14442 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE July 14, 2000 But, although I am gratified at this begun to yield, and the country re- , for all of its failings, is development, the very fact of Mr. mains poor. important to global security—because Kazhegeldin’s arrest is a cause for deep Kazakhstan’s political landscape re- of its location, because of its wealth of concern for every American who hopes mains as undeveloped as its oil fields. energy resources, and because of its that democracy can take root in every Elections have been marked by irreg- commitment to remain a nuclear weap- country where Soviet despotism once ularities to the point where inter- ons-free state. reigned. national monitors agree that they have But no matter how important This latest arrest is doubly trou- not met democratic standards. In Kazakhstan is, the United States must bling, because it suggests that authori- fact—and this speaks volumes about forcefully remind President tarian rulers are having at least tem- the arrest in Rome—President Nazarbayev that acts of harassment porary success in manipulating inter- Nazarbayev was re-elected in 1999 by such as the arrest of Mr. Kazhegeldin national organizations, in this case banning his only real opponent, none endanger the good relations between INTERPOL. other than Akezhan Kazhegeldin. our two countries. He must be made to The International League for Human Human rights abuses have been reli- see the benefits of democracy and a Rights considers Mr. Kazhegeldin’s ar- ably documented and include free market economy, and the blind rest to be a ‘‘particularly serious viola- extrajudicial killings, harsh prison alley of authoritarian cronyism. tion of article 2 of the INTERPOL Con- conditions, and torture of detainees. Therefore, I call upon President stitution’’ because the founders of that The press in Kazakhstan has been Nazarbayev to stop his harassment of organization ‘‘were careful to provide constrained by President Nazarbayev’s Mr. Kazhegeldin and the rest of the le- that the INTERPOL network could not desire to curb those who would ‘‘harm gitimate political opposition in be used by authoritarian governments the country’s image in the world.’’ In Kazakhstan. It is these attacks—not to harass their domestic political oppo- addition, the government owns and the legitimate activities of the polit- nents.’’ controls significant printing and dis- ical opposition—that are serving to The real reason for the arrest was the tribution facilities and subsidizes pub- tarnish the reputation of Kazakhstan. latest in a series of attempts by the lications. Restraints on the press are This political repression makes the de- , Nursultan severe enough that self-censorship is veloped nations—whose support and in- Nazarbayev, to suppress his political now practiced. vestment Kazakhstan desperately opposition, which is led by Mr. The right of free assembly is re- needs—wary of economic involvement Kazhegeldin. stricted by law and by the government. there. The timing is probably not coinci- Organizations must apply 10 days in The United States can work in part- dental. Mr. Kazhegeldin had recently advance to hold a gathering, and local nership to build a better life for the offered to testify before U.S. authori- authorities are widely reported to deny people of Kazakhstan, but only if Presi- ties about corruption at the highest such permits. In some instances, dem- dent Nazarbayev understands that po- levels in Kazakhstan. onstrators have been fined or impris- litical democracy must go hand-in- This is the second time that Presi- oned. hand with economic development. dent Nazarbayev has had Mr. There is, however, one piece of good Kazhegeldin detained by national au- news, in the area of weapons non- f thorities—there was a similar occur- proliferation. Kazakhstan, which was UNMANNED COMBAT VEHICLE rence in Moscow last fall. In both one of four nuclear states formed out of INITIATIVE cases, President Nazarbayev’s govern- the dissolution of the , Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, since ment filed bogus charges through has been a vigorous partner with the January, I have been working on an INTERPOL to have Mr. Kazhegeldin United States in the elimination of initiative that deals with introducing detained. weapons of mass destruction. In 1995, new cutting-edge technology into the I understand that our own Depart- President Nazarbayev announced that combat arms of our Armed Services. ment of Justice has routinely ignored his country was no longer a nuclear The initiative is to have one-third of such INTERPOL notices concerning power, after the last of its nuclear war- our airborne deep strike aircraft re- Mr. Kazhegeldin. heads had been removed to Russia. motely operated within 10 years, and In an even more sinister vein, the On the negative side, however, gov- one-third of our ground combat vehi- harassment against Mr. Kazhegeldin’s ernment officials of Kazakhstan ille- cles remotely operated within 15 years. associates has turned to physical vio- gally sold 40 Soviet-built MiG 21 fight- I asked one of our ‘‘Captains of In- lence—his press aide was stabbed in er jets to North Korea. The officials dustry,’’ Mr. Kent Kresa, the Chief Ex- Moscow recently. implicated in the sales have received ecutive Officer of Northrop Grumman, Mr. President, the stakes in only minor punishment. for his assessment of the technical fea- The United States has worked with Kazakhstan are extraordinarily high. sibility for such an undertaking. He ex- Kazakhstan and the other Central The country is four times the size of pressed his unqualified support for the Asian states to promote democracy, Texas and is blessed with energy re- initiative, saying that it was certainly economic reform, development of the sources that even the Lone Star