Memoria Y Representación Audiovisual De Las Prácticas Travestis

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Memoria Y Representación Audiovisual De Las Prácticas Travestis UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN TESIS DOCTORAL Memoria y representación audiovisual de las prácticas travestis, transformistas y drag queens, de los carnavales de Barranquilla, Baranoa, Puerto Colombia y Santo Tomás en el Caribe colombiano MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Danny Armando González Cueto Director Francisco A. Zurian Madrid Ed. electrónica 2019 © Danny Armando González Cueto, 2019 DOCTORADO EN COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL, PUBLICIDAD Y RELACIONES PÚBLICAS FACULTAD DE CC. DE LA INFORMACIÓN TESIS DOCTORAL Memoria y representación audiovisual de las prácticas travestis, transformistas y drag queens, de los carnavales de Barranquilla, Baranoa, Puerto Colombia y Santo Tomás en el Caribe colombiano Autor: Danny Armando González Cueto Director: Prof. Dr. Francisco A. Zurian Fecha: Madrid, 2019. AGRADECIMIENTOS Durante cuatro años se desarrolló esta investigación, que desafió mi manera de ver el mundo, debido también a que esta experiencia llena de novedades, tuvo como epicentro la ciudad de Madrid, en España, un fuerte contraste con el mundo del trópico del que provengo, por lo cual el proceso de adaptación fue fundamental para profundizar en el proyecto. Por eso, quiero agradecer en especial a Madrid, por su acogida, sus librerías, su Feria del Libro, sus parques, sus cines, sus espacios para el ocio, su particular forma de ser cómplice cuando el tiempo de una conversación se hizo interminable, y a las amigas y a los amigos que aquí me abrazaron y me permitieron crear en la tertulia nocturna. Expreso mi agradecimiento a mi director, el profesor Francisco A. Zurian, por tener la dedicación, la paciencia y la sabiduría para orientar este proceso de investigación, llevándolo más allá del mero hecho de lograrlo, alentándome en publicar artículos, apoyarle en proyectos editoriales, en la organización de eventos y muy importante, ser capaz de que el discurso y el enunciado devenido de mi visión sobre las cosas, se hiciera fuerte y decidido. Este intercambio que comenzó desde el día en que me abrió las puertas en el Grupo de Investigación Género, Estética y Cultura Audiovisual (GECA), me dio la valiosa oportunidad de participar en el Seminario de Estudios LGBTI+ y Cultura Creativa dirigido por la profesora Cora Requena Hidalgo, experiencia que fue determinante para mi regreso a la Universidad como estudiante, luego de la Maestría concluida en 2011, y que me dio muchos instrumentos para enmarcar mi investigación. El Seminario es una de las experiencias más significativas que brinda GECA, porque introduce teoría y práctica desde lo interdisciplinar y contiene el espíritu del grupo, guiado a que los investigadores establezcan un diálogo entre campos de saber para el avance y la profundización de los estudios de género y LGBTI+. GECA fue también el espacio donde pude conocer y compartir con mis compañeras y compañeros de doctorado Lucía Vásquez, Hernando Gómez Prada y David Pérez Sañudo. Quiero agradecer también a las personas que han colaborado con su testimonio al permitir las entrevistas y aportar a este proyecto de investigación: a Jairo Polo Altamar y Fabián Gómez, Presidente y Vicepresidente de la Corporación Autónoma del Carnaval Gay de Barranquilla y el Atlántico, a Thael Osorio De La Rans (Brando Sanjuan García), organizador del Sirenato Gay de la Cumbia de Puerto Colombia, a Manuel Pérez Frutto, organizador del Carnaval Intermunicipal de Santo Tomás, a Mariana Algarín, organizadora del Carnaval del Recuerdo de Baranoa, a los hermanos Starling y Jorge Luis Silvera Barrios, organizadores del Reinado del Cadillo de Baranoa, a Michelle Obama, Reina del Cadillo 2017, a Wilson Castañeda, director de la ONG Caribe Afirmativo, a Heriberto Mejía Mercado, Director de la Fundación Arenosa Vive (FUNDARVI), a Hemel Noreña, Director de la Fundación Sky, a Eusebio Castro, Jefe de Prensa de la Corporación Autónoma del Carnaval Gay de Barranquilla y el Atlántico, a Emmanuel Morales, Secretario de Cultura y Turismo del municipio de Luruaco (Atlántico), a John Better, escritor y performer, a Deibys De la Hoz, transformista-drag queen, estilista y maquillador, a Darwin Villa, drag queen, bailarín, cantante y performer, y a Edgar Plata, artista visual, fundador y asesor de Caribe Afirmativo. En los meses de septiembre a diciembre de 2017 realicé una estancia internacional de investigación en Quito, en Ecuador, que me permitió acercarme mucho más a la realidad de un país hermano de Colombia, gracias a la especial acogida de las profesoras Cristina Vega y Sofía Zaragocin del Departamento de Sociología y Estudios de Género de la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), y a las amigas Bertha Díaz, Alicia Ortega y María Auxiliadora Balladares, y al amigo y escritor