro- -20 cessing of data collected using vertical -30 cable, sea bed sensors and walkaway -50 vertical seismic profiles was applied to -230 datasets from the UK and Norwegian 50N sectors of the North Sea, and from onshore in the USA. Techniques developed using vintage 2D and 3D azimuthal surveys to estimate fracturing

in chalk ﬁelds were applied to other 30E 45N datasets. 25E 5W 0 20E Tectonic early warning system: Seismic 5E 10E 15E activity is a potential threat to populations D Banka, BGS © NERC and commerce throughout the world, and An image of gravity anomalies over central Europe based on data compiled for the even in the UK, generally regarded as an investigation of the Trans European Suture Zone. Land areas: Bouguer anomaly. Sea aseismic zone, earthquakes are a frequent areas: Free air anomaly.

14 GEOPHYSICS CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

Hydrogeology Research into Britain’s groundwater occurrence, movement and quality is applied to groundwater National Groundwater Survey will be used to test new techniques and to assessment, development validate new modelling codes. On the recommendations of the and management. Programme Review Group, a National Geophysical borehole Advisory panel and Regional Advisory logging panels were initiated to ensure the user community has input to the regional Interest and activity in geophysical hydrogeological reports. Progress borehole logging of aquifers continues to continues to be made on the regional grow. This year, 80 boreholes were Chalk Aquifer Studies in the Wessex logged using the Hydrogeology Group Basin, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and the digital logger of which 55 were commer- North Downs. The programme continues cially funded. These investigations were to attract interest and generate collabora- for the purpose of aquifer characterisation tive activities (see Partnership Programme and determining water inflows, mainly panel). The interest from both the regula- for public water supply projects through- tors and the water companies reflects the out the UK, or to investigate contami- relevance of the programme. nant movement related to old industrial sites or landfills. An increasing number of Groundwater Data mineral water and brewery boreholes Dissemination have been logged this year reflecting the need to understand groundwater occur- The BGS is the custodian of several rence and movement and the integrity of groundwater datasets of national impor- the sources. tance, including 100 000 water borehole records and data on aquifer properties, Geosphere waste water level, chemistry and geophysics. The containment principal tool for managing this groundwater data is the WellMaster database, This project is concerned with fluid flow which has undergone further development in faults and fractures. A radial array of during the year, primarily to improve inte- instrumented boreholes in the Mercia gration with other key BGS datasets. The Mudstone Group (which outcrops under NERC Seedcorn programme has the Keyworth site) was successfully used supported data entry to WellMaster, as for a series of in-situ gas injection experi- have interested commercial users who have ments. High quality test data match obser- supported data entry in local areas, vations made previously in the laboratory. allowing an accelerated programme. In The field results have added to under- partnership with the Institute of standing of how gases move through Hydrology the dissemination of hydrologi- mudrocks, and have demonstrated that the D Buckley, BGS © NERC cal data continued, with monthly publica- application of conventional two-phase Access to water boreholes to be logged tion of summaries of hydrological and flow theory does not best describe the near Moffat was along the river course. hydrogeological conditions across the UK. transport of high-pressure gases through An annual hydrological summary was clay-rich media. placed on the Internet and a register of Fluid-rock reactions and monitoring stations and their associated hydrometric statistics for the period 1991 properties to 1995 was published. The rate and mechanism by which fluids Mathematical Hydrogeology and minerals interact have important consequences for both the extractive (e.g. This project maintains expertise in mathe- hydrocarbons, metallic minerals) and matical hydrogeology, particularly in disposal (e.g. landfill, nuclear) industries. mathematical models. A number of To assess such interactions the BGS has responsive exercises were undertaken to assimilated information on the speed at develop techniques to solve particular which such reactions occur and developed problems in other projects. The major new experimental equipment so that they activity undertaken during the year was might be better quantified. Such an under- D Buckley, BGS © NERC the initial development of a test-bed standing will assist the prediction of Installing submersible pump for testing model facility. This is based on part of the pollution problems and help to improve water supply boreholes, Isle of Skye. Chalk aquifer of the North Downs and extraction technologies. ☛ HYDROGEOLOGY 15 HYDROGEOLOGY

PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME Fundamental Aspects of Metal obtained as part of bilateral north-south Speciation and Transport in Metal- projects and the present initiative Contaminated Soils and Aquifers therefore gives the opportunity to collate (FAMEST): This project, which is co- and to compare data on groundwater funded by the EU, is looking at the specia- from many individual projects to arrive at tion and movement of metals at a variety some standard for the region as a whole. of metal-contaminated sites in the UK, Nitrate in the Triassic sandstones of the France, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Selby area: Following from a previous suc- The sites include smelter works as well as cessful study on the East Yorkshire Chalk, an agricultural field heavily contaminated an investigation of nitrate in groundwater by historically large applications of metal- of the Sherwood Sandstone aquifer of the contaminated sewage sludge. The aim of Selby area has been undertaken with co- the project is to link laboratory methods of funding from the EA and Yorkshire Water. characterising the soil and aquifer materials Existing time series of groundwater nitrate with generalised chemical speciation concentrations were reviewed for hydroge- models so that the present and future ological, climatic and land-use influences, mobility of the contaminants in the field profiles of solute concentrations in the can be reliably assessed. unsaturated zone were obtained and a FRACFLOW: This EU FPIV project regional hydrochemical survey was carried will address contaminant transport, mon- out. Detailed borehole logging has helped itoring techniques and remediation in the interpretation of the near-source strategies in cross-European fractured groundwater flow and hydrochemistry. A chalk. The study is led by the Danish two-dimensional transport model, Geological Survey with partners in Multiple Analytical Pathways (MAP), D Buckley, BGS © NERC German and Israeli universities. Field which had been developed in the previous Running geophysical logging probes in sites in England and Denmark will be the project, was used to predict future nitrate artesian water supply borehole, Isle of Arran. foci of the programme which is described concentrations at selected public supply on www.fracflow.dk. The first year of this sources, for use by Yorkshire Water in 3-year project was spent in producing planning requirements for blending and state-of-the-art reviews of aspects of the treatment. 600 Cromer study and establishing field sites. Small licence exempt groundwater Fracturing and the hydrogeology of the sources: A cost sharing exercise with the

0 10 20 30 kms Norwich Permo-Triassic sandstones: This project EA Groundwater and Contaminated

Storage coefficient values was co-funded by the Environment Land Centre to develop a means by 300 00 from pumping tests 3 0 - 0.004 0.004 - 0.042 Agency's National R&D Programme. which the Agency can identify small 0.042 - 0.11 0.11 - 0.62 The aim of the study was to review infor- groundwater sources that are exempt Outcrop of Crag Formations mation concerning the hydrogeological from current licensing regulations. This effects of fractures in the Permo-Triassic work is driven by the Agency’s antici- Aldeburgh sandstone aquifers in England and Wales. pated requirements with respect to the The project report provides an overview DETR Abstraction Licence Review, the of the current concepts of fracturing in Groundwater Regulations and the Colchester 600 the Permo-Triassic sandstones and their proposed Water Framework Directive. BGS © NERC implications for groundwater flow, and The BGS will benefit in the long term Distribution of storage coefficient values summarises existing hydrogeological data. from increased holdings in the National in the Crag minor aquifer of East Anglia. Groundwater Archive. Groundwater as Palaeoindicator (GASPAL): Under favourable conditions Strategic survey in Scotland: A number subsurface waters (unsaturated zone as of activities were completed for the Minor aquifers of England and well as saturated zone environments) may Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Wales: The data available on the record antecedent climatic and environ- including the publication of the first physical properties of the minor mental change in their chemical and Scottish 1:100 000 scale groundwater aquifers in England and Wales are isotopic signatures. This new project vulnerability map, that for Fife. This is being collated and reviewed. It is funded under the EC ENRICH initiative similar to maps already produced for the planned to publish the results in the aims to assist in the creation of a database EA but has a modified approach to form of a manual and a CD-ROM for existing information on groundwaters assessing the role of weakly permeable till database. The project is co-funded by relevant to global change in several cover over aquifer units. A second map the Environment Agency (EA) and African Sahelian (Senegal, Niger, Nigeria, covering Dumfriesshire is in preparation. will complement the report on the and Chad) countries in collaboration A review of groundwater level and major aquifers in England and Wales with partners in the UK, France, Italy groundwater quality monitoring needs in which was published in 1997. and Germany. Many of the existing data Scotland was carried out. This recom- for the African Sahel region have been mends a series of networks aimed at ☛ 16 HYDROGEOLOGY HYDROGEOLOGY

PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME deriving information on the regional Effect of old landfills on groundwater picture as well as on local impact, for quality: Boreholes into the Middle Chalk example, of intensive agricultural activity. outside a landfill continue to be sampled Two groundwater basin studies were also bimonthly and are automatically logged for undertaken: one for the Devonian aquifer water levels and electrical conductivity in of Stratheden in Fife and the other the order to calibrate a contaminant transport Permian basin at Dumfries. Both of these model. The boreholes were used for studies provide better understanding of pesticide monitoring for the EA. the two aquifers through the develop- Natural attenuation of organic pollu- ment of conceptual groundwater flow tants in groundwater: In conjunction models and preliminary water balance with the University of Sheffield and the calculations. The studies also highlight Institute of Freshwater Ecology, redox the need for further comprehensive inves- zones have been mapped out in the conta- tigation as a necessary preliminary to minant plume in the Triassic Sandstones rigorous groundwater management. aquifer beneath a coal distillation plant in Transport of halogenated solvents in the Midlands. The factors controlling the matrix of the Permo-Triassic microbial activity and organic degradation sandstone aquifer: Halogenated solvents have been studied in laboratory micro- are common contaminants in UK cosms using groundwater and sediment aquifers. They are dense non-aqueous acclimatised in the plume. Evidence for phase liquids (DNAPLs) that, if spilled, biodegradation is being sought by moni- may rapidly penetrate to great depths in toring systematic changes in the stable aquifers. Slow dissolution from sub-surface carbon isotope ratio within specific pools of solvents means that they may act compounds in conjunction with Leeds as long term sources of groundwater University. The results will help identify pollution. Historical contamination of favourable situations for natural attenua- groundwater by halogenated solvents is tion of groundwater contaminants. particularly common in the Permo- Hydraulic conductivity in tills: In the Triassic sandstones of central and north- Cottingham area of East Yorkshire, ground- west England. There is a need to underwater is abstracted from adits in the Chalk. stand the movement and sub-surface dis- Tills overlie the Chalk and work, co-funded BGS © NERC tribution of halogenated solvents in this by the EA and Yorkshire Water, is in Probable extent of the European aquifer so that optimal monitoring and progress to evaluate their ability to mitigate landmass around 10 000 BC showing remediation strategies can be developed. risks that might arise from pollution. An glaciation maximum and PALAEAUX The BGS is working in collaboration with array of piezometers was installed to study areas. a team from University College London to determine the hydraulic characteristics of provide fundamental information to the till, and a core sample was obtained for improve predictions on the depth of pene- physical and mineralogical testing with a PALAEAUX: This EU-funded tration and distribution of both liquid and view to defining the flow processes through project has brought together up-to- dissolved phase halogenated solvents. the till. The regional character of the till was date geochemical, isotopic and hydro- Solvent transport characteristics are evaluated, to provide the regulator and geological information on coastal sensitive to the lithological characteristics operator with information on clay thickness groundwaters across Europe in a of the sandstone matrix and the work and clay persistence, enabling them to assess transect involving nine European includes laboratory studies of solvent pore which areas might have a higher pollution countries from the Baltic to the entry pressures and residual saturation, potential. and measurements of solvent diffusion Canary Islands. These data have been interpreted in relation to past climatic coefficients. Novel laboratory procedures Mineralogy of reservoir rocks: Work was and environmental conditions as well have also been developed to study solvent commissioned by Shell UK Exploration and as extending and challenging concepts dissolution and dispersion. This work is Production to evaluate the variation in about the evolution of groundwater being supported by the EPSRC/NERC as modal determinations by different analysts near the present day coastlines over part of the Waste and Pollution using point counting under the optical petrological microscope, and to compare the the past 100 000 years. Freshwater of Management Thematic Programme. results of this with modal mineralogy deter- high quality is found at depth beneath UK Groundwater Forum: The Forum mined by BSEM combined with computer the present coast in several countries. promotes the wider understanding of image analysis techniques. Core Programme This originates from periods with groundwater issues and provides a funding was used to develop a sophisticated different climatic conditions and creative environment to determine modal analysis package using image analysis lower sea-levels than the present day. national research priorities. It is currently of integrated and simultaneously acquired The implications of the scientific producing an educational video about the BSEM, SEM-cathodoluminescence and results for management of aquifers in interaction between groundwater and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis European regions are considered. surface water features. images.

HYDROGEOLOGY 17 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

Geological studies of Marine and Britain’s coasts and beneath her seas are important for the Coastal Geology economic development and environmental planning of the nation.

BGS © NERC Model of the North Sea as viewed from the east towards the Humber Estuary about five thousand years ago. The coast at the time is shown in yellow. Created within the integrated modelling phase of LOIS. LOIS integrated modelling Sea bed maps and images Doug Tragheim, BGS © NERC Orthophoto mosaic of a 1km wide strip The bathymetry and levels of sediment The Sula Sgeir solid geology map has been of land at Easington Gas Terminal, SE erosion in the western North Sea have been completed and the sea bed sediments map of Yorkshire, with calculated (2m/year) modelled at thousand-year intervals through the Shetland area has been published. An erosion contours at 50 year intervals the Holocene. The chemostratigraphical image of the eastern slope of the Faeroe– (blue) and 100 year intervals (red). sequence of the Holocene fill of the Humber Shetland Channel has also been prepared. Estuary is also being used to calibrate models The image has been constructed using the Holderness coastal that 'hindcast' sediment delivery to the first signal return from conventional explo- estuary by rivers and sea. The work is being erosion ration 3D seismic data and appears similar to carried out in partnership with Durham and an oblique aerial photograph. Because the Digital photogrammetry was used Leeds Universities and Proudman image is compiled digitally it can be viewed to model coastal erosion near Oceanographic Laboratory. Holderness on the east coast. A from any angle or elevation. It provides a very detailed 3D model was produced GIS development powerful new tool for the study of sea bed and used to study the likely effect of morphology and sediment dynamics. different amounts of erosion on the Work is in hand to develop a scheme for the nearby Easington industrial attribution of geological information within Sea bed stability complex. It enabled the threat to the GIS that will form the basis of the 3D As part of our ongoing studies of sea bed this expensive development to be digital model. This is being applied to the stability on low-angle slopes the BGS led an clearly visualised. The output from Tertiary basalt terrain of the Rockall area the study was used in an interactive and in a pilot study for the Midland Valley international investigation, using Japanese multimedia exhibition to mark the Project that will integrate onshore and research vessels, to examine sea bed failures opening of one of the new Earth offshore data for Fife and the Firth of Forth. induced by a major earthquake immediately Galleries at the Natural History offshore Papua New Guinea. This generated Museum in London. Structural controls on igneous a devastating tsunami resulting in the deaths emplacement of over 2000 people. Mapping of Palaeogene strato/shield volcanoes has revealed an association Palaeogene sills between a strong north-east-trending The architecture and age of Palaeogene sill Caledonoid lineament and a chain of complexes along the Atlantic margin of Palaeogene igneous centres. A lineament Ireland and Scotland has been investigated. running from the east Faeroes shelf to the The features include saucer-shaped and trans- north-east Rockall trough is interpreted as a gressive sills, thick amorphous sill swarms major feeder dyke, the source of the Darwin with poor internal definition and non-con- Doug Tragheim, BGS © NERC and Faeroe Bank Channel and the newly Perspective view (looking south) of a recognised Wyville-Thompson and formable steeply-inclined sheets, with or digital terrain model (DTM) created Munkagrunnur strato/shield volcanoes. without associated mounds of sub-aqueous using digital photogrammetry draped Earlier interpretations favoured north-west- lavas. Traditional models of emplacement do with a 2D orthophoto of the Holderness trending lineaments as the control on the not fully explain these observations. Ongoing cliffs at Easington, Yorkshire. emplacement of the Palaeogene igneous Ar–Ar dating studies are further refining the centres but this new evidence emphasises chronology of intrusive events within the the influence of old Caledonoid trends. Faeroe–Shetland Basin. ☛ 18 MARINE AND COASTAL GEOLOGY MARINE AND COASTAL GEOLOGY

PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME

Gdansk Gulf Basin: This two year project, margin, was produced on CD for members. co-funded by the EU and with partners Regional sea bed images using 3D exploration from Lithuania, The Netherlands and seismic data, have been used to constrain Poland ended in March 1999. The interpretations of sea bed morphology and programme, aimed at the harmonisation of sediment distribution, geotechnical properties marine environmental monitoring methods and habitats for benthic fauna. Low cost sea between Central and Eastern European bed and downhole temperature probes have Countries (CEEC) and EU member states, also been developed to obtain thermal curve compared sampling, analytical and inter- data for gas hydrate modelling studies. pretational techniques in the Polish and Lithuanian sectors of the Gdansk Gulf Stratigraphical Nomenclature: A sequence Basin. Major findings of the programme stratigraphical nomenclature of the Mid-Late were presented at a workshop in Gdansk in Cenozoic on the north-west margin has been October 1998. published completing the three volume stratigraphical series for the area. The volume US Navy: An invited paper was presented to was supported by a six-company consortium the American Acoustical Society regarding 3D and describes the Cenozoic development and heterogeneity of sea-floor sediments and the build-out of the shelf margin. evaluation of sediment tortuosity in collaboration with the US Navy. Millennium Atlas: This is being funded by the oil industry as a benchmark publication BEDFORMS General net sediment transport Leicester University, Enterprise Oil, direction based on bedform to celebrate the exploration of the North asymmetry Significant sea bed slopes Lasmo, Core Labs: Three papers have been Sea. Groups of oil companies have under- Megaripple crest lines Symbolic direction of sand wave crest lines with a tick on the published regarding the assessment of fine- steeper face indicating direction 2-4 taken to prepare individual chapters and of net transport. Figures indicate bedform height in metres scale heterogeneity and its impact on petro- the BGS will contribute to a number of No side-scan sonar data SEDIMENTS physical properties, through integrating novel Tidal sand ridge, area of these as well as providing overall editorial flat ridge top shown Sand wave field laboratory techniques with downhole geo- control. The Atlas will describe the whole Megaripple field Sand carpet, no bedforms visible on side-scan sonar physical logging data. A presentation was Lag gravel pavement, sea stratigraphical sequence from the beda mixture of gravelly sediment generally less than about a metre thick made at Geoscience ‘98 regarding the Mud, areas of exposed Precambrian to the Recent for the central Holocene alluvium Outcrop at sea bed of Lower Pleistocene Crag mapping of fine-scale open fractures. Outcrop at sea bed of and northern North Sea, including Danish Lower Pleistocene gravel Outcrop of Tertiary limestone and mudstone Bioherms - shell 1st Ground Investigation & Broad and and Norwegian waters as well as the accumulations and weed Gloyens: 3D cross-hole seismic techniques tectonic framework of the basin and a C D R Evans, BGS © NERC have been developed and demonstrated at a review of legislation and oil exploration. Part of the Inshore Seabed Characterisation project digital map of property where subsidence due to solution European collaboration: The BGS has seabed facies off the Suffolk coast. features in chalk was suspected. The 3D played a leading role in the very successful tomogram indicated the area of affected European North Atlantic Margins (ENAM) ground was too extensive to warrant reme- I and II Programmes along with eight Nearshore Strategic diation. Two reports were completed. European partners. The project is investigat- Survey Rockall Consortium: BGS manages, and ing sediment dynamics along the shelf The co-funded project with the is a partner in, a consortium with 14 oil margin and integrates well with the BGS’s companies. A complex two ship seismic studies on the development of the shelf DETR was completed early in 1999 experiment, with an additional string of margin north-west of the UK. Two new with the holding of a workshop in ocean bottom seismometers (OBS), was projects have also been initiated. These are Keyworth and production of two successfully conducted across the margin of the HYACE programme (involving seven major reports. The digital mapping the Tertiary basalt in the Rockall Trough. European partners), to design and build a at the heart of the project has The objective was to image the structure down hole autoclave to sample gas hydrates proved of interest to a range of beneath the basalts and initial results at depth and recover them at ambient tem- external bodies, though third party suggest significant improvements to perature and pressure. The other project is copyright licences are hindering existing seismic methods can be made. In EUMARSIN, which involves 14 European wider dissemination of the data. addition high resolution, pre-site, seismic countries with BGS providing the secretariat. Specific take-up has come from the surveys were carried out over planned It aims to develop a meta-database of sea bed MAFF laboratories (CEFAS) who shallow drilling sites for safety reasons. A sediment information for European seas to are using the mapping of sea bed small survey over part of the facilitate collaborative ventures and promote facies to integrate with the fisheries Hatton–Rockall Bank confirmed that there common standards. information. Work on shoreface are windows in the basalt cover where pre- Speculative seismic surveys: In a collabo- profiles along the southern and Palaeogene sediments can be sampled. rative venture with Geoteam, BGS has eastern England coast has shown Western Frontier Association: The WFA has provided assistance with survey design and that modern rates of retreat continued to support a portfolio of projects interpretation of surveys in the North Sea probably did not apply through the including seismic monitoring, the distribution and on the Atlantic margin. These high Holocene, and that the form of of hydrates and shallow gas and the mainte- quality data have provided new insights many shorefaces is inherited and a nance of databases. A bibliography of into the structure and geology of the area function of Pleistocene rather than published data and reports on the shallow and contribute to the development of new Holocene erosion. geology and environment of the north-west models of the 3D geology of the UKCS.

MARINE AND COASTAL GEOLOGY 19 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

The National Geosciences Records and Databases Information Service provides access to, and data and advice from, collections of biblio- HOLOSTRAT tion and information dissemination. A wide range of basic information has been graphic and cartographic The first output of this project (Silurian, made in the first release including basic material, records, Ludlow Series) was posted on the BGS static information essential to the organisa- web site as a free download in January tion. In the medium term the Intranet will samples, and digital 1999 and the site is already well-visited. provide access to the major BGS databases. Holostrat is an “evergreen”, browsable Corporate Database in both graphical and database, endorsed by the Geological tabular formats. The overall goals are to Society, and provides the most compre- reduce the costs of disseminating informa- hensive data on UK stage stratotypes. It is tion to staff and to make information a community project encouraging the easier to locate, thus saving staff time. involvement of all researchers on UK and international stratigraphy to develop the BGS-geoIDS Project database. Several stages are in preparation, including two in the Mesozoic (the Albian The BGS-geoIDS Project is a three-year & Oxfordian). project that aims to integrate the BGS’s diverse data holding. The BGS has Geochemistry databases and numerous database and data collections software development compiled over 160 years. However, many of these databases are project-oriented. There was further consolidation of the The project is designed to make the infor- databases for mineral occurrences mation more widely available, integrated (MOD), mines and quarries (BritPits), where appropriate, and of a high quality. petrological samples (BritRocks) and This is being achieved by formally docu- Geochemistry. They all have user-friendly menting the existing digital data model Access front-ends and most are linked to prior to revising it where necessary, ORACLE server databases. Expertise capturing the technical and discovery gained on these projects has been useful metadata, establishing corporate data man- in gaining contracts in the Czech agement policies, defining corporate data Republic, Ecuador, Namibia and standards and investigating methods of Zambia, as well as in the UK. disseminating the data on the BGS GIS and Information Systems Intranet and Internet sites. Research and Development Collections Administration Work continued on developing an The main activity has centred on the inte- interface to the Digital Geological Map of gration of borehole material into the Great Britain (DIGMAPGB). This permanent collection. This included previ- involved refining the map index database ously acquired onshore material from that describes the availability of individual major oil companies, material transferred digital map sheets and designing a from the DTI Hydrocarbon Core store in graphical interface to it. Edinburgh and newly acquired material The development of the Digital Report including a major donation from Generating System (DRGS) continued Candecca Resources. In total, material with the adoption of SGML technology from over 312 boreholes were added to for tagging text. The Glasgow and Airdrie the collection. memoirs were marked-up using SGML Work continued on the development of and workshops held with authors. the enhanced borehole material database, A prototype graphical application was which includes lithostratigraphical details developed showing correlations between of the drillcore, to enable improved access biostratigraphical zones, the BGS to specified material. The final version of Chronostratigraphical Index and the BGS the database will be available once the Lexicon of Named Rock Units. 106 000 boxes of core are indexed using individual bar codes. Intranet Paul Tod, BGS © NERC Work started on sorting and archiving the Borehole records in the National During the year the BGS developed its major collections received from the ex- Geosciences Records Centre. first Intranet. In the short term it is British Coal archives. A new database was designed to speed up internal communica- created for these archives and other data ☛ 20 RECORDS AND DATABASES RECORDS AND DATABASES

Patrick Bell, BGS © NERC HOLOSTRAT is a BGS initiative that makes geological information available via the World Wide Web, fulfilling NERC’s mission to disseminate knowledge relevant to its areas of responsibility. Text files, maps and diagrams published on the BGS website explain and illustrate aspects Environmental databases of UK stratigraphy (http://www.bgs.ac.uk/free/holostrat/holostrat.html), and are linked by means As an aid to marine environmental of hypertext and bookmarks. studies in UK waters, the BGS and CEFAS are being funded by the received from BP. Over 1000 individual Database Development DETR to develop and compile a documents have now been indexed. Some database of geochemical and related 20 000 plans were also collected and these During the year the content of the BGS studies on the UK continental shelf, are being indexed and incorporated in the Lexicon of Named Rock Units was including the estuarine and coastal collections on a project basis. expanded and improved significantly, as zones. The work follows an earlier the database took on a crucial dictionary project to prepare a database for the The level of routine donations was up by role in the 1:250k and 1:50k DIGMAPGB Celtic Seas region and will involve 39% on the previous year with over projects. Lexicon entry application forms making recommendations for future 50 000 records received in 3,500 separate were made available via the BGS Intranet database and GIS development in the donations from some 80 separate organi- to facilitate compilation of new or revised marine environmental field. sations. rock unit definitions.

The successful introduction of an A new database system to hold details of PARTNERSHIP automated standard enquiry response from BGS Discovery Metadata was designed the Geoscience Data Index produced and built, together with a Web-based PROGRAMME using MS Word has helped the enquiry browsing system that will, when fully service meet its performance targets and populated, allow users to establish the GEIXS improve the information provided to existence, whereabouts and availability of This was the second year of the enquirers. all signiﬁcant BGS geoscience datasets. project which aims to set up a web- Borehole Database based metadatabase of geoscience The year also saw the compilation and data holdings of all 15 European A major achievement during the year was adoption of the ﬁrst formal BGS Union Geological Surveys, all of the completion of the merger of the four Corporate Data Policy (as part of the which are project partners. The BGS main BGS digital borehole indexes into BGS-geoIDS initiative) and the drafting of is the overall project co-ordinator. the Single Onshore Borehole Index the high-level BGS Corporate Data During the year, the web site and (SOBI). Complex merger protocols had to Management Plan. retrieval applications were imple- be written and thousands for entries mented and the data loaded. An examined and corrected before the new Aquifer geometry extension to the project was made to Index could be produced. The BGS’s subsurface database has been include nine new partners: Armenia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, As part of the ongoing programme to invaluable for the supply of information Lithuania, Norway, Poland, and reduce the backlog of borehole registration on the geometry and nature of major Russia. A workshop was held, in some 125 000 boreholes were processed aquifers in the UK subsurface for the Orleans, to disseminate the early and the backlog reduced to less than Environment Agency. There is a growing results of the project. 80 000. The SOBI now contains over demand for this type of information from 825 000 entries. the UK water industry.

RECORDS AND DATABASES 21 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

The BGS is pledged to Science for All bring science to the people.

Public Understanding of Customer Services Science New flyers, New Releases and catalogues The BGS promotes the earth sciences continue to be produced to promote new generally and publicises its activities to as products. Emphasis has been placed on wide an audience as possible. Public promoting the more popular Earthwise™ understanding of science activities Publications in advertisements in included: magazines. Innovative promotions such as magazine-led competitions and prize ● A series of evening classes on the theme draws, sponsoring and the use of “adverto- Geology and Man. This was the eighth rials” have taken place. Sales stands have season of classes given in conjunction been taken to a number of special events, with the Department of Continuing such as geology fairs to raise the profile of Education at the University of BGS as a publisher of popular publica- Nottingham. Students have the oppor- tions. tunity to obtain credit towards certifi- Popular BGS and Earthwise™ cates awarded by the University. Publications have been made increasingly ● Participation in national and regional available to bookshops through ten PUS events, such as National Science national and regional book wholesalers. Week and Scottish Geology Week. The existing Approved Suppliers network has been re-evaluated. Three new suppliers ● Participation in the NERC Schools were appointed and several non-produc- Liaison Network, including support for tive appointments were terminated. The schools in the form of visits, talks and number of Approved Suppliers is now 42. the provision of information. In addition, the role of national Agents, ● Talks on the work of the BGS to who stock a comprehensive range of BGS community groups, such as the and Earthwise™ titles was expanded University of the Third Age and Probus. during the year with 15 book and map suppliers now providing this service. ● Numerous guided tours of the Keyworth site including an introduction Information and Advice to the history and current activities of the Survey. During 1998 approximately 29 000 enquiries were handled. Of these 18 200 ● Careers information and attendance at were dealt with by the Information careers fairs. Services Enquiry points in the Library and The BGS’s National Collection of British records sections in Keyworth and Fossils has played an important part in Edinburgh, London Information Office providing displays for Science and and Central Enquiries at Keyworth, Technology Week (SET99) and school providing a comprehensive service to visits. members of the public, industry and the geoscience community. TM Earthwise Publications The total number of chargeable enquiries The following publications were produced has remained approximately the same as under the Earthwise™ label: the previous year at 3167. However, there has been an increase of 9% in the total ● Three more Fossil Focus guides — income derived from chargeable enquiries. Plants, Echinoids and Crinoids Library ● Two Holiday Geology Guides — The two externally funded projects Scarborough and Whitby and Cornish digitally to scan geological photographs Pebbles. The latter was the first holiday have progressed during the year. The guide designed for children. SCRAN project is nearing completion ● The book Whisky on the Rocks, which with some 3000 images digitised and tells the story of malt whisky and indexed. The JISC/JIDI project is still in A selection of popular publications. geology. It sold over 2000 copies in the progress and will be completed in FY first year. 1999/2000. There is evidence that the ☛ 22 SCIENCE FOR ALL SCIENCE FOR ALL

Training In 1998/99, more than 2, 200 attendances were recorded at some 332 training events; 58 staff were involved in Further Education. There was considerable expansion in IT training, reﬂecting the introduction of the corporate IT standard.

BGS in the Media Staff have been involved in TV programme production for the

Tim Cullen, BGS © NERC BBC and Discovery channels. The David Falvey, Director of the BGS discusses a mammoth molar with young visitors to BGS has continuing links with the Science Week at Keyworth. BBC Radio Science Unit and is called on regularly to assist in programmes with a geological content facility established within BGS as a result BGS copyright licences for the use of for both domestic and World of experience gained from these projects is analogue and digital materials. Service broadcasts. Programmes leading to the BGS being asked to take on include Frontiers, Life at the Edge, digitisation work for external organisa- There has been an increase in the number of Postmarks and The Works. The tions. The index database to the BGS pho- copyright permits issued. Over 60 copyright estimated weekly global audience tograph collections now contains over and other IPR related requests are now being for World Service radio broadcasts 75 000 entries and is in regular use in processed a month, and income has increased is around 140 million. answering enquiries. It is hoped to link by over 10% over the year. this index with the new library manage- As part of the recent government consulta- ment software in the coming year. tion exercise, BGS contributions with .. Press Office .. Press Office .. Following a review of software on the respect to our copyright experience were submitted. These were acknowledged in market, the OLIB library management The BGS Press Office continues to the HMSO report “The Future software from Fretwell Downing was work in close co-operation with the Management of Crown Copyright”. purchased early in 1999. This software media to raise the profile of the will enable the Library to extend the The BGS Web Site organisation and its science. Special range of automation in its services and attention is paid to keeping move to a Windows-based environment, The number of visitors to the BGS national, European and regional which will be more user-friendly to BGS Internet web site has continued to grow politicians aware of issues that may staff and external customers. The new steadily. The World Maps Register, which feature in their constituency media, system will also allow the storage and gives a listing of maps held by the library and thus keep them aware of the retrieval of digital text and images and and available from the BGS Sales desk, impact of geoscience at voter level. represents a significant step towards a remains popular. There has been particular “virtual library”. interest in the increasing number of free A total of 60 news releases were BGS products available as downloadable issued and coverage was obtained in External sources of funding are being files. These include the BGS Lexicon of all media. investigated to support a programme of Named Rock Units, the BGS Map The Press Office also fields digitisation of material in the Library col- Symbols and Lithological Ornaments, a incoming enquiries and encourages lections based on the trial scanning carried guide to environmental geology in land the background briefing of journal- out over the past year. use planning, BGS Stratigraphical ists who wish to feature earth Copyright Framework Reports, BGS newsletters and sciences in their work without nec- magazines, etc. An important new product essarily focusing on a particular Continuing priority has been placed on is HOLOSTRAT, a joint venture with the organisation. This generic use of enforcing the Survey’s rights under the Geological Society of London’s science information relates closely Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Stratigraphy Commission. It establishes an to PUS work, and also results in the (CDPA 1988) and subsequent Statutory area on the BGS web site for the geological BGS being used as a primary source Instruments. An increasing number of community at large to obtain and by most major media. companies and educational concerns are exchange information on the stratigraphy recognising the legal necessity of acquiring of the UK (see Records and Databases).

SCIENCE FOR ALL 23 NORTHERN IRELAND

The Geological Survey of Northern Ireland Northern Ireland (GSNI) is an office of the Department of Economic Development. It is led and Causeway Coast guide was published in December 1998 by the Geological Survey of Ireland. staffed by BGS scientists In May 1998 the revision of the 1:50 000- scale geological map of the Causeway ● A Story Through Time. The Formation of under an agency Coast (Sheet 7) was completed. The map the Scenic Landscapes of Ireland (North). agreement which also style is innovative in that, in addition to A colourful account of the geological enables GSNI to draw oon the standard information, it includes history of the Twelve County region of information of use to walkers, tourists and the northern part of Ireland, published expertise in other parts of amateur geologists. It has received critical by GSNI in March 1999. the BGS. acclaim in specialist publications and is Antrim Plateau now GSNI’s fastest selling map. The Solid and Drift edition of the 1:50 000 Investors in People Geological Map of the Coleraine Area (Sheet The Investors in People Award was 13) Plateau Projects was published during the presented to the GSNI in December 1998. year. The area between Coleraine, Maghera The award recognises the GSNI’s commit- and Ballymena in the north-central part of the ment to its staff. The support given in Antrim Plateau is an expanding population personnel matters generally and the IiP bid centre set in an agricultural landscape. specifically by both DED and BGS is Geoscientific issues relating to mineral gratefully acknowledged. resources, environmental management and aquifer protection are significant for the local Derrygonnelly and Marble Arch communities. The geology of much of the Antrim Plateau, which is underlain by basalt The Sheet Memoir for Derrygonnelly and lavas of the Antrim Lava Group, is relatively Marble Arch (sheets 43, 44, and 56) was homogeneous and well documented. It has published in March 1999. The re-survey therefore been possible to map the area more of the area resulted in a major revision, © GSNI rapidly at a scale of 1:25 000, compared with including a modern synthesis of the conventional field surveying at 1:10 000 scale. The Hon. Adam Ingram, Minister of Carboniferous stratigraphy and structure State (far right), presented with the new of the district. The memoir describes the Earth Science Conservation Causeway Coast geological map by (l to r) natural resources of the district, including John Arthurs (director GSNI), Patrick Review a major deposit of dolomite, as yet the McKeever and Mark Cooper, authors of only source in Northern Ireland. The pub- Funded by the Environment and Heritage the map. lication is timely given the current interest Service (E&HS) of the Department of in hydrocarbon prospectivity, not only in Environment, this is a series of contracts south Fermanagh but also in many other designed to identify and record details of sites parts of Northern Ireland. of special scientific interest for earth science. It forms an enduring record for scientists and Landscapes from Stone conservationists. The Precambrian Site In a cross border initiative, GSNI and the Network was completed and a major report Geological Survey of Ireland have collabo- presented to E&HS in September 1998. The rated since 1995 in promoting landscape Caledonian Site Network is in progress in tourism in the northern counties of collaboration with Queens University. Phase Ireland. The Landscape Tourism project 1, covering the Newry Igneous Complex in promotes and delivers products of earth Co. Down, is now complete. science interest for tourists and student Enquiry Service geologists visiting the Twelve County region including Northern Ireland and the A comprehensive review of the GSNI border counties of the Republic of Ireland. Enquiry Service was carried out during the It is funded by the EU’s Special Fund for year and resulted in improvements to man- Peace and Reconciliation and the Interreg agement and recording procedures. Programme, together with significant con- Demand for borehole and other site-specific tributions from local government in the data remained high and there was a signifi- © GSNI region. Phase I was completed during the cant increase in the number of requests for A GSNI geologist examining an outcrop year. Specific achievements include: geological reports related to Environmental of Triassic Sandstone Hannahstown, Impact Statements. This represents a 14% County Antrim. ● A Guide to the Scenic Landscapes and growth in the year and is a continuation of Rocks of Ireland (North). A map and the steadily rising trend begun in 1993.