State feasible from a technical viewpoint. energy sector, and other goals. In would envy. His thoughts have been published in Kazakhstan alone, we provided $600 For example, it has proven oil re- the July 2000, issue of National De- 1 million in assistance from 1992 to 1999. serves of some 15 ⁄2 billion barrels; fense, the magazine of the National De- areas under the Caspian Sea may yield It is important to note that the Silk Road Strategy Act, passed by this Con- fense Industrial Association. I ask up to another 30 billion barrels. unanimous consent this article be Estimates of natural gas reserves gress, specifically calls for increased aid to support conflict resolution in printed in the RECORD. range from 3 to 6 trillion cubic meters. There being no objection, the mate- the region, humanitarian relief, eco- In addition, there are rich deposits of rial was ordered to be printed in the minerals such as copper, zinc, chro- nomic and democratic reform, and in- RECORD, as follows: mium, and uranium. stitution-building. [From National Defense, July, 2000] The Tengiz oil field is currently Finally, the United States has pur- being worked by U.S., Russian, Kazakh, sued a policy of vigorous engagement FOR UNMANNED SYSTEMS, THE TIME HAS COME and other companies. Construction is with the , (By Kent Kresa) underway on a pipeline to the Russian including visits to that country by Sec- Today’s technology gives us the ability to retary of State Albright and First do things in different ways. All we really port city of Novorossiisk, and Central need is determination. In preparing for fu- Asian leaders have signed agreements Lady Hillary Clinton. We have also re- ture conflicts, the area of unmanned systems with Turkey for a Baku-Ceyhan route. ceived many of their leaders in Wash- is one where institutional determination has But this energy wealth is prospective ington, including President not matched technological reach. But that for now. The big fields have not yet Nazarbayev. may be about to change.

VerDate jul 14 2003 13:51 Nov 16, 2004 Jkt 039102 PO 00000 Frm 00064 Fmt 0686 Sfmt 0634 E:\BR00\S14JY0.002 S14JY0 July 14, 2000 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE 14443 Sen. John Warner, R–Va, chairman of the vide such a capability. When teamed with as senior educators, representatives Armed Services Committee, recently an- other key ISR assets, such as the joint sur- from the Orthodox Church, and the nounced that he supports efforts to make veillance target attack radar system media. The program was organized by one-third of the U.S. operational deep strike (JSTARS) and the airborne warning and con- two non-governmental organizations— aircraft unmanned by 2010, and one-third of trol system (AWACS), U.S. commanders will ground vehicles unmanned by 2015. have a formidable capability for seeing their the National Strategy Information Such a significant change in how the operational area in real-time, in all weather. Center in Washington, D.C. and the Si- United States conducts military operations Other assets—such as the Predator UAV, the cilian Renaissance Institute in Pa- would have a profound impact on future na- Army’s new tactical UAV, and the Navy’s lermo, Sicily—with financial assist- tional security efforts. Having spent many vertical take-off UAV—will offer high-fidel- ance from the City of Palermo and the years of my career in the defense industry ity battlefield surveillance to tactical com- U.S. Department of State. The seminar working on unmanned systems, I believe manders. featured presentations on key aspects Warner’s goals are reasonable aspirations. In ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES of the Sicilian Renaissance as well as my view, such an acceleration reflects both a There are numerous tactics, techniques, technological possibility and an operational one-on-one meetings between Geor- and procedures, as well as organizational and necessity. Certainly, there are technological gians and their Sicilian counterparts operational issues to be resolved on how all challenges to be overcome, but the greatest to discuss specific programs that could of these systems work together, and how obstacle may be our past experiences and be implemented in Georgia. The focus they are-controlled and integrated to form a concepts. common operational picture. But the work was on how in recent decades cultural A senior defense official commented last currently under way by the Joint Forces change in Palermo and other parts of year that, by the year 2050, there will be no Command’s experimentation program will Sicily helped reduce crime and corrup- manned aircraft in the military inventory. A highlight the major issues and suggest rea- tion, the lessons from the Sicilian ex- growing number of senior officers see this sonable solutions. transition as inevitable. However, most do perience that may have applicability A study on unmanned systems conducted not see it as imminent. The 50-year period to Georgia, and how the Sicilian expe- by the Government Electronics and Informa- suggested in that observation approximates rience can be modified or replicated in tion Technology Association (GEIA) last fall the chronological distance separating Kitty Georgia. The consensus of the Georgian concluded that in all areas—air, land and Hawk from Sputnik. sea—both institutional and technological delegation was that the achievements Although there are certainly issues to be barriers to the expanded use of unmanned of the Sicilians were remarkable and resolved, particularly regarding command systems were dropping rapidly. The report that many of the practices that have and control, we know considerably more concluded that a heavy reliance on UAVs in been effective in Sicily are applicable today about building and controlling un- both the ISR and attack