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El Limón Mexicano

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EL LIMÓN MEXICANO Mario Orozco-Santos, Marciano Manuel Robles-González, José Joaquín Velázquez-Monreal, Miguel Ángel Manzanilla-Ramírez, Manuel de Jesús Bermúdez-Guzmán, Silvia Heréndira Carrillo-Medrano, Víctor Manuel Medina-Urrutia, Luis Martín Hernández-Fuentes, Rafael Gómez-Jaimes, www.INIFAP.GOB.MX Gilberto Manzo-Sánchez, Javier Farías-Larios, Daniel Nieto-Ángel, Edgar Mijangos-Hernández, Julio Alejandro Sánchez-de la Torre y Sóstenes Varela-Fuentes El INIFAP a través del Campo Experimental Tecomán ha generado tecnología de producción del cultivo de limón mexicano durante más de cuatro décadas y que ha sido adoptada por productores de este cítrico en toda la costa del Pacíco Mexicano, desde el estado de Colima hasta Oaxaca. Este 40 aniversario, lo celebramos con la presentación y entrega a los limoneros de México del libro “El limón mexicano (Citrus aurantifolia)", el cual contiene información de su origen, taxonomía, mejoramiento genético, así como de los principales componentes del manejo agronómico del cultivo, desde la producción de la planta hasta la cosecha, empaque e industrialización de la fruta. Esperamos que los técnicos y productores encuentren en esta obra información útil que les ayude a realizar un manejo eciente y sustentable que mejore los rendimientos y la calidad de fruta, para que al nal se traduzca en mejores ingresos para las familias limoneras. Centro de Investigación Regional Pacíco Centro Campo Experimental Tecomán Tecomán, Colima, México. Noviembre de 2014 Libro Técnico Núm. 1, ISBN: 978-607-37-0389-5 Directorio Institucional SECRETARÍA DE AGRICULTURA, GANADERÍA, DESARROLLO RURAL, PESCA Y ALIMENTACIÓN LIC. ENRIQUE MARTÍNEZ Y MARTÍNEZ Secretario LIC. JESÚS AGUILAR PADILLA Subsecretario de Agricultura PROF. ARTURO OSORNIO SÁNCHEZ Subsecretario de Desarrollo Rural LIC. RICARDO AGUILAR CASTILLO Subsecretario de Alimentación y Competitividad ING. JAVIER GUIZAR MACIAS Delegado de la SAGARPA en Jalisco INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIONES, FORESTALES, AGRÍCOLAS Y PECUARIAS DR. PEDRO BRAJCICH GALLEGOS Director General DR. MANUEL RAFAEL VILLA ISSA Coordinador de Investigación, Innovación y Vinculación MSC. ARTURO CRUZ VÁZQUEZ Coordinador de Planeación y Desarrollo MTRO. EDUARDO FRANCISCO BERTERAME BARQUIN Coordinador de Administración y Sistemas LIC. ELISA CONCEPCIÓN ELGUÉZABAL DÁVILA Titular de la Unidad Jurídica CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN REGIONAL DEL PACÍFICO CENTRO DR. JOSÉ ANTONIO RENTERIA FLORES Director Regional Pacíco Centro DR. GERARDO SALAZAR GUTIÉRREZ Director de Investigación Regional Pacíco Centro MC. PRIMITIVO DÍAZ MEDEROS Director de Planeación y Desarrollo LIC. MIGUEL MÉNDEZ GONZÁLEZ Director de Administración MC. ISAAC VIZCAINO VARGAS Director de Coordinación y Vinculación en Colima El limón mexicano (Citrus aurantifolia) EDITORES Mario Orozco-Santos Marciano Manuel Robles-González José Joaquín Velázquez-Monreal Miguel Ángel Manzanilla-Ramírez Manuel de Jesús Bermúdez-Guzmán Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias Centro de Investigación Regional Pacífico Centro Campo Experimental Tecomán Tecomán, Colima, México Noviembre del 2014 El limón mexicano (Citrus aurantifolia) No está permitida la reproducción total o parcial de esta publicación, ni la transmisión de ninguna forma o por cualquier medio, ya sea electrónico, mecánico, por fotocopia, por registro u otros métodos, sin el permiso previo y por escrito de la institución. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias Progreso No. 5. Barrio de Santa Catarina. Delegación Coyoacán México, D.F. C.P. 04010 Teléfono: 01 800 088 22 22 Ext. 58701, 58765, 58738 y 58714 www.inifap.gob.mx. Correo-e: [email protected] Primera Edición: Noviembre de 2014 Impreso en México. Printed in Mexico ISBN: 978-607-37-0389-5 Libro Técnico Núm.1 Noviembre de 2014 CAMPO EXPERIMENTAL TECOMÁN Km. 35 Carretera Colima-Manzanillo. Apartado Postal 88 Tecomán, Colima, México. C.P. 28100. Tel. 01 800 088 22 22 Ext. 84301 La presente publicación se terminó de imprimir en el mes de noviembre de 2014 en los Talleres Gráficos de Prometeo Editores, S.A. de C.V. Libertad 1457, Col. Americana, Guadalajara, Jalisco. C.P. 44160 Tel. 01 (33) 38262726. Su tiraje consta de 2,000 ejemplares. La cita correcta de esta obra es: Orozco-Santos, M., Robles-González, M.M., Velázquez-Monreal, J.J., Manzanilla-Ramírez, M.A., Bermúdez-Guzmán, M.J., Carrillo-Medrano, S.H., Medina-Urrutia, V.M., Hernández- Fuentes, L.M., Gómez-Jaimes, R., Manzo-Sánchez, G., Farías-Larios, J., Nieto-Ángel, D., Mijangos-Hernández, E., Sánchez-de la Torre, J.A. y Varela-Fuentes, S. 2014. El limón mexicano (Citrus aurantifolia). Libro Técnico Núm. 1. SAGARPA, INIFAP, CIRPAC, Campo Experimental Tecomán. Tecomán, Colima, México. 