24 NORTHERN IRELAND ISOTOPE GEOSCIENCES

Isotope Geosciences The NERC Isotope Geoscience Laboratory (NIGL) is administered by the BGS and funded from Diatoms reveal past climates Fluid inclusions the NERC Science Although diatoms are widespread and Gold deposition in hydrothermal deposits Programmes Directorate. extensively studied for other purposes, may be associated with boiling. In one of the technical difficulties in the 18O/16O first studies of the D/H and 18O/16O ratios analysis of diatom silica have generally of fluid-inclusion water, a consistent relation- prevented its use for isotope palaeoclimate ship was found between isotope composition studies. NIGL, in collaboration with the and depth in an epithermal mineral deposit University of Lancaster, has now estab- on Milos, Greece. The data, obtained in col- lished the method for their analysis. This laboration with the Geological Survey of capability proved crucial in the study of Greece, are proof of isotopic fractionation by sediments from a high-altitude glacial lake boiling. This technique for directly determin- in Turkey, where the carbonates usually ing the composition of inclusion fluids used for isotope work were absent from replaces the current, and in this study key sections of the core. The diatom demonstrably unreliable, method of calculat- 18O/16O data show long-term (20 000 ing fluid compositions from mineral data. Philip Barker years) changes attributed to inputs of Diatoms from Lake Pinarbasi, Turkey. glacial melt water during warm phases, Antarctic ice sheet and the core may be one of the first terres- Recent ice core research with the British trial records showing evidence of orbital The uplift and erosion of the Antarctic Survey has focused on Dolleman forcing of climate variability. Himalaya is currently thought to be Island on the Antarctic Peninsula and Berkner responsible for initiating and sustain- Hydrocarbon characterisation Island on the West Antarctic ice sheet. The ing the south Asian monsoon. In a core is returned frozen to the UK for detailed collaborative study with the Organic matter is associated with the investigation including analysis of 18O/16O Universities of Cambridge, Leicester porphyry copper deposit at Recsk and and D/H ratios using high-precision mass and Mainz, precise U-Pb dating at epithermal deposits of Lahoca, bordering spectrometry. The Dolleman Island core NIGL provides key constraints on the petroliferous Pannonian Basin in (spanning the years between 1650 and 1980) these processes. Detrital monazite northern Hungary. In a study with the shows that the temperature at this site was rela- ages for foreland basin deposits in Natural History Museum and Imperial tively stable. The middle to late nineteenth front of the rising Himalaya indicate College, GC-MS characterisation and century was only slightly warmer than the late that the high-grade rocks of the compound-specific 13C/12C analysis show eighteenth century, but there was a cooler Greater Himalayan series were only that the hydrocarbons occurring in the met- period in the early twentieth century. The two exposed to erosion very recently (less alliferous rocks were derived from the warmest summers were 1974 and 1975. The than 10 million years ago). Pannonian Basin. The isotope data support 550-year climate record from the Berkner Supporting evidence for this surpris- the hypothesis that the organic matter was Island core has been measured for both ing conclusion is provided by a U-Pb formed by condensation. The ␦13C values 18O/16O and D/H—thus enabling the age of 11 million years for monazite of the same n-alkanes occurring in different ‘deuterium excess’ factor to be calculated. This in the Main Central Thrust Zone of environments may be distinguished, is used in the determination of the moisture Bhutan. providing confidence in the use of source for the precipitation. At Berkner Island, compound-specific 13C/12C analysis for the temperature of the source region has correlating hydrocarbon occurrences. remained the same over much of the period. (Left) As portrayed in this space shuttle photograph of the Himalayan foreland, the western Himalaya ( Nepal, India and Pakistan) and southern Tibet, the Himalayan Range is one of the most prominent features of the terrestrial Earth. Its uplift since the middle Cainozoic has hastened global cooling, poured vast amounts of sediment to the Indian Ocean, and modified the regional climate of south Asia by intensifying the Asian monsoon. NIGL isotopic studies with colleagues from several universities have quantified its erosional and tectonic history with specific field studies in Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet.

NASA

ISOTOPE GEOSCIENCES 25 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME

The synergy between UK- COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME based work and overseas These short- and medium-term activities, undertaken in response operations is one of the to direct commissions from customers in both the private and BGS’s greatest strengths. public sectors, are fully funded by them. Projects utilise and build on expertise developed within the Core Strategic Programme and return knowledge and skills to it. The commissioned programme helps the BGS maintain strong scientiﬁc depth and expertise.

International Development and Assistance — Mapping and Minerals

Effective development of and reports has been successfully offshore aggregates in south- completed, and a follow-on project is east Asia underway. Publication of the 1:100 000 scale colour-printed maps and accompany- The aims of this project, which was under- ing reports are aimed at development of DFID Knowledge and taken for DFID, were to provide guide- the mining sector in Zambia and for land- Research programme lines for the planning and execution of use planning. On-the-job training of local The BGS has a long history of offshore aggregate resource surveys and counterpart staff in the Zambian involvement in the DFID encourage the adoption of long-term Geological Survey is an important part of Knowledge and Research (KAR) planning, surveying and monitoring the project. methods. An important requirement was programme and its predecessors. A multidisciplinary geoscientiﬁc survey of the encouragement of environmentally Applied research projects carried northern Zambia, supported by the World sensitive and sustainable methods of out under this programme are Bank, is being undertaken jointly by the offshore sand and gravel extraction. The directed towards solutions in the BGS and the Zambian Geological Survey project report was presented at workshops geoscience and water/sanitation Department. The project forms part of the conducted at UN ESCAP in Bangkok in sectors that contribute towards reform of the Zambian mining sector, and association with CCOP and also at the poverty alleviation. All have a involves geological mapping, geochem- Mines and Geosciences Bureau in Manila. strong emphasis in practical take- istry, remote sensing, development of up. In broad terms, the strategic Zambia minerals databases, training, and assess- aims of the KAR programme are to: ment of the mineral resources and ● Improve the livelihoods of A two-year project supported by economic mineral potential of the region poorer people EU/SYSMIN funding to edit, produce to encourage inward investment in the and publish a backlog of geological maps mining sector. Training forms an ● Provide better education, health and employment opportunities and ● Protect people from natural and man-made hazards During the year, the BGS led or participated in more than 20 projects at various stages of completion. These covered such topics as landslide hazard preparedness; evaluation of mine wastes; artisanal mining; industrial minerals; the gathering, use, and evaluation of geoscience data; environmental arsenic exposure; and groundwater resources, quality, protection and management. Several of these projects are brieﬂy described in the International Development and Assistance section of this report. M Gillespie, BGS © NERC Geological survey of a granitic terrain in the Anti-Atlas range, Morocco. ☛ 26 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE

at a density of 1 sample per square kilometre over an area of 15 000 square kilometres. Following an orientation survey in November 1998, sampling teams consisting of four BGS personnel, and 25 Moroccan geology graduates started a six-month sampling campaign. Most of the 27 elements to be determined are being analysed using the new Spectro X-lab ED(p)-XRF 2000 machine at the BGS's laboratories in Keyworth. Single element geochemical maps at 1:100 000 scale will be produced as hard copy and in digital format for five map sheets, together with thematic regional maps at 1:250 000 scale, and geochemical atlases. Technology transfer for both the geological and geochemical A G Gunn, BGS © NERC mapping projects is being achieved through BGS geochemist with Ecuadorian counter- on-the-job training and specialist short-term parts carrying out a soil survey at 4000m in courses for Moroccan counterpart staff. Ecuador remote sensing the Western Cordillera of southern Ecuador Radarsat and Landsat TM data were for the Assessment of Ore Districts project. Ecuador processed for the BGS’s World This was the fourth year of five for the Bank/DFID-funded Mineral Assessment project in the central important component of the project and is DFID-World Bank co-funded Western Cordillera region. As part of this provided by the two-man residential team Cordillera Geological Information exercise, all Ecuador project satellite with specialist short-term support. Programme. Three of the five geological quadrangles, covering a total of 20 000 data were transferred to CD-ROM On-the-job training in remote sensing square kilometres, were published at a and passed to the Ecuadorian counter- image analysis was provided to a group of scale of 1:200,000 and each was comple- part organisation. The Portable Zambian geologists in Lusaka. Landsat TM mented by a 36-element geochemical Infrared Mineral Analyser was also data obtained from the School of Mines, package. The information is available in used to study mineralisation, University of Zambia and a mineral explo- both hard copy and digital format, the measuring samples from 80 boreholes ration company were processed. This was latter on sale as a CD-ROM. In addition, located at numerous sites. This has followed with reconnaissance field verifica- relevant open file reports were placed with provided insights into the alteration tion of the satellite imagery in eastern and the Ecuadorian authorities. Three residen- associated with the mineralisation at north-eastern Zambia as a contribution to tial staff based in Quito are presently each site. the mapping programme. assigned to this project, two others are Morocco working on a separate but related project: The Assessment of Ore Districts. This Geological Mapping: The BGS is involves the detailed investigation of carrying out a two-year geological epithermal, volcanogenic massive sulphide mapping contract on behalf of the and porphyry and intrusion related epi- Moroccan government (Ministry of mesothermal deposits in the Eastern and Energy and Mines). The project covers Western Cordilleras of the Ecuadorian three areas of the Anti-Atlas Mountains Andes. Both projects make use of short- with mineral potential, and will produce term specialist support from the BGS. eight 1:50 000 geological maps, accompanying reports and digital databases on the Falkland Islands geology and mineral resources. The survey Two 1:250 000 scale geological maps involves geological mapping, remote covering the islands and comprising East sensing, geochronology, and geochemical and West Sheets, complemented by a and mineralogical analyses. A principal detailed geological report, were compiled aim of the project is to enhance the attrac- and printed at Keyworth. An unpublished tiveness of Morocco to the national and map of superficial deposits is available at international mining sector. the same scale. The report and maps are Regional geochemical mapping: In products of the Falkland Islands Don Aldiss, BGS © NERC addition to the geological mapping Geological Mapping Project (1996–98) Folded Devonian quartzites of the Port described above, a two-year geochemical undertaken by a BGS resident geologist in Stanley Formation with stone runs in the mapping project in the Ouarzazate area of co-operation with the first Falkland Wickham Heights of East Falkland. the Anti-Atlas range, is being carried out by Islands geology graduate. The Falkland These folds represent a lateral continua- the BGS under contract to the Moroccan Islands Government provided the funding. tion of the eastern Cape Fold Belt of Ministry of Energy and Mines. Mapping is As well as the maps the information is South Africa. carried out using stream sediments collected provided in digital format as a CD-ROM. ☛ MAPPING AND MINERALS 27 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME

Hong Kong mation system. The project will develop GIS applications for data access, querying The Head of the Geological Survey and and integration, and WWW links for data one other staff member continue to be on dissemination and sharing. It will also use extended ‘leave of absence’ from the BGS the WWW in conjunction with distance and working under contract to the learning methods to train users. The Geotechnical Engineering Office of Hong project is working in partnership with the Kong Special Administrative Region of Geological Survey Organisation of China. They will continue to work under Malaysia, Botswana and Malawi. contract until 2000. Small-scale gemstone mining The BGS has provided mineralogical and petrological expertise for several geological The BGS in conjunction with Intermediate investigations in Hong Kong. One of these Technology Consultants has been working involved a study of the unusual analcime- on the development of best practice guide- and aegirine-bearing sedimentary rocks of lines for small-scale artisanal gem mining in Ping Chau, and concluded that they were Asia and Africa, in particular Sri Lanka and generated by low-temperature thermal alter- Zambia. An increasing number of people in ation. A petrological analysis of fault breccia developing countries are turning to small- from beneath Western Harbour identified scale gemstone mining as a source of income two movement events within a 10 metre- in times of drought, job loss or other wide fault zone intersected by a sewer. Other hardship. Many have little or no experience work included a mineralogical and microtex- and this can result in inefficient and tural study of the Lai Ping Road landslide, dangerous mining methods as well as causing and a literature review of methods for char- significant environmental damage. The acterising clay-rich saprolite. project aims to research best practice techniques in prospecting, production, safety and Adrian Walker, BGS © NERC Pacific islands environmental management and explore Dense vegetation can make landing, even cost-effective ways to educate gemstone in a helicopter, hazardous. Regional Since 1997, the BGS has provided a miners and the institutions that could gravity survey of Northern Botswana. Training Co-ordinator to the South Pacific Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) support them. A series of ‘How To’ field based in Suva, Fiji, funded by the CFTC. guides and other appropriate material will be Regional gravity survey in His role is primarily to co-ordinate aimed at the miners and supporting institu- Botswana training and distance learning across the tions and organisations to assist in promoting safe and effective mining practices. The BGS participated in a major 16 member states of SOPAC, especially regional gravity survey of Northern via the Earth Science and Marine Geology Industrial minerals Botswana in collaboration with course which is run in association with the Poseidon Geophysics (Pty) Ltd and University of the South Pacific. He also DFID-funded contracts have been awarded under contract to the Government provides advice and support in hydrogeol- to the BGS to investigate the use of volcanic of Botswana. Our input involved ogy. CFTC support for the post has now rocks for construction in Costa Rica, data processing, quality control and been extended until mid 2000. Ecuador, Tanzania and Kenya. The BGS has also been funded by DFID to assess the the training of local counterparts. Appropriate technology for The survey is designed to improve effective development of marine aggregates the geological understanding of a low-cost geological mapping in south-east Asia. The same source of large, poorly-exposed area including This DFID KAR-funded project was in its funding has sponsored Industrial Minerals the Okavango Delta and Moremi start-up phase. A visit was made to Workshops in Angola, Columbia, Tanzania, and Chobe game reserves. The Georgetown in Guyana to set up the Jamaica and Mozambique. results will help in the formulation project in liaison with the Guyana of government policy relating to Geology and Mines Commission. The exploration for mineral resources, study area was selected and preparation for water supply and land conservation. a field visit was initiated. Radarsat and Landsat TM data were acquired and processed for the project area. Strategies and systems for maximising geoscience data value The cost of developing a geoscience information system from first principles is large and the skills and experience required are Adrian Walker, BGS © NERC scarce. The project will provide a standard A pilots-eye view of the Okavango data structure to assist first in the organisa- Paul Henney, BGS © NERC Delta, Botswana. tion of geoscience data and subsequently Gem miner washing and sorting gem- in the development of a geoscience infor- bearing gravel, Sri Lanka.

28 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE

International Development and Assistance — Groundwater and

Pollution UNICEF review of water and sanitation in India Based on our extensive experience Groundwater pollution threats of rural water supply, the BGS Hydrogeology Group were invited in urban areas to provide the groundwater expert Many cities in developing countries are in a five-member, international and dependent on groundwater as a source of multidisciplinary team evaluating water supply. However, uncontrolled the UNICEF water and sanitation groundwater development and waste programme in India over the past disposal is leading, in many places, to 30 years. Much of the rural water supply provision in the country is serious groundwater degradation. Against from groundwater, and usage has this background the BGS, with four increased dramatically over this overseas partners, has just finished work period. A key issue was the sustain- on a DFID-funded project entitled Tools ability of these supplies, given the for assessing and managing groundwater adequacy of groundwater resources, pollution threats in urban areas. The competition from industrial and project has developed a number of multi- irrigation users, groundwater disciplinary tools which urban decision- quality deterioration, and the makers can use to help assess and manage technical and financial issues of groundwater pollution threats. The operating and maintaining so many P J Chilton, BGS © NERC tools—both computer based and individual supplies in ways which Trained village caretakers (men and manual—are designed to be low-cost, fully involve local communities. women) repairing a handpump in Tamil rapid, locally managed and participatory. Following successful completion of Nadu, Southern India. At least 2.8 million this assignment, the evaluation public handpumps provide domestic water Groundwater protection and team may be asked to extend their supplies from groundwater in India. management for developing work to other countries with major cities UNICEF programmes. Bangladesh This project, funded under the DFID A BGS hydrogeologist took part in a KAR Programme, is producing groundwa- UNDP review and evaluation of the major ter pollution risk assessments for ground- five-year Flood Alleviation Project, which water-dependent developing cities based sought a solution to the problem of disas- on typical hydrogeological/developmental trous flooding during the monsoon. The settings. From these a range of practical evaluation reviewed institutional inputs and appropriate protection plans and and groundwater data management urban water management policies will be provided by a range of donors. developed. Case studies are being carried Assessing Risk to out with local project partners at Bishtek Groundwater from On-Site in Kyrghyzstan and Narayanganj, near Sanitation (ARGOSS) Dhaka, in Bangladesh. This is a three-year project due to be World Bank paper on completed in September 2000. The deliver- groundwater issues in rural ables are a scientific review of the risk to development groundwater supplies from on-site sanitation and a manual of guidelines for field- Following from the production in 1998 of workers. The research is based around two the World Bank Technical Paper 390 on major case studies in Bangladesh and groundwater in urban development, the Uganda as well as a number of associated BGS are working with staff of the World case studies in Africa, Latin America and Bank to produce a companion paper on P J Chilton, BGS © NERC Asia. Results to date show that widespread groundwater issues in rural development. Rehabilitation of a public supply borehole microbiological contamination of aquifers is This draws heavily on recent BGS experi- by hydraulic fracturing in Tamil Nadu, not occurring. Where serious contamination ence in the development and management Southern India. In the crystalline is found, it is due to localised sources. of groundwater for domestic, livestock and basement area, this technique can open However, the long-term impact of chemical agricultural use, particularly in Nigeria, fractures and increase borehole yields. contamination has been highlighted. southern Africa and south Asia.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE 29 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME

International Development and Assistance — Geohazards

A H Cooper, BGS © NERC Damage to an historic building in Calatayud (Northern Spain), caused by gypsum dissolution-induced subsidence.

Montserrat Slovakia study sites using aerial photography and satellite optical imagery. These The BGS, under contract to the were collated with geological data and a Department for International Development, Digital Terrain Model in a geographic continued to manage scientiﬁc inputs to the information system. Probability models Montserrat Volcano Observatory through- based on the concept that the past is the out 1998 and early 1999. key to the future were then used to create landslide hazard maps. By March 1998, the growth of the magma dome at the summit of the Soufrière Hills Northern Spain Volcano had ceased, but the instability of the existing dome and sporadic gas explo- The BGS is participating in the EU-funded Risk Of Subsidence due to Evaporite Simon Young, BGS © NERC sions continued to pose signiﬁcant Solution (ROSES) project co-ordinated by Vulcanian explosion Montserrat, hazards. Careful monitoring of the Newcastle University, in collaboration with October 1997. Viewed from Redonda volcano therefore continued throughout Zaragosa University (Spain), Tubingen with the University of Puerto Rico the year. Plans are now in place for the University (Germany) and the Ukraine temporary GPS site in foreground. construction of, initially, a forward obser- Academy of Sciences. (EU contract Nos. vation post and, eventually, a purpose- ENV4-CT-0603 & IC20-CT97-0042). built observatory to replace the current observatory accommodation.

A wealth of scientiﬁc information on the eruption has been gathered by the many international geoscientists who continue to partici- pate in the monitoring programme and a large number of scientiﬁc papers have now been published in international journals. Implementation strategy for Colm Jordan, BGS © NERC landslide hazard preparedness Perspective view of the Rio Minho area of Jamaica showing landslide hazard This DFID KAR-funded project involved Gill Norton, BGS © NERC susceptibility. the production of landslide distribution Rainwater and sulphur dioxide monitoring inventory maps of the Jamaica and site, upper Amersham, Montserrat, 1997.

30 GEOHAZARDS INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE

International Development and Environmental problems Assistance — Environmental cause increasing concern to developing countries Geoscience and the BGS is well qualiﬁed to carry out

Mercury pollution serious groundwater arsenic problem in research and seek the world with many millions of people solutions. The final summary report for a DFID- exposed to arsenic in their drinking water. funded project on the mitigation of mining- related mercury pollution hazards brings The BGS first became involved in Bangladesh together the key results and recommenda- in late 1996 under a programme to study tions of a series of BGS Technical Reports. groundwater arsenic problems in Argentina, These describe in detail the results of: Bangladesh and Thailand, funded by the Department for International Development ● Six site monitoring and impact assess- (DFID) (see panel). In February 1997, a ment studies carried out in the groundwater survey of Chapai Nawabganj Philippines and Ecuador confirmed the severity of the arsenic contami- ● A review of gold recovery methods nation with concentrations being found up to 2.4 milligrams per litre. Since that time, a ● Laboratory and field testing of a gravity larger BGS study has been commissioned by separator designed to improve gold DFID in collaboration with the Government recovery methods and reduce the need of Bangladesh. A six-month Rapid J M Trafford, BGS © NERC for the use of mercury. Investigation Phase began in January 1998 in Sampling groundwater for arsenic from a The results of the research programme collaboration with Mott MacDonald Ltd. village handpump in Bangladesh. were disseminated through workshops The priorities were to collate existing arsenic held in Bolivia and Ecuador, and a data and to carry out a survey of those areas symposium in Hong Kong. The summary believed to be the worst-affected. This survey Environmental Arsenic report conveys the most important results covered about two-thirds of Bangladesh and Exposure: Health Risks and in an accessible form which can be readily collected over two thousand samples at an Geochemical Solutions understood by government, agency and average sample density of one per 37 square mining company personnel. kilometre. The median arsenic concentration Arsenic in the environment poses a found was 0.011 milligrams per litre, just serious threat to human health. The Mayak project above the WHO recommended drinking- most important routes of exposure water limit and some 35% of samples were Under its EC-funded Mayak project with are naturally contaminated ground- above 0.05 milligrams per litre (the waters and water and soil close to AEA Technology, Harwell, the BGS is Bangladesh drinking-water standard). Wells sulphide mining operations. Arsenic helping Russian experts to assess the more than 150 to 200 metres in depth were problems in groundwater can be radioactive waste arising from previous hardly affected. There is a distinct regional extensive. Some of the worst nuclear programmes and disposal options pattern in the arsenic-affected areas with the affected aquifers identified occur in at a large nuclear fuel reprocessing site, most contaminated area to the south and east Bangladesh, West Bengal, China, formerly Chelyabinsk-65, in Russia, east of Dhaka. Phase two of the project is continu- Argentina, Chile and Mexico. of the Ural Mountains. ing with an extension of the regional survey Problems in mining areas can be Arsenic Contamination of area to cover the remainder of northern severe but are typically more Groundwater in Bangladesh Bangladesh and more detailed studies on the localised. This project, which is origin of the arsenic. funded by DFID, involves geo- There is a widespread and serious problem chemical, hydrogeological and of arsenic contamination of groundwater health investigations of arsenic in the deltaic plains of Bangladesh and problems in some of the worst West Bengal, India. Groundwater is used affected aquifers and mining areas. extensively for the rural drinking-water Investigations have been carried out supply as well as for irrigation. The arsenic of major aquifers in Argentina, is of natural origin and has probably been Bangladesh and China (Inner present in the groundwater for thousands Mongolia) and of mining areas in of years. However, most of the wells have Thailand, Argentina and Brazil. been drilled in the last 10–30 years. The The project involves assessment of problem was first observed in West Bengal the causes of arsenic contamination, in the 1980s but it is only in the last mechanisms of arsenic mobilisation couple of years that an extensive arsenic Don Appleton, BGS © NERC and retention and assessment of testing programme has been undertaken in Geochemical sampling of mercury contami- suitable mitigation strategies. Bangladesh. In terms of the population nated stream draining small-scale gold exposed, the Bengal Basin is the most mining area, Ponce Enríquez, Equador.

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE 31 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME Resources — Minerals

Mineral resource information to underpin a policy framework for future sustainable sand extraction. The DETR-funded project Mineral Resource Information for Development Gemstone prospects Plans involves the collection and display of data on mineral resources together with the A review of gemstone prospectivity in environmental constraints that may affect Scotland was carried out for Cambridge their extraction, providing information that Mineral Resources using the BGS’s data is essential for the preparation and review of archives coupled to GIS-based analysis of Mineral Local Plans. Maps and reports on multiple data sets and informed by the West Sussex and Shropshire were published latest geological models for gemstone during the year. Work on another four formation. The contract was stimulated by counties is at an advanced stage and a recent discoveries in Ireland and a BGS further four counties are in preparation. All Mineral Reconnaissance Programme the data are held in digital form enabling report. The northern and western parts of easy revision and customisation, including the country were considered to be the incorporation within a GIS, to meet indi- most fertile for new discoveries of vidual user needs. sapphire, and possibly diamond, and a Don Cameron, BGS © NERC number of target areas were identified. Bricks pressed from Lower Oxford Clay Brick clays are ‘set’ prior to firing at the Hanson Gold in Devon Brick Stewartby works in Bedfordshire. The BGS was commissioned by DETR in This plant was one of a number visited early 1999 to undertake a review of the The BGS has continued as technical during a review of brick clay resources resources and supply of brick clay. Whilst advisors to Crediton Minerals plc for their commissioned by DETR. resources of clays suitable for brick, tile gold exploration programme in the and pipe manufacture seem to be wide- Crediton Trough. A total of 16 cored spread, options for extraction are limited boreholes have now been completed in the Minerals of east Dorset by technical, environmental and commer- target area and elevated gold values have cial factors. Data on resources, reserves been demonstrated in a body of alkaline Work continued on this multidisci- and production units will be hosted within basalt of Permian age. Various techniques plinary project on behalf of the the MINGOL GIS system to enable have been used to investigate the gold DETR to provide information on analysis of the relationship between the mineralisation, including fluid inclusion the mineral resources of the industry and its resources. This exercise and electron probe studies. Use has also Wareham Basin of east Dorset. The involves close liaison with the structural been made of the VULCAN 3D area contains nationally important ceramics industry and mineral planning modelling system to assist with interpreta- ball clay resources as well as region- authorities. The aim of this one-year tion of the mineralised structures. ally important sand and gravel project is to improve the understanding of Computer-based 3D modelling resources. It is also highly valued for the issues involved in planning for the its habitats of national and interna- provision of brick clays. Computer-based 3D modelling using tional significance, particularly VULCAN software has continued to be heathlands. A wide range of geologi- Mineral resource information used to aid SMEs in the interpretation of cal, geochemical, planning and envi- in Scotland data sets collected at surface and from ronmental data sets have been boreholes. The models generated by this brought together for the purposes of The BGS is contributing to minerals powerful system assisted clients by helping the project. planning in Scotland through the provision of mineral resource information to resolve geological problems, highlight- to local authorities, in both digital and ing information gaps, and estimating the hard copy forms. A comprehensive review resources present. of minerals in Perth and Kinross identified Minerals Programme an urgent requirement for the release of land to maintain a ten-year land bank of This DTI-funded Programme comprises a hard rock aggregate. The review also drew minerals information and advisory service attention to the continuing strategic and plus activities aimed at stimulating the local needs for baryte production at creation of wealth from Britain’s mineral David Highley, BGS © NERC Aberfeldy, whilst recognising the need for resources. Information on all aspects of Ball clay extraction in east Dorset occurs minimal impact in this environmentally minerals exploration, development, pro- in close proximity to environmentally- sensitive area. Reports on sand resources duction and trade are provided to govern- sensitive sites. and alternative uses for dormant quarries ment and industry, making extensive use were prepared for Orkney Islands Council, of databases supported by the programme. ☛ 32 RESOURCES — MINERALS RESOURCES – MINERALS

The United Kingdom Minerals Yearbook The Yearbook for 1998 was published. It contains detailed statistics on minerals production, con- sumption and trade, with commen- taries on current developments in the chief sectors of the minerals industry. The usual range of graphics is included, with the addition of a new map of coal resources and production sites. The BGS has been awarded a four-year contract by the DETR to review all aspects of UK minerals information, including the media through which it is made available.

Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nicke A selection of mineral prospectuses ium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium iculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite par Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum ral gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium sten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coa lt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium ganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium that were produced recently by hur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth tes Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium nesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium on Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Baryte ite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron or and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash es Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium nomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl BismuthBritish Borates Bromine CadmiumGeological Chromium Coal Cobalt Survey Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium the BGS as part of the DTI- Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite leum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloy spar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline te Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium dium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond mite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mic bdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium funded Minerals Programme. TitaniumWorld Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite WollastoniteMineral Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Statistics Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium mium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesi nesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silve ntium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Bery uth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Sal nium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arseni stos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum e Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphate num Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium mina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nicke ium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium iculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite par Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum ral gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium sten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coa lt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium ganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium hur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth tes Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium nesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium on Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Baryte ite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron or and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash es Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium These include principally the World of epithermal gold prospects in northern nomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite leum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloy spar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline te Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium dium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond mite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mic Mineral Statistics (WMS) database, which Britain. bdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium mium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesi nesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silve ntium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Bery uth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Sal nium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arseni is compiled from ofﬁcial sources and in stos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum e Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphate num Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium mina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nicke Northern Ireland ium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths1993–97 Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium iculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite par Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum consultation with major producers, traders ral gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium sten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coa lt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium ganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium hur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth tes Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium nesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium and other international organisations, and on Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Baryte ite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron or The BGS was commissioned by the DED and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash es Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium nomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite leum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloy the mineral exploration database, which spar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline to undertake geochemical exploration in te Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium dium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond mite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mic bdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium mium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesi nesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silve largely contains data collected by the ntium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Bery areas prospective for gold and base metal uth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Sal nium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arseni stos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum e Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphate num Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium mina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s Mineral Reconnaissance Programme Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nicke mineralisation in West Tyrone. ium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium iculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite par Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum ral gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium sten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coa lt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium between 1971 and 1997. Participation in ganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium hur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth tes Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium nesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium on Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Baryte ite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron or and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Gold mineralisation es Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium meetings of the International Strategic nomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite leum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloy spar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline te Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium dium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium Chromium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond mite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesia Magnesium Manganese Mercury Mic Minerals Issues Working Group and an bdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silver Strontium Sulphur Talc Tantalum Tellurium Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Zinc Zirconium Alumina Aluminium Antinomy Arsenic Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Bentonite Beryl Bismuth Borates Bromine Cadmium mium Coal Cobalt Copper Diamond Diatomite Feldspar Ferro-alloys Fluorspar Fuller’s earth Germanium Gold Graphite Gypsum Iodine Iron ore Iron and steel Kaolin Lead Lithium Magnesite and Magnesi A two-year project, jointly funded by the EC nesium Manganese Mercury Mica Molybdenum Natural gas Nepheline syenite Nickel Niobium Perlite Petroleum Phosphates Platinum Potash Pyrites Rare earths Salt Selenium Silicon Sillimanite Silve i SlhTlT l Tlli TiTii T Ui V di V iliWll iZiZi i AliAlii Ai A iAb B B iB iB International Consultative Group on and a consortium of SMEs, has been awarded Non-ferrous Metal Statistics assisted in to the BGS to investigate the processes Front cover of World Mineral updating the WMS database and produc- responsible for the formation of high-grade Statistics 1998. tion of the annual publication World gold deposits and the development of 3D Mineral Statistics 1993–97. geostatistical models for resource evaluation. million tonnes 140 140 This will allow greater conﬁdence in grade A new web site (www.mineralsUK.com, 130 130 estimation and better optimisation of selected Minerals in Britain and the World) 120 120 mining. Work has commenced in four provides improved access to minerals- 110 110 European countries, involving a multina- related information available from the 100 100 tional team of geochemists, mining engineers BGS and other sources as well as giving 90 90 and geostatisticians. news of events affecting minerals explo- 80 80 ration and development in Britain. Building Stones 70 Limestone 70 60 60

A new series of brochures entitled Minerals Several commissioned projects have been 50 50 in Britain: past production, future potential undertaken to identify UK building stones 40 40 was launched and the ﬁrst four, on and their sources for local authorities and 30 30 Igneous rock gemstones, gold, copper and lead and zinc, the owners of listing buildings. 20 20 were issued. Each six-page colour leaﬂet Stratigraphical correlation of limestone 10 10 Sandstone provides basic information on Britain’s cores has been provided to a UK company 0 0 mineral production and potential for the as a component of reserve estimation and 1895 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 commodity described. The draft of a new future development for quarrying opera- Year 2000 edition of the Guide to explo- tions. Expertise has also been provided on Detailed graph showing the UK production ration for metalliferous minerals in Britain evaporite (halite) and bedrock sand and of sandstone, igneous rock and limestone was completed and work continued on gravel resources for County Minerals (including dolomite) 1895–1997. prospectivity mapping and the modelling Resource studies.

RESOURCES — MINERALS 33 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME Resources — Oil and Gas

Interpolation In-Field Basin maturity Referencing A reconnaissance basin maturity study of the The Interpolation In-Field Referencing Nama Basin, Namibia using clay mineral and (IIFR) technique aims to provide accurate organic matter maturity indicators was estimates of the strength and direction of carried out for NAMCOR, the National the geomagnetic field at drilling locations Petroleum Corporation of Namibia. Clay to improve the accuracy of well-bore mineral and organic maturity data were used surveys made using magnetic survey tools. to derive burial and uplift estimates for For offshore oil fields this is achieved by Neoproterozoic– Mesozoic sequences as part using local aeromagnetic survey measure- of a prospectivity assessment. ments to estimate local crustal fields, data Caspian Basin from the BGS magnetic observatories to account for ionospheric fields, and the A review of the petroleum potential at a BGS Global Geomagnetic Model. The basin and field level has been carried out technique has been developed in collabo- for SOCAR, the Azerbaijan National Oil ration with Sperry Sun Drilling Services Company. This study was conducted in and IIFR services are marketed under the collaboration with a reservoir engineering terms of an Alliance Agreement. In 1998 company and was aimed at investigating IIFR was applied in drilling 31 wells in 12 the older fields in the western Caspian, offshore oil fields around the UK conti- developing a stratigraphical basis for inter- nental shelf (UKCS). A visit was made to field correlation, the development of play BP Amoco Sable Island off Newfoundland to assess concepts and the identification of targets A well in the Clair Field, West of the feasibility of establishing a magnetic for future exploration. Shetland which was geosteered using observatory there to provide IIFR services heavy mineral stratigraphy. for oil industry operations. Falkland Islands Commercial Geophysics Following the issue of licences and the fast Engineering Survey track seismic programme, the operators Stratigraphical Services have now drilled six exploration wells in Earthquake hazard assessments have been the North Falklands Basin. During the The BGS provides stratigraphical made for British Gas, predicting effective drilling programme the BGS monitored expertise for hydrocarbon exploration ground accelerations as a function of geologi- activities on a daily basis and provided and production applications, both in cal setting, return period and soil properties. technical advice to the Falkland Islands the UK sector and internationally. This involves the supply of biostratigraphical, sedimentological, petro- graphical, and stratigraphical mineralogy techniques to industry. Projects include well geosteering, well completion reporting, license block reviews, well and field stratigraphy appraisal, hydrocarbon reservoir characterisation, provenance studies and basin modelling inputs. In co- operation with Wardell Armstrong, the BGS has produced a research needs assessment for coal bed methane in the UK. This study was commissioned by the DTI and Coal Authority. New issues of the biostratigraphical “Masterpack” series

have been developed covering the N Fannin, BGS © NERC Lower Palaeozoic and Permo-Triassic Part of a 200 km network of causeways (estakadas) that link about 1500 wells drilled on the of North Africa and the Middle East. Neft Dashlary Oil Field in the Caspian Sea. Each platform is the location for several production These can be supplied in “expert wells. Development of this field began in 1949, making it the first offshore oil field. system” CD format. Neftdashlary is one of five fields studied as part of an offshore rehabilitation project for SOCAR (State Oil Company of Azerbaijan), sponsored by the World Bank. ☛ 34 RESOURCES — OIL AND GAS RESOURCES – OIL AND GAS

Mick Lee, BGS © NERC Nigel Fannin, BGS © NERC A page from the FieldBank gravity and magnetic database. The BGS oriented rock drill being deployed.