roles would happen manned vehicles than the Wright Brothers to the prevention of crime and corrup- sooner, rather than later. This suggest that did about rocketry. tion in Georgia. The delegation is now others in industry, as well as the govern- Certainly, there are those who harbor res- developing culture of lawfulness pro- ment, share this perspective. ervations about unmanned systems. But I grams with specific products, and Unmanned systems address two pressing have been surprised at the growing accept- problems. First, not only will they be less methods of evaluation. Additional sec- ance of these technologies across the Defense expensive to build, but their ownership costs tors of society such as the police, so- Department. Field commanders, in par- will be lower. Since the aircraft fly them- cial workers, NGO’s will become in- ticular, increasingly are confident and com- selves, their ‘‘mission managers’’ can be volved as progress is made. fortable about conducting unmanned strikes. trained on simulators. The aircraft can be During Operation Desert Fox—the fourth- Mr. President, this program is one kept in storage until needed, thus lowering day campaign against Iraq in December that attempts to go to the root of one operations and maintenance costs that cur- 1998—72 percent of the strikes were con- of the major problems left over from rently consume a high percentage of the de- ducted by unmanned cruise missiles. By decades of communist rule: corruption. fense budget. comparison, during the first four days of Op- Second, unmanned systems empower our The National Strategy Information eration Desert Storm in 1991, only 6 percent troops, while lowering the risks that they as- Center should be commended and en- of the strikes were conducted with cruise sume. In an age where manpower is becom- couraged in these types of programs. missiles. ing more expensive, and sensitivity to cas- This is exactly the kind of program we Although the scales of these two oper- ualties more prominent, performing ‘‘dirty ations were significantly different, this dra- should be encouraging not just in Geor- and dangerous’’ missions with unmanned matic shift to unmanned strike systems re- gia but in the other Silk Road coun- systems is likely to become an imperative. flects a fundamental operational change. tries as well. Moreover, by removing the real constraints As Gen. Michael Ryan, Air Force chief of I request unanimous consent that the associated with having humans on board, un- staff, has commented on several occasions, following article from the Giornale di manned systems can provide greater range, cruise missiles and other standoff munitions greater mission endurance, and great agility. Sicilia (Palermo) be printed in the are merely unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) Such systems expand the options available RECORD with my remarks. It is an on a ‘‘one-way trip.’’ Transitioning to UAVs to national and operational leaders. interview with Vakhtang Sartania, that are re-usable and capable of making nu- The issue of greater use of UAVs is less Rector of the Pedagogical University of merous trips dropping less costly precision ‘‘can we do it?’’ than ‘‘do we want to do it?’’ munitions is within our near-term techno- Tblisi, Georgia, and head of the delega- In my view, the first question is already an- logical ability. tion visiting Sicily, about the visit to swered: We can do it. The second question is Calculations suggest that in fewer than 10 Sicily. a function of institutional commitment and missions, unmanned combat air vehicles There being no objection, the mate- funding. Warner’s bold vision is certain to (UCAVs) dropping ordnance similar to Joint stimulate discussion that will inevitably rial was ordered to be printed in the Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) become con- lead others to the conclusion that several RECORD, as follows: siderably more cost-effective than cruise factors—strategic, operational, and fiscal— [From the Giornale di Sicilia (Palermo), missiles. Furthermore, these calculations do indicate that we must make this trans- June 5, 2000] not consider additional cost savings result- formation. When that question is resolved, ing from lower manning and routine oper- TBILISI. IN PALERMO FOR LESSONS OF those of us in the defense industry are con- ational costs. LAWFULNESS fident that we are prepared to do our part in In the intelligence, surveillance and recon- (By Franco Di Parenti) making that vision a reality. naissance (ISR) mission area, UAVs already Palermo. ‘‘Being in Sicily is like being at are well accepted. The recent testimony be- f home. There are lots of similarities between fore the Senate Armed Services Committee this country and Georgia: here, too, people by Gens. Wesley Clark and Anthony Zinni, SEMINAR ON THE GEORGIA are straightforward, well-disposed towards commanders-in-chief of two of our more im- REPUBLIC others and proud of their culture; even na- portant regional commands, reflects this Mr. BROWNBACK. Mr. President, in ture is very similar.’’ Vakhtang Sartania is trend. Both articulated the need for a larger May 2000, a delegation from Georgia at- about to leave Palermo and, together with number of UAVs for ISR missions that ‘‘are some souvenirs, he is bringing back in his 24-hour-a-day capable and are adverse-weath- tended a five-day seminar in western suitcase the image of a city that he found er capable.’’ Sicily to help further a culture of law- different from the usual cliche´. And he tells In my view, this is a near-term possibility. fulness in Georgia. The delegation con- it with great enthusiasm. Sartania is the Assets such as the Global Hawk system pro- sisted of government officials as well Rector of the Pedagogical University of

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