449 p. AUTORES Dr. Mario Orozco-Santos Fitopatología INIFAP, Campo Experimental Tecomán Tecomán, Colima, México [email protected] Dr. Marciano Manuel Robles-González Biotecnología-Mejoramiento genético INIFAP, Campo Experimental Tecomán Tecomán, Colima, México [email protected] Dr. José Joaquín Velázquez-Monreal Fitopatología INIFAP, Campo Experimental Tecomán Tecomán, Colima, México [email protected] MC. Miguel Ángel Manzanilla-Ramírez Manejo Agronómico INIFAP, Campo Experimental Tecomán Tecomán, Colima, México [email protected] MC. Manuel de Jesús Bermúdez-Guzmán Biotecnología INIFAP, Campo Experimental Tecomán Tecomán, Colima, México [email protected] Ing. Silvia Heréndira Carrillo-Medrano Biotecnología INIFAP, Campo Experimental Tecomán Tecomán, Colima, México [email protected] Dr. Víctor Manuel Medina-Urrutia Fisiología Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCBA Zapopán, Jalisco, México [email protected] Dr. Luis Martín Hernández-Fuentes Entomología INIFAP, Campo Experimental Santiago Ixcuintla Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit, México [email protected] Dr. Rafel Gómez-Jaimes Fitopatología INIFAP, Campo Experimental Santiago Ixcuintla Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit, México [email protected] Dr. Gilberto Manzo-Sánchez Biotecnología Universidad de Colima, FCBA Tecomán, Colima, México [email protected] Dr. Javier Farías-Larios Manejo Agronómico Universidad de Colima, FCBA Tecomán, Colima, México [email protected] Dr. Daniel Nieto-Ángel Enfermedades en postcosecha Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillo Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. de México [email protected] Ing. Edgar Mijangos-Hernández Manejo agronómico Colaborador invitado Tecomán, Colima, México [email protected] MI. Julio Alejandro Sánchez-de la Torre Biotecnología Colaborador invitado Tecomán, Colima, México [email protected] Dr. Sóstenes Varela-Fuentes Entomología Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México [email protected] PRÓLOGO Las cadenas productivas del sector agropecuario día con día enfrentan nuevos retos para incrementar la productividad y calidad de los cultivos en un escenario de apertura comercial y globalización de los mercados. El compromiso del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) es generar conocimiento y desarrollar la tecnología necesaria para aumentar la productividad y calidad de los productos, y con ello mejorar la competitividad de las cadenas de valor y los ingresos de los productores, sin olvidar el cuidado del ambiente y los recursos naturales. En la región costera del Pacífico de México se cultivan 81,222 hectáreas con limón mexicano (Citrus aurantifolia). Los antecedentes de este cultivo en México demuestran que periódicamente se han enfrentado amenazas para su permanencia como importante actividad agrícola en los estados de Colima, Michoacán, Guerrero y Oaxaca. Hasta 1970, la mayoría de las plantaciones de este cítrico en el país se establecían con árboles de pie franco y por lo tanto se vieron afectadas por la gomosis o pudrición de raíz, causada por Phytophthora parasítica. Esta enfermedad provocaba la muerte de ramas y finalmente del árbol completo causando pérdidas de hasta el 30% en el rendimiento en las plantaciones. En 1981 los árboles se vieron afectados por la ‘bacteriosis’, que en su momento generó incertidumbre entre los productores, así como el cierre de la frontera de Estados Unidos para la fruta cítrica proveniente de nuestro país, afectando así a todos los productores de cítricos mexicanos. En 1995 arribó y se estableció el minador de la hoja (Phyllocnistis citrella) que en los primeros años causó fuertes daños físicos a las hojas del limón mexicano y, con ello una fuerte preocupación entre los productores. El virus de la tristeza de los cítricos (VTC) se ha mantenido como amenaza latente para los cítricos en México, especialmente para el limón mexicano, que es altamente susceptible a este patógeno. Se han detectado razas suaves del virus y recientemente la presencia del pulgón café de los cítricos (Toxoptera citricida), vector más importante del VTC, en varios estados productores de cítricos del país. El reto más reciente y tal vez el más complejo es la llegada a la región de la enfermedad del huanglongbing (HLB), generando gran incertidumbre entre los productores y, aunque no ha sido tan devastadora como se pronosticó sí está teniendo graves consecuencias para el cultivo, por lo que ha sido necesario modificar el manejo de las plantaciones, principalmente en lo relacionado con la nutrición de los árboles con el propósito de convivir con esta enfermedad y mantener la producción de limones. La investigación sobre limón mexicano en Colima se inició
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  • Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid

    Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid

    Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina Liberibacter citri Plant Name asiaticus Citrus Huanglongbing Psyllid Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.: bael, Bengal quince, golden apple, bela, milva X Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle: Chevalier’s aeglopsis X X Afraegle gabonensis (Swingle) Engl.: Gabon powder-flask X Afraegle paniculata (Schum.) Engl.: Nigerian powder- flask X Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.: jackfruit, jack, jaca, árbol del pan, jaqueiro X Atalantia missionis (Wall. ex Wight) Oliv.: see Pamburus missionis X X Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr.: Indian atalantia X Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf: Uganda powder- flask X X Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle: Malay ghost-lime X Calodendrum capense Thunb.: Cape chestnut X × Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. Moore: citrange X Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman: Gillet’s cherry-orange X Citropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.) Swingle & Kellerm.: African cherry- orange X Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse: djerook leemo, djeruk-limau X Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle: lime, Key lime, Persian lime, lima, limón agrio, limón ceutí, lima mejicana, limero X X Citrus aurantium L.: sour orange, Seville orange, bigarde, marmalade orange, naranja agria, naranja amarga X Citrus depressa Hayata: shiikuwasha, shekwasha, sequasse X Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: see Citrus maxima X Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka: hassaku orange X Citrus hystrix DC.: Mauritius papeda, Kaffir lime X X Citrus ichangensis Swingle: Ichang papeda X Citrus jambhiri Lushington: rough lemon, jambhiri-orange, limón rugoso, rugoso X X Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka: xiang cheng, yuzu X Citrus kabuchi hort. ex Tanaka: this is not a published name; could they mean Citrus kinokuni hort. ex Tanaka, kishu mikan? X Citrus limon (L.) Burm.
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Cross-Compatibility, Graft-Compatibility, and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Aurantioideae: New Data From the Balsamocitrinae Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1904r6x3 Author Siebert Wooldridge, Toni Jean Publication Date 2016 Supplemental Material https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1904r6x3#supplemental Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Cross-Compatibility, Graft-Compatibility, and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Aurantioideae: New Data From the Balsamocitrinae A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Biology by Toni J Siebert Wooldridge December 2016 Thesis committee: Dr. Norman C. Ellstrand, Chairperson Dr. Timothy J. Close Dr. Robert R. Krueger The Thesis of Toni J Siebert Wooldridge is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people who have been an integral part of my research and supportive throughout my graduate studies: A huge thank you to Dr. Norman Ellstrand as my major professor and graduate advisor, and to my supervisor, Dr. Tracy Kahn, who helped influence my decision to go back to graduate school while allowing me to continue my full-time employment with the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection. Norm and Tracy, my UCR parents, provided such amazing enthusiasm, guidance and friendship while I was working, going to school and caring for my growing family. Their support was critical and I could not have done this without them. My committee members, Dr. Timothy Close and Dr. Robert Krueger for their valuable advice, feedback and suggestions.
  • Bergamot Oil: Botany, Production, Pharmacology