Government (FIG) on the management of carried out for oil companies along the BRIDGE Oriented Rock Drill the drilling process. The wells were suc- West African margin and for pipeline cessful in demonstrating that there was a studies in the Black Sea. The one-metre oriented rock drill working petroleum system within the developed for the UK BRIDGE project successfully underwent its basin though economic reserves of oil have Antarctic rock drilling: proving trials during a UK / American yet to be found. The BGS also continued The BGS five-metre rock drill was com- / Canadian expedition to the Atlantis to provide the FIG with technical support missioned to carry out a rock coring Bank. The trials were a complete in ongoing talks with Argentina on the programme off the Antarctic Peninsula as success coring 13 sites and recovering licensing of the Special Area of Co- part of the British Antarctic Survey’s Cainozoic carbonates overlying basic operation, to the west of the islands. offshore programme. 36 sediment cores rocks, including gabbros. The orienta- and 26 cores of Cainozoic rocks were tion of each core was marked by a DTI Geological Advice recovered adding considerably to the lengthwise score, allowing palaeomag- knowledge of the offshore geology around The BGS continues to provide geological netic measurements to be made. Core the Peninsula. advice to the Oil, Gas and Licensing was also successfully recovered at 29 Division (OGLD) of the DTI in support FieldBank sites using the BGS five-metre drill. of the UKCS exploration programme. During the year the contract to provide The FieldBank gravity and magnetic the computing support for the programme database is managed on behalf of oil Papua New Guinea was also won allowing better integration of company clients by the BGS in collabora- databasing activities and support of the tion with Ark Geophysics Ltd. User inter- The petroleum exploration and devel- geological team. The BGS team are faces were developed, clients’ data were opment technical assistance project located at the DTI site at Gilmerton in loaded and the database is now fully oper- funded by the World Bank in Papua Edinburgh and all of their work is ational. Company exploration staff can New Guinea has provided institutional strengthening to the Papua New conducted under strict conditions of con- browse their data holdings remotely, either Guinea Petroleum Division since fidentiality for the OGLD. over the Internet or using fast ISDN links. 1995. It is due to be completed in Environmental Impact Gravity and magnetic studies September 1999. The BGS has managed a multidisciplinary Assessment Imaging and modelling of gravity and programme involving experts in magnetic data from the Irish Rockall A meta-database of environmental data has petroleum geoscience; pipeline, Trough were undertaken for the Petroleum been prepared for an oil licensing partner- drilling, and production engineering; Infrastructure Project (PIP), funded by the ship in the Rockall Trough. The project legal, fiscal, and human resources; and Irish Petroleum Affairs Department and a involved collaboration with other biological information technology. The focus has consortium of 18 oil companies. Similar and oceanographic organisations and been on capacity building through work was carried out elsewhere along the provided a ‘one stop shop’ for the companies training with an emphasis on policy Atlantic margin for a variety of customers. in identifying data sources needed for the formulation, the regulatory framework, Image Atlases displaying magnetic data preparation of the environmental assess- the evaluation of proposals and data, from the southern and northern North Sea ments required for drilling sites. and monitoring ongoing exploration were developed under an agreement with and development. Attention has also the owners of the aeromagnetic data for High Resolution Deepwater been given to human resources devel- this area. The BGS now acts as an agent for Studies opment in all areas of management and the Hydrographic Office in the provision administration. A number of studies of deep-water of their marine gravity data to the hydro- sediment systems and hazards have been carbon industry.

RESOURCES – OIL AND GAS 35 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME Geology and Geohazards

Identifying homes likely to GHASP Structural damage have high radon GHASP (marketed as Residata management The BGS, working in collaboration Subsidence) is an integrated database and The BGS has been investigating the use with the NRPB, has produced on mapping system that supplies geohazard of remote sensing of surface movement behalf of the DETR a series of twenty information, principally on subsidence, to for structural damage management under provisional 1:50 000 scale geological the insurance industry, which uses it for the BNSC LINK earth observation radon potential maps covering the most risk assessment and risk selection. The project R4/019. The objective of the radon prone parts of Derbyshire, system uses interpreted geological map project is to use satellite-borne synthetic Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, data describing shrink-swell clay, mining aperture radar interferometry (InSar) to Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, for materials other than coal, gulls and map the seasonal swell/shrink behaviour Oxfordshire, Shropshire, Somerset and cambering, subsurface solutions, com- of the London Clay in Greater London. Yorkshire. The purpose of the maps is pressible deposits, and landslip potential. The resolution of the current system is It delivers the hazard as numerical values to identify the location of homes likely currently about 2.5 centimetres. Data at a unit postcode (approximately 15 to be above the radon Action Level. have been gathered from the ERS1 and houses) level for England, Wales and most ERS2 earth observation satellites since of Scotland. The geographical information The BGS also carried out a 1992. Repeat data are obtained every system (GIS) interface is ArcView. 1:250 000 scale geological radon month, so that 12 annual views of the potential assessment of England and South Devon same 100 kilometre wide swathe can be Wales on behalf of the DETR. This directly compared. It is hoped that the formed the basis of a map showing Work of national strategic importance has results of the study will enable Thames where basic and full radon protective been undertaken at a site intended for the Water Plc, and other major users, to plan measures may be required in new servicing of Trident nuclear submarines, and predict near-surface engineering dwellings. A demonstration version for Devonport Management Ltd. The hazards caused by seasonal volume of a Radon Protective Measures GIS study included detailed geological inter- changes. The engineering geological was also completed. pretation and structural modelling. input to the project is important and will Geoscience reports were made to the be based on the LOCUS project data. Seismic Hazards Working Party, concern- Collaboration at Nottingham University (Below) Subsidence risk levels, colour ing geological matters relating to site includes state-of-the-art terrestrial coded in postcode sectors, from Residata safety. Subsidence: this BGS product is used surveying to provide control for the extensively by the insurance industry to remote sensing data. Exploitation plans set rates for household insurance. for techniques and data are to be drawn up by all members. Hong Kong A project to investigate areas of ‘complex ground’, revealed by site investigations at Tung Chung New Town, was completed for the Hong Kong Government. Cores and/or logs from 1750 boreholes were examined, revealing that igneous and metasedimentary rocks are weathered with variable intensity and to varying depths. In places, rockhead is deeper than 160 metres below ground surface. The project concluded that the complex ground origi- nated when blocks of metasedimentary rock up to 350 metres in diameter, including beds of marble, were detached and incorporated into rising magma. Later, the advance of weathering was particularly penetrative through these zones, resulting in dissolution of marble and David Ovadia, BGS © NERC development of depressed rockhead. ☛ 36 GEOLOGY AND GEOHAZARDS GEOLOGY AND GEOHAZARDS

Adrian Humpage, BGS © NERC Schematic block diagram illustrating some of the geological relationships encountered at Tung Chung New Town (not to scale).

A hazard to power related studies for the National Grid transmission Company (NGC). One study used 15 years of recordings of magnetic variations from the A hazard to power transmission in the UK three BGS observatories in the UK to provide stems from geomagnetically induced currents statistics of storms resulting in noticeable (GICS) which are induced in the Earth and GIC effect in the grid. The second study in the grid by solar disturbances. During developed a 3D model of earth conductivity magnetic storms GICs may cause transform- ers at the end of power lines to overheat or around the British Isles to a depth of 1000 even trip safety devices. In March 1989, close kilometres, which is used by the NGC for to the last solar activity maximum, GICs computing the surface electric field that induced in the Hydro-Quebec system caused drives GICs in the power grid. The predic- a catastrophic failure, leaving the whole tion of magnetic storms has been helped by region without electricity for many hours. In data from a satellite between the Sun and the the UK, the BGS has carried out two GIC- Earth monitoring 'space weather'. D Beamish, BGS © NERC During a magnetic storm electric fields are induced in the ground causing electric currents to flow. This illustration of modelled electric fields during a storm shows that the fields are intense at the coast where there is a large contrast in electrical conductivity.

Paul Tod, BGS © NERC Martin Gillespie, BGS © NERC Magnetic storms may have detrimental A BGS geologist examining borehole core during site investigations at Tung Chung New Town, effects on electricity transmission systems. Hong Kong.

GEOLOGY AND GEOHAZARDS 37 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME Environmental Geoscience

Carbon dioxide emissions the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), has been The BGS is involved in a DTI and industry commissioned by the DETR to develop a funded study on the subsurface disposal of methodology for distinguishing between CO . This ongoing research addresses CO 2 2 natural and anthropogenic sources of sequestration strategy for the UK/EU hydro- metals entering the Irish Sea through carbon industry as a response to reducing major river systems. The work relies atmospheric emissions of CO to counteract 2 heavily on the use of the BGS onshore the threat of global warming. geochemical database (G-BASE) to Monitoring the Test Ban Treaty identify and model the natural geochemical signatures of major catchment basins. The BGS has established the UK National Urban and industrial inputs are being Data Centre to monitor the assessed through a programme of major Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) river, estuary, and offshore sampling and by seismic identification of possible under- analysis. Stresses on biota, from both ground explosions. Data are acquired from natural and anthropogenic metal sources, a global network of seismometers, by a are being examined by field and mesocosm largely automated retrieval system, and studies on marine bivalves. recorded events are processed and analysed by BGS seismologists. Multi-station Cryptosporidium hazard Detection of buried hazards seismic arrays, such as the UK array operated by the BGS at Eskdalemuir, are The hazard to public drinking water (Below) Developers of brown-field sites supplies from the protozoan parasite increasingly use geophysical surveys to particularly useful for the detection and analysis of small seismic signals. The work Cryptosporidium is ranked by the UK identify potential hazards. The illustra- water industry as the most significant tion shows the magnetic field measured is commissioned by the Ministry of Defence through the Atomic Weapons microbiological threat to safe supplies in across an area of 100x100 metres in recent years. This is because the parasite is urban north-east England. There are two Establishment (AWE). The BGS collabo- hardy, widely found and resistant to main anomalies (high values in red). rates with AWE Blacknest and the common water disinfection methods. The The smaller up-down anomaly is due to International Data Centre of the United potential public health problem was a large Second World War bomb Nations CTBT Organisation in Vienna. demonstrated by an outbreak on the (UXO); the second anomaly is due to a Irish Sea metals outskirts of north London in 1997. The concealed mineshaft. In both cases BGS advised the Drinking Water remedial work was successfully carried The BGS, in collaboration with the Inspectorate on this incident and also con- out to allow development of the site. Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) and tributed to the Expert Group that produced the influential Bouchier report on Cryptosporidium published in 1998. The BGS has been commissioned to conduct hazard assessments for a UK water utility and has developed a practical assessment procedure applicable to water- borne Cryptosporidium. Aquifer Storage and Recovery Interest in the Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) method of water resource management has continued to increase. Surplus potable water is injected into aquifers in periods of excess capacity for recovery when other sources are limited or demand increases. The BGS has been active in an advisory capacity to ongoing field investigations in the Chalk and Lower Greensand aquifers. A proposal for D Beamish/S Shedlock, BGS © NERC a Foresight LINK award, in collaboration ☛ 38 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE

Proposed Full IMS Seismic Network

180˚ -150˚ -120˚ -90˚ -60˚ -30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ -120˚ 150˚ 180˚ 90˚ 90˚ Impact of farm wastes stores on groundwater 60˚ 60˚ quality This MAFF-funded project focuses 30˚ 30˚ on the potential threat to groundwater quality from unlined slurry

0˚ 0˚ lagoons. Nationally there are more than 10 000 such wastes stores, many of which overlie the major -30˚ -30˚ Chalk and Triassic sandstone aquifers. Pore waters from core

-60˚ -60˚ material obtained from directly beneath active stores by inclined

-90˚ -90˚ drilling techniques have been 180˚ -150˚ -120˚ -90˚ -60˚ -30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ -120˚ 150˚ 180˚ analysed for potential chemical and D Booth, BGS © NERC microbial contaminants. The world-wide network of seismometer stations in the International Monitoring System. Results so far have shown that the stores on Chalk tend to leak, especially with UK Water Industry Research Ltd groundwater. A comprehensive guidance in the early part of their lifetime before (UKWIR), was successful and a 30-month document was prepared, describing the an impermeable mat of solid slurry has national project will run from April 1999. requirements for investigation and data col- been able to form on the lagoon floor. lection when undertaking a ‘prior investiga- Groundwater vulnerability Visual inspection of the cores has tion’ of groundwater vulnerability. revealed evidence of raw slurry pene- maps Vapour monitoring in the trating to depths in excess of ten metres through fractures. Microbial The final sheets of a series of 53 Triassic sandstone Groundwater Vulnerability maps covering examination of the core has revealed England and Wales at 1:100 000 scale The BGS has been involved in the design the presence of clostridium, a have been published. These were compiled and installation of a network of vapour bacterium that thrives in anaerobic for the Environment Agency (EA) in col- monitoring boreholes at a site where environments, but no Cryptosporidium laboration with the Soil Survey and Land industrial chemicals had been disposed of oocysts. Research Centre. The Groundwater many years previously. The purpose was to Minimal leakage has been detected Vulnerability Map of Fife for the Scottish evaluate the risk posed to the environment from sites on the Triassic sand- Environment Protection Agency was also by volatile chemicals present in the unsat- stones as the drift cover is generally published and the compilation of a urated zone of the Permo-Triassic sand- thicker and less permeable than on groundwater vulnerability map for stones beneath the site. The work was the Chalk. Modelling studies at Dumfries was completed. These were both undertaken for ICI in collaboration with both the catchment and national prepared in conjunction with Macaulay Geosyntec (a consulting company based in level are currently being undertaken Research and Consultancy Services Ltd. Canada). The boreholes were successfully to assess risk to groundwater Site-specific groundwater installed and the monitoring programme is resources. now under way. vulnerability This project was a necessary precursor to the implementation of the Groundwater Regulations 1998 by the EA. The Regulations require that any application to dispose of List I and List II substances must be accompanied by a ‘prior investigation’ report. Proposed discharges include applications for the disposal of agricultural pesticides for example, sheep dip, as well as industrial wastes, and contaminated run-off from out-of-town shopping centre car parks. The ‘prior investigation’ outlines the risks of contaminating groundwater from a proposed site-specific discharge. To this end, the project advised on the most appropriate methods of analysis and prepared a protocol D C Gooddy, BGS © NERC comprising tiered actions with which regional Chalk core taken from ten metres beneath a farm waste lagoon showing raw slurry on fracture faces. officers of the EA could assess the risk to ☛ ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE 39 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME

Irish Sea pollutants authority areas are being investigated: Newham in London, Leicester City and Work commenced on a new three-year the East Riding of Yorkshire. project to assess the relative importance of Demonstration GISs are being produced physical, chemical and biological processes for each area to show how digital informa- on the transport and speciation of pollution can be used to identify potentially tants, particularly radionuclides, in the Irish contaminated land. Sea. This contract, funded by the MAFF, was won in open competition by a consor- Redox experiments (REX) tium of the BGS and two other NERC Work has continued for the Japan Nuclear establishments, the Plymouth Marine Cycle Development Institute, examining Laboratory and Proudman Oceanographic the effects of bacteria on redox processes in Laboratory, both part of the Centre for granites. This project has formed part of Coastal and Marine Sciences. an international study at the Äspö under- Analcime dissolution kinetics ground mine in Sweden and final results Marine survey, California will be presented to the scientific The construction of caverns for the deep community at a series of workshops in A successful survey of sea-floor underground disposal of radioactive waste radioactivity at the Farallon Islands autumn 1999. is likely to use significant quantities of Radioactive Waste Dump Site was cement. The interaction of highly alkaline Review of microbiological completed using the BGS Deep cement pore fluids with clay minerals is contaminants Tow EEL (towed sea bed gamma- likely to form the mineral analcime. The ray spectrometer) system. During BGS is currently conducting experiments, A review was undertaken by the BGS and the survey the EEL was towed to funded by the Power Reactor and Nuclear the Robens Institute (University of Surrey) record depths (1500 metres). The Fuel Development Corporation, Japan for the EA on microbiological contaminants results suggest that some leakage of (PNC), to determine the rate at which in groundwater. Among the topics covered radioactivity has occurred from analcime reacts over a range of tempera- were the role of indigenous organisms in barrels of waste, but levels of artifi- groundwater quality, pathogen transport, tures and fluid compositions. cial radionuclides in the sea bed the presence of genetically modified sediments are very low. The project Commercialisation of BGS organisms in aquifers, and bioremediation. was carried out in collaboration borehole seismic sources An assessment of microbiological risks to with the USGS, the Gulf of the groundwaters was also included. Farallones National Marine The BGS has developed borehole seismic Sanctuary and the National sources for the generation of compressional Transport of pollutants Oceanic and Atmospheric and vertically polarised shear wave signals. beneath a cemetery Administration , and funded by the The designs are unique to the BGS and a A report was prepared with the EA on the US Environmental Protection marketing agreement has been concluded investigation of of a cemetery site in Agency. with Allied Associates Geophysical Ltd to Nottingham listing transport properties promote and sell these devices for site inves- associated with the movement of organic tigation surveys, including cavity detection, and inorganic signatures derived from fault and fracture delineation, rock mass burials. The work assessed the impact of characterisation for the radwaste industry pollution from a long term cemetery site on and the determination of in-situ geome- groundwater under an urban environment. chanical properties. Seismic sources were recently sold to institutes in Greece and the Gas migration in clay liners USA. This project is a component of the Uranium and thorium in EPSRC/NERC Waste Management and groundwater Pollution Programme (Landfill Practice). The partners are the BGS, University of Under its EC and EA-funded ‘Humics’ Wales (at Cardiff) and MJ Carter project, involving collaboration with Associates. The project focuses on the per- several European partners, the BGS has formance of landfill clay liners as currently continued to determine the effects of constructed to the EA standard in acting fulvic acids on the migration behaviour of as barriers to gas migration. The BGS has uranium and thorium in groundwaters. developed a new piece of field apparatus, This experimental information is the ‘Envirotest Module’, a robust, self- important for more accurate modelling of contained unit designed to monitor envi- radionuclide migration from radioactive ronmental parameters under difficult site waste repositories. conditions with no mains electricity David Jones, BGS © NERC Contaminated land supply. The unit has been successfully Deployment of Deep Tow EEL (sea bed deployed at an operational landfill in gamma spectrometer) on board NOAA Under a joint EA–BGS project entitled central England where it was configured to ship McArthur off California. Development of guidance on the use of monitor the response of a mineral liner digital environmental data, three local during a gas injection experiment. ☛ 40 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE

mineralogical features to provide information on how modern deep groundwater systems have evolved. Integrated petrological, morphological, microchemical and fluid inclusion studies of late-stage calcite miner- RESCAN resistivity alisation, together with geochemical data tomography from Sellafield, are used to model fluid evolution. Parallel studies have also been The BGS-designed RESCAN resis- made on calcite mineralisation from Äspö tivity imaging system has been Island and Laxemar in Sweden, under further developed for mapping con- contract for the Swedish radioactive waste taminated and derelict land. management company SKB (in collabora- Surveys can now be undertaken tion with Terralogica AB). Both of these which take account of the full 3D studies have demonstrated close relation- spatial heterogeneity of the subsur- ships between modern deep groundwaters face as well as variations in surface and mineral fabrics and fluid inclusion char- topography. Advanced mathemati- acteristics of late-stage calcite mineralisation. cal inversion code has been developed which permits the Japanese nuclear research A E Milodowski, BGS © NERC automatic reconstruction of 3D projects volumetric images or tomograms. BSEM image of a polished section of finely interbanded, poorly crystalline and well A detailed study of the Tsukiyoshi Fault in The RESCAN system has been crystallised cryptomelane-hollandite miner- the Tono Uranium Deposit, in Japan, widely used to characterise landfills alisation from Lecht Mine, Scotland. employed mineralogical, geometrical and and industrial waste repositories. A Ageing, crystallisation and replacement of distribution characteristics of fractures asso- 3D survey to map industrial waste poorly crystalline (duller bands) manganese ciated to identify the potential groundwater in abandoned sandstone quarries oxyhydroxide gel by more crystalline cryp- flow paths around the fault zone. These confirmed that where fluid invasion tomelane-hollandite results in the remobili- features were used to help evaluate the of the quarry walls is negligible, the sation and loss of trace elements such as influence of the fault on groundwater flow strong resistivity contrast with the barium, zinc and lead. However, signifi- and hydrochemistry. The study forms part confining sandstone provided a cant amounts of these trace elements are of the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development basis for mapping the concealed also strongly fixed within the crystalline Institute’s generic research at their Tono quarry boundaries and depth to structure during this process. Geoscience Research Centre, related to the bedrock. Elsewhere the low resistiv- underground disposal of radioactive wastes ity values (colour-coded red-yellow) in Japan. are considered to reflect infiltration Properties of bentonite Limestone resources of the quarry walls by waste fluids. 3D visualisation software allows The BGS, sponsored by the Swedish The impacts of the industrial use of interactive slicing and viewing of company SKB, has developed a state-of- limestone resources on biodiversity and iso-resistivity volumes. the-art gas permeameter which is used to simulate and study the processes occurring in a hard rock repository for nuclear waste, BGS 3D RESCAN Resistivity image including resaturation and rehydration of Fill? 0 (blue) the clay barriers and the migration of gases Invasion? 7 liberated from the waste container. The Y [m] 10 apparatus can measure the changes in Surface stress and pore water pressure that occur -13 Depth (m) when gas pressure is slowly increased in a porous filter placed at the centre point of the specimen. The results of these experi- SandstoneInvasion? Waste invasion? ments are used in the development of -23 process models for repository safety analysis. Waste Palaeohydrogeology 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Sandstone Studies of the changes in deep groundwater Quarry edge Log Resistivity (0hm-m) at potential repository sites, related to 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 climatic and hydrogeological conditions during the Quaternary, have continued as Transparent from 0 to 1.99294 part of the EC-supported international R Ogilvy, BGS © NERC project EQUIP (Evidence from Quaternary RESCAN 3D resistivity image showing the spatial distribution of industrial waste and possible Infills for Palaeohydrogeology). The work is fluid pathways in an old sandstone quarry. Opaque 3D volume reflects sandstone and surficial a development of BGS studies for UK Nirex fill material (resistivity greater than 100 ohm.m). Ltd at Sellafield, west Cumbria, and uses ☛ ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE 41 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME

cultural heritage in south-east Asia were trapped residuals in the pore-space. If assessed as part of a project funded by the highly resistive NAPLs displace the pore World Bank. Technical assistance was water and change the ion mobility in the provided to compile geological summary rock matrix then a diagnostic IPT maps showing the distribution and strati- response could be expected. graphical age of limestones. The system is PC-controlled and permits Rock matrix diffusion the automatic acquisition of thousands of measurements, using both surface and Rock matrix diffusion can retard transport borehole arrays. The system’s cross- of radionuclide solutes in fractured rocks. borehole capability is needed to scan Laboratory scale aqueous diffusion experi- beneath buildings and buried storage tanks ments are very time consuming, with indi- in the built environment where conven- vidual experiments lasting several months, tional surface sampling is either impracti- and provide information at a small scale cal or ineffective. (core plug). The BGS has completed a preliminary study to evaluate the use of Migration of radium geophysical wireline logs to infer the in In collaboration with AEA Technology, situ rock matrix diffusion properties of low the BGS has studied radium interactions permeability and low porosity fractured associated with manganese oxyhydroxide rocks over much larger scales. This work mineralisation in shallow groundwater was carried out for Nirex UK Ltd under systems. This work is part of the Nirex sub-contract from AEA Technology. Safety Assessment Research Programme Induced polarisation and is investigating the processes affecting tomography the migration and retardation of radium in the geosphere. A prototype Induced Polarisation Tomography (IPT) system has been The geochemical and mineralogical developed which measures the electrical changes occurring during the ageing of resistivity and polarisability of the ground. natural manganese oxyhydroxide minerals, This research is co-funded by the EU, which are common in shallow groundwa- ABEM Instrument (Sweden) and BG ter systems, will be investigated. These Technology plc. The system was designed minerals have a strong afﬁnity for radium to assist the non-invasive mapping of cont- and other metals (e.g. lead, zinc, barium, aminants such as oils, solvents and coal calcium). The BGS studies have followed tars. These Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids the behaviour of these minerals with (NAPLs) are difﬁcult to detect by conven- respect to barium uptake, as a natural tional geophysics, as they are sparingly analogue for the behaviour of radium in soluble and invariably occur as capillary the natural environment.

R Ogilvy, BGS © NERC Use of PC-controlled IPT system in the ﬁeld.

R Ogilvy, BGS © NERC Cross-borehole IPT survey being carried out a former gasworks site to help locate J Harrington, BGS © NERC a buried coal tar tank. The Envirotest Module in action.

42 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE Appendix 1 Acronyms

AAPG American Association of Petroleum Geologists IUGS International Union of Geological Sciences ACSAD Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands JNC Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute ANDRA Agence Nationale pour la gestion des Déchets Radioactifs KAR (DFID) Knowledge and Research programme ARGOSS Assessing Risk to Groundwater from On-Site Sanitation KVI Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut ASR Aquifer Storage and Recovery LOCUS London Computerised Underground & Surface Geology Project AWE Atomic Weapons Establishment LOIS Land-Ocean Interaction Study BGGM BGS Global Geomagnetic Model LUL London Underground Ltd BGS British Geological Survey MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food BNSC British National Space Centre MAP Multiple Analytical Pathways BODC British Oceanographic Data Centre MARIS Marine Information Service, The Netherlands BRIDGE British Ridgehe Netherlands MAUK Mining Association of the United Kingdom BSEM Back-scattered scanning electron microscopy MES Marconi Electronic Systems Ltd CASE Collaborative Awards in Science and Engineering MINGOL Minerals GIS On-Line CBI Confederation of British Industry MIRO Mineral Industries Research Organisation CCMS Centre for Coastal and Marine Sciences MMS Matra Marconi Space CCOP Intergovernmental Committee for the Co-ordination of Coastal MOD Mineral Occurrences Database and Offshore Geoscience Programmes in East and South-east Asia MRP Mineral Reconnaissance Programme CEC Commission of the European Communities MRS Materials Research Society CEEC Central and Eastern European Countries NAGRA National Genossenschaft für die lagerung radioaktiver Abfalle CEFAS Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science NAMCOR National Petroleum Corporation of Namibia CEREGE European Center for Research and Education in the Environmental NAPL Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Geosciences NERC Natural Environment Research Council CFTC Commonwealth Fund for Technical Co-operation NGC National Grid Company CIRIA Construction Industry Research and Information Association NOAA (United States) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration CORSAIRES Coring Stable And Instable Realms in European Seas NRE Natural Resources and Environment CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation NRPB National Radiological Protection Board CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre Ltd. DED Department of Economic Development ODP Ocean Drilling Programme DERA Defence Evaluation Research Agency OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development APPENDICES DETR Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions OGLD Oil, Gas and Licensing Division (of the DTI) DFID Department for International Development OST Office of Science and Technology DOE Department of the Environment PACE Palaeozoic Amalgamation of Central Europe DOE-NI Department of the Environment, Northern Ireland PECC Petroleum Exploration Computer Consultants DTI Department of Trade and Industry PIP Petroleum Infrastructure Project EA Environment Agency PML Plymouth Marine Laboratory EC European Commission POL Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory EKS Electrokinetic Sounding POSC Petroleum Open Software Corporation ENAM European North Atlantic Margins PRC People’s Republic of China EPA Environmental Protection Agency ROSES Risk Of Subsidence due to Evaporite Solution EPSRC Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council SAMS Scottish Association for Marine Science EQUIP Evidence from Quaternary Infills for Palaeohydrogeology SCK/CNRS Studicentrum voor Kernenergie/Centre D’Etude de L’Energie ETH Eidgenüssische Technische Hochaschule Nucleaire EU European Union SEM Scanning electron microscopy EU/SYSMIN European Union assistance for minerals in the African, Caribbean SEPA Scottish Environment Protection Agency and Pacific countries. SGML Standard Generalised Mark-up Language FAMEST Fundamental Aspects of Metal Speciation and Transport in Metal- SINTEF The Foundation of Scientific and Industrial Research at the Contaminated Soils and Aquifers Norwegian Institute of Technology FIG Falkland Islands Government SME Small and Medium Enterprises FOREGS Forum of European Geological Surveys SOPAC South Pacific Geoscience Commission GASPAL Groundwater as Palaeoindicator SURRC Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre G-BASE Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment TESZ Trans European Suture Zone GEUS Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse (Geological TNO Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk Survey of Denmark and Greenland) onderzoek GHASP Geohazards Assessment and Susceptibility Programme (marketed as TWU Thames Water Utilities Residata Subsidence) UKCS United Kingdom Continental Shelf GIC Geomagnetically Induced Currents UKWIR UK Water Industry Research Ltd GIFS Geomagnetism Information and Forecasting Service UN United Nations GIS Geographical Information System UNDP United Nations Development Programme GRS Gesellschaft für Anlagenund Reactorsicherheit UN ESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Hi-RES High-resolution Resource and Environmental Survey (airborne) Pacific HSE Health and Safety Executive UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund IAGC International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry URO Urals Orogen ICP–MS Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry US United States (of America) ICTJA Institute de la Tierra Jaume Almera USGS United States Geological Survey ICP–AES Inductively Coupled Pla Atomic Absorption Emission Spectrometry WFA Western Frontiers Association (Oil Companies & BGS) IIFR Interpolation In-Field Referencing WHO World Health Organization IMM Institution of Mining and Metallurgy WMS World Mineral Statistics INCO International Co-operation (elements of EC framework programmes) WWW World Wide Web IPT Induced Polarisation Tomography XRF X-ray Fluorescence

43 Appendix 2 Organisation Personnel Mr J Orr & Contracts Mr D Hackett Finance, Accounts Administration Mr G S Bowick Mrs S J Williams Local Administration Facilities Management Training Dr I E Penn Mr I Jackson Dr C A Green Dr A Dobinson Publication Services Information Services Geospatial Information Systems CORPORATE DIVISIONS Corporate Dr P M Allen 1 Services & Business Development BGS International Dr A J Reedman Mr D C Ovadia UK Business Development Dr DDr A Falvey APPENDICES 1 DIRECTOR Surveys Basin Analysis Dr M K Lee & Stratigraphy Dr N J Riley & Geomagnetism Global Seismology Dr D J Kerridge Regional Geophysics Dr N G T Fannin Dr C W A Browitt Petroleum Geology, Geophysics & Offshore Petroleum & Marine Geology Plant Minerals Surveys Laboratory Analytical & Management Prof. A J Dr W Hatton Dr D J Morgan & Geochemical Dr J W Baldock Prof R R Parrish Mr D C Holmes Regional Geochemistry Mineralogy & Petrology Fluid Processes & Waste NERC Isotope Geosciences Minerals, Environment PROGRAMMES DIVISIONS GSNI Hydrogeology Geological & Dr D J Fettes Mr P J Strange Dr D W Peach Mr J W Arthurs Mr T J Charsley Prof. S D Foster Prof. M G Culshaw Central England & Wales

Southern & Eastern England

Scotland & Northern England Hydrogeological Surveys Coastal & Engineering Geology GROUPS Organisation of the British Geological Survey, May 1999 May Survey, Geological of the British Organisation 1 acting head

44 Appendix 3 Finance

BGS EXPENDITURE — 1998/99

1.48% THEMATIC 0.66% 1.02% CORE 48.10% 48.55% NON THEMATIC

COMMISSIONED

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

CORPORATE CAPITAL 0.19% APPENDICES

SOURCES OF BGS INCOME 1991/92 — 1998/99 (at 1998/99 prices)

Other 10 Government

5 Science Budget

0 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99

45 Appendix 4 Publishing

Interim issue of maps 103 Louth S&D (provisional) SHEET MEMOIRS 108 Flint S To ensure the earliest possible release of ENGLAND AND WALES 108 Flint S&D current geological data to the public, all new 132/148 Mundesley/North Walsham S&D 20 Newcastle 1: 50 000 maps are first made available in 146 Fakenham S&D (provisional) 42 Northallerton digital form and as electrostatic plots (on- 160 Swaffham S&D (provisional) 59 Lancaster demand), in advance of litho printing. The 269 Windsor S&D 169 Coventry and Nuneaton purchase of an electrostatic plot entitles the 300 Alresford S&D SCOTLAND customer to a free copy of the printed map if 328 Dorchester S&D and when this is published. 31E Falkirk district 353 Mevagissey S&D 8W/8E Carrick –– Loch Doon district 74E Aviemore district SCOTLAND MAPS PUBLISHED 15W New Cumnock S NORTHERN IRELAND The following abbreviations are used through- 15W New Cumnock S&D 43/44/56 Derrygonnelly and Marble Arch out: S–solid; D–drift; S&D–solid and drift. 22E Kilmarnock S 22E Kilmarnock S&D CD-ROM 1: 1 000 000 UTM 29W Kilﬁnnan S&D (provisional) 32W Livingstone S&D The UK Sand and Gravel Database Gravity anomaly map: Northern Britain 70 Minginish S&D Gravity anomaly map: Southern Britain 86W Huntly S PUBLISHED TECHNICAL REPORTS WA/97/84 Earth science information in 1: 250 000 NORTHERN IRELAND support of major development issues Shetland (sea-bed sediment) –– second edition 13 Coleraine S&D WA/97/85 Environmental geology in land use planning 1: 1 250 000 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 1: 25 000 RADIOACTIVITY SURVEY SERIES POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 18/28 Black Combe S&D S3N 04W Liverpool Bay (radon potential Whisky on the Rocks based on solid and drift geology) Holiday Geology Guide –– Scarborough and S3N 04W Liverpool Bay (outdoor gamma-ray INTERNATIONAL Whitby dose rates based on solid and drift geology. Holiday Geology Guide –– Cornish Pebbles Ecuador Fossil Focus –– Plants

APPENDICES 1: 50 000 (PRINTED) Mapa Geologico de la Cordillera Occidental Fossil Focus –– Echinoids del Ecuador entre 0º–1º (1: 200 000) Earthwise Magazines –– issue 12, A special ENGLAND AND WALES Mapa Geologico de la Cordillera Occidental issue in support of Minerals ‘98 –– Foresight 34 Guisborough S&D (provisional) del Ecuador entre 1º–2º (1: 200 000) linked, and issue 13, Sustainability. 38 Ambleside S&D Mapa Geologico de la Cordillera Occidental º º INDEX TO AREAS COVERED BY 54 Scarborough S&D (provisional) del Ecuador entre 2 –3 (1: 200 000) GEOCHEMICAL ATLASES 78 Wakeﬁeld S&D Mapa Geologico de la Cordillera Occidental 235 Cirencester S&D del Ecuador entre 3º–4º (1: 200 000) Published Shetland 316 Fareham S&D Planned 348 Plymouth S&D Falkland Islands Orkney Geology of the Falkland Islands –– East Sheet SCOTLAND solid (1: 250 000) Sutherland South Orkney 6W Kirkbean S Geology of the Falkland Islands –– West Sheet & Caithness 6W Kirkbean S&D solid (1: 250 000) Hebrides 9W New Galloway S Great Glen 19 South Islay S&D (provisional) East Grampians 22W Irvine S BOOKS PUBLISHED 101W Summer Isles S&D (provisional) Argyll 103E Helmsdale S&D (provisional) ANNUALS 113 Cape Wrath S&D (provisional) Southern British Geological Survey Annual Report Scotland Northern NORTHERN IRELAND 1997–1998 Ireland Lake North- World Mineral Statistics 1992–1996 District east 7 Causeway Coast S England Geomagnetic Bulletin 27 –– Magnetic Results North-west 1997 England and Humber- 1: 50 000 (ELECTROSTATIC PLOT) Trent United Kingdom Minerals Yearbook 1997 North Wales ENGLAND AND WALES Directory of Mines and Quarries Wales East Midlands and and 29 Keswick S west Midlands East Anglia ATLAS 29 Keswick S&D South-east England 37 Gosforth S Geochemical Atlas of Southern Sumatra South-west 37 Gosforth S&D Regional geochemistry of parts of North-west England 102 Market Rasen S&D (provisional) England and North Wales ☛ 46 AVAILABILITY OF SHEET MEMOIRS AND SHEET EXPLANATIONS AVAILABILITY OF MAPS AT 1:63 360 & 1:50 000 SCALE NORTH SHETLAND NORTH SHETLAND 130 130 April 1999 April 1999 WEST SHETLAND CENTRAL SHETLAND WEST SHETLAND CENTRAL SHETLAND MEMOIR AVAILABLE

