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California Agriculture OctOber–December 2006 • VOLUME 60 NUMBER 4 California Agriculture Lead toxicity: Assessing the risk to U.S. children University of California | Agriculture and Natural Resources | Research in Agricultural, Natural and Human Resources Editorial Of Mendel, wikis and open source: New models for knowledge creation 1866, Gregor Mendel pub- collaboration are no longer limited by time or distance, nor lished his paper “Experiments are online reviews, online real-time editing or instant publish- withIN Plant Hybridization” and set a ing. These developments promise to vastly reduce publication foundation for modern genetics and costs. The open-source software development community the laws of inheritance. As with many demonstrates that virtual teams can accomplish highly com- keystone achievements, the importance plex tasks and distribute valuable products. Bob Sams Director, of his paper was not recognized at the These technical and behavioral changes are disruptive. ANR Communication time. Thirty-five years later, long after In fact, Dan Greenstein, university librarian and head of the Services Mendel’s death, rediscovery of his work California Digital Library, has figuratively called them “sub- generated rapid advances in our under- versive.” New forms of popular and academic publishing standing of genetics and marked a starting point for the re- will affect scholarly communications much as Web distribu- search that has improved plant and animal breeding, shown tion has revolutionized the music industry and newspaper us the structure of DNA, and helped us elucidate the risks publishing. New kinds of copyright licenses and new defini- and benefits of biotechnology. tions of intellectual property rights will be required. One sig- However, that is only part of the benefit from Mendel’s nificant effort to define these agreements is the Open Content work and the 140 years of review, replication and analysis Alliance. Web archives and aggregators such as UC’s own that followed. It is not as well known that Mendel’s ex- eScholarship Repository and the national Web project eXten- periments were also studied carefully by Richard Fisher, sion are working to develop open models of content creation, English statistician and evolutionary biologist. Fisher attribution, licensing and ownership. concluded that Mendel’s findings were just too close to For California Agriculture and all ANR publications, these expected results — and while the accuracy of Mendel’s hy- changes are important, difficult and exciting. Communications pothesis is not challenged today, his work is cited as an ex- and information technology professionals see many tantaliz- ample of how smoothing data can lead to confirmation bias. ing, confusing and unknown pathways to the open and broad Fisher’s later career included work at the famed Rothamstead dissemination of peer-reviewed research results. We also see Experimental Station in England and as visiting faculty at a bewildering array of tools to deliver the benefits of new Iowa State University, where he contributed greatly to modern knowledge to society. statistical science. Mendel’s work and Fisher’s analysis are To take full advantage, we must do more than ensure that examples of the tradition of open inquiry and scientific dia- content exists on the Web and that it is appropriately indexed logue that are the reason for publishing this magazine and for and recognized by search engines. We must also engineer reporting research results openly and accessibly. online peer-review processes that are flexible enough to ac- As California Agriculture marks its 60th anniversary commodate the whole range of information and publication (see page 174), the journal is working hard not only to pub- methods, from refereed journals to one-page fact sheets. lish new findings but also to realign production, publication We must explore new forms of community or “salon” and distribution methods with rapid technological advances review that allow editorial or con- in communications. First among these changes is the con- tent changes to Web information tinuing growth of the Internet. The World Wide Web has be- in real time. We must also adapt Links to explore come the dominant information retrieval pathway, especially to changing notions of intellectual eScholarship Repository in science, education and business. Two things have fueled property and copyright. In a letter http://repositories.cdlib.org/ this evolution. Digitized content has grown explosively to the editor (page 173), Lawrence escholarship/ and there is no end in sight. In a recently announced agree- Pitts, chair of the UC Academic ment, UC and Google will undertake to digitize and index Council Special Committee on eXtension http://about.extension.org selected contents of the UC library system, as well