    Bergamot Oil: Botany, Production, Pharmacology

    Entry Bergamot Oil: Botany, Production, Pharmacology Marco Valussi 1,* , Davide Donelli 2 , Fabio Firenzuoli 3 and Michele Antonelli 2 1 Herbal and Traditional Medicine Practitioners Association (EHTPA), Norwich NR3 1HG, UK 2 AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia RE, Italy; [email protected] (D.D.); [email protected] (M.A.) 3 CERFIT, Careggi University Hospital, 50139 Firenze FI, Italy; fabio.firenzuoli@unifi.it * Correspondence: [email protected] Definition: Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is the result of the mechanical manipulation (cold pressing) of the exocarp (flavedo) of the hesperidium of Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Bergamot Group (synonym Citrus × bergamia Risso & Poit.), resulting in the bursting of the oil cavities embedded in the flavedo and the release of their contents. It is chemically dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (i.e., limonene), but with significant percentages of oxygenated monoterpenes (i.e., linalyl acetate) and of non-volatile oxygen heterocyclic compounds (i.e., bergapten). Keywords: bergamot; citrus; essential oil; production; review 1. Introduction The taxonomy, and consequently the nomenclature, of the genus Citrus, is particularly complicated and has been rapidly changing in recent years (see Table1). For over 400 years, the centre of origin and biodiversity, along with the evolution and phylogeny of the Citrus species, have all been puzzling problems for botanists and the confusing and changing Citation: Valussi, M.; Donelli, D.; nomenclature of this taxon over the years can reflect intrinsic reproductive features of Firenzuoli, F.; Antonelli, M. Bergamot Oil: Botany, Production, the species included in this genus, the cultural and geographical issues, and the rapidly Pharmacology. Encyclopedia 2021, 1, evolving techniques used to clarify its phylogeny [1].
  • Citrus Rootstocks: Their Characters and Reactions

    Citrus Rootstocks: Their Characters and Reactions

    CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS: THEIR CHARACTERS AND REACTIONS (an unpublished manuscript) ca. 1986 By W. P. BITTERS (1915 – 2006) Editor, digital version: Marty Nemeth, Reference Librarian, UC Riverside Science Library, retired Subject matter experts, digital version: Dr. Tracy Kahn, Curator, UC Citrus Variety Collection Dr. Robert Krueger, Curator, USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus & Dates Toni Siebert, Assistant Curator, UC Citrus Variety Collection ca. 1955 ca. 1970 IN MEMORIUM Willard P. Bitters Professor of Horticulture, Emeritus Riverside 1915-2006 Born in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, in June, 1915, Dr. Willard “Bill” Bitters earned his bachelor’s degree in biology from St. Norbert College and his master’s degree and Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin. After earning his doctorate, he first worked as the superintendent of the Valley Research Farm of the University of Arizona in Yuma, and joined the Citrus Experiment Station, in Riverside in 1946 as a Horticulturist. In 1961, Dr. Bitters became a Professor in the newly established University of California-Riverside. His initial assignment was to work on horticultural aspects of tristeza, a serious vector-transmitted virus disease which threatened to destroy California citrus orchards. Tristeza was already in California and spreading in 1946. At that time most citrus trees in California were grafted on a rootstock that was known to be susceptible to tristeza. Dr. Bill Bitters was responsible for screening of over 500 cultivars to determine which rootstock-scion combinations were resistant to this disease and yet possessed suitable horticultural characteristics. Of the 500 screened, most were susceptible, but several successful ones were selected and released to the industry.