SOUTH SHETLAND SOUTH SHETLAND

32 1:63 360 map published 51 1:50 000 map published 88 Published 49 Out of print 122 64 Out of print 122 121 121 61 Not published Special sheet 119 120 119 120

Special sheet 117 117

113 114 115 116 113 114 115 116

107 108 109 110 107 OUTER HEBRIDES 108 109 110 1:100 000 OUTER HEBRIDES ASSYNT 1:100 000 100 101 102 MEMOIR AVAILABLE ASSYNT 103 100 101 102 103 NORTHERN SKYE NORTHERN SKYE 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 90 91 92 93 94 97 95 96 80 97 81 82 83 84 85 86 NORTHERN SKYE 87 MEMOIR AVAILABLE 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 61 62 60 63 64 65 66 67 42 / 51W 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 57A 42 / 51W 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 57A 42 / 50 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 42 / 50 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 28 29 30 31 32 27 33 34 1 / 2 28 29 30 31 32 19 26 27 33 34 20 21 22 23 24 25 3 4 1 / 2 19 20 26 18 21 22 23 24 25 12 ARRAN 14 15 16 17 5 6 3 4 7 8 18 NORTHUMBERLAND-SOLWAY BASIN 8 910 12 ARRAN 14 56 6/12 11 7 15 16 17 11 13 RHINS OF 7 8 9 14 GALLOWAY 10 7 8 11 12 13 14 15 8 910 17 18 6/12 11 7 19 20 21 6 11 13 14 RHINS OF 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 16 17 18 1920 21 GALLOWAY 12 13 14 15 24 25 26 17 11 27 28 18 19 29 2 22 23 24 25 26 27 20 21 6 32/ 31 33 3 4 5 16 17 18 1920 21 34 35 36 1 24 25 26 37 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 27 28 43/ 45 29 2 22 23 24 25 26 27 46 47 32/ 31 33 44/56 48 49 50 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 34 35 36 1 37 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 57 58 59 43/ 45 35 60 61 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 46 47 55 44/56 48 49 50 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 70 71 57 72 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 58 59 60 61 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 MOURNE ISLE OF MAN MOUNTAINS 67 66 68 69 70 71 72 73 70 71 72 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 MOURNE ISLE OF MAN MOUNTAINS 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 ANGLESEY 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 ANGLESEY 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114115 116 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 117 118 119 120 121 122123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114115 116 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 117 118 119 120 121 122123 124 125 126 127 128 130 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158159 160 161 162 129 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171172 173 174 175 176 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 155 156 157 158159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 193 194 195 196 197 198199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 169 170 171172 173 174 175 176 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 193 194 195 196 197 198199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252253 254 255 INNER THAMES 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 221 256 257 258 259 ESTUARY SHEET 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 269 226 227 228 230 231 232 INNER BRISTOL CHANNEL BRISTOL 268 270 271 272 273 274 229 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 AND SEVERN ESTUARY 275276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252253 254 255 INNER THAMES 256 257 258 259 ESTUARY SHEET 292 293 294 BRISTOL MEMOIR AVAILABLE 291 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 269 INNER BRISTOL CHANNEL BRISTOL 268 270 271 272 273 274 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 AND SEVERN ESTUARY 275276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 & 342E 342W& 343 ISLE OF WIGHT 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 346 347 348 349 350 APPENDICES 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 351 352 353 354 355 356 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 & 342E 345 346 357 358 359 342W & 343 ISLE OF WIGHT 346 347 348 349 350 MEMOIR AVAILABLE 360 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360

AVAILABILITY OF GEOPHYSICAL MAPS AVAILABILITY OF GEOLOGICAL MAPS 1:250 000 SCALE U.T.M. SERIES 1:250 000 SCALE U.T.M. SERIES

8 6 2 8 6 4 2 0 Ss Sea bed sediments 4 2 0 2 Aeromagnetic anomaly FAEROES FUGLO FAEROES FUGLO LAPWORTH HORNE SEDGWICK SEDGWICK BANK Q Quaternary BANK LAPWORTH HORNE Bouguer gravity anomaly 62 62 F Free-air gravity anomaly Solid geology MUNKEN SANDØ SANDØ FLETT MILLER CORMORANT MUNKEN FLETT MILLER CORMORANT BANK BANK F F Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q LOUSY BILL LOUSY BILL BANK FAEROE FAEROE BAILEYS WYVILLE HALIBUT BANK BAILEYS WYVILLE BANK VIKING HALIBUT VIKING BANK THOMPSON JUDD FOULA SHETLAND BANK JUDD FOULA SHETLAND 60 BANK 60 BANK THOMPSON BANK F F 60 Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q 60 KENNEDY ROSEMARY KENNEDY ROSEMARY SULA BERGEN SULA BANK DARWIN RONA ORKNEY FAIR BRESSAY BANK DARWIN FAIR BRESSAY BERGEN SGEIR SGEIR RONA ORKNEY ISLE BANK BANK ISLE BANK BANK F Ss Q Ss Q GEORGE GEORGE Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss BLIGH BLIGH MORAY FIRTH (S) HARKER SUTHER- HARKER BANK GEIKIE LEWIS BOSIES LING BANK GEIKIE SUTHER- BOSIES LING 58 CAITHNESS FLADEN LEWIS FLADEN LAND BANK BANK 58 CAITHNESS BANK BANK F LAND F Ss Q Ss S 58 Q Ss Q s Q Ss Q Ss Q 58 ROCKALL ROCKALL ANTON ANTON ISLAND LITTLE ISLAND DOHRN ST KILDA LITTLE GREAT MORAY COD DOHRN ST KILDA GREAT MORAY PETERHEAD FORTIES FORTIES COD MINCH GLEN BUCHAN MINCH PETERHEAD F S GLEN BUCHAN Ss Q s Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q McCALLIEN McCALLIEN HEBRIDES HEBRIDES PEACH TERRACE TIREE TAY MARR DEVIL'S FISHER TERRACE PEACH 56 ARGYLL 56 TIREE TAY MARR DEVIL'S FISHER HOLE ARGYLL FORTH BANK FORTH HOLE F Ss BANK Q Ss Ss Ss Q 56 Q Q Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss 56

BLOODY BLOODY MALIN SWALLOW DOGGER FORELAND CLYDE BORDERS MALIN SWALLOW DOGGER FARNE FORELAND CLYDE BORDERS FARNE HOLE HOLE Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss ISLE SILVER NORTHEN IRELAND (Q) ISLE ULSTER LAKE TYNE CALIFORNIA SILVER of ULSTER LAKE TYNE CALIFORNIA DISTRICT TEES WELL of 54 MAN DISTRICT TEES WELL 54 MAN 54 Q Ss QQSs Ss Q Ss Q Ss 54 EAST IRISH SEA INDEFATIG- (SOLID) DUBLIN LIVERPOOL HUMBER INDEFATIG- ANGLESEY SPURN DUBLIN LIVERPOOL HUMBER BAY TRENT ABLE ANGLESEY SPURN BAY TRENT ABLE Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q

WATERFORD CARDIGAN MID WALES EAST EAST FLEMISH WATERFORD CARDIGAN MID WALES EAST EAST FLEMISH 52 BAY & MARCHES MIDLANDS ANGLIA BIGHT 52 BAY & MARCHES MIDLANDS ANGLIA BIGHT 52 Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss 52

NYMPHE CORK BRISTOL THAMES OSTEND NYMPHE BANK LUNDY CHILTERNS CORK BRISTOL THAMES OSTEND CHANNEL ESTUARY BANK LUNDY CHILTERNS NORTH CELTIC SEA (Q) CHANNEL ESTUARY Ss Q Q Ss Ss Ss Q Ss LABADIE LANDS DUNGENESS- LABADIE BANK HAIG FRAS PORTLAND WIGHT HAIG FRAS LANDS DUNGENESS- 50 END BOULOGNE BANK PORTLAND WIGHT F END BOULOGNE 50 50 Ss Q Ss Q 50 GREAT SOLE Ss Q Ss Ss COCKBURN GREAT SOLE BANK COCKBURN SCILLY BANK BANK LIZARD GUERNSEY CAEN ROUEN SCILLY BANK LIZARD CAEN ROUEN F GUERNSEY Ss Ss AUSTELL Ss Q LITTLE SOLE AUSTELL Ss SPUR PARSONS LITTLE SOLE BANK SPUR PARSONS 48 BANK OUESSANT SAINT-BRIEUC RENNES BANK 48 BANK OUESSANT SAINT-BRIEUC RENNES 12 F F 48 10 4 12 Ss 48 8 6 2 10 4 4 2 0 8 2 6 4 2 0 ☛ 47 TECHNICAL REPORTS WA/98/7 The geology of the Wythburn, Thirlmere WA/98/60 The Haweswater intrusions. Part of (made available by the authors’ group) and Fairfield areas of the north-eastern Lake District. England and Wales 1:50 000 sheet 30 (Appleby). WA/98/8 Geology of the Candovers and Wield district, Alresford, Hampshire 1:10 000 sheets Marine Geology Onshore Geology SU54SE, SU53NE, SU64SW, SU63NW and WA/96/77 Geology of the Winshill-Newhall area. SU64SE. Part of 1:50 000 sheet 300 (Alresford). WB/96/30 Volumetric modelling of tidal prisms: the estuarine creek systems of Mombasa, Kenya. 1:10 000 sheet SK22SE. Part of 1:50 000 sheets WA/98/9 The Liddesdale Group of 1:50 000 scale 140 (Burton) and 141 (Loughborough). sheet 14 (Morpeth): lithostratigraphy and local details. WB/98/25 BRIDGE Drill Trials Cruise Report WA/96/78 Geology of the Hartshorne area RRS James Clark Ross, Atlantis Bank, Indian WA/98/10 The Morpeth Group of 1:50 000 scale Ocean 18th April 1998 to 12th May 1998. 1:10 000 sheet SK32SW. Part of 1:50 000 sheet 141 sheet 14 (Morpeth): lithostratigraphy and local (Loughborough). details. WB/98/49 Forward plan for National Core Store (North). WA/97/7 Geology of the Crow Hill, Wadsworth WA/98/11 Geology of the Ide, Longdown, and Oxenhope areas 1:10 000 sheet SD93NE, Holcombe Burnell and Great Fulford areas (Devon). WB/98/53 Management of samples within BGS SD93SE and SE03SW. Part of 1:50 000 sheets 69 Parts of 1:10 000 sheets SX89SE and SW and part of Petroleum and Marine Geology core store and (Bradford) and 77 (Huddersfield). sheet SX79SE. Part of 1:50 000 sheet 325 (Exeter). laboratory. WA/97/8 Geology of the Denholme area 1:10 000 WA/98/13 Geology of the area between Privett sheet SE03SE. Part of 1:50 000 sheets 69 (Bradford) and Wheatham Hill (Hampshire) 1:10 000 sheets Overseas Geology and 77 (Huddersfield). SU62NE, SU72NW and part of SU72SW. Part of WC/96/54 Soil, grain and water chemistry and WA/97/26 Geology of the Shifnal, Blymhill and 1:50 000 sheet (Alresford). human selenium imbalances in Enshi district, Hubei Bishops Wood areas: 1:10 000 sheet SJ70NE, WA/98/15 Geology of the Icomb area 1:10 000 Province, China. 80NW, 81SW and part of 81NW. sheet SP22SW. Part of 1:50 000 sheets 217 WC/97/20 Local development of affordable lime WA/97/30 Physical properties of Carboniferous (Moreton-in-Marsh) and 218 (Chipping Norton). in Southern Africa. sandstones from the Bradford area, West Yorkshire. WA/98/17 Summary of the geology east of WC/97/44 Assessment of pollution risk to deep WA/97/40 Geology of the Melbourne area. Part Thirlmere. aquifers from urban wastewaters: Hat Yai data report. of 1:50 000 sheet 141 (Loughborough). WA/98/18 Geology of the Kimmeridge area WC/97/47 An investigation of arsenic contamina- WA/97/41 Geology of the Castle Donnington (Dorset) 1:10 000 sheets SY97NW and part of tion of groundwater from mining waste, southern area: 1:10 000 sheet SK42NW Part of 1:50 000 SY87NE. Part of 1:50 000 sheets 342 (Weymouth) Thailand. sheet 141 (Loughborough). and 343 (Swanage). WC/97/49 DFID-TDR Project 6491. Mining- WA/98/20 The Cleveland Dyke in southern WA/97/42 Geology of the Breedon on the Hill related arsenic hazards: Thailand case-study Scotland. area 1:10 000 sheet SK42SW. Part of 1:50 000 summary report. sheet 141 (Loughborough). WA/98/21 Aspects of the Quaternary geology of WC/97/60 Preliminary investigation of mining- 1:50 000 sheet 74W (Tomatin). WA/97/60 Geology of Otley and adjacent areas related arsenic contamination in the Provinces of 1:10 000 sheet SE24NW, and parts of SE24NE WA/98/23 Sedimentology and lateral extent of the Mendoza and San Juan (Argentina) and Minas and SE25SW. Part of 1:50 000 sheet 69 (Bradford). Glenshirra succession, Monadhliath Mountains, Gerais State (Brazil). Scotland. WA/97/80 Geology of the Shipley area 1:10 000 WC/97/61 The design, construction and testing of sheet SE13NE. Part of 1:50 000 sheet 69 (Bradford). WA/98/24 Geology of the Heckmondwike area a simple shaking table for gold recovery: Laboratory

APPENDICES WA/97/83 Geology of the Brewood area 1:10 000 1:10 000 sheet SE22SW. Part of 1:50 000 sheet 77 testing and field trials. (Huddersfield). sheet SJ80NE. Part of 1:50 000 sheet 153 WC/98/1 Procedures for the rapid assessment of (Wolverhampton). WA/98/25 Geology of the Broadwey-Osmington- limestone resources. Chaldon Herring district (Dorset). WA/97/84 Earth Science Information in support WC/98/5 Avoiding Gypsum geohazards: guiding of major development initiatives. WA/98/26 Geology of the Hawling area 1:10 000 for planning and construction. sheet SP02SE. Part of 1:50 000 sheet 217 (Moreton- WA/97/85 A guide to sources of earth science WC/98/6 Environmental arsenic exposure: health in-Marsh). information for planning and development. risks and geochemical solutions –– field trial of a WA/97/88 The geology of the Clyde Plateau WA/98/34 The volcanic and intrusive igneous method for the rapid assessment of invertebrate Volcanic Formation of the Kilmarnock district rocks in the Burntisland and Kinghorn areas, Fife. stress. (sheet 22E), central Scotland. WA/98/41 Geology of the central Pentland Hills WC/98/7 Procedures for the rapid assessment of WA/97/92 An introduction to the Green Beds of 1:10 000 sheet NT16SE (Scald Law) and 1:10 000 limestone resources –– project summary report. sheets NT15NW (Baddinsgill) and part of NT15NE the Southern Highland Group of the Scottish WC/98/9 Review of currently available informa- (Carlops). Part of 1:50 000 sheet 32W (Livingston), Dalradian: previous research and an account of tion on pollution of coastal waters by sediments 32E (Edinburgh) and 24W (Biggar). preliminary work carried out in 1997. and agro-chemicals in the Caribbean region with WA/97/95 Ordivician rocks of the Low Furness WA/98/42 The base of the Upper Coal Measures particular emphasis on small island states. in the Markinch, Dysart, Leven coalfield, Fife. Inlier, south Cumbria 1:10 000 sheet SD27NW. WC/98/21 Local development of affordable lime Part of 1:50 000 Geologicical Sheet 48 (Ulverston). WA/98/43 The base of the Lower Coal Measures in Southern Africa: Project summary report. WA/98/3 Application of logratios to the statistical in the Markinch, Dysart, Leven coalfield, Fife. WC/98/26 Cerium and Endomyocardial Fibrosis analysis of the geochemistry of metamorphosed WA/98/44 The Middle and Lower Coal Measures in tropical terrain, Project Summary Report. limestones from the Northeast and Central in the Sea-Lab Nos1 and 2 boreholes, Fife. WC/98/28 Studies of selenium geochemistry and Highlands of Scotland: the case for Appin Group WA/98/49 Geology of the area around Alton and correlations. distribution in relation to iodine deficiency disorders Selborne, Hampshire. 1:10 000 sheets SU63NE in Sri Lanka. WA/98/4 Corallian lithostratigraphy of the and SE, and SU73NW, NE, SW and SE. Part of Abbotsbury district (Dorset): A revised interpreta- 1:50 000 geological sheet 300 (Alresford). WC/98/32 Taller sobre geoquimica y medio tion based on new borehole evidence. ambiente con referencia especial a la contamina- WA/98/53 Geology of the Moreton-in-Marsh area cion minera 6–7 de Mayo de 1998, Quito, WA/98/5 Fluvial sediments of the Tertiary Poole 1:10 000 sheet SP23SW. Part of 1:50 000 sheets 217 Ecuador. formation (Dorset): depositional environments and (Moreton-in-Marsh) and 218 (Chipping Norton). sequence stratigraphic significance. WA/98/57 Computer modelling of subsurface WA/98/6 Geology of the Grange Moor and data –– development and procedure using data Hydrogeology Emley Moor area. 1:10 000 sheet 21NW and part from the Ayshire coalfield, Midland Valley of WD/97/34 The physical properties of major aquifers of 21SW. 1:50 000 sheet 77 (Huddersfield). Scotland. in England and Wales. ☛ 48 WD/97/42 The North West Highlands: the potential WG/98/3 Petrographic description and geochemi- WM/ES/98/3 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, March of groundwater at selected sites for rural water supply. cal analysis of igneous rocks from the Falkland 1998. WD/98/11 Low flows, groundwater and wetland Islands. WM/ES/98/4 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, April interactions –– a scoping study. (3 PARTS TO WG/98/36 Petrography of Namurian rock samples 1998. COLLATION). from the Huddersfield area (1:50 000 sheet 77): WM/HA/98/4 Hartland monthly bulletin, April WD/98/26 The potential for aquifer storage and Part 2. 1998. recovery in England and Wales. WM/LE/98/4 Lerwick monthly bulletin, April WD/98/32 Impact of farm waste stores on Analytical Geochemistry 1998. groundwater quality. First annual report: April WI/98/2 Visit report of field trip to Jordan 10–18 WM/HA/98/5 Hartland monthly bulletin, May 1997–March 1998. February 1998. 1998. WD/98/47 Limits to groundwater recharge in the WI/98/6 Characterisation of Pore-Water Chemistry WM/ES/98/5 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, May semi-arid regions of the Mediterranean basin. at Orciatico, Tuscany, Italy. 1998. WM/LE/98/5 Lerwick monthly bulletin, May Fluid Processes Regional Geophysics 1998. WE/95/49 Wolverhampton urban environmental WK/94/4 Geophysical investigations in the Stoke- WM/LE/98/6 Lerwick monthly bulletin, June survey: an integrated geoscientific case study. On-Trent district. 1998. WE/97/5 The hydrogeological behaviour of the WK/97/13 A description of two gravity base network WM/HA/98/6 Hartland monthly bulletin, June clay-with-flints of Southern England. adjustment techniques applied to a base network in 1998. WE/97/44 Summary of field activities: Year 1, Belgium. WM/ES/98/6 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, June INCO-DC Project 950176, Electrokinetic Sounding. WK/98/3 Geophysical account of the Dalwhinnie 1998. WE/98/13 User guide to PRECIP, a program for (Sheet 63E) and Tomatin (Sheet 74W) districts. WM/HA/98/7 Hartland monthly bulletin, July coupled flow and reactive solute transport. 1998. WE/98/18 A review of fluid through mudrocks Global Seismology WM/LE/98/7 Lerwick monthly bulletin, July with particular reference to the oil industry. 1998. WL/98/4 The logistical solution for the automatic WE/98/22 Extraction, purification and characteri- determination and dissemination of phase and WM/ES/98/7 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, July sation of fulvic acid. location parameters for earthquakes in the European- 1998. WE/98/23 Electrokinetic Sounding Results, INCO- Mediterranean Region recorded on BGSs LOWNET, WM/HA/98/8 Hartland monthly bulletin, August DC Project 950176, Cyprus 1997. Hereford & Cornish monitoring networks. 1998

WE/98/31 Parameter estimates from ID modelling WL/98/9 Using EAP's VSP ProMax routines. WM/LE/98/8 Lerwick monthly bulletin, August APPENDICES of osmotic experiments. WL/98/14 A guide to Seismometer Response Files 1998. WE/98/37 A user guide for OSMOIR: a program WM/ES/98/8 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, for solution of radial groundwater flow and solute Geomagnetism August 1998. transport with chemico-osmotic coupling. WM/ES/97/11 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, WM/ES/98/9 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, November 1997. September 1998. Mineral Resources WM/LE/97/11 Lerwick monthly bulletin, WM/LE/98/9 Lerwick monthly bulletin, WF/97/10 Mineral Resource Information for November 1997. September 1998. Development Plans Phase One South Wales: WM/HA/97/11 Hartland monthly bulletin, WM/HA/98/9 Hartland monthly bulletin, Resources and Constraints. November 1997. September 1998. WF/97/11 Mineral Resource Information for WM/LE/97/12 Lerwick monthly bulletin, WM/LE/98/10 Lerwick monthly bulletin, Development Plans Phase One Cornwall: Resources December 1997. October 1998. and Constraints. WM/HA/97/12 Hartland monthly bulletin, WM/HA/98/10 Hartland monthly bulletin, WF/98/5 Mineral Resource Information for December 1997. October 1998. Development Plans: Phase One West Sussex: WM/ES/98/10 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, Resources and constraints. WM/ES/97/12 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, December 1997. October 1998. WF/98/6 Mineral Resource Information for WM/ES/98/11 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, Development Plans: Phase One Shropshire: Resources WM/97/14 Ascension Island Observatory Magnetic November 1998. and constraints (including Telford and Wrekin). Results 1996. WM/97/15 Falkland Island Observatory Magnetic WM/LE/98/11 Lerwick monthly bulletin, Results 1996. November 1998. Mineralogy and Petrology WM/ES/98/1 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, WM/HA/98/11 Hartland monthly bulletin, WG/97/45 Clay mineral evolution, basin maturity January 1998. November 1998. and mudrock properties. WM/HA/98/1 Hartland monthly bulletin, January WM/98/18 GSGG Geomagnetic Activity Alert WG/98/9 Metamorphism of the Lower Palaeozic 1998. Service (1997). rocks of the New Cumnock district, southern Scotland. WM/LE/98/1 Lerwick monthly bulletin, January WM/98/20 Evaluation of repeat station observa- 1998. tions made at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, September 1997. WG/98/10 The petrology and composition of the Lower Old Red Sandstone exposed in the Aberfoyle WM/ES/98/2 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, WM/98/21 UK Regional Magnetic Repeat area (sheet 38E), Central Scotland. February 1998. Station Network Results 1997. WG/98/13 The petrography and micromorphol- WM/LE/98/2 Lerwick Monthly Bulletin, February ogy of a suite of Scottish Medieval pottery sherds. 1998. Engineering Geology WG/98/15 Micromorphology and deformation of WM/HA/98/2 Hartland monthly bulletin, February WN/97/17 Mining subsidence, fault reactivation a quaternary glaciolacustrine deposit, Speyside, 1998. and ground deformation in the Donetsk Coal Scotland. WM/HA/98/3 Hartland monthly bulletin, March Basin, Ukraine (USSR). WG/98/24 Petrology of the igneous rocks exposed 1998. WN/97/27 The engineering geology of the in the Lanark District (Sheet 23E) of the Southern WM/LE/98/3 Lerwick monthly bulletin, March London area 1:50 000 geological sheets 256, 257, Midland Valley, Scotland. 1998. 270 and 271. ☛ 49 WN/98/7 Engineering geology assessment of locations and fault plane solutions. Geophysical synthetic seismograms. Marine Geology, Vol. 149, Loughborough 1:50 000 sheet 141. Research Letters, Vol. 25, 3397–3400. 3–16. WN/98/8 The assessment of slope instability for land use planning a case study on the North East Balson, P, Tragheim, D, and Newsham, R. BRIDGES, T F, and Young, B. 1998. Supergene Antrim coast. 1998. Determination and prediction of sediment minerals of the Northern Pennine Orefield –– a review. yields from recession of the Holderness coast, Journal of the Russell Society, Vol. 7, 3–14. Eastern England. 4.5.1–4.6.2 in Proceedings of Information and Data Resources the 33rd MAFF Conference of River and Coastal Bristow, C R, and PARODIZ, J J. 1982. The WO/97/11 A review of GGP: a PC based Engineers. (London: Ministry of Agriculture, stratigraphical paleontology of the Tertiary non- Geographical Information System. Fisheries and Food.) marine sediments of Ecuador. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Vol. 19. WO/99/1 British Geological Survey –– The leg- Balson, P S. 1997. Flux –– the LOEPS perspec- islative framework. tive in Land Ocean Interaction Study 2nd NERC. Calow, R. 1998. Groundwater resources degrada- 71–72. tion, socio-economic impacts and their migration. Applied Geochemistry 38–56 in How to cope with degrading groundwater WP/98/3 The application of a geoscience GIS to Balson, P S. 1997. New Sand Hole and the quality in Europe, International Workshop at assist geological mapping and interpretation in the former course of the Humber in Land Ocean Johannesberg. (Sweden: Stockholm, Swedish Council Southern Highlands region of Scotland. Interaction Study 2nd NERC. 155. for Planning and Coordination of Research). WP/98/4 The application of a geoscience GIS to BALTZER, A, Holmes, R, and Evans, D. 1998. Calow, R, GASS, G, MacDonald, A, Grey, D, assist geological mapping and interpretation in the Debris flows on the Sula Sgeir Fan, NW of Adams, B and GRIMBLE, R. 1996. The socio- Monadhliath region of Scotland. Scotland. 105–115 in Geological processes on economic impacts of groundwater resources degrada- continental margins: sedimentation, mass-wasting tion and their mitigation. 72–74 in 6th Stockholm CONFIDENTIAL AND RESTRICTED and stability. Stoker, M S, Evans, D, and CRAMP, Water Symposium Safeguarding water resources for REPORTS A (editors). Geological Society of London Special tomorrow, new solutions to old problems, abstracts; Publication, No. 129. Stockholm Water Company. The BGS produced many confidential reports, mostly for customers; and restricted reports which BALTZER, A, Holmes, R, and Evans, D. 1996. Cave, M. 1998. Improvement of short-term were mainly interim, giving results that are likely to Allochthonous Ordovician basaltic rocks of possible precision in inductively coupled plasma atomic be published later. island arc affinity in the Southern Uplands, southwest emission spectrometry by principal component Scotland. 161–170 in Current perspectives in the analysis modelling. Journal of Analytical Atomic WORKS PUBLISHED OUTSIDE THE BGS Appalachian-Caledonian Orogen. HIBBARD, J P, and Spectrometry, Vol. 13, 125–129. AND REGISTERED IN THE BGS LIBRARY others (editors). St. John’s: Geological Association of DURING 1998 Canada, Special Paper, No. 41. Chadwick, R A. 1997. Fault analysis of the Cheshire Basin, NW England. 297–313 in (The names of BGS authors are shown in bold) Barraclough, D R, and Kerridge, D R. 1997. Petroleum geology of the Irish Sea and adjacent areas. Adams, B, and Macdonald, A M. 1998. Aquifer Crustal magnetization model and Curie isothem. MEADOWS, N S, TRUEBLOOD, S P, COWAN, G, susceptibility to side-effects of groundwater exploita- Acta Geophysica Sinica, Vol, 40, 481–486. and HARDMAN, M (editors). Geological Society of tion. 71–76 in Groundwater pollution, aquifer London Special Publication, No. 124. recharge and vulnerability. Robins, N S (editor). Barton, C M, Evans, D J, Bristow, C R, Freshney,

APPENDICES Geological Society of London Special Publication, E C, and Kirby, G A. 1998. Reactivation of relay Chilton, P J, Stuart, M E, Marks, R J, Milne, C J, No. 130. ramps and structural evolution of the Mere Fault and and others. 1998. Groundwater recharge and Wardour Monocline, northern Wessex Basin. pollutant transport beneath wastewater irrigation: Allen, P M. 1996. The Grampian Highlands (4th Geological Magazine, Vol. 135, 383–395. the case of Leon, Mexico. 153–168 in edition). Episodes, Vol. 19, 140–141. Groundwater pollution, aquifer recharge and vulner- Bazley, R A B. 1997. A diamond in a patchwork ability. Robins, N S (editor). Geological Society of Arthurton, R S. 1998. The CIRIA research of colour. Gem and Jewellery News, Vol. 6, 39. London Special Publication, No. 130. project on beach recharge materials. 47–57 in Advances in aggregates and armourstone evaluation. BISHOP, P K, LERNER, D N, and Stuart, M E. Chilton, P J, Lawrence, A R, and Stuart, M E. LATHAM, J-P (editor). Geological Society of London 1998. Investigation of point source pollution by Pesticicides in groundwater some preliminary Engineering Geology Special Publication, No. 13. chlorinated solvents in two different geologies: a results from recent research in temperate and multilayered Carboniferous sandstone-mudstone tropical environments. 333–345 in Groundwater Arthurton, R S. 1998. Marine-related physical sequence and the Chalk. 229–251 in contaminants and their migration. MATHER, J, natural hazards affecting coastal megacities of the Asia- Groundwater contaminants and their migration. BANKS, D, Dumpleton, S, and FERMOR, M Pacific region –– awareness and mitigation. Ocean MATHER, J, BANKS, D, Dumpleton, S, and (editors). Geological Society of London Special and Coastal Management, Vol. 40, 65–85. FERMOR, M (editors). Geological Society of London Publication, No. 128. Special Publication, No. 128. Arthurton, R S, Harrison, D J, LABAN, C, CLILVERD, M A, Clark, T D G, Clarke, E and LETH, J O, and LILLYWHITE, R P. 1998. Brand, P J. 1998. The genus Paracarbonicola RISHBETH, H. 1998. Increased magnetic storm Marine sand and gravel in North West Europe –– and associated forms in the Carboniferous rocks of activity from 1865 to 1995. Journal of Atmospheric a regional view of demand and resources. In Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 34, and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 60, 1047–1056. Mineral planning in a European context, demand 139–143. and supply, environment and sustainability. VAN Cook, J M, GARDNER, M J, GRIFFITHS, A J, and DER, MOOLEN, B, RICHARDSON, A F, and Brett, C. 1998. Geological mapping of the others. 1997. The comparability of sample VOOGD, H (editors). (Groningen: GeoPress.) UKCS. 26–27 in Hydro International, March digestion techniques for the determination of metals 1998. in sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 34, Arthurton, R S. 1998. Resource, evaluation and 637–644. net benefit 151–161 in Coastal defence and earth Brew, D S. 1998. Holocene lithostratigraphy science. HOOKE, J (editor). (London: Geological and broad scale evolution of the Lincolnshire Cook, P J. 1997. The role of the geological surveys Society.) Outmarsh, eastern England. East Midlands in the 21st century [abstract]. Warta Geologi Geographer, Vol. 20, 20–32. Persatuan Geologi Malaysia, Vol. 23, 239–240. ASPINALL, W P, Miller, A D, LYNCH, L L, and others. 1998. Soufriere Hills eruption, Brew, D S, and MAYER, L A. 1998. Modelling Cooper, A H. 1998. Subsidence hazards caused by Montserrat 1995–1997 volcanic earthquake of Pliocene-Pleistocene abyssal mudwaves using dissolution of Permian gypsum in England: geology, ☛ 50 investigation and remediation. 265–275 in (editors). Geological Society of London Special the study of past and current environmental Geohazards in Engineering Geology. MAUND, J G, Publication, No. 129. changes in the hydrosphere and the atmosphere and EDDLESTON, M (editors). Geological Society of organized by the International Atomic Energy London Engineering Geology Special Publication, Evans, D, Stoker, M S, and CRAMP, A. Geological Agency and held in Vienna, 1997. Vienna No. 15. processes on continental margins sedimentation, International Atomic Energy Agency. mass-wasting and stability: an introduction. 1–4 in Cox, B M, and Sumbler, M G. 1998. Geological processes on continental margins: sedi- Gale, I N. 1997. The British Chalk aquifer study: Lithostratigraphy principles and practice. 11–27 mentation, mass-wasting and stability. Stoker, M S, objectives and progress. Annales Societe Geologique in Unlocking the stratigraphical record; advances Evans, D, and CRAMP, A (editors). Geological Society du Nord 2e Ser, Vol. 5, 295–297. in modern stratigraphy. DOYLE, P, and of London Special Publication, No. 129. BENNETT, M R (editors). (Chichester: Wiley.) Glaves, H M. 1997. LOEPS Data Centre. Evans, R. 1998. Passive margins, active science Land Ocean Interaction Study 2nd NERC, Dai, H C, and MacBeth, C. 1997. The application the RAS Discussion Meeting at Burlington House Vol. 159. of back-propagation neural network to automatic on 12 and 13 February 1998, entitled ‘Application picking seismic arrivals from single-component record- of potential field techniques to studies of passive Gooddy, D C, WITHERS, P J A, MACDONALD ings. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 102, margins’ brought together theory and practice H, and Chilton, P J. 1998. Behaviour and 15105–15113. reports. Astronomy and Geophysics, Vol. 39, 23–24. impact of cow slurry beneath a storage lagoon II chemical composition of chalk porewater after 18 Darling, W G. 1998. Hydrothermal hydrocar- FARAGO, M E, Simpson, P R, Cook, J M, and years. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 107, bon gases I Genesis and geothermometry. others. 1998. Platinum concentrations in urban road 51–72. Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 13, 815–823. dust and soil, and in blood and urine in the United Kingdom. The Analyst, Vol. 123, 451–454. GRIMBLE, R J, GASS, G, Adams, B, MacDonald, Darling, W G. 1998. Hydrothermal hydrocar- A M, Calow R, and Grey, D R C. 1996. bon gases II Application in the East African Rift FATKA, O, Molyneux, S G, and SERVAIS, T. 1997. Groundwater resource degradation a framework for System. Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 13, 825–839. The Ordovician acritarch Frankea some critical analysis with examples from China and Palestine. remarks. Geobios, Vol. 30, 321–326. 97–105 in Water policy, allocation and manage- Darling, W G, Edmunds, W M, and Smedley, P L. ment in practice. HOWSAM, P, and CARTER, R 1997. Isotopic evidence for palaeowaters in the FENSOME, R A, HARLAND, R, Riding, J B, and C, E and SPON, F N (editors). British Isles. Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 12, others. 1998. Proposal to conserve the name 813–830. 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55 Appendix 5 Staff List, May 1999

