Los Nuevos Descubrimientos De Los Asentamientos Cañaris”, Certifico Que Ha Sido Realizado En Su Totalidad Por Las Estudiantes

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Los Nuevos Descubrimientos De Los Asentamientos Cañaris”, Certifico Que Ha Sido Realizado En Su Totalidad Por Las Estudiantes UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA SALESIANA SEDE CUENCA CARRERA DE COMUNICACIÓN SOCIAL Tesis previa al título de Licenciada en Comunicación Social TEMA O TITULO: “Los Nuevos descubrimientos de los Asentamientos Cañaris” AUTORAS: María José Ortega Heras Norma Priscila Atancuri Pacurucu DIRECTOR: Lcdo. Pedro Martínez González Cuenca – Ecuador 2011 RESPONSABILIDAD Todo el contenido del presente proyecto de Tesis es de absoluta responsabilidad de las autoras. María José Ortega Heras Norma Priscila Atancuri Pacurucu I CERTIFICACION Yo Lcdo. Pedro Martínez, docente tutor del proyecto de Tesis titulado “Los Nuevos descubrimientos de los asentamientos Cañaris”, certifico que ha sido realizado en su totalidad por las estudiantes. María José Ortega Heras Norma Priscila Atancuri Pacurucu ………………………………… Lcdo. Pedro Martínez González II Agradecimiento Quiero agradecer a Dios por la vida que me ha dado, por las cosas que me ha permitido aprender y aplicar, también a mi esposo por ser mi ayuda idónea y por apoyarme en todo lo que me he propuesto, a mi Madre por el apoyo y ayuda que me ha brindado en las buenas y en las malas; y a todos los profesores que han aportado en mi vida a la enseñanza de conocimientos y valores éticos y profesionales. Gracias… María José Ortega Heras III Agradecimiento Agradezco primeramente a Dios por haberme dado la vida, a mis padres por ser buenos y apoyarme siempre en todas mis decisiones, retribuyo también a los docentes que estuvieron siempre cuando los necesite, y a nuestros colaboradores que estuvieron pendientes en este proyecto. Norma Priscila Atancuri Pacurucu IV Dedicatoria A Dios, a mi Madre por ser la mejor del mundo, ya que sin su apoyo no lo había logrado, a mi esposo por estar conmigo en todo momento y ser tan bueno, a mis hijos que son la más hermosa bendición y a todos los que de alguna manera ayudaron para la culminación de este proyecto. María José Ortega Heras V Dedicatoria Dedico este proyecto a mis padres por ser lo más valioso que tengo en la vida, por estar siempre conmigo y nunca darme la espalda, por estar en los momentos buenos y malos de mi vida, ser eternamente mis amigos y confiar en mí; también a mis colaboradores que me apoyaron en este duro reto. Norma Priscila Atancuri Pacurucu VI Índice Introducción……………………………………………………………………………………4 CAPITULO 1 1.1. Las teorías de los asentamientos Humanos………………………………………….5 1.1.1. Origen del hombre en el mundo…………………………………………………….5 1.1.2. Homo Sapiens………………………………………………………………………...5 1.1.3. Evolución del Hombre………………………………………………………………..5 1.1.4. Australopithecus………………………………………………………………………6 1.1.5. Los homos……………………………………………………………………………..6 1.1.6. Homo habilis y homo erectus……………………………………………………….7 1.1.7. Homo sapiens Neanderthalis………………………………………………………...7 1.1.8. Homo sapiens sapiens……………………………………………………………...8 1.2. Teorías del origen del hombre en América…………………………………………9 1.2.1. La teoría del poblamiento tardío, Teoría Clovis o Consenso Clovis……………..9 1.2.2. La teoría del poblamiento temprano, o Teoría pre-Clovis……………………….10 1.2.3. Científicos que defienden la Teoría del Poblamiento Temprano……………….11 1.2.4. La teoría asiática de Alex Hrdlicka…………………………………………………12 1.2.5. La teoría oceánica de Paul Rivet…………………………………………………..13 1.2.6. La teoría Polinésica………………………………………………………………….14 1.2.7. La teoría Melanésica…………………………………………………………………15 1.2.8. La teoría australiana de Méndez Correa…………………………………………..16 1.2.9. Teoría de la doble inmigración……………………………………………………..17 1.2.10. Teoría Inmigracionista Asiática (Teoría monoracial)…………………………….19 1.2.11. La teoría de los cuatro orígenes……………………………………………………20 1.2.12. Teorías de los últimos siglos………………………………………………………..21 1.3. Sociología de Los Asentamientos Humanos ……………………………………..22 1.3.1. Tesis de Ameghino…………………………………………………………………..23 1.3.2. Organización social………………………………………………………………….24 1.4. Sociedades Primitivas……………………………………………………………….25 1.5. Breve Historia del Pueblo Cañari…………………………………………………..35 1.5.1. El Origen de Los Cañaris …………………………………………………………..36 1.5.2. La Invasión de Los Incas …………………………………………………………..38 1.5.3. Los Incas………………………………………………………………………………39 1.5.4. Conquista Española …………………………………………………………………42 CAPITULO 2 2.1. Asentamientos del Azuay…………………………………………………………..43 2.1.1. Cañaribamba…………………………………………………………………………43 2.1.2. Chobshi………………………………………………………………………………..45 2.1.3. Shabalúla……………………………………………………………………………...48 2.1.4. Chordeleg……………………………………………………………………………..49 2.1.5. El cerro de Yaver……………………………………………………………………..53 2.1.6. San Juan………………………………………………………………………………54 2.1.7. Vestigios de Dumapara……………………………………………………………...55 2.1.8. Los hallazgos de Todos