as those Scholarly Communication, reminds of other major institutions. Combined with similar initiatives us that all of UC shares an obliga- Gregor Mendel by Yahoo and other search engines, this agreement shows tion to the common good, a value http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Gregor_Mendel that society has implicitly and collectively agreed that this that has always been at the core of Herculean task is both possible and desirable. It also dem- ANR’s mission. At the same time, Open Content Alliance onstrates our confidence that the technology behind today’s we must ensure the quality of our www.opencontentalliance.org powerful search engines is capable of storing, indexing and information, protect its identity and Open-source software retrieving that information. source, and deliver it in an effective www.sourceforge.net Secondly, growing online communities based on “social form to the people of California. networking” permit both direct conversations between indi- We are working to see that California Wikipedia viduals as well as specialized Web publishing through blogs, Agriculture continues its 60-year tra- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki Web forums, wikis and virtual communities. Cooperation and dition of doing just that. 170 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE • VOLUME 60, NUMBER 4 TABLETable of ContentsOF CONTENTS G. DeGrazia/CMSP G. News departments 172 Letters More voices: Making the case for open access 174 Celebrating a work in progress: UC journal delivers research to Golden State and beyond 176 Citrus Research Center – Agricultural Experiment Station COVER: National studies have UC Riverside marks a century of agricultural increasingly linked even low levels of innovation — still thriving in an urban empire lead exposure to IQ defi ciencies and behavioral disorders in young children (page 180). In September, a new study 216 30 years ago in California Agriculture connected attention defi cit disorders to lead, among other factors (see www.ehponline.org). Research articles 180 Is lead toxicity still 200 Impact of environmental a risk to U.S. children? factors on fi sh distribution Heneman, Zidenberg-Cherr assessed in rangeland streams Elevated lead levels in paint, dust, Thompson et al. soil, imported pottery and candies, In a Shasta County rangeland water- 185 and ethnic remedies are still of con- shed, fi sh distribution varied across the cern; ongoing surveillance is needed. growing season and was correlated with stream temperature and pool depth. 185 Cost-benefi t analysis conducted for nutrition 207 EU support reductions education in California would benefi t California Block Joy, Pradhan, Goldman tomato growers and processors A conservative analysis using Califor- Rickard, Sumner nia EFNEP data found that, at mini- Lowering trade barriers 50% would raise mum, $1.00 spent on nutrition edu- prices for U.S. processing tomatoes 6%, 200 cation saves $3.67 in medical costs. and increase income for growers and pro- cessors by $53.5 million per year. 192 Radiofrequency power disinfects and disinfests 211 Weather-based yield food, soils and wastewater forecasts developed Lagunas-Solar et al. for 12 California crops A simple telecommunications tech- Lobell, Cahill, Field nology quickly heats various foods Yield predictions for some crops were and materials, killing pathogens and highly accurate and could be made with 207 arthropod pests. longer lead times than current methods. Correction: In the July-September 2006 issue, the credits for two images on page 116 were incorrect. The California wild grape image was taken by wildscaping.com, and the wild radish was taken by Jeff Abbas. California Agriculture regrets the error. http://CaliforniaAgriculture.ucop.edu • OctOber–December 2006 171 Letters WHAT DO YOU THINK? More voices: Making the case for open access The editorial staff of California Agriculture welcomes your letters, Agricultural publications online comments and sugges- tions. Please write to us hould peer-reviewed research developed The January-March 2006 California Agriculture edito- at [email protected] or Sat tax-supported institutions such as UC be rial underlined the importance of publishing peer- 1111 Franklin St., freely available to the public? A recent California reviewed agricultural research, the advantages of 6th fl oor, Oakland, CA Agriculture editorial (January-March 2006; 94607. Include your full open-access outlets (including our experiment sta- “California Agriculture delivers access to peer- tion and extension service publications) and the ad- name and address. reviewed research”) explored this issue, noting Letters may be edited vantages of making information available through the impact of soaring journal prices on both li- for space and clarity. braries and individuals.
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