CENTRAL DIRECTORATE AA 9(A) Mrs Thomson, Christine A Mr Connon Blair, M Ty 9(A) Mrs Glover, Marilyn A Mrs Forrester, Rhona Keyworth SGB2 9(T) Mr Barton, Graham Mrs MacIver, Sandra Mr Cohen, Bryan A Mrs Mackie, Maria S C¶ Director Dr Falvey, David A Mr Goode, Geoffrey T Mrs O’Brien, Catherine S¶ SPSec 7(A) Mrs Cross, Elaine A AIQPS Mr Holbrook, Robert D Miss Owenson, Nicola G Mr Huscroft, David SGB1 8(T) Mrs Clark, Eileen M B¶ Secretary Grade 6 Mr Jordan, Christopher Mr Bunyan, Colin A 3 Mr Hackett, Dennis Mr Kirk, Jeremy R Tec1 8(T) Mr Brotherston, John PSec 8(A) Miss McDonald, Claire Ty 9(A) Mrs Greig, Sharon M¶ Murchison House Central Directorate Support Group Miss Fergusson, Katherine A SEO(C) 5(C) Dr Gough, Hugh G F SSO 5(S) Dr Turner, Nicholas† SGB2 9(T) Mr Forrest, Tony HEO(C) 6(C) Mrs Addinall, Ruth HSO 6(S) Miss Baxendale, Hazel J Mr Hancock, Brian M Mr Kingdon, Andrew Miss Robertson, C Jane Mrs Punter-Collins, Gaynor L EO(C) 7(C) Mr Cummings, Scott R ✳ GEOLOGICAL & HYDROGEOLOGICAL Ty 9(A) Mrs Crosby, Wanda J Ms Gilliland, Siobhan F SURVEYS Mrs Screaton, Margaret H¶ Keyworth Finance, Accounts & Contracts Assistant Director Grade 5 ADMINISTRATION Keyworth 2(S) Prof. Foster, S Stephen D FGS Personnel CGeol, FIWEM, MICE CEng Head of Accounting & Finance Grade 7 PS 8(A) Miss Blackwell, Theresa K Keyworth 4(A) Mrs Williams, Sandra J FCCA, ICSA Personnel Officer (SEO) 5(A) Mr Orr, James ACCOUNTS & OPERATIONS Scotland & Northern England HEO 6(A) Mrs Squires, Marion A Grad IPD HEO 6(A) Mrs Golder, Christine V Murchison House EO 7(A) Mrs Fellows, Marian E EO 7(A) Mrs Cutler, June M✫ Mrs Stocks, Susan Group Manager Grade 6 ✳ AO 8(A) Mr Crosby, Robert D 3(S) Dr Fettes, Douglas J FGS CGeol Mrs White, Sheryl S Mrs Glew, Lynda PSec 8(A) Mrs Gray, Lillian B AO 8(A) Mrs Chew, Susan J A Miss Kovac, Geraldine M Mrs Kinnear, Margaret W¶ Mr Crosby, Adrian L Mrs Murray, Jane G (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Aitken, Andrew M FGS CGeol ✫ Mrs Gil-Bennett, Patricia Mrs Prem, Pretinder K Dr Akhurst, Maxine C Mrs Reveley-Spencer, Sally S AA(C) 9(C) Mrs Carr, Stephanie L P¶ Dr Barnes, Robert P AA 9(A) Mrs Cartwright, Susan¶ Mrs Frame, Lynne J Mr Browne, Michael A E FGS CGeol APPENDICES BUDGETS & PLANNING Dr Floyd, James D FGS CGeol Facilities Management HEO 6(A) Mr Merritt, Jonathan C Dr Gould, David FGS CGeol Keyworth EO 7(A) Miss Henson, Tracy J MIMM PTM 4(A) Mr Bowick, George S Mrs Matheson, Diane R Dr Hughes, Richard A¶ MBIFM MCIBSE CEng AO 8(A) Mrs Kennedy, Karen Mr Lawrence, David J D SEO(C) 5(C) Mr Ainslie, Ian E Mr Laxton, John L HEO 6(A) Mr Cooke, Adrian P CONTRACTS Mr McAdam, A David FGS CGeol HEO(C) 6(C) Mr Blunsdon, Christopher A HEO 6(A) Mr Cottis, Paul Mr McMillan, Andrew A FGS CGeol Mr Lewis, Peter M Miss Riley, Lynne K Dr Mendum, John R Mr Marchewicz, Edmund J EO 7(A) Mr Jackson, Steven D Mr Merritt, Jonathan W HPTO 6(T) Mr Gray, Paul C AO 8(A) Mrs Pharaoh, Rosemary A¶ Dr Millward, David FGS CGeol Mr Wright, Leslie H MIOSH, RSP¶ Dr Monro, Stuart K FGS CGeol Dr Petterson, Michael G EO 7(A) Miss Nunn, Susan E PROGRAMMES & COMMERCIAL EO(C) 7(C) Mr Burnell, David Dr Smith, Martin FGS CGeol HEO 6(A) Mr Cox, Andrew P Mr Dhiman, Surinder S Dr Stephenson, David ✫ Mr Hart, Gary K Miss Wright, Joanne Dr Stone, Philip FGS CGeol Mr Walton, David J EO 7(A) Mr Adam, David R Dr Woodhall, Derek G FGS CGeol PTO 7(T) Mr Gubb, David A Mrs Antcliff, Victoria M Mr Young, Brian FGS CGeol FIMM ✫ Mr Wallis, Humphrey C✫ Miss Bagshaw, Dawn R CEng ✳ AO 8(A) Mrs Hadley, Brenda Mr Connet, A Campbell Dr Young, Simon R Mrs Gaffney, Nichola Miss Hobson, Rachel M✫ SSO 5(S) Mr Auton, Clive A FGS CGeol Mr Nice, Martin A Mrs Loveland, Alison J Mr Barron, Hugh, F CGeol Mr Wraith, Jan Mr Dean, Mark T SGB1 8(T) Mrs Hanley, Barbara A Mr Halley, David N Mrs Newham, P Anne¶ Local Administration Dr Highton, Andrew J FGS CGeol Mrs Spencer, Gail S¶ Murchison House Mr Holmes, Keith A STO 8(T) Mr Spencer, Michael CIPS Dr Johnson, Eric W FGS CGeol Tec 1 8(T) Mr Adkin, Adrian J HEO 6(A) Mr Tait, Kevin A Mr McCormac, Michael ✫ Mr Bowman, Donald R EO 7(A) Mr Davies, Ian P Dr Robertson, Steven Mr Davison, William R Miss Jackson, Fiona A Mr Ross, David L FGS CGeol Mr Fukes, Keith A Mr Kerr, J Gavin Dr Smith Richard, A FGS Mr Glover, John T Mrs Pringle-Stewart, Julie F¶ Mr Thomas, Christopher W FGS Mr Mills, Roy PTO 7(T) Mr Laird, Malcolm D C CGeol Mr Minkley, George L AO 8(A) Mrs Abrahams, Elizabeth, C¶ HSO 6(S) Mr Halpin, Peter M Mr Upton, G Steve Mrs Broughton, Jane¶ Mr Lawrie, Kenneth I G ☛ 56 Dr Loughlin, Susan C HSO 6(S) Dr Farrant, Andrew R Miss O’Dochartaigh, Brighid E Dr Pickett, Elizabeth A Mr Humpage, Adrian J Mr Talbot, John C Dr Sowerbutts, Alison A Dr Royse, Katherine R Miss Whitehead, Emily Miss Wain, Alice SO 7(S) Miss Booth, Kathryn A ASO 8(S) Miss Atkin, Sally SO 7(S) Miss Arkley, Sarah L B Mr Kessler, Holger Mrs Dodd, Kerry L Mr Golledge, Nicholas R Mr Mogdridge, Roy T Miss McLean, Jennifer E Miss Hope, Bryony Mr Thorns, John F Exeter Mr Irving, Anthony A M Mr Williams, Peter J ASO 8(S) Mr Lyall, William (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Barton, Clive M AO 8(A) Mrs Cole, Mary Mr McLean, William S Dr Edwards, Richard A Mrs Jones, Samantha J Dr Holder, Martin T FGS CGeol AA 9(A) Mrs Dorling, Susan J Overseas Posting Dr Leveridge, Brian E FGS CGeol Mrs Fry, Rosemary A (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Key, Roger MBE FGA FGS SSO 5(S) Mr Goode, Anthony J J SGB2 9(T) Mr Townsend, Barry R CGeol HSO 6(S) Dr Newell, Andrew J SO 7(S) Mrs Pople, Alison C Overseas Posting ASO 8(S) Mrs Smith, Catherine P HSO 6(S) Mr Butcher, Andrew S Central England & Wales Keyworth Murchison House GSNI, Belfast Group Manager Grade 6 SSO 5(S) Mr Ball, Derek F 3(S) Mr Charsley, Timothy J FGS Group Manager Grade 6 HSO 6(S) Mr Macdonald, Alan M FGS CGeol PSec 8(A) Mrs Searle, Carole A 3(S) Mr Arthurs, John W FGS CGeol PSec 8(A) Mrs Johnston, Jacqueline (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Addison, Robert CGeol Coastal & Engineering Geology Mr Barclay, William J FGS CGeol (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Johnston, Terence P FGS Dr Brandon, Allan Dr Mitchell, William I FGS Keyworth SSO 5(S) Mr Reay, Derek M Mr Bridge, David M Group Manager Grade 6 HSO 6(S) Dr Cooper, Mark R FGS Dr Carney, John N FGS CGeol 3(S) Prof Culshaw, Martin G CGeol Dr McKeever, Patrick J Dr Cooper, Anthony H FGS CGeol PSec 8(A) Mrs Page, June H AIQPS¶ SO 7(S) Mr Smyth, William A Mr Greally, Kevin B Mrs Ware, Linda¶ Mr Warke, Geoffrey O Dr Howard, Andrew S FGS (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Balson, Peter S Mr Lake, Robert D Mr Baria, Roy✳ Dr Waters, Colin N FGS CGeol Hydrogeology Dr Evans, Christopher D R Dr Waters, Richard A CGeol Mr Forster, Alan CGeol Dr Wilson, David Wallingford Mr Humphreys, Bernard SSO 5(S) Mr Ambrose, Keith Group Manager Grade 6 Dr Jackson, Peter D CGeol Mr Crofts, Richard G 3(S) Dr Peach, Denis W FGS, CGeol, Mr James, J W Ceri APPENDICES Mr Gibson, John R MIWEM Mr Northmore, Kevin J CGeol Dr Tragheim, Douglas G PSec 8(A) Mrs Sharratt, Carole E Dr Ridgway, John CGeol HSO 6(S) Mr Hudson, John M (Grd 6) (IMP) SSO 5(S) Dr Gostelow, T Paul Mr Lawley, Russell S 3(I) Dr Edmunds, W Michael Dr Gunn, David A Ms McLaren, Fiona E (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Adams, Brian FGS CGeol Mr Hallam, Jonathan R Dr Schofield, David I Mr Buckley, David K Mr Hobbs, Peter R N Ms Walsby, Jennifer C Mr Chilton, P John FGS CGeol Dr Rees, John G CGeol Dr Wilby, Philip R Dr Darling, W George HSO 6(S) Dr Brew, David S SO 7(S) Mr Bowden, Alistair Mr Gale, Ian N FGS CGeol Dr Donnelly, Laurance J CGeol Mr Hough Edward Dr Kinniburgh, David G MRSC Mr Hulland, Vincent J CChem Mr Entwisle, David C Mrs Newsham, Rhonda Mr Lawrence, Adrian R FGS SO 7(S) Ms Glaves, Helen M ASO 8(S) Mrs Aldiss, M Carol¶ CGeol¶ Mr Jones, Lee D PGS C Mrs Brown, Anthea J Mr Mckenzie, Andrew A ASO 8(S) Mrs Slater, Margaret P Mr Morris, Brian L FGS CGeol AA 9(A) Mrs Meakin, Janet L Overseas Posting Mr Robins, Nicholas S FGS CGeol (Grd 6) 3(S) Dr Fletcher, Christopher J N FIWEM Honorary Research Associates MIMMK Dr Smedley, Pauline L¶ SSO 5(S) Dr Bloomfield, John P FGS CGeol Dr Barker, J A Based at University of Wales, Aberystwyth Mr Calow, Roger Dr Bazley, R A B (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Davies, Jeremy R FGS CGeol Mr Cheney, Colin S FGS CGeol Prof Bell FG Mr Davies, Jeffrey FGS CGeol Mr Chisholm J I Ms Hargreaves, Rosemary L Dr Downing, R A Southern & Eastern England Mrs Lewis, Melinda A¶ Dr Gallois, R Dr Howells, M F Keyworth Dr Shand, Paul Mr Shearer, T Robert FGS Prof McCann, D M Group Manager Grade 6 Mrs Stuart, Marianne E MRSC Prof Peacock, J D (3S) Mr Strange, Poul J FGS CGeol CChem FIMM CEng Mrs Williams, Ann T FGS¶ PSec Mrs Morton, Amina HSO 6(S) Mr Bird, Michael J MINERALS, ENVIRONMENT AND (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Aldiss, Donald T FGS CGeol Dr Gaus, Irina GEOCHEMICAL SURVEYS Mr Booth, Stephen J Mr Gooddy, Daren C MRSC Keyworth Mr Ellison, Richard A FGS CGeol CChem Assistant Director Grade 5 Dr Hamblin, Richard J O FGS Dr Jones, Helen K¶ 2(S) Prof Plant, Jane A CBE FGS CGeol Mr Macdonald, David M J CGeol FIMM CEng Mr Mathers, Stephen J Mr Marks, Richard J FGS CGeol PSec 8(A) Mrs Fairhurst, Kathe E Dr Moorlock, Brian S P Mr Milne, Christopher J MRSC Mr Sumbler, Michael G FGS CGeol CChem¶ SSO 5(S) Mr Barron, A J Mark FGS CGeol Miss Trafford, Janice M Minerals Mr Hopson, Peter M FGS CGeol SO 7(S) Mrs Brewerton, Linda J✳ Mr Morigi, Anthony N Keyworth ✳ Mr Smith, Alan Miss Coleby, Laura M Group Manager Grade 6 Dr Westhead, R Keith FGS CGeol Miss Griffiths, Kate J 3(S) Dr Hatton, William FGS CGeol Dr Williamson, Ian T Mr Merrin, Philip D PSec 8(A) Mrs Cordwell, Christine¶ ☛ 57 (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Chapman, Gregory R FGS Mr Green, Philip M Mr Davis, John R CGeol Dr Haslam, Henry W MIMM Miss Leader, Rachel U Dr Coats, J Stan Dr Johnson, Christopher CGeol Miss Moore, Yvette A Mr Colman, Tim MIMM CEng Dr Jones, David G CGeol Mr Trick, Julian K Dr Cooper, Derek C CGeol Mr Nicholson, Richard A MRSC Ms Williams, Lorraine A Mr Gunn, A Gus CChem AO 8(A) Mrs Cole, Christine A Mr Highley, David E FGS CGeol Dr Smith, Barry MRSC CChem MIMM CEng SSO 5(S) Miss Ault, Linda Overseas Posting SSO 5(S) Mr Bloodworth, Andrew J FGS, Dr Breward, Neil SSO 5(S) Dr Boland, Martin P CGeol Dr Chenery, Simon R N MRSC Dr Henney, Paul J FGS CChem Dr Norton, Gillian E FGS Mr Davis, Alan E NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory HSO 6(S) Mr Cameron, Donald G FGS Mr Ingham, Mark N Keyworth Dr Mankelow, Joe M Mr Jones, Robert C FGS CGeol Group Manager Grade 6 Mr Shaw, Mark H Mr Roberts, Philip D 3(S) Prof Parrish, Randall Ms Stockwell, Linda E HSO 6(S) Ms Flight, Deirdre M A PSec 8(A) Miss Kean, Donna L SO 7(S) Miss Hobbs, Susan F Ms Fordyce, Fiona M (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Evans, Jane A EO 7(A) Miss Hillier, Janice A Dr Gowing, Charles J B Mr Greenwood, Peter B ASO 8(S) Miss Linley, Kathrine A Dr Harrison Ian, CChem, MRSC Dr Heaton, Timothy H E AO 8(A) Miss Mills, Andrea J Dr Hutchins, Michael G Dr Kempton, Pamela D Miss White, Rebecca Mr Lister, T Robert Dr Noble, Stephen R Mr Mackenzie, Alan C Exeter Dr Spiro, Baruch F Dr Rawlins, Barry G✳ (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Scrivener, Richard C FGS SSO 5(S) Mrs Darbyshire, Fiona Mr Reeder, Shaun CGeol Dr Leng, Melanie Mr Talbot, David K MRSC CChem HSO 6(S) Mrs Chenery, Carolyn A Murchison House Mrs Vickers, Barbara P¶ Dr Kim, Alex Mr Wiggans, Graham N (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Smith, Charles G MIMM CEng Dr McGill, Rhonda, A R PGS B 6(T) Mr Allen, Mark A Dr Nowell, Geoff M SO 7(S) Mr Blackwell, Paul A SO 7(S) Miss Arrowsmith, Carol Mineralogy and Petrology Mrs Green, Kay A¶ Miss Sloane, Hilary J Mr Robinson, Jonathan J TEC 1 8(T) Mr Wood, Adrian¶ Keyworth Mr Strutt, Michael H Group Manager Grade 6 Miss Wragg Joanna 3(S) Dr Morgan, David J FGS CGeol ASO 8(S) Mr Barker, Kevin Honorary Research Associates PSec 8(A) Mrs Royall, Patricia E Mrs Baines, Rachael Dr B P Atkin (University of Nottm.) (Grd 6) (IMP) Dr Shepherd, Thomas J FIMM Mr Brettle, Charles Mr Harris, P M Individual Merit Miss Brown, Sarah E Mr Miles, D L (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Fortey, Neil J FGS CGeol Mr Burden, Simon R Eur Ing Prof. Simpson, P R FGS Mr Harrison, David J MIMM Mr Carter, Simon J CGeol FIMM CEng Prof Merriman, Richard J FGS Mr Cutler, Michael W Dr Higgo, J J W CGeol Mr Ferguson, Alex J Dr Metcalfe, Richard † Ms Perkins, Kathryn M

APPENDICES Mr Milodowski, Antoni E FGS AO 8(A) Mrs Shenton, Teresa PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS CGeol SGB2 9(T) Mrs Gardner, Amanda¶ & OFFSHORE SURVEYS Mr Strong, George E Overseas Posting Dr Styles, Michael T FGS CGeol Murchison House Grd 7 4(S) Dr Williams, T Martin SSO 5(S) Dr Gillespie, Martin R Assistant Director Grade 5 Dr Naden, Jonathan 2(S) Dr Browitt, Christopher W A HSO 6(S) Mr Inglethorpe, Simon D J Fluid Processes & Waste Management PSec 8(A) Ms Aitken, Rose AR Mr Kemp, Simon J Mr Mitchell, Clive J FGS Keyworth Mr Pearce, Jonathan M Group Manager Grade 6 Petroleum & Marine Geology PGS B 6(T) Mr Oates, David 3(S) Mr Holmes, David C Murchison House SO 7(S) Dr Hards, Victoria L PSec 8(A) Mrs Mackrill, June M Group Manager Grade 6 Mr Wetton, Paul D (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Beamish, David 3(S) Dr Fannin, Nigel G T ASO 8(S) Mr Careless, Jason✳ Mr Hawkins, Michael P ✫ Mr Carter, Richard Dr Hooker, Paul J FGS CGeol Mr Johnson, Howard FGS CGeol Miss Evans, Ellie J Dr Horseman, Stephen T GSec 8(A) Miss Fraser, Janette C¶ Mr Fletcher, John Dr Klinck, Ben A MIMM CEng Mrs Muir, Angela I¶✳ Mr Murphy, Hubert A Dr Noy, David J (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Evans, Daniel FGS CGeol Dr Ogilvy, Richard D CPhys CGeol Mr Gatliff, Robert W CGeol Edinburgh Dr Shaw, Richard P FGS CGeol, Mr Graham, Colin C (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Beddoe-Stephens, Brett MIMM CEng Mr Hitchen, Kenneth FGS CGeol SSO 5(S) Dr Hyslop, Ewan K Dr West, Julia M MIB CBiol Mr Holmes, Richard Dr Phillips, Emrys R Prof Williams, Geoffrey M FGS Mr Long, David FGS CGeol ASO 8(S) Mr Fakes, Roy D CGeol Mr McInnes, John L SSO 5(S) Mr Bateman, Keith Dr Richards, Philip FGS CGeol Mr Dumpleton, Stephen FGS Mr Ritchie, James D Analytical and Regional Geochemistry CGeol Mr Skinner, Alexander FGS CGeol Keyworth Dr Rochelle, Christopher A Dr Stoker, Martyn S FGS CGeol Group Manager Grade 6 Dr Rogers, Stephen F MIMM CEng SSO 5(S) Mr Brett, Colin P 3(S) Dr Baldock, John W MIMM CEng Mr Shedlock, Stephen L Mr Bulat, Joseph PSec 8(A) Mrs Harrison, Josephine HSO 6(S) Dr Harrington, Jon F Mr Sankey, Michael J (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Appleton, J Don MIMM Mr Meldrum, Philip I Mr Stevenson, Alan G Dr Cave, Mark R MRSC CChem Mr Sen, Marcus A HSO 6(S) Miss Cavill, Joanne E ✳ ✳ Ms Cook, Jennifer M MRSC CChem Mr Wealthall, Gary P Dr Egerton, Paul D Dr Dunkley, Peter N SO 7(S) Mrs Coombs, Patricia¶ Mrs Jones, Sheila M ☛ 58 Mr Quinn, Martyn F Mr Laughlin, John Miss Shaw, Karen L Mr Smith, David J IEEIE Dr Liu, Enru Mrs Taylor, Pauline Mr Wallis, David G MIEE CEng Mr Lovell, John H HEO(C) 6(S) Mr Wild, John B L Dr MacMillan, Susan SO 7(S) Miss Gillespie, Eileen J Mr Marrow, Peter C Honorary Research Associates Mr McGuigan, John Mrs Richards, Janet A✳ Mr Ardus, D A Mr Tulloch, Graham J Mrs Ritchie, Maureene A¶ Dr Cornwell, J D EO 7(A) Mr Henderson, Alexander Dr Thomson, Alan W P MIP CPhys Dr Owens, B 7(C) Miss Richardson, Anne, E HSO 6(S) Mr Bainbridge, Brian Dr Whittaker A PTO 7(T) Mr Campbell, Neil C Mr Carrigan, James G Mr Derrick, John F Miss Clarke, Ellen AO 8(A) Mrs Meadows, Julia A¶ Dr Dai, Heng Chang CORPORATE SERVICES & BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT Gilmerton Mr Fyfe, Charles J Mr Harris, Theodore J Keyworth (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Andrews, Ian J Mr Ohlsen, Frank Assistant Director Grade 5 Dr Cameron, Thomas D J Ms O’Mongain, Aoife M 2(S) Dr Allen, Peter M FGS CGeol Mr Smith, Kevin HEO(C) 6(C) Mrs Exton, Jane P¶ Mrs Stoker, Susan J FGS Mr Scott, David J PSec 8(A) Miss Oxby, Laura J AO 8(A) Mr Kassyk, Mark B HPTO 6(T) Mr Petrie, David SO 7(S) Mr Dawes, Daniel Keyworth BGS International Mr Ford, Glenn D (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Tappin, David R Mr Galloway, David D Keyworth Mr Henni, Paul H O Loanhead Head BGS International Grade 6 Mr Owen, Roderick J 3(S) Dr Reedman, Antony J FGS Tec1 8(T) Mr Glendinning, James Mr Simpson, Bennett A CGeol Mr Turbitt, Christopher W PSec 8(A) Mrs Musson, Pamela S Regional Geophysics PTO 7(T) Mr Day, Peter S Mrs Freeborough, Jacqueline¶ Mr Millership, Peter Mrs Evans, D Ann¶ Keyworth Mr Stewart, David A Mrs Gibson, Sue¶ Group Manager (Grd 6) Mr Velzian, William A (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr McCourt, William J 3(S) Dr Lee, Michael K FGS CGeol ASO 8(S) Miss Gordon, Helen Dr Greenbaum, David PSec 8(A) Mrs Carter, Stella M¶ Mrs White, Pamela A Dr Piper, David P FGS CGeol ✳ Grd 7 4(S) Dr Brereton, Nicholas R FGS PTO 7(T) Mr Young, Robert M Dr Powell, John H CGeol CGeol MIP CPhys HSO 6(S) Mr Bate, David G Dr Busby, Jonathan P FGS, CGeol Eskdalemuir

HEO 6(A) Mrs Hurley, C Mary APPENDICES Mr Carruthers, Richard M HPTO 6(T) Mr Burgess, Barry R EO 7(A) Miss Haslam, Joanne Dr Evans, Christopher J FGS PTO 7(T) Mr Gibson, George M AO 8(A) Miss Mills, Charlotte C Mr Greenwood, Peter G FGS SGB2 9(T) Mrs Scott, Margaret¶ CGeol TEC 2 9(T) Mr Scott, William E Overseas Postings Mr Kimbell, Geoffrey S (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Aspden, John A Mr Peart, Roger J Hartland Dr Campbell, S Dairmad G✳ Mr Rollin, Keith E PGS E 8(T) Mr Pringle, Colin R Mr Smith, Ian F Mr Mosley, Peter N SSO 5(S) Mr Chacksfield, Barrie C Overseas Posting Mr Pitfield, Peter E J FGS CGeol SSO 5(S) Dr Gonzalez Clavijo, Emilio Mr Pedley, Robert C HSO 6(S) Mr Baptie, Brian J Mr Williamson, J Paul HSO 6(S) Mr Herd, Richard A HSO 6(S) Dr Cuss, Robert J Dr Luckett, Richard Miss Heaven, Rachel E Basin Analysis & Stratigraphy MINING ADVISOR TO DFID Mrs Kimbell, Sarah F ¶ Keyworth Mr Kingdon, Andrew (Grd 6) 3(S) Mr Walduck, Geoffrey P FIMM Group Manager Grade 6 Mr Raines, Michael G CEng ✫ Mr Royles, Christopher P 3(S) Dr Riley, Nicholas J CGeol SECRETARY GENERAL, EUROGEO SURVEYS Mr Walker, Adrian S D PSec 8(A) Mrs Lines, Janet¶ SO 7(S) Mrs Self, Suzanne J¶ (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Chadwick, R Andrew FGS (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Annells, Richard N✫ FIMM ASO 8(S) Mr Morgan, David J R CGeol CEng Dr Holloway, Samuel CGeol Murchison House Dr Kirby, Gary A (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Evans, Russ Dr Knox, Robert W O Honorary Research Associate Dr Lott, Graham K SSO 5(S) Mr Edwards, John W F Dr Cobbing, E J Dr Molyneux, Stewart G Mr Evans, R B Mr Morton, Andrew C✳ Global Seismology & Geomagnetism Dr Pharaoh, Timothy C FGS CGeol Murchison House Dr Riding, James B FGS CGeol UK Business Development Group Manager Grade 6 Mr Smith, Nigel J P FGS CGeol Keyworth 3(S) Dr Kerridge, David J Dr Warrington, Geoffrey DSc FGS CGeol Group Manager Grade 6 PSec 8(A) Ms Aitken, Rose A R ✫ Mrs Milne, Margaret Dr Wilkinson, Ian P FGS CGeol 3(S) Mr Ovadia, David MBCS CEng (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Barraclough, David R MIP SSO 5(S) Dr Evans, David J PSec 8(A) Mrs Drury, Janet A¶ ✳ CPhys DSc Ms Hallsworth, Claire R¶ (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Brown, Malcolm J MIMM CEng Dr Booth, David C Dr Jones, Neil S Mr Gatliff, R Dr Clark, Toby D G Minst.P CPhys Mr Rowley, W John Dr Holliday, Douglas W Dr Li Xiang, Yang Mr Tunnicliff, Stephen P Dr Piper, David P FGS CGeol Dr Macbeth, Colin D Dr Williams, Mark SSO 5(S) Dr Alexander, Jean DipM MCIM Dr Musson, Roger M W HSO 6(S) Dr Stephenson, Michael H IO 6(T) Mrs Heason, Hilary J CAM MIPR Mr Riddick, John C Mr Woods, Mark A AIO 7(T) Mrs Gutteridge, Linda Miss Walker, Alice B SO 7(S) Mr Hulbert, Andrew G Mr Flower, Simon M ASO 8(S) Mrs Johnson, Kerry L Wallingford SSO 5(S) Ms Bott, Jacqueline Miss Kyffin-Hughes, Jane E (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Allen, David J FGS CGeol ☛ 59 Information Services AA 9(A) Mrs Boorman, Angela J¶ CARTOGRAPHY SGB1 8(T) Mr Goodman, Stephen J Keyworth Keyworth SGB2 9(T) Mr Smith, Graham J Group Manager Grade 6 SMCO 5(M) Mr Becken, Kevin H 3(S) Dr Dobinson, Alan Murchison House HMCO 6(M) Mr Clifton, Anthony W PSec 8(A) Ms Heard, Tracey L AO 8(A) Mrs Moir, Wanda J Mr Myers, Antony H Mrs Turnbull, Lesley Mr Parnaby, Roger J Mr Rippon, Simon J Collections Administration (Materials) London Office MCO 7(M) Mr Arbon, John W Keyworth HSO 6(S) Miss Brackell, Sylvia J Mrs Arbon, Kathryn A¶ Mr Armstrong, Robert W (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Hollyer, Stuart E SO 7(S) Mrs Messenger, Vivienne RS Miss Bray, Susan SO 7(S) Mr Wheatley, Christopher W Miss Tombleson, Clare M Mr Cooke, Ian L AO 8(A) Mrs Wright, June L Enquiries Officer Mr Cooper, Robert J Tec 1 8(T) Mr Bennett, David J Mrs Daley, Deborah L Tec 2 9(T) Mr Naylor, Michael D Keyworth Mr Demaine, Ronald J Mr Renshaw, Scott SSO 5(S) Mr Evans, Antony D Mr Hodgson, Jeremy D Mr Stacey, Neil Mr Hurst, Stephen E DATABASE MANAGEMENT Mr Lappage, Paul Keyworth Collections Administration (Documentary) Mr Ledgard, Michael B SSO 5(S) Dr Lowe, David J FGS CGeol Mrs Mawer, Carole H LIBRARY SO 7(S) Mrs Bowie, Joanne H✳ Mr Murray, Christopher G Keyworth Mr Stirland, Karl C Mrs Myers, Sheila B¶ PLib Grade 7(L) ASO 8(S) Miss West, Amanda R Mr Rayner, James I 4(L) Mr McKenna, Graham ALA MIIS Mrs Scott, Elizabeth J¶ SLib 5(L) Mrs Anderson, Jennifer E¶ ALA Mrs Simpson, Caron Lib 6(L) Miss Benson, Janet E ALA Geospatial Information Systems Mr Spencer, Niall A Mr Turner, Paul Miss Bird, Joan V ALA Keyworth Mrs Fileman, Janet ALA Mr Wardle, Christopher Group Manager Grade 6 Miss Hurst, Jennifer ALA Mr Wilkinson, Ian J 3(S) Mr Jackson, Ian Mr Prince, Stephen J ALA Miss Wood, Sophie E PSec 8(A) Mrs Walters, Glennis A AO 8(A) Mrs Barkworth, Julia A¶ MCTG1 8(M) Miss Bradley, Mary A (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Giles, Jeremy R A FGS CGeol Mrs Pattison, Joanne Mrs Kmieciak, Jayne E Dr O’Connor, Eugene A Mrs Langton, Louisa J¶ Mr Tuggey, Graham J SSO 5(S) Mr Adlam, Keith A M Miss Self, Joanne J Mr Wilkinson, Stephen C Mr Cannell, Brian Mr Swift, Martyn C Dr Marsh, Stuart H Overseas Posting SGB2 9(T) Mrs Hodges, Sheila A HSO 6(S) Mr Baker, Garry R Mr Holley, George C¶ HMCO 6(M) Mr Murray, Christopher G Mr Howcroft, John R Murchison House Mr Jordan, Colm J Murchison House Mr Riddick, Andrew T Lib 6(L) Mr McIntosh, Robert P SMCO 5(M) Mr Ramsay, Robert B Mrs Wallwin, Sally¶ AO 8(A) Mrs Gray, Gale E HMCO 6(M) Mr Mennim, Keith C SO 7(S) Miss Ager, Gisela A Mr Stewart, Alistair M Mr Bell, Patrick D

APPENDICES RECORDS MCO 7(M) Miss Anderson, Christina Miss Cotton, Claire Keyworth Miss Barclay, Joyce Mr Marchant, Andrew P Mr Blenkinsop, Anthony HSO 6(S) Mr Bowie, Roderick C Mr Passmore, James H Mrs Cherrie, Marjory M AO 8(A) Mrs Blatherwick, Susan J ASO 8(S) Mr Napier, Bruce Mr Herbertson, Keith F Miss Booth, Joanne H Mr Weller, Alan Mr Horsburgh, Stuart W Mrs Bridge, Geraldine AO 8(A) Miss Hart, Joy Mr Long, Roderick M Mr Davis, John J Mr Meikle, John L Murchison House Miss Disney, Avril C Mrs Oliver, Lesley M Mrs Fitch, Lisa J (SSO 5(S) Mr Robson, Peter G Mr Ritchie, Calum Mr Newham, Wayne T Mrs Kilpatrick, Karen M Mrs Sanders, Carol J Mrs Rippingale, Jayne HEO(C) 6(C) Mr Duffy, Timothy R Mrs Wild, Sally A L¶ AA 9(A) Mr Stocker, Joseph Mr Wood, Gary R Overseas Posting Murchison House ✫ MCTG1 8(M) Mrs Carson, Christine E SSO 5(S) Mr Killen, Anthony J Mr Drennan, Eric P SO 7(S) Mr Gillanders, Richard J AO 8(A) Miss Dunlop, Alison PHOTOGRAPHY Mrs Mann, Elizabeth¶ Publication Services Keyworth Mr Smith, Matthew J Keyworth Mr Swanney, Michael S HPhO 6(P) Mr Tod, Paul A Group Manager Grade 7 PhO 7(P) Mr Cullen, Timothy P D S CUSTOMER SERVICES 4(S) Dr Green, Christopher A PhT1 8(T) Mrs Adkin, Caroline F PSec 8(A) Mrs Edwards, Christina¶ AA 9(A) Mr Goddard, Mark A Keyworth SSO 5(S) Ms Parnham, Jennifer J ALA¶ Murchison House HSO 6(S) Mr Clayton, Alan R BOOK PRODUCTION HPhO 6(P) Mr Bain, Thomas S M EO 7(A) Mr Page, Ivan K SSO 5(S) Dr Jackson, Audrey A¶ PhO 7(P) Mr MacTaggart, Fergus I AO 8(A) Mrs Boote, Deborah M Dr Thomas, Joanna E PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE Mrs Hackett, Tina P¶ AIO 7(T) Mr Stevenson, John P Mrs Harvey, Juliet MS GO 7(T) Mrs Rayner, Deborah C Keyworth Mr Haughton, Brian T SM3 8(T) Ms Evans, Jennifer B A Grd 7 4(S) Dr Litherland, Martin FGS CGeol Mrs Murray, Christina Mr Minks, Adrian R MIMM CEng Mrs Oldham, Yvette J¶ Ms Norman, Jacqueline SSO 5(S) Dr Bailey, David E¶ Mrs Smith, Kathleen G Mr Smedley, John B Mrs Wafforne, Paula Ty 9(A) Miss Hill, Amanda J Mrs Wiseman, Helen P¶ Miss Yarwood, Emmajane ☛ 60 Training & Staff Development GTG Graphics Technical Grade SMess Senior Messenger HEO Higher Executive Officer SO Scientific Officer Keyworth HMCO Higher Mapping and Charting Officer SPSec Senior Personal Secretary Co-ordinator (Grd 7) HPhO Higher Photographic Officer SPTO Senior Professional and Technical Officer 4(S) Dr Penn, Ian E FGS CGeol HPTO Higher Professional and Technical Officer SSO Senior Scientific Officer AO 8(A) Mrs Hale, Pamela I HSO Higher Scientific Officer StO Stores Officer Ty 9(A) Mrs Hutchinson, Angela R IO Information Officer Tech Technical Grade Lib Librarian Tel Telephonist MCO Mapping and Charting Officer Ty Typist Honorary Research Associate MCT Mapping and Charting Technical Grade Dr Loudon, T V Mess Messenger PGS Process and General PhO Photographic Officer PLib Principal Librarian Grade abbreviations PSec Personal Secretary AA Administrative Assistant PTM Principal Technical Manager AIO Assistant Information Officer PTO Professional and Technical Officer ALib Assistant Librarian SEO Senior Executive Officer AO Administrative Officer SG Support Grade ¶ Part-time ASO Assistant Scientific Officer SLib Senior Librarian ✫ Temporary promotion EO Executive Officer SM Support Manager ✳ On unpaid leave GO Graphics Officer SMCO Senior Mapping and Charting Officer APPENDICES