Juan Carlos Cucalón. Gracias a los profesores y amigos Eduardo Vides Celis, Juan Carlos Dávila Vera, María Vinent Cárdenas, Rosalba Nieto Samper y Jordi Lladó Vilaseca por brindarme aliento y respaldarme frente a las difíciles decisiones que debieron tomarse en relación con este proyecto de investigación y sus repercusiones en mi vida personal y profesional, sin ellos habría sido más complicado pensar en el rumbo de mis sueños. Muy especialmente quiero agradecer a mis queridos amigos el antropólogo Jaime Olivares Guzmán y Andrés Corredor, me han enseñado que el amor por la vida y por nosotros mismos nos hace capaces de afrontar la adversidad, con integridad y valor. A mis amigas Claudia Casais Grillo, Claudia Banoy Ferreira, Martha Lizcano Angarita, Joseania Miranda Freitas, Karina Herazo Ardila, Sigrid Ferrer Mendoza, María Celene Tabares Robales, Lina Scarpati Manotas, Adriana Urrea, Jaidy Díaz, Laura Wiesner, Silvia Visbal, Loyda Fonseca, Dagmary Olivar Graterol, Adriana Orozco Vinasco, Moraima Camargo González, Mar Estela Ortega González-Rubio y Elena Molina de Coral por sus conversaciones a lado y lado del Atlántico, para animarme a seguir, o simplemente para disfrutar de la vida. Y por supuesto a mis queridos amigos Alberto Campo, Benjamín Méndez, Gerson Ramos, Francisco González, Haner Sánchez, Yuris Polo, Rolf Abderhalden, Marlon Coral, Luis Morcillo, Santiago Tubío, Jesús del Valle, Conrad James, Pep Angles, Carles Fontana y Carlos María Romero, por su escucha y complicidad. A mi familia, mi mamá Justina Isabel Cueto González y mi padre Teddy González Hamburger, a mi padrastro José Ángel Bolaño Rivas, mi tía Rocío Isabel Cueto González, a mis hermanos Katherine González Cueto y José Alfredo Bolaño Cueto, mi cuñado Juvenal Castrejón y mis sobrinos Hugo Juvenal Castrejón, Adrián Daniel Castrejón e Isabel Sofía Bolaño White, su sola existencia me dio aliento, fuerzas y me ayudo a creer para continuar adelante. A Ti, querido Massimiliano Carta, desde nuestro primer encuentro en La Habana, hasta estos años y los viajes que hemos compartido aquí entre España e Italia, y la acogida de tus padres, un proyecto de vida que nunca imaginé, diré que no es suficiente expresar con palabras el agradecimiento por creer en mí, por tu paciencia y por tu afecto. A los amigos que se fueron sin poder ser testigos de este esfuerzo, y en honor a su memoria, víctimas del SIDA o de la violencia homofóbica y política: Fredys Pineda Arroyo, Álvaro Miguel Rivera Linares, Walter Pabuena (La Nordika), Gustavo Turizo, Joel López y Lino Fernando. 3 ÍNDICE RESUMEN………………………………………………………………………………………..8 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………….9 EPÍGRAFE………………………………………………………………………………..…….10 INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………………………… 11 CAPÍTULO 1. PRESENTACIÓN DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN……………………………... 18 1.1. Objeto de estudio……………………………………………………………………….. 18 1.2. Metodología de la investigación…………………………………………………………21 1.2.1. El método historiográfico y el de las dramaturgias expandidas aplicados a los museos travestis, a los archivos LGBTIQ+ y al teatro………………………...………….. 27 1.3. Marco teórico de la investigación……………………………………………..……….. 33 1.4. Hipótesis y objetivos…………………………………………………….………………. 55 Capítulo 2. MEMORIA, REPRESENTACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL Y FIESTAS POPULARES…………………………………………………………………………………...61 2.1. Memoria: nociones generales y memoria social………………………………………62 2.2. El enunciado, el discurso, el archivo……………………………………………………64 2.2.1. El mal de archivo, la pulsión, la pasión……………………………………………….65 2.2.2. El archivo, el furor, la macropolítica, la micropolítica……………………………….66 2.3. Representación audiovisual, visualidad e imagen queer……………………………..69 2.3.1. La representación audiovisual y las reivindicaciones sociopolíticas……………...72 2.4. La visualidad contemporánea y los estudios de género……………………………...74 2.5. Fiestas y carnavales, entre la tradición y la modernidad……………………………..76 2.5.1. Los carnavales en la península ibérica y el Mediterráneo…………………………77 2.5.2. Los carnavales en Latinoamérica y el Caribe………………………………………..82 2.6. La representación audiovisual carnavalesca: de Iberoamérica a Barranquilla……………………………………………………………………………………..87 CAPÍTULO 3. REPRESENTACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL LGBTIQ+ EN COLOMBIA……………………………………………………………………………………..97 3.1. Los estudios de género y el audiovisual LGBTIQ+ en Latinoamérica y Colombia………………………………………………………………………………………...98 3.2. El audiovisual de ficción colombiano: del cine de los ángeles al cine negro…………………………………………………………………………………………...107 3.3. Documental LGBTIQ+ en Colombia…………………………………………………..123 3.4. Audiovisual experimental y videoarte LGBTIQ+ colombiano……………………….131 CAPÍTULO 4. PRÁCTICAS TRAVESTIS, TRANSFORMISTAS Y DRAGS QUEENS EN LATINOAMÉRICA Y EL CARIBE EN EL SIGLO XX………………………………………………………………………………………………138 4.1.
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