Santos…………………………………………………….55 2.1.9. Paute…………………………………………………………………………………..57 2.1.10. Pachamama…………………………………………………………………………..59 2.1.11. Las tumbas en pozo de Sigsig, Shillo……………………………………………...59 2.1.12. Paredones de Molleturo……………………………………………………………..60 2.1.13. Nabón………………………………………………………………………………….63 2.1.14. Uduzhapa……………………………………………………………………………..64 2.1.15. Jubones……………………………………………………………………………….65 2.2. Asentamientos de Cañar……………………………………………………………….66 2.2.1. Inga Pirca……………………………………………………………………….68 2.2.2. Construcción de Ingapirca del Cañar………………………………………..73 2.2.2.1 Materia prima y técnica de construcción………………………………………….74 2.2.2.2. Pilaloma……………………………………………………………………………...75 2.2.3. Culebrillas……………………………………………………………………….76 2.2.4. Cojitambo………………………………………………………………………..77 2.2.5. Coyoctor…………………………………………………………………………82 2.2.6. Shungumarca…………………………………………………………………...83 2.2.7. Suscal……………………………………………………………………………84 2.2.8. Cultura Narrio…………………………………………………………………...84 2.2.9. Taday……………………………………………………………………………85 2.2.10. Colina de Shin………………………………………………………………….86 2.2.11. Guapán………………………………………………………………………….86 2.3. Asentamientos de El Oro……………………………………………………………88 2.3.1. Cantón Zaruma…………………………………………………………………88 2.3.2. Busa …………………………………………………………………………….91 2.3.3. Huizhaguiña…………………………………………………………………….91 2.3.4. Los grabados de la gruta de Chinchilla………………………………………92 Pág. 2 2.3.5. Los grabados……………………………………………………………………92 2.3.6. Paltacalo………………………………………………………………………...95 2.3.7. Paccha el Oro ………………………………………………………………….97 2.3.8. Las ruinas de Payama ……………………………………………………….99 2.3.9. Pucará…………………………………………………………………………..99 2.3.10. En el tramo de Yacubiñay ……………………………………………………99 2.4. Asentamientos en El Perú…………………………………………………………100 2.4.1. Lambayeque…………………………………………………………………..100 2.4.2. Arqueólogos peruanos hallan doce tumbas Cañari……………………….101 2.4.3. Cañaris del Norte, Cañaris del Sur: Una visión desde el Norte del Perú Espacio Geográfico, Político y Poblacional………………………………..102 2.4.4. Denominación y Presencia Cañaris en Lambayeque……………………..103 CAPITULO 3 Diálogos con arqueólogos e Historiadores…………………………………………..105 Juan Jáuregui Cordero……………………………………………………………………..105 Ramiro Fernández Quisbert……………………………………………………………….106 Doctor Enrique Ayala Mora ………………………………………………………………..108 Doctor Francisco Valdéz……………………………………………………………………109 Escritora Catalina Sojos…………………………………………………………………….111 José Luis Espinoza …………………………………………………………………………115 Bolívar Cárdenas……………………………………………………………………………119 Julio César Fernández Alvarado …………………………………………………………125 Dr. Jaime Idrovo Uriguen…………………………………………………………………..127 Dr. Juan Cordero Iñiguez…………………………………………………………………..150 CAPITULO 4 Producción del Documental……………………………………………………………..158 4.1 preproducción…………………………………………………………………………...158 Guion literario……………………………………………………………………….160 Guion técnico………………………………………………………………………..169 4.2. Producción………………………………………………………………………………193 4.3. Postproducción…………………………………………………………………………195 5. Conclusiones……………………………………………………………………………197 6. Recomendaciones…………………………………………………………………….198 7. Bibliografía………………………………………………………………………………199 Pág. 3 Introducción El contenido de este trabajo profesional de grado consiste en la investigación del tema de “Los Nuevos descubrimientos de los asentamientos Cañaris”, realizando en cuatro capítulos. El primer capítulo consiste en la “Teorías del origen del hombre en América”, dando a conocer la evolución del ser humano como ha ido desarrollándose de una manera eficaz y valiente ante las adversidades para poder sobresalir y subsistir en el medio en el que se encuentra el hombre. Los asentamientos Cañaris se encuentran en el capítulo II, el cual investigamos, entrevistamos a personas especializadas en el tema también logra educarnos sus vivencias, costumbres, religión y de esta manera pudimos conocer y entregar a la sociedad sobre las vivencias de nuestros antepasados. Las entrevistas realizadas en este proyecto pudimos concluir con muchas inquietudes, en este trabajo obtuvimos diez entrevistas, las cuales nos dieron a conocer datos que ignorábamos sobre el tema investigado, como que en el Norte de Perú en el sector de Lambayeque, no existen evidencias de restos Cañaris, si no solo una cultura que permanece hasta en nuestros días, también que en todo lado en donde se posesionaron los incas, siempre hubo asentamientos Cañaris. Pág. 4 Capitulo 1 1.1. Las teorías de los asentamientos Humanos 1.1.1. Origen del hombre en el mundo Los primeros primate aparecieron hace unos 65 millones de años, quienes vivían en los árboles a diferencia de los mamíferos, entre los primates a parte del hombre podemos mencionar a los simios, monos y musarañas, con el pasar del tiempo tuvieron un proceso evolutivo con rasgos especiales como:”1 Buena visión, manos con las que se puedan sujetar firmemente objetos y un cerebro relativamente grande. Científicos han estimado que los seres humanos se separaron de los chimpancés entre
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