61 Appendix 6 Academic collaboration

The BGS collaborates with research institutes within the NERC and the other Coimbra University (Portugal): Metallogenesis in Central Portugal research councils. It also collaborates with other academic institutions in a Commission Internationale du Microflora Paleozoique: Palaeozoic palynology worldwide network of research projects, which include contracted imput to the core Copenhagen University (Denmark): TESZ research programme and research and teaching arrangements. The following cover most Coventry University: Stable isotopes and luminescence in Holocene slug calcite. examples: Czech Geological Survey: TESZ research Derby University: Bivalves as environmental monitors Abdou Moumouni University (Niger): GASPAL Dhaka University (Bangladesh): Arsenic in groundwater; ARGOSS; Urban Aberdeen University: Heavy mineral stratigraphy; Origin of the Rhynie cherts. groundwater management Aberystwyth (University of Wales): Quaternary of West Wales, and of Teifi Durham University: CASE studentship on Lizard Complex; Tertiary Volcanic Estuary; Geological mapping of Welshpool district; Land-ocean interactions; Abrupt Districts Regional Guide; Stublick Fault Zone; Conodont biostratigraphy of the Holocene arid intervals, Ethiopia; Calibration of a lacustrine record of climate change, Crawford Group; Coal Measures of Plenmeller area, Northumberland; Ethiopia; Hydrology, water quality and solute transport in subglacial environments, Biostratigraphy of Sea Sands Borehole, Cleveland; Estuarine evolution; Constraints Norway; Intra- and inter-annual temperature and salinity measurements of the on the source regions of kimberlites and lamproites; Mantle dynamics and subduction Quaternary Oceans; Late Quaternary climatic history, Argentina; Ostracod geochem- fluxes in the SW Pacific; Lu-Hf isotope system; Geochemistry and petrology of the istry as a record of Holocene climate change, Ethiopia; The inter-calibration of proxy Snaefell subglacial complex, Eastern Iceland; Borehole research indicators of late Holocene hydro-climatic change, Morocco; Volcanic evolution and East Anglia University: CASE studentship on Lower Carboniferous palaeoclimatic and stratigraphical significance of bentonites from the Silurian Welsh Basin lake history; Permo-Trias and Triassic/Jurassic magnetostratigraphy; Estuarine geochem- Abo University, Finland: Sulphur isotope systematics in peat istry and coastal evolution; Seismic source mechanism determination Anglia Polytechnic University, Cambridge: Quaternary of Glaven valley, Norfolk Edinburgh Institute of Occupational Medicine: Volcanic hazard studies, Athens University, Dept of Geophysics: Tectonic early warning system Montserrat Australian Geological Survey Organisation: Zircon dating Edinburgh University: Quaternary sheet memoir contribution; Southern Uplands Australian National University (Canberra): Geology and age of Lizard Complex geochemistry and biostratigraphy; Estuarine evolution; Oersted magnetic survey satellite; Autonomous University of Yucatan (Mexico): Impact of landfill leachate on Sea-bottom seismic data; Diagenetic fluids and reservoir cements (with SURRC) groundwater quality Ekaterinburg Institute of Geophysics, (Russia): Uralides research Aviero University (Portugal): PALAEAUX Estonian Academy of Sciences: PALAEAUX Avignon University (France): PALAEAUX; GASPAL ETH Zürich (Switzerland): Method development in laser ablation ICP-MS Bangalore University (India): ARGOSS European Center for Research and Education in the Environmental Bangor (University of Wales): MSc teaching Geosciences (CEREGE, France): GASPAL Barcelona University: Anthropogenic inputs to the Llobregat River, Spain Europrobe: Co-ordination of pan-European tectonic project Bath University (Mining and Environment Network): Small-scale gold mining Exeter University: Correlation of gas emissions with seismicity; Examiner Geology Berne University (Switzerland): PALAEAUX HND; Lecturing Binghampton University and Oak Ridge Laboratories (USA): Secular changes Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences (Chad): GASPAL in sea-water chemistry Far East Geological Institute (Vladivostok, Russia): Kamchatka hydrothermal APPENDICES Birkbeck College (University of London): Metamorphism studies, Kendal and areas Kirkby Lonsdale districts, and West Wales; Geology of Raasay; Land-ocean interac- Free University, Amsterdam (Netherlands): PALAEAUX tions; The lower crust of the Archaean Baltic Shield Gdansk Maritime Institute (Poland): Marine monitoring methods and databases Birmingham University: Palaeomagnetic study in Leicestershire; Stratigraphy and sedi- GeoForschungsZentrum (Germany): TESZ research mentology, NE Greenland; Supervision and examination of PhD students; High-resolu- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland: FRACFLOW; PALAEAUX. tion stable isotope investigation of speleothems; Karstic capture of climatic chemical signals; Geological Survey of Lithuania: Gypsum subsidence Geology of copper and polymetallic deposits, Muster Basin, Ireland Geology and Mines Commission, Guyana: Small-scale gold mining Bogazici University (Istanbul): Westward drift, historical geomagnetic field data Ghent Geological Institute (Belgium): PALAEAUX; TESZ research Bonn University (Germany): FRACFLOW Giessen University (Germany): TESZ research Bradford University: Chemical composition of human juvenile teeth; Isotopic com- Glasgow University: Quaternary of north-east Scotland; Tertiary Volcanic position of human teeth as an indicator of ancient population dynamics; Investigation Districts Regional Guide; Skye Central Complex; Timing of orogenic events, Scottish of anthropogenic zinc isotope fractionation Highlands Brighton University: Provenance of tills of Norfolk; Chalk database; Stratigraphy of Gottingen University (Germany): Evolution of brine chemistry and evaporite English Chalk; PhD supervision formation Bristol University: 3D resistivity inversion PhD project and in-house PhD; Seismic Granada University (Spain): Uralides research tomography and scattering; Volcanic hazard studies, Montserrat; Geochemistry of verte- Guelph University (Canada): Quaternary and Permo-Triassic stratigraphy brate fossils Hebrew University (Israel): FRACFLOW British Antarctic Survey: Long-term changes in the solar terrestrial environment Heidelberg University (Germany): GASPAL British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC): Marine environmental databases Heriot-Watt University: Geotechnical properties of tills in north-east Scotland; Use of Brunel University: Fault reactivation Ground Penetrating Radar in turbidite successions; Advanced seismic methods C A Diop University, Dakar (Senegal): GASPAL Hull University: Estuarine evolution; Adviser on Geochemistry Course Cambridge University: Stratigraphy of the Kendal district; Fracture modelling; INFRA-Instituto Technologico da Aeronautica-CTA (Brazil): ARGOSS Vapour transport in Triassic Sandstone; Volcanic hazard studies, Montserrat; Institute de la Tierra ‘Jaume Almera’, Barcelona (Spain): Uralides research Hydrothermal alteration and geochemical fluxes in young oceanic crust; Stable isotope dendroclimatology; Biostratigraphy and palaeolimnology of lake marls; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka (Bangladesh): Biostratigraphy palaeoecology and geochemistry of a Quaternary lacustrine sequence, ARGOSS Greece; Formation of clear facies basal ice at Alpine glaciers Imperial College (University of London): PhD supervision; Mine waste; Castellon University (Spain): Potentially toxic elements in aerosols in an urban Sediment-hosted gold mineralisation, SW Guizhou, PRC area Intermediate Technology Development Group, UK: Small-scale gold mining Catalunya Polytechnic University (Spain): PALAEAUX Intermediate Technology Zimbabwe: Small-scale gold mining Centre of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Tirana, Albania: Irish Marine Data Centre: Marine environmental databases Tectonic early warning system ITN-MPAT (Portugal): PALAEAUX Chiang Mai University (Thailand): Impact of landfill leachate on groundwater Karlsruhe University (Germany): FRACFLOW; Uralides research quality; ARGOSS Keele University: CASE studentship, geochemistry of the Central Scottish ☛ 62 Highlands; Palaeozoic Amalgamation of Central Europe; Hydrochemistry and weath- Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples: Aeolian Islands ering fluxes in an Icelandic sandur: TESZ research Oxford University: Stratigraphy of the Kimmeridge Clay, Dorset; Magnetic field in London (Kings College): Modelling of carbon flux, Malham Tarn, N Yorkshire; the Earth’s core; Copper and tin isotopes in geoarchaeology; Crustal melt granites of W Environmental proxies in Holocene sediments and speleothems, Malham Tarn; Stable Himalayas; H/D ratios in collagen; Exhumation of the Menderes Massif, W Anatolia; isotope characterisitics of calcite and its palaeoenviromnetal applications Metamorphism and melting, Karakoram Range, N Pakistan Kingston University (Canada): Dating of slates in SW England Oxford Brookes University: Surveying in the N Highlands; Structure of the Isle of Kingston University (UK): Visiting professor; Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction Man of Holocene environmental change, Mexico; Silicic magmatism in continental Pacific Institute of Geography, Vladivostok (Russia): Kamchatka hydrother- breakup; Ostracod shell chemistry in palaeoclimatic reconstruction mal areas Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut (KVI) Groningen: Environmental radioactivity Paris-Sud University (France): PALAEAUX Lampeter (University of Wales): Quaternary palynology of NE Scotland Petropavlovsk Institute of Volcanology (Russia): Kamchatka hydrothermal areas Lancaster University: Volcano monitoring; Examiner; Oxygen isotope analysis of Plymouth University: Engineering geological mapping; PhD supervision student; lacustrine diatoms Application of chemometrics to geochemical data; Uranium series nuclides Leeds University: MSc project supervision; Historical geomagnetic field data; Volcano Polish Academy of Sciences: TESZ research monitoring; Leaching behaviour of fly ash from incineration; Determination of 18O in Polish Geological Institute: Marine monitoring methods; TESZ research silicate and oxide phases by laser-assisted fluorination; Geomorphic, isotopic and sedimen- Portsmouth University: Silurian biostratigraphy in the Southern Uplands; tological signatures of glacier surging; Tectonic influence on magmatic evolution and alter- Tertiary of the Isle of Wight; Examiner ation of crustal and mantle rocks; External examiner Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (POL): Continental shelf transport Leicester University: Geophysical studies of E Midlands; Monazite in the Southern Queens University (Belfast): Shear zones in the Highlands; Movement of contam- Uplands; CASE studentship on Carboniferous sedimentology; Sedimentology and indus- inated groundwater; Professorship; Geophysical surveys, Grampian region trial minerals; Palaeozoic stratigraphy/biostratigraphy; Fine-scale petrophysical studies; Investigating faulting through modelling dipmeter data; Crustal structure; MSc projects; Queens University (Canada): The Lizard Complex Techniques to detect halobacteria and halobacteria DNA in salt deposits; Anabar Shield Reading University: Geophysical log correlations in the Upper Jurassic; Fracture anorthosite complex, Siberia; Geological controls on a new geochronometer: Sm-Nd and characterisation in the Chalk aquifer; Examiner MSc in Hydrogeology and hydro- U-Pb systematics of authigenic monazite; Diagenetic evolution of concretionary carbon- chemistry; MSc course teaching; Selenium in sedimentary environments; Atmospheric ates and sulphates in the Oxford Clay; Grenvillian eclogites, NW Scotland; Intrusive deposition of Pb, S and N in England and Wales activity at the Escondida and Zaldivar porphyry Cu deposits, Chile; Plume-related Rio Cuarto National University (Argentina): ARGOSS magmatism, Gobi Desert; Geochemistry of the deep crust beneath the Andes; Isotopic Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm (Sweden): ARGOSS characterisation of plume components; Palaeoproterozoic magmatism, SW Sweden; Royal Holloway (University of London): Quaternary of East Anglia; Isotope Petrogenesis of the Trans-Scandinavian Igneous Belt; Petrogenesis of dyke swarms, Nain studies, Borrowdale Volcanic Group; Lecturing; Hafnium characterisation of the Plutonic Suite, Labrador; Effect of chemical exchange on closure temperature in isotopic Icelandic plume source systems; Generation of primitive continental crust; Borehole research Russian Academy of Sciences: Stratigraphy/biostratigraphy Leiden University Rijksherbarium, Netherlands: Limestone resources St. Andrews University: Magnetic signatures of glaciogenic sequences; Sequence Lithuanian Institute of Geology: Marine monitoring methods stratigraphy, Lower Carboniferous; Sr isotopic ratio in apatite from Silurian Bentonites APPENDICES Liverpool John Moores University: Quaternary of Nithsdale of N Europe; ‘Torridonian’ Palaeogeographies in the N Atlantic region Liverpool University: Study of the Millstone Grit; Ordovician stratigraphy; Unst- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS): Sensitivities of cold water Fetlar Memoir; Guide to Glen Coe; Tertiary dykes of S Scotland and N England; corals and other large benthic fauna in relation to oil/gas activities W of Scotland Namurian sequence stratigraphy; Estuarine evolution and contamination; PhD Sheffield University: Tertiary sediments, London Basin; Stratigraphy of the Kendal supervision; Visiting professor; Regional palaeoclimate reconstruction, W Greenland; district; Biostratigraphy; Engineering geology and geotechnics; Induced Polarisation Tertiary dykes in the Southern Uplands Tomography; Non-aqueous phase liquids; Attenuation of organics in groundwater; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: Wastewater reuse, Mexico Organic contamination in the Sherwood Sandstone of the West Midlands; Climatic Loughborough University: Extraction technique for solid-phase partitioning of change and anthropogenic impact, central Mexico; Crop storage practices in the Greek trace metals in soils; Chemistry of aqueous leachate solutions of an Opalinus Marl Bronze age; Professorship; Lecturing; Hydrogeology course provider; PhD examiner sample; Ultra-high resolution hydro-climatic change, Eski Acigol, Turkey; Late Southampton University: Devonian biostratigraphy of Orkney; Zircon Quaternary palaeoclimates and paraeoenvironments, Turkey; Examiner geochronology and geochemistry of Zimbabwean Archaean granitoids; Zircon Maiduguri University, Borno State (Nigeria): GASPAL geochronology of a Precambrian megacrystic granite suite, Sierra Leone Makerere University, Kampala (Uganda): ARGOSS Surrey University (Robens Centre for Public and Environmental Health): Manchester University: Schiehallion (Sheet 55W) map and memoir; Mantle ARGOSS; Microbiological contaminants in groundwater sources of extreme isotopic heterogeneity, Sierra Leone; Enclave-host relations in Swansea (University of Wales): Strontium, oxygen and carbon isotopes in Late Scottish granitoids Quaternary biogenic carbonates, Wallywash Great Pond, Jamaica Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, Moscow: Tectonic TNO Netherlands Institute of Applied Geoscience (Nederlandse Organisatie early warning system voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek): Marine monitoring methods Moscow Institute of Physics of the Earth, (Russia): Uralides research Trinity College Dublin (Ireland): Kamchatka hydrothermal areas Nancy University (France): Developments in laser ablation analysis Tubingen University (Germany): Evaporite subsidence Natal University (South Africa): Engineering geology and geotechnical properties Turin University (Italy): GASPAL National Survey for Seismic Protection, Yerevan, Armenia: Tectonic early Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre (SURRC): Radiometric warning system dating of Midland Valley rocks Natural History Museum (London): Ordovician ostracodes in N Britain; Isotope Udine University (Italy): Uralides research variations in Sri Lankan land snail; Fossil vent fauna associated with volcanogenic Ukraine Academy of Science: Evaporite subsidence; Carboniferous massive sulphides, S Urals; Role of organic matter in the formation of the Lahoca- stratigraphy/biostratigraphy Recsk Cu-Au-S deposit; Fluid sources and interactions in high-sulphidation epither- United Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Moscow (Russia): Tectonic mal mineralisation, Bor, Yugoslavia early warning system Newcastle University: Evaporite subsidence; Estuarine evolution; Engineering geo- University College (London): Environmental change; Palaeohydrology in China; logical mapping Flow in low permeability rocks; Porosity development in aquifers; PhD supervisor Nottingham Trent University: Gypsum subsidence and karst; Engineering University College, Galway (Ireland): Rockall Trough behaviour of brickearth/loess; Visiting professor; MSc and MPhys student projects in University of Science and Technology (Ghana): ARGOSS environmental radioactivity; Risk assessment of contaminated soils; Course provider in Contaminated Land Management MSc Uppsala University (Sweden): Uralides research Nottingham University: Local history; InSAR data inputs and outputs, geological Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry, Moscow (Russia): Tectonic early and topographic survey, data, reporting; Visiting professor; Dissolution of zeolite warning system minerals; Indigenous tree species in tropical agroforestry systems; Mineralogy and geo- Wageningen University (Netherlands): Examiner chemistry of canal muds West Indies University: Landslide hazard Open University: Lithosphere generation in the South American mantle; PhD Wroclaw University (Poland): TESZ research supervision York University: Electrical tomography Oslo University (Norway): Uralides research Zaragoza University (Spain): Evaporite subsidence

63 Appendix 7 Business collaboration

COLLABORATION WITH UK AND INTER- • Petroleum Exploration Computer Consultants • Northamptonshire County Council NATIONAL INDUSTRIES • Petroleum Open Software Corporation (POSC) • Northumberland County Council • Plymouth Marine Laboratory • Nuclear Installations Inspectorate The BGS maintains a wide range of links with • Poseidon Geophysics (Pty) Ltd • Ordnance Survey industry. These involve co-funded projects, • Rail Link Engineering • Orkney Islands Council technology partnerships, strategic business • Royal Institute of British Architects • Perth and Kinross Council alliances and advisory groups. The following • Saga • Purbeck District Council include most of the companies who collabo- • Schlumberger Geco-Prakla • Scottish Environment Protection Agency rated: • Scottish Natural heritage • Scottish Natural Heritage • Shell • Scottish Office • ABEM Instrument (Sweden) • Shell UK Exploration and Production • Sheffield Hallam University • AEA Technology plc, Harwell • Southern Water • SOAEFD • Allied Associates Geophysical Ltd. • Sperry Sun Drilling Services • Welsh Office • Amerada Hess • Statens Kartverk (Norway) • Anglesey Mining PLC • Trinity House • ARK Geophysics • Thames Water Utilities International and foreign organisations • Associated British Ports • Western Geophysical • BBC • World Geoscience • ACSAD (Damascus) • BG plc • ANDRA (France) • BG Exploration and Production Ltd • Bagnoli SpA, Naples (Italy) • BG Technology plc CLIENT LIST • Commission of the European Community • Binnie, Black & Veatch • CSIRO, Marine Research Division (Australia) • BP Amoco UK Government organisations • Department of Mining and Petroleum, Papua • British Petroleum New Guinea • Aberystwyth University • British Antarctic Survey • European Union • Atomic Weapons Establishment • British Stone • Falklands Islands Government • Ayrshire Joint Structure • Building Research Establishment Ltd • Gandil Mining Co, Khartoum, Sudan • BBC TV • Centre for Environment, Fisheries and • Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong. • British Antarctic Survey Aquaculture Science • Hanson Aggregates Marine Ltd • British Council • CIRIA • Hong Kong Observatory • British Waterways • CMTC Environmental • IAGC Working Group in Water Rock Interaction • Calderdale District Council • Coal Authority • Irish Government Petroleum Affairs Department • Coal Authority • Conoco • Government of Botswana • Countryside Commission

APPENDICES • DEMAS dredging consultants bv • GRS (Germany) • Cumbria County Council • Defence Evaluation Research Agency • HMCT Ltd/Ulrich Lutat • Darlington District Council • Hosokawa Micron Ltd • English China Clays • Defence Evaluation and Research Agency • Hyundai Construction Co Ltd • Enterprise • Department of Economic Development, • IMC Mackay & Schnellmann • Esso Northern Ireland • International Atomic Energy Agency • Euroconsult (Holland) • Department of the Environment, Transport and • European Union Regions • Korea Institute of Geology, Mining and Materials • Exxon • – Building Regulations Division • Mevior S A (Greece) • Fugro-Geoteam • – Marine, Land and Liability Division • NAGRA (Switzerland) • GeoMentor, Athens • – Minerals and Waste Planning Division • Namibia Geological Survey • Geotek • – Radioactive Substances Divison • Namibia National Oil Corporation (NAMCOR) • Geoterrex • Department for International Development • Nuclear Energy Agency (France) • GROTA Hydrogeological Company, Lithuania • Department of Trade and Industry • Norwegian Crystallites • Halcrow Maritime • – Metals, minerals and Shipbuilding Directorate • Petroleum Affairs Department (Republic of • Historic Scotland • Diocese of Southwell Advisory Committee for the Ireland) • Hydraulics Research, Wallingford Care of Churches • Petroleum and Energy Division, Papua New • Hydrocarbon Management International • Dorset County Council Guinea • Hydrographic Office • Drinking Water Inspectorate • Philips Analytical • ICI • English Nature • PNC • ICI Chemicals & Polymers Ltd • Environment Agency • Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland • Informatic Management International • Essex County Council Planning • SCK/CNRS (Belgium) • Joint Stock Company Ecogeya, Moscow • European Union • Setsco Singapore • Joynes Pike and Associates Limited, Doncaster • Foreign and Commonwealth Office • SINTEF Civil and Environmental Engineering • Land Use Consultants • Forfar Council, Department of Roads (Norway) • Lasmo, Enterprise, Core Laboratories • Harrogate District Council • SKB • London Underground Ltd • Health and Safety Executive • South Pacific Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) • Marathon Oil • Historic Scotland • Suriname University • Marine Information Service, The Netherlands • Hydrographic Office • Terralogica AB (Sweden) • Marconi Electronic Systems Ltd • London Borough of Hounslow • UNESCO • Matra Marconi Space • London Underground • UNICEF • National Radiological Protection Board • Maldon District Council • UN Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty • National Remote Sensing Centre Ltd. • Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Organisation • Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Bodenforschung • Ministry of Defence • US Navy (Germany) • National Grid • USGS • Norwegian University of Science and Technology • Newcastle University • US Environmental Protection Agency ☛ 64 • World Bank • Enterprise UK Ltd. • PGS • World Health Organization • Envirotreat • Philips Analytical • Erindale Products Ltd • Phillips Petroleum • Esso Exploration and Production UK • Pinnacle Consulting Engineers Industry • Exploration Associates • Portsmouth Water • Falkland Islands Government • Powergen • Adam Bench Architects • Fife Silica Sands Ltd • Preussag • AEA Technology Plc • Fina • Quaternary TL Surveys • AGIP • Fina Exploration • Rackwood Colliery • Agip UK • Fordamin Minerals • Ranger Oil • Alan Wahlers (Architect) • Fosroc International Ltd • RedRock Associates Ltd • Amerada Hess • Foster Yeoman Quarries • Rio Tinto Technology Development Ltd • Amerada Hess UK • Fugro • Roseward • Amoco • Fugro-Geoteam • Roxburgh & Partners • Amoco (UK) Exploration • Fugro UK Ltd • Rugby Cement • Anglian Water • GEM Services Ltd • Rutter Johnson Partnership • Anglian Water Services Ltd • GeoExploration (Italy) • RWE-DEA • Aoki Soletanche • Geophysical Services International (UK) Ltd • Saga Petroleum ASA • ARC Central • Geoscience • Saudi Arabian Oil Company • Arco • Gibb Ltd • Schlumberger • ARCO International • Golder Associates • Schlumberger Geco-Prakla • Aspen Burrow Crocker Ltd • Grundon • Scot Wilson Railways • Baker Hughes INTEQ • GU Projects • Scott Wilson Pavement Engineering Ltd, • Bass Brewers Ltd • H B Boring & Co Ltd • Scottish Coal • BEB • Halcrow Waterman • Scottish Hydro-Electric plc • Belinda Eade Studios • Halliburton Energy Services • Scottish Nuclear Ltd • BG Exploration and Production Ltd • Harper Collins Publishers Ltd • Scottish Power • BG plc • HMC Technology • Severn Trent Water • BGS Rockall Consortium • Ifipco (Greece) • Shaw Whitmore Fyffe • Block Stone Ltd • Industrial Minerals • Shell • Bolehill Quarry • International Mining Consultants Ltd (IMCL) • Shell Exploration and Production •BP • International Petroleum Corporation • Shell Norway • BP/Amoco • Irish Petroleum Infrastructure Programme • Shell Research Ltd • BPB • Irongate Ventures Ltd • Shell UK APPENDICES • BPB Gypsum • J F Stephen (architects) Angus • Silver & Baryte Ores Mining Co • BP/Conoco • J R Marble • SOCAR • BP Exploration • Janus Design Consultants • Soil Mechanics • Bridgewater Paper Company • Jersey Public Services dept • Solmek Ltd • Bristol Water • Joynes Pike & Associates (JPA) Ltd • Southern Water • British Borneo • Kerr McGee Oil and Gas • Sperry Sun Drilling Services • British Gypsum Ltd,. • Kirkstone Quarries Ltd • SRS Ltd • British Nuclear Fuels plc • Lafarge Redland Aggregates Ltd • Statoil • Britsurvey • Landmark • Statoil Exploration UK • Cadwraeth Cymru • Lasmo plc • Steffen, Robertson and Kirsten • Cadwyn Leader II • Linford-Bridgeman Limited • Stone Brokers • Camborne School of Mines • Lundin Oil AB • Subsurface Midlands • Cambridge Minerals Ltd • Maersk Drilling • Sutton and East Surrey Water • Campbell & Arnott Ltd, Leith • Magnox Electric plc • Svedala Ltd • Chevron • MAI • Sysdrill • City Analytical Services plc • Mandoval Ltd • Talisman • Cleveland Potash • Mercia • Talisman Energy • Conoco • Metal Bulletin plc • Tarmac Roadstone • Conoco UK • Mid-Kent Water • Teikoku Oil Co • Crediton Minerals Ltd • Mineral Solutions Ltd • Terradat (UK) Ltd • Cuthbertson Environmental Ltd • MMD • Texaco • D Tydesley Associates • Mobil • Thames Water • Dames & Moore • Mobil North Sea • Thermal Syndicate Ltd • Delta Civil Engineering Co Ltd • Mott McDonald • Tilcon Ltd, Buxton • Deminex • Mount Terri Consortium • Total • Deminex UK Oil and Gas • MRDA Architects and Conservation Consultants • Total Oil Marine plc • Desire Petroleum • Murphy Petroleum • UK Water Industry Research Ltd • Devonport Management Ltd • NAM (Nederlandse Aardoliemaatschappij) • Ultra Electronics (Magnetics Division) • Doyle Partnership • National Grid Company • Union Texas • Druck • National Power • United Utilities • Dunelm Drilling Ltd • Nicholls and Baxter • Veritas • Dynamic Earth • Nirex • Wardell Armstrong • EA Technology • Norsk Hydro ASA • Water Management Consultants • East Coast Slag Products Ltd • Norske Conoco • Water Research Centre • East Midlands Electricity • Norwest Holst Soil Engineering Ltd • Waterman BBT • Edinburgh Petroleum Services • Nuclear Electric plc • Wessex Water •Elf • Nuclear Installations Inspectorate • West Lakes Research Institute • Elf Enterprise Caledonia • Onyx UK Ltd • W-H Energy Services • Elf Exploration UK • Oryx • Whitbread • Ellis Williams Architects • Palace Riding School, Hamilton • Yorkshire Water plc • Enterprise Oil • Petroleum Development Oman • Zenith Projects

65 Appendix 8 Committees

• AAPG International Conference 1999 Birmingham: Organising • International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Committee and Field Trip (Chairman) Interior: various Working Groups • Association of Geoscientists for International Development: Secretary • International Consultative Group on Non-Ferrous Metal Statistics General • International Council for Exploration of the Sea: Working Group • Atomic Spectrometry Updates: Editorial Board of Journal of Analytical • • International Geological Correlation Programme (UNESCO/IUGS): Atomic Spectrometry Project No. 418, The Kibaran of South-west Africa • British Micropalaeontological Society • International Standards Organisation Technical Committee TC 202 • Camborne School of Mines Industrial Geology Liaison Panel • International Strategic Minerals Issues • CBI Minerals Committee • International Subcommissions on: Carboniferous Stratigraphy; Jurassic • CIRIA Steering Group for remediation of VOC contamination. Stratigraphy; Triassic Stratigraphy • Cogeoenvironment: Corresponding Fellow • International Working Group on Urban Geology • Commission for the Geological map of the World: UK Representative • IUGS Working Group on Global Geochemical baselines: Co- • Cooperating Countries Advisory Group, CCOP: Chairman Chairman • Cooperation in Science and Technology Action 2000: Karst vulnerabil- • Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site Committee ity; International boundaries • Mining Association of the United Kingdom • Devonshire Association • Midlands Microanalysis Users Group: Chairman • Dorset Coast Forum • Mineralogical Society: Trustees; Applied Mineralogy Group; Clay • DTI committee on setting criteria for sustainable development—Waste Minerals Group, Chairman and Committee • East Midlands Geological Society: Council • Mineral Industries Research Organisation: Council, Research Executive • Edinburgh Geological Society: Excursion Secretary; Treasurer ; • Nansen Arctic Drilling Publications Committee Chairman and Member • National Stone Centre, Council • Environment Council: Councillor • NERC Coordinating Group on Environmental Radioactivity • Environmental and Engineering Geophysics Society (Europe): Board • NERC Steering Committees: Airborne Remote Sensing Facility: Member and UK National Representative Environmental Diagnostics; Equipment Pool for Field Spectroscopy; Micro • Environmental Diagnostics: Steering Group to Macro; Radiocarbon Facilities • Environmental Research Institute of Michigan’s Applied Geologic • NERC–MRC liaison on Environmental Geochemistry and Health initiatives Remote Sensing Conference Series: Member of Executive Committee • North Pennines Heritage Trust: Trustee and Director • EPSRC Steering Committee for Waste and Pollution Management • Nuclear Energy Agency of the OECD: Working Group on measurement • EuroGeoSurveys: Mineral Resources Topic Network; Urban Geology and understanding of groundwater circulation in clay formations Topic Network; Remote Sensing Topic Network, Technical Secretary • Ocean Drilling Programme: Technical Committee (Chairman); UK APPENDICES • European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics: Steering Committee Editor-in-Chief, Editorial Board • Oersted: International Science Team; Science Advisory Committee • European Marine Sand and Gravel Group • OST Natural Resources and Environment Foresight Challenge Panel. • European Seismological Commission: various Working Groups • Palaeontographical Society • Extractive Industry Geology 2000: Organising Committee • Palaeontological Association • Fife Biodiversity Group • Parliamentary Minerals Group • FOREGS Task Group on Geochemical Inventory of Europe: UK • Quarterly Jounral of Engineering Geology: Assistant Scientiﬁc Editor Representative (Hydrogeology) • Forth Estuary Forum • Quaternary Research Association • Geological Society of London: Borehole Research Group, Treasurer; • RIGS Groups: Fife, Chairman; Tayside; Lothian and Borders, • Conservation Commission Member; Environmental Group, Chairman; Chairman; Northumberland, Co-ordinator Environmental & Industrial Geophysics Group; Geological Remote Sensing • Royal Astronomical Society: Vice President and Council Group, Chairman; Hydrogeological Group; Marine Studies Group, • Royal Society of Edinburgh: Executive Editor Secretary; Petroleum Group, Secretary; Publications Committee; • Russell Society: President Stratigraphy Commission; Working Group on Women in Geology • Scot Lis Council • Geological Society/Quaternary Research Association Joint Association • Scottish Journal of Geology: Editorial Board for Quaternary Research • Society for Underwater Technology: Offshore Site Investigation and • Geoscience 2000: Convenors Geotechnics Committee, Secretary; Education and Training Committee; • History Scotland Scottish Stone Liaison Committee Research and Technology Policy Committee • IEH, Leicester University: Steering Group on Environmental sampling • Standing Committee of Analysts: Panel 6.3 Pesticides after a chemical accident • Technical Advisory Group (SOPAC): Chairman • Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Applied Earth Science: Editoral • Third Expert Group on Cryptosporidium in Water Supplies (Bouchier Board committee): Groundwater Subcommittee • Inter-Governmental Coordinating Committee for Coastal and • UK Groundwater Forum: Secretariat Offshore Programmes in East and South East Asia (CCOP): UK • UK Minerals ‘98: Organising committee Representative • URGENT: Data Management and Quality Assurance Committee; • International Association of Geoanalysts: Executive committee Steering Group • International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy: Executive • US–Japanese Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Committee and various Working Groups Reﬂectance Radiometer: Science Team • International Association of Hydrogeologists Commission on • Ussher Society Groundwater Protection • Yorkshire Geological Society: Council Members, Editorial Board

66 Appendix 9 Core Strategic Programme Achievements

At its meeting on 18 May 1999 the BGS Board was • 800 new borehole logs added to London • Durham University presented with a review of the 1998/99 Core Strategic database. – CASE studentship on the lower crustal Programme; a summary of its achievements follows: rocks of the Lizard Complex. Digital Mapping Development – Dr C H Emeleus has completed a draft of the Tertiary Regional Guide. ONSHORE AND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS • DMCS – Prototype digital map compilation – Dr B Turner has submitted a report on the system trialled in eight project areas by Land Stublick fault zone. A1 — Multidisciplinary Regional Surveys Survey geologists; 18 10K maps at proof – Dr H Armstrong is working on the conodont stage, 12 ongoing. biostratigraphy of the Crawford Group. • 4593 km2 resurveyed and revised. • Microstation Field entry mapping system - • East Anglia University – Dr M Hounslow has • 150 1:10 000 standards (of which 4 are report on field trials completed; general submitted a report on the magnetostratigra- digital) approved for release. reaction unfavourable. phy of the Permo-Trias rocks of Devon. A • 59 technical reports written. • Development of prototype system for delimit- second project will commence in May. • 17 1:50 000 sheet delivered to the Drawing Office. ing areas of possible undermining from • Edinburgh University • 2 memoirs approved by Director; 2 with editors. borehole data. – Dr A M Hall has submitted a contribution • The first 2 sheet explanations approved by • Version 1 of Section Database completed. to the NE Quaternary memoir. Director. • Automated enquiry answering service (ALGI) – Dr G Fitton has made a preliminary inter • 15 boreholes drilled by BGS rig, with a total functional and operating for Bristol and pretation of the geochemistry of lavas in length drilled of 628 m. London areas (in conjunction with commer- the Southern Uplands. cial ALGI project). – Dr E Clarkson is preparing a final report Co-funded Projects on S. Uplands biostratigraphy. A3 — Database Support – Dr S Rigby has completed initial work on • All draft maps and the report for the Afon Teifi biostratigraphy of S. Uplands. area of west Wales sent to the consortia of local Database and Computing Support • Glasgow University – Dr G Tanner has

authorities for approval; Pembrokeshire CC submitted all of the maps and an explanatory APPENDICES have approved. • Glasgow Project – Data transfer protocol report for the Highland Border Complex. • Preliminary draft text completed for Precambrian developed for Earthvision to Mapinfo. • Kingston University (Canada) – Prof A Clark is GCR volume and sent to JNCC by March 1 • Updates to FOSSLOCS, GSE and Field Ar/Ar dating slates from SW England. deadline. Notebooks databases. • Leicester University • Carboniferous-Permian Igneous GCR volume • Programme developed for generating generic – Dr I Hill has completed his geophysical work ongoing. geological reports for enquiries etc. interpretations of the Charnian/Triassic • Dalradian GCR volume contract awarded by • Work to build an ArcView-based graphic log unconformity and is currently drafting a JNCC. generator from corporate borehole logs. paper. • Mull booklet text and figures submitted to • Support for Land Survey through Help Desk – Dr J Zalasiewicz is studying authigenic SNH for publication. and awareness sessions. monazite nodules in S. Uplands. • Liverpool University A2 — Continuous Revision Onshore Geological Surveys University Contracts – PhD project on the Millstone Grit of northern England making progress. Data Acquisition and Map Revision, Scotland • Aberystwyth University – Dr P Brenchley is to investigate Ashgill and Northern England – Dr R Whittington is to investigate the glacio-regressive sequences. Quaternary fill of the Teifi estuary. – Dr D Flinn is making progress with the • 170m of core from BGS boreholes examined, – Dr M Hambrey is studying Quaternary Unst-Fetlar sheet memoir. 45 commercial boreholes examined and data glacial facies in West Wales. – Dr Kokelaar has delivered the revised draft incorporated in correction copies. – Dr R Cave has begun reconnaissance of the guide to Glen Coe. • 80 new ‘correction copy 10K and 25K maps mapping of the Welshpool sheet. – Dr P Dagley is making progress with the registered. • Anglia Polytechnic University, Cambridge – Dr study of Tertiary dykes. • Information gathered from 20 temporary P Hoare is analysing Pleistocene deposits in • Oxford Brookes – Dr R Strachan has sections added to Correction Copy map set. Norfolk. completed on schedule sheet 108E (Loch • 2300 mine entries digitised from BGS published • Australian National University (Canberra) – Naver) and is progressing with sheet 108E maps and incorporated in shafts database. Prof D H Green is SHRIMP dating rocks (Kildonan). • 5500 records from former or active quarries from the Lizard Complex. • Portsmouth University – Dr D Loydell is captured and entered in Access database. • Birkbeck College – Dr B Roberts has making satisfactory progress with the submitted a draft isocryst map for the Llandovery biostratigraphy of the Southern Data Acquisition and Map Revision, Central Cardigan (193) and Llangranog (194) 1:50k Uplands. England and Wales sheets. • Queens University (Belfast) – Dr G Leslie has • Birmingham University – Dr P E Turner submitted a report on shear zones in the • Yorkshire coalfield work continues; two 1:10 000 completed a preliminary palaeomagnetic Highlands. standards approved for complex opencasted areas investigation of the Precambrian/Cambrian • Royal Holloway, University of London of Barnsley district. unconformity in Leicestershire. – Prof J Rose has completed several papers • Brighton University on the provenance of Pleistocene sands and Data Acquisition and Map Revision, Southern – Dr C Whiteman is drafting a paper on the gravels in East Anglia. and Eastern England provenance of tills in Norfolk. – Dr M Thirlwall has completed on schedule – Prof R Mortimore’s chalk database is well isotopic work on the Borrowdale Volcanic • Revision of N London 10K maps complete. advanced. Group. ☛ 67 APPENDICES Interpretation ofboreholeimagesandlogs • ODP Research Limitedprogressduetonon-availabilityof • Refraction Studies WorldGeosciencehashadconsiderablediffi- • HiRES-1:thesurveyhasbeensuccessfully • Environmental Survey(HiRES) High ResolutionAirborneResourceand Infrastructure:thegrouphasbeenupgraded • ARARAT:majorupgradeswerecompletedto • Gravmag:aprototypeofcompletelynew • Wellog:3Dvisualisationoflogsandcoresvia • Gmod/Bmod:Integrationofthe3Dgrav/mag • Geophysical ComputingSupportandDevelopment NBstudy:internalreviewoftheCDwas • SSNEstudy:majoreffortwentintofurther • Publications:apaperonthecrustalmagnetic • SSEstudy:aregionalstructuralmodelwas • Regional CrustalStructure A5 —RegionalGeophysicalSurveys St.AndrewsUniversity–DrJWaldenhas • • 68 final datasetsarestillawaitedfromODP. from theODPleg176hascontinued but the higher priority. (HiRES) whichwasconsideredtobeofmuch year andtheallocationtransferredto77BE key staff.Theprojectwasclosedduringthe considerable success(additionaldeliverable). commenced manualremovalofnoisewith removal fromthemagneticdatabutBGShas culty applyingautomatedculturalnoise 200x70 kmareaoftheEnglishmidlands. magnetic, VLFandradiometricdataovera completed comprising50,000kmof to NT. provide arobustprogram. modelling andintegrationwithseismicdata. improve functionalityforwhole-crust version ofGravmaghasbeendevelopedto a webinterfacewasdeveloped. continued atARKgeophysics. modelling programsintoARKfieldhas completed. pletion (800HTMLand2000imagefiles). of theresultsbringingCDtonearcom- development ofthemodelsandpresentation papers (onepublishedandoneinpress). and contributionsweremadetotwofurther structure ofnorthernEnglandwasaccepted completed. basement and3Dgravitystrippingwas developed ofthecoversequencetoVariscan of glacigenicsequences. submitted areportonthemagneticsignatures DrJSoperhascompletedworkonthe – DrDJolley’spalynologicalstudyofthe – Sheffield University Kendal sheetonschedule. Basin iswelladvanced. Middle EocenesedimentsoftheLondon Sitesurvey workfor11shallowdrillingsites • Furtherprocessingoftheseismicdatafrom • TheRockallConsortiumhasagreedto • Rockall Consortium 1:250000St.George’sChannelsolidgeology • 1:250000Guernseysolidgeologymapin • 1:250000ShetlandQuaternarymapin • 1:250000ShetlandSeaBedSedimentsmap • Offshore MapProduction B1 —OffshoreSurveys Monitoring Hydrocarbons, OffshoreSurveysandGeophysical Gravityandmagneticcompilationsofthe • PACE Network Integratedmodellingcontinuedofseismic • URO Network AprototypeIntranetfront-endtothegeophysi- • NorthSeaandNEAtlanticaeromagneticdata • BGSmarinegravityandmost • Developmentofthestructureoverseas Loadingofdigitallocalsurveydatacontinued. • • Twomapsinthe1:1MUTMserieswere • Management National GeophysicalMappingandData 1999. waters. Drillinghasbeenpostponeduntil has beencompletedinUK,Faroeseand Irish consortium members. hardcopy profiledatahasbeendistributed to been completedbyCGG.Finaldigital and standard processingoflongoffsetdatahas College andCambridgeUniversity.Initial continuing withresearchgroupsatImperial undertaken andadditionalprocessingworkis the twoshipseismicexperimentisbeing continue itssponsorshipforafurtheryear. map initialcompilationachieved. Drawing Office. Drawing Office. published. of thesouthernNorthSeabasement. integrated gravity-magnetic-seismicmodelling on interpretingseismicdatainpreparationfor EUROPROBE conferences.Workcommenced have beenpresentedatPACEand derived fieldsanddepth-to-source.Theresults upgraded andmapspreparedoffiltered Trans EuropeanSutureZonehavebeen at UROandEUROPROBEconferences. have beenpreparedandtheresultspresented around theSG4super-deepborehole.Papers lines inthesouthernandcentralUrals cal databaseswasdevelopedandimplemented. databases. were coconvertedandloadedintothenew to thenewdatabases. magnetic datawereconvertedandloadedin databases wascompleted. Britain). prepared (magnetic,NorthSeaandSouthern 3paperpresented atthefinalLOEPSconference. • 2BGSTechnicalreportsonthegeochemistry • 4externalpublishedpapersontheevolution • Coastal andEstuarineEvolutionProject B2 —CoastalGeology 3Reportsproduced. • Laboratoryproceduresforuseofnon-destruc- • WorkPackage2developedontooldevelop- • HYACE GeologicalSocietySpecialPublicationproduced. • Bidprepared forsubmissiontoMASTIII Workshop onGASHydratesheldinGhent. • EUconcerted actionprojectwascompleted. • • CORSAIRES BGSstaffparticipatedincruisesandworkshops; • ENAM II Drilling support providedoffE.Greenland • Thetrials oftheNERC/BRIDGEdrillwere • Refurbishment anddevelopmentof • Marine OperationalCapability Staffprovidedthegeologicalinputto • Astudyofsmallenigmatic,biologicalor • Aseabedtemperatureprobehasbeen • Animageoftheseabedforeasternflank • Arevisedandupdatedbibliographyhasbeen • TheWesternFrontierAssociationhasagreed • Western FrontiersAssociation Asmallhigh-resolutionseismicsurveyhas • England coastallowlands. and sedimentpropertiesoftheeastern of theEnglishEastcoast. tive X-raysdeveloped. ment andcharacteristicsofgashydrates. programme. a numberofpublicationsareinpreparation. for DanishLithosphericInstitute. Indian Ocean. cores wereobtainedfromtheAtlantisBank, completely successfulandavaluablesuiteof Frontiers Associationhascontinued. Rockall ConsortiumandtheWestern equipment tosupportoperationsforthe (AMES) andprovidedareport. Atlantic MarginEnvironmentalStudy Channel hasbeencompleted. seepage moundsintheFaeroe–Shetland hydrate formationanddistribution. gather datatoimprovethemodellingof developed andtested.Thiswillbeusedto exploration seismicdata. prepared usingthefirstsignalreturnfrom3D of theFaeroe–ShetlandChannelhasbeen produced. further twoyears(March2001). to continuesupportingtheprogrammefora Basalt. pre-Cenozoic sedimentsthroughwindowsin been carriedoutoverHattonBankrevealing ☛ • UK estuaries database commenced. • Three new starts are expected in 1999-2000, • Remote calibration of strong motion instru- focussing on parts of the Silurian, ments. Nearshore Zone Strategic Survey Carboniferous and Cretaceous systems. • Field testing of environmental monitoring of ozone and radon. • Analysis of Portland-St Catherine’s and St Subsurface Mapping Onshore UK 3D Project • Field testing of seismic data acquisition system Catherine’s-Shoreham sectors completed; with QNX multi-tasking PC operating system. reports published, maps digitised and workshop This project involves data collation and geological held. Project co-funded with DETR and interpretation from seismic & boreholes on the UK Seismicity and Hazard Assessment MAFF. A CD-ROM was delivered to DETR. onshore (England & Wales). It has several components described below. • Ninth Annual Monitoring Report (1997/98) B3 — Petroleum Geology published in June 1998. • Stratigraphic surfaces database. This is an • 1997 UK Earthquake Bulletin published in Regional Interpretation and Revision essential requirement for the building and April 1998. updating of maps of stratigraphic surfaces and • Monthly seismic event bulletins published 6 • Work on the seismic stratigraphic nomencla- intervals. Data on the depth and one way travel weeks in arrears. ture of the Neogene of the North West time (where available) to stratigraphic surfaces are • Immediate dispatch of felt event reports by fax. Margin has been completed and the final recorded, together with information on the • Reports on seismicity of offshore NW volume has been printed. nature of that surface. Information from all sig- Scotland and the Aviemore area completed. nificant boreholes, both onshore and offshore are • 180 earthquakes located during the 12-month Database included. Work in the past 6 months has con- period from April 1998 (22 felt). centrated on entering new data. Some of this • Searchable catalogue of archive seismic • Maintenance and development of petroleum data was related to t the Coal Atlas Project, but bulletin collection now available on-line. and offshore databases continues with increas- data entry was also targeted at achieving a broad • Macroseismic surveys for Jura, North Wales ing amounts of commercial well and seismic coverage across the UK. Almost 50% of wells and Arran earthquakes. data becoming available. greater than 1000m are now entered in grid • Maintenance of the core and sample archive squares other than SK. Some offshore data asso- Multi Component Seismics continues including the transfer of offshore ciated with the Saline Aquifers CO2 storage core from Keyworth to consolidate the project was also entered. • Analysis of multicomponent sea-bed datasets. offshore archive at one location in Edinburgh • Cheshire-Staffs subsurface mapping. This is • Application of innovative sub-basaltic and to provide space at Keyworth for land the third study in a series of memoirs describ- imaging techniques. core being transferred from the DTI store. ing the subsurface geology of large areas of the • AVD processing using vertical cable, sea-bed

• Data continues to be received and curated UK onshore area, concentrating on the pre- seismics and walkaway VSPs applied to data APPENDICES from the Hydrographic Office. Mesozoic succession. Much effort has gone from the marine environment. • Development of a fully geologically attributed into completing this memoir. In contrast to • Demonstration of the ability to reprocess schema for spatial data in a GIS system has earlier regional subsurface memoirs this area vintage 2-D and 3-D datasets to estimate frac- been completed. has a geology which was previously little turing in chalk fields. • A GIS-based enquiry system has been known or understood. Work is carried out • Transfer of software to ProMax for use by co- developed along with data structures to allow principally by two members of staff. funding sponsors. on-line access to all offshore data. • Atlas of subsurface structures. This is intended as a definitive publication on major Core Geomagnetism Palaeogeographic Maps structures in the UK, integrating surface and subsurface observations to explain the devel- • GAUSS magnetic observatory systems • Seismic mapping and potential field studies of the opment of the structures and relationship to improving data quality. Ymir Ridge/ SW Faeroes and seismic mapping of the stratigraphic development of different • Quarterly service visits to the UK observato- the Mid North Sea High have been completed parts of the UK. Much new seismic data has ries carried out to schedule. and two external publications are in press. been obtained by the group in the previous 6 • Automatic daily updating of the GIFS and • Preparation of North East Atlantic map series, months and this has led to a review of the INTERMAGNET on-line databases 7 days a commencing with Igneous rock distribution. seismic data previously chosen to illustrate week. structures and a reassessment of which struc- • UK observatory data sent weekly to the inter- High Resolution Correlation tures should be included in the Atlas. national agencies computing magnetic activity indices. • A compilation of information relating to the type Carboniferous Heavy Mineral Stratigraphy • UK magnetic observatory data used in Ludlow Series (Upper Silurian) was published on support of drilling 31 wells in 12 UK oilfields. the BGS website in January 1999. The compila- • The project has achieved detailed lithostratigra- • Monthly bulletins for the UK magnetic obser- tion comprises 58 PDF files, including 266 pages phy for the Westphalian in the East Pennine vatories published within 7 days of month end. of text, 11 tables and 20 figures, all provided Basin, and the Namurian in the Widmerpool • 1998 revision of the BGS Global with hypertext links to enable the user to Gulf. Mineralogical data and SHRIMP (zircon Geomagnetic Model issued in May 1998. navigate through it. Aspects covered include dating) has identified the main hinterlands and • 15 repeat stations occupied in the UK chronostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, lithostratig- sediment dispersal systems that contributed Magnetic Survey network. raphy, geochronology, bentonites, carbon isotope detritus to different parts of the Pennine Basin. • UK regional main field model for 1998.5 to stratigraphy and important sections. A holostrati- The programme has delivered responsively in 2001.5 produced in April 1999. graphic chart attempts to bring together different assisting 1:50000 sheet mapping projects. data sets used in correlation, and to show the relationship between them. The Ludlow study is B4 — Geophysical Monitoring and Forecasting MINERALS AND GEOCHEMICAL SURVEYS a pilot study, leading the way to an interactive presentation of stratigraphic information on the Applied Seismology and Associated Engineering C1 — Geochemical Surveys BGS website. • A number of other chronostratigraphical • The 141 UK seismic stations are on a rapid- Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment divisions are the subject of ongoing study. access on-line system. (G-BASE) Their current status and expected publication • New strong motion instruments installed in dates are indicated in the accompanying table. Leeds and Moray. • Regional geochemistry of parts of North-west ☛ 69 APPENDICES MethoddevelopmentinXRF. Methodsforthe • DevelopanalyticalcapabilitiesofMS-MC- • Utiliseenhancedcapabilitiesofupgraded • Geochemistry Development ofCapabilityinAnalytical Preliminarycompilationandinterpretationof • CompletionofUKcomponentthe • PresentationsonG-BASEmethodsandcurrent • IncorporationofG-BASEdataandmethod- • Threescientificpapersacceptedforpublica- • Completionofcomputer-generatedgeochem- • Systematicgeochemicalsamplingoveranarea • Completionofchemicalanalysisstream • Completeddraftingofgeochemicalimagesfor • 70 evaluated andareportisinpreparation. Invited polarised XRFspectrometryhavebeen cal andalliedmaterialsbyenergydispersive rapid determinationof53elementsin geologi- Doctoral FellowshipofDrAnaBoixto EU. part offinalreportMarieCuriePost- 1999; publicationsinpreparation.Formed on PlasmaSpectrometry,France,January presented for(i)and(ii)WinterConference tracers inbiologicalmaterials.Results isotope finger-printingand(ii)stable ICP-MS inareasof(i)environmentalPb in EuropeanJournalofMineralogy. Strasbourg, April1999;onepaperpublished (iii) PresentationatEUGConference, January 1999;publicationsinpreparation. Conference onPlasmaSpectrometry,France, Durham, September1998andWinter on PlasmaSourceMassSpectrometry, Presentations at6thInternationalConference mission toananalyticaljournal.(ii) Biology andanotherinpreparationforsub- 1999. OnepaperpublishedinJournalofFish on PlasmaSpectrometry,France,January Norway, July1998andWinterConference (i)Presentations atFishOtolithSymposium, air ilters;and(iii)lowsalinityfluidinclusions. ICP-MS intheanalysisof(i)fishotoliths;(ii) further developmentofthematicproducts. and assimilationofdataintoaformatforthe urban geochemicaldataforStokeonTrent methodologies. sampling manual,largelybasedonG-BASE exercise andpublicationoftheFOREGSfield FOREGS globalreferencenetworksampling developments atthreeinternationalmeetings. URGENT programme. missioned projectswithintheNERC ologies (includingprojectstaff)intotwocom- two paperssubmittedforpublication. tion inpeer-reviewedjournalsandafurther regional hydrogeochemicalatlasofWales. ical imageryanddraftofthetextfor and Peterborough. soils samplesfromurbansurveysofCorby stream waterand2200soilsamples,413 collection of1366streamsediment,1223 of 5000km chemical atlas. the forthcomingHumberTrentregionalgeo- sediment, streamwaterandsoilsamplesfor Midlands andinitiateddraftingoftext. regional geochemistryofWalesandtheWest officially launched. England andNorthWales,Published 2 of theEastMidlands,with Twoauthoritative reviewson “Environmental • Additional achievements PhysiologicallyBasedExtractionTest(PBET) • SupervisionofPhDstudents • Effectoffiltrationonmetalspeciationfrom • Robustmethodsfortheanalysisoftoxicmetals • Analysis” and“AtomicEmission environmental distributionofsulphurisotopes. for Pb.Thisprojectreplacesresearchinto the USEPA foracceptanceasastandardprocedure methodology isundergoingtestingbythe reference materialsandsoilsamples.This workshops andinitialtestsperformedusing water bathhasbeenconstructedbytheBGS visit athermostaticallycontrolledtumbling Technical ReportWC/99/8R).Followingthis discuss itsapplicationandvalidation(BGS improvements inthePBETmethodologyand Colorado inFebruary1999tolearnof elements. AvisitwasmadetoUniversityof bio-digestion toindicatebioavailabilityoftoxic EmilyUnsworth,PlymouthUniversity – AnaMarcos,PlymouthUniversity(Start – KevinSeed,Reading University(Startdate – thesis report(LoughboroughUniversity). from claymaterialsandwrittenupasaMSc the chemicalcompositionofaqueousleachates from anumberofdifferentmanufacturers,on made oftheeffectdifferentfiltrationmedia, sequential leachingschemes.Astudyhasbeen intermediate oxidationstep. mercury inorganicmatrices,usingasimple between inorganicandorganicformsof extended toincludeacapabilityspeciate technique ofatomicfluorescencehasbeen evaluated andadraftreportcompleted.The tion andmeasurementtechniqueshavebeen chromium hasbeencompleted.Severalextrac- methods forthedeterminationofhexavalent mission forpublication.Aliteraturesearchon has beenproducedandapaperisreadyforsub- MSc thesisreport(LoughboroughUniversity) leaching andchemometricdataprocessing.A and sedimentsusingacombinationofsample phase speciationofmetalsinpore-waters,soils developing newwaysofstudyingthesolid in leachates.Anongoingprogrammeofworkis NiO, CuO,ZnOandPbO. fused beadoxideshasbeenextendedtoinclude February 1999.Theroutineprogrammefor by XRFSgiveninMelbourne,Australia, lecture andworkshopongeochemicalanalysis uranium seriesnuclidesinnaturalwaters”. and modellingoflowconcentrations (Start dateJanuary1998).“Measurement France, January1999. Conference onPlasmaSpectrometry, Symposium, Bath,July1998andWinter Biennial NationalAtomicSpectrometry Atomic Emission”.Workpresentedat9th geochemical dataobtainedfromICP chemometrics toimprovethequalityof date November1997).“Theapplicationof SEGH, Glasgow,March1999. 1998 and17thEuropeanConferenceofthe and GeologicalSociety,London,October at GeochemistryGroupoftheMineralogical sedimentary environments”.Workpresented October 1997).“Speciationofseleniumin ProjectWebpageshavebeendesignedto • Experimentcarriedoutusingastandard • Actedasrapporteurforprojectco-ordination • Datausedtoprovidesupportingevidencefor • Data reportedtoprojectco-ordinatorfora • International EnvironmentalMonitoring Ademonstration GIS,basedonLakeDistrict • Thenew indoorradondata,plusamajorlocal • Significantnewindoorradondatasetswere • LiverpoolBayradonandgammadosemaps • (NERS) Natural EnvironmentalRadioactivitySurvey Twoposterpresentationsat9thBiennial • Threeinvitedlecturesat:(a)9thBiennial • accuracy andprecision. samples designedtoassessinterlaboratory wide selectionofelementsfromfourrounds (Future progresswilldependonexchange of show allparticipantsandaimsofproject. co-ordinator. Warsaw anddatasubmittedtoproject data protocol foraquaregiadigestionagreed in written anddistributed. Minutes ofWarsawco-ordinationmeeting meeting inWarsaw(September,1998). BGS laboratoryaccreditation. detailed follow-upstudies. has beendrawntogethertodefinemore of radongenerationinarangerocktypes opment. Workonthemineralogicalcontrols data wastakentoanadvancedstageofdevel- NERS database. been incorporatedwithexistingdataintothe authority (LARRMACC)gammadatasethave 1 airbornedata. Midlands (andHumber-Trent)usingHi-Res- gamma doseandwillthenbeextendedtoEast much morerealisticindicationofoutdoor chemical data.Thisapproachprovidesa airborne gammasurveydataandlithogeo- sheet, byestablishingrelationshipsbetween solid plusdriftmap,ratherthanaonly A majorrevisionisbeingmadetopreparea District gammamapisatanadvancedstage. has beencompleted.ClassificationoftheLake data analysisfortheEastMidlandsradonmap lation bytheDrawingOffice.Preliminary radon sheetwascompletedandawaitscompi- awaited thesedata.ThedraftLakeDistrict the LakeDistrictandEastMidlandsmaps obtained throughaDETRcontract.Workon separately. launched atLiverpool)andarealsoavailable West EnglandandNorthWales(also the RegionalGeochemistryofPartsNorth- University inDecember.Theyareincluded were officiallylaunchedatLiverpool Bath, July1998. National AtomicSpectrometrySymposium, 1999. in Inter-MontaneBasins,Thailand,February Conference onWaterResourceManagement January 1999;and(c)International Bath, July1998;(b)ETHUniversity,Zurich, National AtomicSpectrometrySymposium, Analytical AtomicSpectrometry. Spectrometry” publishedinJournalof ☛ information with Lithuanian partner co- BGS will lead the development of the risk porated into the draft Tyne-Tees 1:250K map author and a decision on where the web site assessment GIS in collaboration with Dr to eliminate duplication of effort. will reside.) Kamil Vrana, Slovakia. The framework of the • DETR-commissioned county Mineral • Personnel from partner laboratories in Poland GIS will be established by autumn 1999. In Resource Planning map data for an additional and Slovakia hosted at BGS. addition to the background information, the four counties (Staffordshire, Shropshire, West • Invited lecture entitled “Environmental and GIS will be populated by information from Midlands and Warwickshire, Hereford and geochemical applications of inductively the field studies when this is available. Initial Worcestershire) has been incorporated into coupled plasma spectrometry”, presented at field results should be available by December MINGOL and work on incorporating other 8th Conference on Analysis in Geoscience 1999. LPAs is in progress. and Environmental Protection, Warsaw, • Publication of the Directory of Mines and September, 1998. C2 — Mineral Resources Quarries (5th Edition) and accompanying • Contribution to Project Annual Report to CD-ROM, which has proved popular with EU. Sedimentary Basin Resources: gold in orogenic larger clients. extensional basins – the Dalradian • New Lake District mineral occurrence infor- Tectonic Early Warning System (TEWS) mation was converted to digital form and • Field studies and lithogeochemical analysis of merged with existing records for a revised • Experimental instruments delivered June samples from gold occurrences and selected edition of the Lake District mineral glossary. 1998 followed by separate software updates. Late Caledonian intrusives completed. • Further commodity chapters drafted for the • Field site identified on Highland Boundary • Mineral and fluid parageneses established for Mineral Resources of Britain publication. 25 Fault November 1998. Instrumentation and mesothermal lode gold occurrences throwing have now been completed and the remainder radio transmission system deployed December new light on gold enrichment processes in are in hand. It is planned to modify the 1998. these deposits. original format to take advantage of recent IT • Successful data acquisition during • Compilation of newly acquired and previ- developments and allow distribution and sales December/January. ously published lithogeochemical datasets for via the Internet. • First data processing method received from Late Caledonian intrusives completed. • Over 4000 Mineral Occurrence records trans- Russia for review March 1999. Petrogenetic modelling of these intrusions ferred from Excel spreadsheets to the Oracle • Project presentation at ‘Second International well advanced. database. Conference on Earthquake Hazard and • Integration of multivariate datasets into • Following completion of the prototype system Seismic Risk Reduction’, Yerevan, Armenia, ArcInfo GIS continued. Seamless geological MINGOL has been demonstrated to a wide 15 – 21 September 1998. base-map prepared for the whole of the range of potential clients and products (digital • Repeated failure of monitoring instruments Dalradian belt based on the UK 1:250 000 and hardcopy) sold to commercial users.

necessitated frequent returns to manufacturer digital geological map. • The MINGOL concept and staff skills have APPENDICES during January – March 1999. • Overview report on Dalradian gold been used by the BGS to underpin new initia- • Repaired equipment now undergoing labora- completed. Preparation of final figures in tives in Britain and work overseas. tory testing prior to redeployment at field site. hand. • Links to BGS Core Programme: NERS, • Preliminary Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd whole rock Palaeofluid Flow (IMP) Seismicity and Seismic Hazard Assessment studies on Comrie and Lagalochan intrusions and Development of Capability. successfully completed. Confirmation of • The highlight of this year R&D has been the • Project ends August 1999. genetic signatures in progress. successful analysis of fluid inclusions in • Pilot Sr and Pb isotope studies carried out on Quaternary calcites from the Sellafield reposi- Water Quality improvement through fluoride mineralised samples by laser ablation followed tory area by laser ablation, cold plasma ICP- reduction in groundwater of Central Europe by Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry mass spectrometry. This allows reconstruction using the new Plasma 54 instrument. These of the chemistry of palaeogroundwaters for • This project is being co-funded via the EU investigations have demonstrated the comparison with the present day waters. Inco-Copernicus programme. The EU potential of the methodology for providing Initial results indicate a striking similarity; an approved funding for the project in December metallogenic information. important consequence for risk assessment 1998. The project will run for three years and modelling. Further development is now in will address the prediction of areas likely to World Mineral Statistics progress to apply this methodology to low have fluoride problems and will develop reme- salinity, diagenetic waters and their influence diation technologies to remove fluoride from • The 1992-1996 World Mineral Statistics on hydrocarbon reservoir cementation. groundwater. The project is collaboration book was published and promoted. • Other high performance output measures between geological consultants in The Promotion involved the placement of adver- include: Netherlands, Slovakia and Hungary, the tisements and distribution of a flyer with • Award of a 2 year, fully funded EC contract Institute of Rock and Ore Mineral Formation order form. Sales volume and income was for the development of novel software and in Ukraine, the Institute of Gerontology in maintained. instrumental tools for SME mining explo- the Ukraine, the Association of State • The 1993-1997 volume has been compiled ration companies. Geologists, Moldova and BGS. BGS using a new MS Access system developed with • Contribution to a special SEG publication on Geochemistry Group is involved in this the assistance of funding from 75GD and ‘Hydrothermal techniques’ and invited project in the development of a geochemistry DTI. speaker at a Geol.Soc. America Workshop, and health risk prediction GIS. Toronto, December1998. • The project kick-off meeting was held in MINGOL (Minerals GIS On-Line) • Evaluation study of a new ICP-multicollector Kiev, Ukraine in February. The structure of isotope mass spectrometer (jointly purchased field investigations into environmental levels • The Lake District 1:250K map was completed with NIGL/NERC) and its potential applica- of F and the F status of the population were in draft form. Final form release has been tion to lead isotope environmental studies. agreed for Ukraine and Moldova. The existing delayed to allow incorporation of new infor- • Acquisition of quantitative data from brine inclu- data sets and background information mation from the DETR-funded Mineral sions in halite that will be used to assess secular required for the GIS from Ukraine, Moldova, Resource planning map for Cumbria on changes in the chemistry of sea water (joint NSF Hungary and Slovakia were agreed and the which work has just begun. research grant with University of Binghamton structure of the risk assessment GIS was for- • Mineral resource areas and mineral planning and Oak Ridge Laboratories, USA). mulated. The experimental programme for permission areas from the DETR Mineral • Regrettably, the purchase of a laser microprobe remediation technologies was also defined. Resource planning map project is being incor- attachment for the new ICP multicollector ☛ 71 APPENDICES Theproject hascontinuedtosupportvalida- • Theworldwidedatabaseofgoldmineral • ProgressiveimprovementinapplicationofX- • DevelopmentofaBGScapabilitytosamples • Resultsofthedevelopmentbythisproject • Completionofanintegratedprocedure • Thisprojectisconstructedasasetofindivid- • Completionoftechnicalreports;presentation • Petrology Development ofCapabilityinMineralogyand 72 of theBGSRockClassificationScheme. tion andeditingworkrequiredforcompletion analysis isnearcompletion. of voicerecognitionsoftwareforpetrographic assessment, andapilotinvestigationintouse reference toolforresourceandprovenance chemistry hasbeenpopulatedtoprovidea Arbor) andFrey(Zurich). textbook, editedbyProfessorsPeacor(Ann published astwochaptersofanauthoritative and verylowgrademetamorphismhasbeen maturity indicatorsinrelationtodiagenesis Hong Kong.Acomprehensivereviewofbasin application toclaymineralogylandslipsin pletion ofacommissioninvolvingnovel operating software,enablingsuccessfulcom- upgrade oftheexistingapparatusand ray diffractionhasbeenachievedbyamajor are beingsought. health impactofrespirablemineralparticles apply thiscapabilitytoenvironmentaland DFID fundingwasnotsuccessful,avenuesto active quarrysite.Thoughanapplicationfor progressed tomonthlymonitoringofan and analyseairbornemineralparticulateshas diagenesis andmetallogenesis. unique andcontributetounderstandingof Observations ofactiveframboidgrowthare media aswellwaterlaidsediment. in analysisofcontaminatedsoilsandother extension ofcapabilityhaswideapplications submitted forpublication.Thisimportant been presentedattwomajorconferencesand pollution inunconsolidatedsedimentshave cryogenic SEMforpetrologicanalysisof basin analysis. has extendedsignificantlyBGS'spotentialin major hydrocarbonsexplorationcompanyand Group towinacommercialcontractwith tion ofreservoirsandstoneshasenabledthe precision petrologicalanalysisandclassifica- image analysisforcomprehensivehigh- employing electronmicroscopyanddigital Core andCommissionedpotential. enhancing capabilityinsectorsrelevantto ual activities,reviewedannually,focussedat participation inNERCthematicprogrammes. take-up byhydrocarbonssector;increased capability trialisongoing;rapidcommercial chapters intextbook;mineraldustmonitoring tion ofreviewmaturationindicatorsastwo of resultsattwomajorconferences;publica- Work willrecommenceinSeptember1999. strontium isotopeandpalaeofluidstudies. year thusdelayingitsevaluationforplanned instrument waspostponeduntiltheendofthis Aworking ArcViewGISinterfacetothe • DataloadingtotheBritRocksdatabase • ImprovementsweremadetotheAccessfront- • BritRocks Database DiscoverymetadatafortheGeochemistrydata • TheGISsystemhasbeenfurtherdeveloped • DataloadingcontinuedfortheG-BASE • DevelopmentswithinBGStoensuregreater • Geochemistry Database Year2000complianceoftheAccessdatabase • Originallythiswasintendedtobefollowedby • Themajoreffortindatabaseworkthisyear • World MineralsStatistics(WMS)Database Databases andSoftwareDevelopment C4 —DivisionalDatabases TheprojectsupportsBGScontributiontothe • developed bytheBGScorporateGIS group. plements theGeoscienceDataIndex(GDI) completed. Thisiscompatiblewithand com- Geochemistry andBritRocksdatabases was Keyworth (about7500records). continued bothfromEdinburghand end. locate theavailabilityofgeochemistrydata. Index. ThisallowsBGSandexternalusersto also displayedintheBGSGeoscienceData was addedtotheBGSmetadataindexandis end totheGeochemistrydatabase. and testedwhichprovidesagraphicalfront- loaded whereavailable. Lithogeochemical datawascheckedand loaded fromstafftakingearlyretirement. program andthebacklogofMRPdatawas data loadingprograms. completed butwillentailsmallchangestothe taken duringtheyear.Thishasbeenlargely partial redesignofthedatabasewasunder- form animportantpartofthisprocessandthe checks theintegrityofdataindatabase) foreign keys(theprocessbywhichORACLE Geochemistry database.Strictenforcementof BGS-geoIDS projecthaveimpactedontothe compatibility betweendatabasesaspartofthe written describingthechanges. was alsotestedandseveralreportswere as soontheAccesssystemwastested. efficient thattheoldersoftwarewasdropped new databasewasfoundtobesomuchmore a periodofdualrunningbothsystemsbutthe Modeller softwaretoMicrosoftAccess. database fromtheproprietaryMaster sion exercisewasconcludedinmovingthe this waspartfundedbyDTI.Amajorconver- was concernedwiththeWMSDatabaseand recycling highvolumeminewasteproducts. substitute formineralfillerstolowercostsby investigating useofquarrywastefinesasa IGME (Greece)andanumberofSMEs, 'REFILL', involvingcollaborationwith MIRO-lead BRITE-EURAMproject Therestructuringhasresultedinsomedelays • Consultationwithawidernumberofusersin • Thispart oftheprogrammehasundergonea • Major AquiferStudies D1 —NationalGroundwaterSurvey GEOTECHNICAL SURVEYS HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND Fivereports completed. • Internet web pagesweredesignedusingmaps • Database skillsdevelopedinthisprojectare • Dataisbeing providedtootherCore • TheDivisionalshareddiscdrivewassuccess- • Other Developments Workisprogressingonmigratingthedata • ThedesignoftheBritPitsORACLEdatabase • BritPits Database TechnicalmetadataaboutBritrockswas • TheBritrockssystemwasextendedto • clearly identifiedtotheyear2004.Additional for theChalkAquiferRegionalStudies isnow grammes. Howeverthestreamofdeliverables regional studiestotheplannedresearch proof thisyear'sproductsinordertolinkthe laborative researchintheregions. also beenseenasaforumandcatylisttocol- and developmentplans.Theconsultationhas company andEnvironmentAgencystrategic the regionshasenabledcloserlinkstowater tracking oftheprogramme. reporting format,presentedheretofacilitate has beencombinedwiththestructured or areintheprocessofbeingestablished.This Regional andNationallevelhaveeitherbeen, tions ofthePRG.AdvisoryPanelsat major reviewinthelightofrecommenda- development fortheMineralsProgramme. similar productsincludedinatrialInternet prepared fromtheGeochemistryGISand contract workfortheGSNI. MINGOL, theCoalResourcesMapandin being usedinvariousoverseasprojects, Orogenic ExtensionalBasins. Programme projectssuchastheGoldin GIS front-ends,neededtobemounted. common applications,suchastheAccessand fully usedsothatonlyasinglecopyofthe its accuracy. Directory ofMinesandQuarriesdependon products: theMINGOLsystemand this taskinthenearfuture,asseveralBGS for constantupdates.Itishopedtocomplete structure buthasbeenhamperedbytheneed from Excelspreadsheetsintothenew end designed. the currentrequirementsandanAccessfront- and quarriesintheUK)wasupdatedtomeet (a constantlyupdateddatabaseofactivemines included intheBGS-geoIDSsystem Edinburgh and5userstrainedinitscapabilities. ☛ deliverables will be added as new cost-sharing BGS/EA/UKWIR funded. 300 copies distrib- • Progress on the 1998/9 deliverables for this activities are identified and the Sherwood uted to the water industry and launched at a project has been slower than anticipated due Sandstone Regional Studies come on-stream UKWIR sponsored seminar in March 1999. to several factors. Staff changes: One project in 2001. • Fracturing and the hydrogeology of the member left the UK to work on a project in • South Downs Chalk. The publication of the Permo-Triassic sandstones in England and Papua New Guinea. One project member Hydrogeological Report has met with further Wales. BGS/EA funded study undertaken by took early retirement. One project member production delays and is now due in May 1999. BGS. Joint BGS/EA technical report resigned from BGS. This has required the Southern Water has initiated a review of the produced in March 1999. redeployment of staff time to other project groundwater resources of two blocks of the S. members. Downs chalk aquifer. The draft Hydrogeological National Groundwater Databases • Project advisory panel. The project advisory Report formed a basis on which the programme panel has been set up (see above) and detailed of survey, research and modelling was based. • Groundwater Databases. Archiving of water terms of reference have been drawn up. This The results of this work will be used to update well data received under statute (Water took an appreciable amount of time to ensure the current report and will probably be Resources Act 1991) continues, and all the provision of high quality advice and the produced as a supplement to the boreholes are now electronically registered. framework in which it could be administered. Hydrogeological Report in a couple of years. Development of a comprehensive digital This success can be regarded as an additional • Chalk Aquifer: its science and management. database, initially supported by the NERC deliverable for this year. Subsequent to discussions with the Advisory Seedcorn programme, is proceeding. The • CIRIA meeting. The project team were asked to Panel, which concluded that this document database is now available to all BGS staff via provide a lead speaker and supporting papers for would benefit from more input from outside the Intranet. Data entry has concentrated on a key meeting on ‘The Engineering Properties of BGS, a revised programme was prepared but areas under investigation by the National the Mercia Mudstone Group’ to be held by the little progress has been made due to initiatives Groundwater Survey or required for Construction Industry Research and in developing the Regional Aquifer Studies memoir/map production. Some data entry Information Association in December. This was programme. The project will be reviewed in was carried out on a commissioned basis for supported by a fee of £2000. This has diverted the light of available resources next FY. an interested commercial client. This is the some resources from the immediate deliverables • East Anglian Chalk. Attempts to collaborate first example of the user community funding but will result in three papers from the project in in a major initiative by the Environment the population of the database. The digitiza- a major publication by CIRIA which constitute Agency to develop a Strategic Plan for the tion programme will continue during additional deliverables this year. A similar groundwater resources in the Anglian Region 1999/2000. Hydrological monitoring activi- request was received regarding participation in a were unsuccessful. The programme in this ties during the year included: meeting on the Lambeth Group and £2000 co- region will therefore monitor progress over • Publication (printed) of Hydrometric Register funding provided. A preliminary meeting was APPENDICES the next few years, providing added benefit and Statistics 1990-95. held at which a BGS paper was presented but where possible and reschedule the production • Publication (electronic) of the 1997 the main meeting has been delayed due to a of a Hydrogeological Report. The study of Hydrological Data Yearbook. contractual dispute involving some potential Lincolnshire can however proceed as planned • Continued monthly publication of hydrologi- participants. and progress has been made in updating an cal summaries. • ‘Unforeseen ground conditions’. The study of outline report in line with the planned • Report on long term behaviour of Therfield the Lambeth Group has shown it to be more schedule. Rectory hydrograph. complex with regard to lithological variability • Wessex Chalk. Collaboration with the • Minor Aquifer Properties. In July 1998, and engineer behaviour than anticipated. A Environment Agency in the study of a chalk agreement was reached with the EA to fund longer period of time for its characterisation catchment in Wessex was started in March the publication phase with the deliverable than anticipated will be likely. 1999. Discussions are continuing concerning being a manual and CD-ROM database. a joint project with the aim of developing a Project completion date extended to July Hydrogeological Characterisation of Clays conceptual model of the catchment using 1999 to take account of this additional (£40k) expertise from both organisations. phase. Additional funding has been negoti- Transport properties of clays • Effect of old landfills on Chalk. Project ated with cost-sharing partners which will delayed due to field access problems. Access make deliverables more comprehensive. • The preparation of the ‘Geosphere Waste negotiations are being carried out by the Containment Investigations: Part 1’ volume is Environment Agency. It is anticipated that D2 — Hydrogeotechnical Formation Properties drafted based on a variety of papers and fieldwork will recommence in Spring 1999. and Hazards FPWMG reports. A paper on ‘Gas migration The scientific programme will not be in clay barriers’ was presented on the use of completed and reported until 9/2001. An clays for waste isolation in Lund, Sweden. extension of 1 year is requested to funding. Engineering Behaviour of UK Rocks and Soils • Numerical modelling of gas flow down a • Publication of reports on co-funded activities. Four major reports on co-funded work under- • This part of the programme has undergone a discrete pathway was applied to data from a lab- taken in the last few years were published, review in the light of the recommendations of oratory gas injection experiment run in the namely: the PRG. As a result, an Advisory Panel has FPWMG Transport Properties Research • Low flows, groundwater & wetland interac- been set up with representatives from Laboratory. Improvements were made to the tion. BGS-IH/EA/UKWIR funded study industry, the public sector and academia. This modelling approach by making the transmissiv- undertaken by BGS and IH. 200 copies dis- followed a consultation with a wide number ity of the pathways dependent on gas pressure. tributed widely and launched at a meeting of users in the three communities represented • The commissioning of the ‘Envirotest Module’ organised by the UK Groundwater Forum in on the new Advisory Panel. The results of the field unit, which will monitor the performance November 1998 and a Geological consultation were summarised in a short of clays as barriers to contamination, has Society/BHS sponsored technical meeting in report to the BGS Directorate and Board. continued with tests in the BGS Workshop. It February 1999. This consultation exercise has put added will soon be fully installed at a landfill site in • Groundwater Tracer Tests: a review and pressure on staff which may result in a slight Northampshire, to monitor gas migration in a guidelines for their use in British aquifers. delay in the publication of the Mercia prepared section of the clay liner. BGS/EA funded study undertaken by BGS. Mudstone Group Monograph. Work has • A series of kinetic experiments has been set up 150 copies of the report distributed widely. continued on the Lambeth Group to determine the dissolution rates of a number • The potential for Aquifer Storage and Monograph and the initial literature study for of key minerals of interest to low temperature Recovery in England and Wales. the Lias Group Monograph has commenced. groundwater-rock interactions. ☛ 73 APPENDICES Feedback fromcivilengineersisbeingincor- • Geotechnical Capability Development ofGeotechnicalCapability PALAEAUX.Finalanalysis&interpretationof • ENRICH.DevelopmentofdatabaseforLake • Hydrogeochemistry(IMP).Completionof • UKGroundwaterForum.ReporttoDETR • Hydrogeologicalcapability.Maintainedlabo- • Hydrogeochemistry Research Hydrogeological Capabilityand Development D3 —TechnologyForesightandCapability TheFPWMGlaboratories,includingthe • Approximately400boreholesrecordswere • Astudyofreboundingminewaterinthe • Aninvestigationofcontaminationprocessesin • TwonewEnvironmentAgency-ledprojects • 74 CIRIA/Geological SocietyWorkingParty porated intocontributionstothe Warmbad-Villach andHelsinki). on climatechangeandhydrology(Vienna, on schedule.Paperspresentedat3ECmeetings January. CompletionoffinalreportforMayis publication. FinalmeetingheldinMallorca preparation ofGeologicalSociety,London, UK coastalaquiferdata.Designoffinalreport, selected. PlenarymeetinginTunisiaApril. Database nearingcompletionforcountries by NigeriancounterparttoUKandVienna. Vienna forwiderinvestigations.Secondvisit Niger/Nigeria. LinksestablishedwithIAEA, Chad areaduringvisitsbyscientistsfrom (IHP) andotherInternationalProgrammes. Participation andpublicationinUNESCO istry, palaeohydrologyandarid-zones. several refereedpapersonUKhydrochem- further 3yearperiodfrom1April1999. through theinternet.Fundingsecuredfora research intheUKupdated–accessible video begun.Databaseofgroundwater groundwater inriverflow–productionof secured foravideoontheroleplayedby – attendanceover100.£40,000offunds Groundwater andWetlandsInteractionheld water industry.MeetingonLowFlows, our hiddenassets”toopinion-formersin Distribution of300copies“Groundwater: on draftECWaterFrameworkDirective. and economy. Anticipate majorimprovementsinsensistivity AES instrumentpurchasedMarch1999. ratories ingoodworkingorder.NewICP- this budget. be safelymaintainedwithcontributionsfrom environmental geophysicssection,continueto clay propertiesdatabase. hydraulic andphysico-chemicaldataforthe array wasconstructedprovidingnew maps usingMapInfoGIS.Asmallborehole databased priortoproducingclayproperty visualisation tool,Vulcan. Nottinghamshire Coalfieldusingthe3-D at anoldcemeterysiteinNottingham the unsaturatedzoneofTriassicSandstone were co-funded: Geophysical fieldworkinCypruswas • Groundwater Resources Rational ManagementandExploration of A NewIntegratedGeophysicalApproachforthe InducedPolarisationTomography(IPT)for • Waste ContainmentCapability Areporthasbeencompletedconcerninga • Aninvitedpaperhasbeenpresentedtothe • Apaperhasbeenpresenteddemonstrating • Apeerreviewedpaperhasbeenpublishedat • Thefirstdraftofareportdefiningstrategy • were written. technical reportsandanEUprogressreport completed andthedatawereinterpreted. Two reporting isrequested. Commission andadelayofsixmonthsin contract hasbeenrequestedfromthe some sites.Asixmonthtimeextensionforthe rectified butwillnecessitaterepeatvisitsto in theIPdatacapturesoftwarewhichisbeing old gasworkssites)identifiedatechnicalfault monitoring contaminatedland:Fieldtrials(at with 1stGroundInvestigationLtd. measures. Theworkhasbeeninpartnership tion requiredtoselectappropriateremedial Beds, providingengineerswiththeinforma- extent oftheunstableground,inReading subsidence. Theworkhasdelineatedthe property whichhasundergonesubstantial raphy toaidthestabilisingofadomestic novel useofnon-invasive3-Dseismictomog- Research LaboratoryoftheUSNavy. research isinpartnershipwiththeNaval of resistivityimagingandX-radiography.This carbonate sedimentsbyanovelcombination heterogeneity andpore-morphologyin assessment oftwoandthreedimensional Acoustical SocietyofAmericaconcerningthe ‘98 conference. audience ofpotentialusersattheRailways tural integrityofmasonryviaductstoan electrical tomographyforassessingthestruc- the strengthsandweaknessesofseismic in partnershipwithShellandMobil. collaborative withtheUniversityofLeicester, and coreelectricalimagedata.Thisworkis scale structurebytheintegrationofdownhole cerning theimprovedcharacterisationoffine Analysts duringSeptemberattheHague,con- the AnnualMeetingofSocietyCore of geohazardriskassessments. being apre-requisiteforthedeskstudyphase scientific spatialdata,hasbeenestablishedas to existinggroundmodels,derivedfromgeo- need toassignspecificgeophysicalproperties nical propertiesdatahasbeencompleted.The for linkingexistinggeophysicalandgeotech- reporting period. CIRIA/Geological Societyduringthe confidential meetingshavebeenorganisedby the enhancementsthatarenowpossible.Two tations ofgeophysicaltomographyaswell need toadviseengineersofthepracticallimi- document. Ofparticularimportanceisthe interaction withusersisshapingthe physics. Althoughnearingcompletion,further Report onthecivilengineeringusesofgeo- InternationalContracts.RemoteSensingstaff • IntegrationofGISandRemoteSensing • ThermalImaging.DatafromtheNERC • Portable Infrared MineralAnalyser.Report • HighSpectral ResolutionSatelliteSensors. • HighSpatial ResolutionSatelliteSensors. • DigitalPhotogrammetryandTerrain • Remote Sensing F2 —InformationSystems Grossincomefromtheenquiryservicewas • Alltargetsweremetintheoperationof • General Enquiries F1 —EnquiriesService SERVICE NATIONAL GEOSCIENCESINFORMATION Society ofLondon. Remote SensingGroupoftheGeological ASTER ScienceTeamandtheGeological EGS RemoteSensingTopicNetwork, the serve ontheERIMExecutiveCommittee, the projects nextFYatleast. gies willbeexploitedintwoDFIDKAR However thesynergybetweenthesetechnolo- projects andlittleprogresshasbeenmade. losses anddiversionontohigherpriority Techniques. Thisitemwasacasualtyofstaff result. Coal Authorityandalargerprojectmay shafts. Theresultshavebeenpresentedtothe effectiveness indetectingabandonedmine- Bradford. Thelatterwasusedtoappraiseits a siteintheCotswoldsandatBaildonMoor, Airborne ThematicMapperwasobtainedfor mineral samplesforotherprojects. and analysisofavarietyrock,soil companies, spectralstudiesofcoreforShell Group onexplorationprojectsformining date includecollaborationwithMinerals cial applications.Successfulapplicationsto produced detailingallscientificandcommer- research onsimulationdatawaspossible. satellite launchonlylimitedapplications With thepostponementofASTER mation thancurrentlyavailableradardatasets. Landsat TM,providemoregeologicalinfor- the UK,opticaldata,suchasthatfrom be progressed.Fromthisitisevidentthatfor studies ontheCanadianRadarsatdatacould Launch delaysmeantonlytrialapplication House. metric facilitiesforKeyworthandMurchison sioning ofnewdistributeddigitalphotogram- on specification,procurementandcommis- erosion projects.Significanteffortexpended variety ofgeologicalmappingandcoastal Modelling. Underpinningworktosupporta enquiries, arenotincluded. desks whoonlyanswernon-chargeable the KeyworthandLondongeneralenquiries increased targetof60%.Thecoststaffon on the55%achievedlastyearandbelow a costrecoveryof53%FEC,slightdrop £202k forthepreviousyear.Thisrepresented £219k, an8%increaseoverthefigureof enquiry servicetoperformancetargets. ☛ Coordination of information systems main BGS Database which comprises over of maps available for printing. Purchase of 1400 tables. A lot of effort has been put into new A0 inkjet plotter for site-wide use, with • BGS Intranet. Successfully installed and identifying data managers. Problems have priority to Cartography, managed by maintained, usage shows a continuing growth. been caused by the resignation of a key staff Reprographics staff. In the future dynamic links to live geoscience member and the subsequent resignation of • Consolidation of DMPS97 after introduction databases will extend its value and usage con- their, newly recruited, replacement caused and pilot running in 1997/98; associated siderably. major delays. database development for DigMapGB. 20 • Maintenance of Existing Systems. Lexicon; • Discovery Metadata. Achieved all its goals new maps started within DMPS97. Rock Classification Scheme Database (now producing a design meeting international Completion of the UNIX to NT migration populated with metamorphic, sedimentary standards, a database, and an application for will enable all new maps to be structured to and unconsolidated data as well as igneous), data entry. Data capture has commenced. DMPS97. Database development work software running the BGS WWW site and • Maintenance of Existing Infrastructure. completed to enable DigMapGB production DMPS were all maintained within the limit of Ensured that the data on the multiple BGS (see below). available resources. Help Desk support Oracle Databases have been kept in parallel. • Training and consultancy for the DMCS. continued to be provided to users. This involves a suite of programmes, known Liaison/consultancy and system development as TRANSACT, that monitor activity on the (menus, scripts) provided as required. User GIS and information systems R&D database and copy updates, inserts and training provided: two "MicroStation for deletions from one system to another. This DMCS" courses. First DMCS sheets from • DIGMAPGB Interface. Graphic interface system has been re-written this year following five geologists, linecleaned and polygon designed and while much of work on imple- the closure of the VAX. processed. mentation is complete, diversion of key staff • Data Standards. The nominated leader was • Investigation of current state of semi- onto RESIDATA Subsidence means the not available for long periods due to commer- automatic digitising software to evaluate its interface is not yet ready. New index tables cial work overseas. The lost ground will be suitability for geological map linework. created and populated with data extracted recovered in the second year of the project. Investigations showed software suitability for from existing sources. CS are populating • BGS Data Policy. This has been produced only a limited range of linework. Geological remaining fields. System for dealing with and disseminated to staff. Guidelines for the lines proved too complex to achieve accept- requests for digital maps implemented and production of Data Management Plans of the able results. The software is ideally suited to conversion of DMPS97 data to ArcView principal datasets have also been produced as simple, continuous, uniquely identifiable lines Shape file and MapInfo format investigated. has a high-level data management plan for the with no complex interactions. Success has • Digital Report Generating System. Excellent BGS. been achieved only on contour lines. A moni- progress with this research into structured text • Applications Standards. Draft report toring eye will be kept on evolving tech-

mark-up, storage and retrieval. SGML/XML produced recommending database access niques. APPENDICES used as text-tagging technology. Glasgow and software for use on the BGS Intranet and • Implementation of cartography QA proce- Airdrie memoirs marked up. Workshops held possibly the BGS Internet. The migration of dures. Proposed new QA procedures are not with geologist/ authors. OMNIMARK data access from the Client/Server environ- fully in place for all work; awaiting discus- procured as chosen technology. ment to the Thin Client environment offers sions with the BGS QA Manager to ensure • Column Correlation. Searches revealed no savings in terms of support of users. procedures comply with BGS standards. existing software to be available. Following • Borehole Geology Database. Redesigned and • In addition. Data translation s/w was initial work reviewing terminology and rela- a database and associated applications have evaluated and installed in order improve per- tionships between lithology, lithostratigraphy, been produced to meet user requirements. formance of translating data from the map chemostratigraphy and biostratigraphy, • BGS Intranet. Used to publish the results of production system DMPS97 to ArcView and Goniatite and Conodont zones for the the BGS-geoIDS Project, meeting objective of MapInfo GIS. Cartographic Intranet pages Tournaisian and Westphalian were selected Deliverable 8. launched February 1999. The Cartographic for the trial. A biostratigraphical zone • Intranet Geoscience Data Index (GDI). Geological Symbol Index was updated, interface was designed and implemented in Investigated and a user requirement has been compiled into PDF format, and put on the Oracle and an updated version of the BGS drafted, software studied, costed proposal BGS WWW site. Chronostratigraphical Index database made and prototypes built. produced. A prototype graphical front-end (in GEIXS ArcView) was implemented and reviewed. Cartographic Development Plans for 19999/2000 include the release of • BGS continued the overall project manage- the revised version and development of a pilot • On-going maintenance, and system and appli- ment, organising the fifth, sixth and seventh Intranet version. cation support of cartographic production Steering Group meetings. The fourth and • Expert Systems. Being progressed through a computers; training of production staff on fifth Reviews by the European Commission co-supervised MSc project with Edinburgh new techniques and systems. Maintenance were also organised including preparation of University’s Department of Artificial and support are on going. Staff training in comprehensive progress reports and docu- Intelligence. The project – A Knowledge management, health and safety, and technical mentation. The project has successfully based Expert System – will use Nirex borehole courses were carried out throughout the year: passed all Reviews to date and is on target to discontinuity datasets. over 100 attendances over 23 formal courses, deliver its objectives. It must be reported, • Neural networks. Resources permit only a in addition to internal cartographic seminars. however, that GEIXS project management is watching brief of this subject. The results of Cartographic User Notes were web-enabled absorbing significantly more time than was searches have been documented. for easy and immediate access. Intergraph budgeted in the original proposal. This UNIX to NT migration: purchase of 18 NT burden was not eased by the extension of BGS Geo-IDS stations, 2 NT servers and a data backup GEIXS to 8 CEC countries and Norway. The system to replace UNIX workstations; revised completion date for the project is 31 • The BGS-geoIDS Project had nine deliver- purchase of upgraded map production December 1999. EuroGeoSurveys Directors ables in the first year. Seven of the nine deliv- software licences. New kit is currently under have agreed to fund GEIXS maintenance and erables were met, two of these exceeding their installation. The Reprographics Imagesetter upgrading after this date. Other issues; original targets. Two deliverables were not was replaced. The Cartographic Mapsetter working contact with the EUMARSIN met in full for reasons documented below. suffered 6 weeks downtime due to failed laser project has been established and extensive • Corporate Data Model. Achieved 70% unit. Replacement and subsequent re-calibra- discussions have been held about GEIXS2 Primary Keys and 35% Foreign Keys on the tion was a major exercise affecting the number project proposals for 5FP. ☛ 75 Year 2000 Project Property Ownership. 1/99 – Intellectual junior school children; Scottish Geology Property Rights. 6/99 – Corporate confiden- Week; Nottingham University adult • Of the 200+ business critical systems that tiality statements. education programme "Geology and Man" have been identified, over 75% are now Year 8th series; numerous tours for 2000 compliant. The remaining systems are Published books professional/amateur/student Groups and due to be compliant by 30 September 1999, visitors; schools' liaison meetings, talks, subject to adequate resources being available. • Eight sheet memoirs published (Falkirk, careers evenings; Murchison House open days External suppliers providing either conflicting Aviemore, Lancaster, Newcastle, Coventry, entertained some 650 visitors; work experi- information regarding compliance or have Northallerton, Carrick-Loch Doon, ence students. delayed issuing Year 2000 patches are cited as Derrygonnelly). 23 in production at the the main causes for concern for BGS to beginning of the year; 4 received since. Earthwise achieve full compliance as yet. Contingency • Specification for sheet explanations was planning has commenced with finalised plans agreed. Two received (Windsor, Bradford) • Two editions (Minerals'98, Sustainability) due to be in place by 30 September 1999. and in production, awaiting final approval published, and one put on the BGS WWW Keeping staff fully informed of Year 2000 before printing. site (the other awaiting copyright clearance). developments and contingency procedures are • Cheshire Basin special book nearly completed seen as a high priority this financial year. for publication. Popular Publications (Earthwise label) • Minerals of Northern England report is in F3 — Publication and Sales production, generating final films prior to • Whisky on the Rocks published to good printing. Production was affected by late critical review and media attention. Customer Services problems that were resolved by the author. • Two Holiday Geology Guides released • Two Hydrogeological monographs are in pro- (Cornish Pebbles; Scarborough and Whitby); • A WWW catalogue of publications is centred duction (Upland Britain; South Downs two in press (Isle of Wight; Greenwich); and around a brochure of popular publications Aquifers), late amendments being carried out. one awaiting approval (Tower of London). and maps and is being updated on a regular • World Mineral Statistics 1992 1996, UK Production affected by the main designer of basis. Web designs have been restructured to a Minerals Yearbook 1997, Directory of Mines the guides taking maternity leave. more user-friendly format and are being and Quarries, Earth science information in • Two Holiday Geology maps in production expanded to allow the inclusion of specialist, support of major development issues, (Peak District and Yorkshire Dales). technical and overseas publications. Orders Environmental geology in land use planning, Production affected by the resignation of the can be placed on-line via e-mail. Geomagnetic Bulletin 27 – Magnetic results main officer working on the DTM creation • Gross revenue from sales of publications was 1997, Jersey groundwater study and visualisations. £570k compared to £535k for the corre- • Two Discovery Geology (Fossil Focus cards) sponding period last year, an increase of 7%. Published maps released (Plants; Echinoids), and two in press This included over £42k of over the counter (Crinoids; Bivalves). sales from the London Information Office, an • 25 new 1:50k maps released as advance copies increase of 14% on last year, reflecting the (9 North including 1 Northern Ireland, 16 Popular Publications (small scale maps) growing impact of the improved customer- South). In addition, 16 newly printed 1:50k orientated sales facility. maps (9 North, 7 South); one printed 1:25k • Engineering geology of GB or UK (1:1m

APPENDICES • Approved stockist status has been discussed map. 35 maps were in Cartography at the scale). First proof of generalised/reclassified with 14 retailers resulting in the appointment beginning of the f/y; and 20 were submitted 1:625k map data completed; map in late of 4 new Approved Suppliers and 5 national since (8 North, 12 South). stages of production. Production affected by and regional wholesalers. In addition, 3 of the • Two Gravity Anomaly maps (Northern and higher priority commissioned work. Approved Suppliers are acting as local whole- Southern Britain) released. Two magnetic maps • Sites of geological interest in the UK (1:1m salers for the educational and museums suspended awaiting proof returns from RG scale). Renamed "Tourist's Rock, Fossil and sectors. Group, and two gravity maps in production. Mineral Map of Great Britain". First • Performance targets for published items "concept" proof completed and approved, despatched within 2 and 3 working days were F4 — Public Understanding of Science additional information currently being added. not met. This was caused by staff changes and Close to 2nd proof for critical comment. increased workload. Despite this, 94% of all Public relations • Building Stones of Britain (1:1m scale). First requests for published items were satisfied proof produced and approved; production at within 5 working days, exceeding the 90% • Management and maintenance of the BGS advanced stage and now awaiting author to target. Performance targets for the supply of WWW site. This is a continuous process. The return from overseas before finalisation of 2nd unpublished items were all met. site is controlled by the Web Management proof. Group (WMG), who have been active in Royalties/Copyright Receipts keeping the site up to date and enforcing F5 — Collections and Database corporate standards. New author guidelines • Revenue from copyright permissions totalled were issued. Free WWW downloads: Lexicon Digital geological map database £25.3k, an increase of 11% over that achieved of Named Rock Units (revised); Rock classifi- last year. cation scheme (revised); two Research reports; • Conversion of 1:250k onshore database to • The planned copyright seminars to explain Holostrat; Map symbols and Ornaments (attributed) DMPS97 format. Completed, implementation of the new Central (revised); one Earthwise; two Earthworks; and publicly launched December 1998. Solid Government Organisations/Ordnance Survey Annual Report; Environmental Geology in geology data are reclassified and linked to the Service Level Agreement were postponed as land use planning report. lithostratigraphy and lithology attributes the SLA was not finally signed until April • The BGS Annual Report for 1997/98 (in stored within the BGS Stratigraphic Lexicon 1999. A series of seminars will be held early in hard copy and on the BGS WWW site) was and Rock-Type dictionary respectively. the next financial year covering the SLA and approved and put on the BGS WWW site. Dataset was re-tiled into 100x100 km tiles. the new role of the IPR Manager, who will • Propagation of BGS and earth science • New digital map base at 1:625k and new now have corporate responsibility for all through meetings, site tours and talks. editions of printed 1:625k Solid maps. copyright and digital data licensing. Regular activities including: SET99 (National Generalisation of the new 1:250k Solid • The following Office Notices were issued: Science, Engineering and Technology week) geology onshore data above (linework and 30/98 – CASE Awards and Intellectual "Fossil and Rock Show" hosting some 750 coding) is currently underway to derive the ☛ 76 new 1:625k dataset, in preparation for new Collections Administration • The complexity and volume of borehole printed editions. The 1st edit stage (coarse enquiries received at Keyworth resulted in linework) is complete, the 2nd edit stage • Borehole registration was completed at the only 41% being dealt with the same day (linework and coding) is underway. rate of 15,150 records per person year. against a target of 50%. All other targets were • Digitisation of offshore 1:250k maps. A • Borehole data was entered onto the Borehole met including 88% of enquiries being decision was taken to seek commercial spon- Index at the rate of 75,700 records per person answered within 3 days against the target of sorship or co-funding. Product specification is year. During October, a new combined borehole 80%. The combined Central Enquiries and being drawn up in conjunction with Marine registration and data entry procedure was imple- NGRC responses met all performance targets. units. Digitisation of the 1:250k offshore mented. This corresponds to a new target for reg- linework from the printed map series started, istering and entering data at the rate of 12,000 Database Management completing 5 map sheets during the year. records per person year. After an initial period of • Conversion of existing digital 1:50k data to training this new target is now being met. • In conjunction with GISG the Single DMPS97 format. Preliminary work has been • On April 1 1998 there was a backlog of Onshore Borehole Index was implemented in carried out to test and establish the proce- 118,500 borehole registration records. At April Keyworth and Edinburgh and is now opera- dures. Spreadsheets are being prepared to 1 1999 the backlog stands at 87,000 records, tional. A User Group has been established as a enable geologists to start equation of including new donations of over 47,000. This focus for user comment and to drive develop- DMPS89 numeric seeds to DMPS97 lithos- represents a reduction of 27%. It was not ments. The user manual is in its final editing tratigraphy-lithology codes for when conver- possible to meet the target due to extended staff stage and will be released in May 1999. sion starts. Availability of co-funding from sick leave and non-recruitment of staff • The Happs-Hall Field Notebook Index DETR meant that some project and staff vacancies. In addition there was a significant database, accompanied by a user manual, has resources were diverted to capture more of the increase in the number of new donations. been released and incorporated into the analogue legacy 1:50k sheets instead of doing • A total of 47,326 site investigation records have Geoscience Data Index (GDI) for improved the digital to digital conversion. 18 of these been donated to NGRC from external bodies access and functionality. A separate user sheets were started, and 13 were completed. representing an increase of 20% over last year’s manual is no longer required as the user Specifications for external digitising were total of 39,387 records. This has been partly instructions form part of the main GDI prepared, and a Request for Information due to companies being reminded of their guide. (RFI) sent to a number of digitising agencies. statutory and ‘quid pro quo’ obligations. • A variety of new codes and definitions have Responses from the RFI allowed a short list to • BGS Value Added Resellers Landmark been added to the Lexicon, and the Lexicon’s be drawn up for a proper evaluation of their Information Group and Catalytic Data have content of fully defined entries has been capabilities. been supplied with quarterly updates. increased by 22% this year. APPENDICES

77 Appendix 10 The BGS Board

Remit his nominee, currently the NERC Finance and the United Kingdom, a past President of the Information Systems Director Mr C M Read; Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, and As required in the Management Statement and and between six and ten non-executive serves on the Council of the Mineral Financial Memorandum agreed between the members. The latter are appointed by reason Industries Research Organisation. He was NERC and the BGS, the NERC has estab- of their qualifications and experience and formerly the General Manager of Laporte lished the BGS Board to support the manage- represent a broad cross-section of the BGS Minerals in Derbyshire. ment and strategic direction of the Survey, user community. They include senior repre- taking into account the recommendations of sentatives of industry, government agencies Director, BGS. The Board was inaugurated in Prof A L Harris is Dean of the Science and academia as listed below. Members may January 1998 as the successor body to the Faculty at Liverpool University, and former be appointed for up to four years in the first Programme Board after it was dissolved in Head of its Earth Sciences Department. For instance and may be reappointed for up to a December 1997. Whereas the Programme twelve years a member of staff at the BGS, he further four years. Dr B R Marker of the Board’s remit was to determine the overall joined Liverpool University in 1971. He is a Department of the Environment, Transport objectives and to set the priorities for the BGS member of RWMAC, a past President of the and the Regions sits on the Board as an Core Programme, the BGS Board has a much Geological Societies of London and Liverpool, Observer. The Secretariat is provided by Mr D wider remit encompassing all the activities of and has served on NERC Committees dealing Hackett and Dr S H Marsh of the BGS. the BGS. The Board will meet six times with studentships and grants. during 1998. Board Chairman Dr J P B Lovell OBE is a Senior Research Terms of Reference Dr E R Hassall CBE has been appointed Fellow in Earth Sciences at Cambridge Chairman of the BGS Board until 31st University. Previously, he spent fifteen years The BGS Board will: December 1999. He is also Deputy Chairman with BP Exploration, joining as Chief ● advise and support the Director in the man- of the Coal Authority, a member of the Sedimentologist in 1981 and subsequently agement and the furtherance of the Survey’s Natural Environment Research Council and working mainly in international exploration. mission, aims and objectives; Keele University Court and Council. He was He remains a consultant to BP. In the 1970s formerly the Chairman of Wardell Armstrong he was a lecturer and consultant at Edinburgh ● specify the priorities, timescales and detailed and the Crown Mineral Agent. He previously University. outputs of the core strategic programme in worked in the Production and Mining order to meet the overall objectives specified Departments of the National Coal Board. Dr C J Morrissey recently retired as Group by Council; Chief Geologist, Western Hemisphere, for Rio ● approve the annual business and operational The Chairman of the BGS Board will report Tinto. He was previously Managing Director plans for the Survey and submit these to to Council through its Chief Executive and of RTZ Mining and Exploration in Europe APPENDICES Council’s Chief Executive; take particular responsibility for: and held several other senior positions in RTZ. Before this he was a Research Fellow at ● review and monitor the quality and ● developing, with the Board, the long-term relevance of all aspects of the Survey’s work; Imperial College London and Lecturer in vision for the Survey; Economic Geology at the Royal School of ● report, according to standards of review and ● providing leadership on strategic matters Mines. at a frequency set by Council, to Council’s which are the collective responsibility of Science and Technology Boards on the Board members; Mr J Mortimer is Technical and External progress against milestones, achievements ● supporting the Director in representing the Affairs Director at ARC, for whom he has held and quality of all the Survey’s core strategic a number of other positions in production programmes funded by Council and make views of the Survey to the public; management. He is Chairman of the CBI recommendations, as necessary, concerning ● ensuring that the Board observes high Minerals Committee, the Quarry Products the future of those programmes; standards of corporate governance; and Association Public Affairs Committee, and ● monitor the Survey’s management and ● ensuring that the Board meets regularly Minerals ‘98. administration and assist the Director in throughout the year. matters concerning efficiency, effectiveness Dr A C Skinner is Environmental Protection and economy in the use of resources (funds Manager for the Midlands Region of the and tangible and intangible assets); Board Members Environment Agency. He is the Secretary ● ensure an appropriate balance and synergy Prof D J Blundell is Professor of General of the International Association of between the core strategic, core partnership Environmental Geology at Royal Holloway, Hydrogeologists and was formerly the and commissioned research programmes; and University of London. He has mainly Regional Technical Manager for the National Rivers Authority. ● report annually to Council. researched in seismology and marine geophysics. He was a co-founder of the British Prof G Walton is the Senior Partner at the Membership Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate and took a leading role in the European Geoffrey Walton Practice and Visiting Board members are appointed by the NERC Geotraverse supported by the European Professor of Mining at Leeds University. He Chief Executive from nominations made by Science Foundation. He is a past President of was formerly the Headquarters Geotechnical the Director and others, and approved by the Geological Society. Engineer for the National Coal Board’s Council. Membership comprises: a non- Opencast Executive, and was also seconded to executive, part-time Chairman; the Director, Dr J V Bramley is a minerals consultant. He the Rock Mechanics Research Group at the Dr D A Falvey; Council’s Chief Executive or is the President of the Mining Association of Royal School of Mines.

History and contact details ☛ 78 Directors of the British Geological Survey Offices

Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche Dr William Francis Porter McLintock Natural Environment Research Council, 1835Ð1855 1945Ð1950 Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Sir Roderick Impey Murchison Sir William John Pugh Wiltshire SN2 IEU 1855Ð1871 1950Ð1960 ຜ Swindon 01793 411500 Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay Sir Cyril James Stubblefield Fax 01793 411501 1871Ð1881 1960Ð1966 Sir Archibald Geikie Sir Kingsley Charles Dunham Principal offices of the British Geological 1882Ð1901 1967Ð1976 Survey Sir Jethro Justinian Harris Teall Dr Austin William Woodland Kingsley Dunham Centre, 1901Ð1914 1976Ð1979 Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG Sir Aubrey Strahan Sir George Malcolm Brown ຜ Nottingham 0115–936 3100 1914Ð1920 1979Ð1985 Fax 0115 936 3200 Sir John Smith Flett Mr George Innes Lumsden 1920Ð1935 1985Ð1987 Office in Scotland Dr Bernard Smith Mr Ferdinand Geoffrey Larminie Murchison House, West Mains Road, 1935Ð1936 1987Ð1990 Edinburgh EH9 3LA Sir Edward Battersby Bailey Dr Peter John Cook ຜ Edinburgh 0131 667 1000 1937Ð1945 1990Ð1998 Fax 0131 668 2683

Dr David Alan Falvey 1998Ð London Information Office at the Natural History Museum Earth Galleries, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2DE Sir Jethro Justinian Harris Teall was born in 1849 after the death of his ຜ 020 7589 4090 Fax 020 7584 8270 father, in Northleach, England, and was educated locally. He studied natur- St Just, 30 Pennsylvania Road, Exeter, al sciences at Cambridge where he EX4 6BX attended Adam Sedgwick’s last course ຜ Exeter 01392 278312 of lectures, and was engaged for sever- Fax 01392 437505 al years lecturing widely under the University Extension Scheme. Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Meanwhile he had taken to the micro- 20 College Gardens, Belfast BT9 6BS scope, and years of hard rock studies ຜ Belfast 01232 666595 culminated in his magnum opus, Fax 01232 662835 British Petrography, with which his name will always be associated. This Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, led to his appointment as petrographer Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB to the Geological Survey where he was ຜ Wallingford 01491 838800 mainly concerned with Scottish hard Telex 849635 HYDROL G Fax 01491 692345 rocks, particularly the schists, igneous Sir Jethro Justinian Harris Teall, Director rocks and contact metamorphic rocks Office in Wales of the Survey from 1901 to 1914. then being discovered in the NW Room G19, Sir George Stapledon Building, Highlands. The University of Wales, Penglais, On being appointed Director of the Survey in 1901, Teall was able to carry through Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3DB the reforms on staffing and pay recommended by the Wharton Committee and chart ຜ 01970 622541 the future of the Survey for at least fifty years. He established the system of pub- Fax 01970 622542 lishing one inch geological sheets of the country, each accompanied by a memoir. These sheets were based on six inch maps which were published for economically important districts. Other aspects of his appreciation of applied science were the studies of coalfields and underground water supplies. He stimulated the scientific enthusiasm of his staff by recalling them from the field in winter to mix with their peers, and encouraging them to publish and travel overseas to broaden their experi- ences. Teall’s qualities of impartiality and disinterestedness won the faithful collaboration of his staff. He retired with universal goodwill having greatly enhanced the For information on the whole range of the BGS’s reputation of the Survey. activities visit the BGS website: www.bgs.ac.uk British Geological Survey Kingsley Dunham Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG Telephone: (0115) 936 3100 Fax: (0115) 936 3200