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Nykstantys Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Teismai Vilniuje: Praktika Ir Kasdienybė

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Nykstantys Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Teismai Vilniuje: Praktika Ir Kasdienybė NYKSTANTYS LIETUVOS DIDŽIOSIOS KUNIGAIKŠTYSTĖS TEISMAI VILNIUJE: PRAKTIKA IR KASDIENYBĖ. XVIII IR XIX AMŽIŲ SANDŪRA Tamara Bairašauskaitė JVADAS ietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės teisinė tradicija po valstybės L padalijimų kurį laiką neišnyko. Iki XIX a. 4 dešimtmečio Vil­ niaus ir Gardino gubernijų apskrityse veikė žemės, pakamario ir pilies teismai, kuriuos panaikino Jekaterina II (1762-1796), bet atkūrė jos įpėdinis Pavelas I (1797-1801). Iki magistratų panaikinimo XIX a. 6-7 dešimtmečiais miestuose veikė burmistro teismas. Teismų sistemą keitė Aleksandras I. Jo reformos mažiau lietė žemesniuosius teismus, tačiau buvo reorganizuota antrosios instancijos teismų sistema. Iki 1840 m. civilinėje teisėje vadovautasi III Lietuvos Statutu. Šie pokyčiai daugiau ar mažiau aptarti Lenkijos ir Lietuvos istoriografijoje1. Tačiau tyrėjai ' П. Жукович, Управление и суд в Западной России в царствование Екатери­ ны II. Журнал Министерства Народного Просвещения, С.-Петербург, 1914, ч. L, март, с. 88-120, ч. LI, апрель, с. 314-355, ч. LI, май, с. 1-60; L. Żylkowicz, Rządy Repnina na Litwie w latach 1794-7, Wilno, 1938; W. Kulisiewicz, Trzeci Statut Litew­ ski w dobie porozbiorowej, Czasopismo Prawno-Histoiyczne, t. XLIV, z. 1-2, Poznań, 1993, s. 73-89; Л. Korobowicz, W. Witkowski, Uwagi o sądownictwie i prawic sądo­ wym w „guberniach zachodnich" Cesarstwa Rosyjskiego w XIX wieku, Wielokulturo- wość polskiego pogranicza. Ludzie - idee - prawo, Białystok, 2003, s. 63-76; M. Jučas, I. Lukšaitė, V. Merkys, Lietuvos istorija. Nuo seniausių laikų iki 1917 т., Vilnius, 1988, p. 111-112; V. Pugačiauskas, Magistrat wileński w pierwszych latach pod zaborem ro­ syjskim (1794-1808), Biuletyn Historii Pogranicza, 2001, nr 2, s. 19-29; V. Andriulis, M. Maksimaitis, V. Pakalniškis, J. S. Pečkaitis, A. Šenavičius, Lietuvos teisės istorija, Vilnius, 2002, p. 251-258, 266-278; T. Bairašauskaitė, Z. Mcdišauskienė, R. Miknys, Lietuvos istorija. Devynioliktas amžius: visuomenė ir valdžia, VIII tomas, I dalis, Vilnius, 2011, p. 223-236. praleido trumpą, ne itin reikšmingą, galima sakyti, „pilkąjį" Pavelo I valdymo laikotarpį, kai garsiosios imperatorės įpėdinis Baltarusijos, Lietuvos, Minsko, Kijevo, Podolės ir Voluinės gubernijose panaikino motinos atliktas reformas teismų srityje ir mėgino suderinti buvusios Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Rusijos imperijos teismų sistemas2. Per šį eksperimentą Lietuvoje buvo atgaivinti panaikintieji Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės teismai. Nors juose būta pokyčių, nekyla abejonių, kad jų pirmtakai buvo Lietuvos Vyriausiasis Tribunolas ir Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės asesorių dvaro teismas. Šie teismai veikė trumpai - tik iki 1801-1802 m., bet yra svarbūs kaip kultūros reiškinys, iliuzinis tradicijos tęsinys ir Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikš­ tystės teisinės kultūros transformacijos XIX a. pradžia. Iš paliktų veikti buvusių pirmosios instancijos teismų po 1812 m. karo buvo panaikintas vaito ir šuolininkų teismas, dubliavęs burmistro teismo kompetenciją ir nederėjęs prie besikeičiančios teismų sistemos. Straipsnio tikslas yra aptarti XVIII a. ir XIX a. sandūroje restauruo­ tų ir netrukus nunykusių Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės teismų, dirbusių Vilniuje, taip pat panaikinto vaito ir šuolininkų teismo veiklą. Siekiama apibūdinti šių teismų teisinę praktiką ir atskleisti visuomenės kasdienybę, atspindėtą specifiniuose praeities dokumentuose - teismų bylose. Visos datos pateikiamos tokios, kokios nurodytos šaltiniuose. Iki 1800 m. Lietuvoje galiojo Grigaliaus kalendorius, todėl iki to laiko datos teismų bylose rašytos pagal šį kalendorių, nuo 1800 m. - pagal Julijaus kalendorių. Rusijos imperijos įstatymai datuojami tik pagal Julijaus kalendorių. LIETUVOS VYRIAUSIASIS TEISMAS VEL LIETUVOS VYRIAUSIASIS TRIBUNOLAS Buvusiems Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės teismams atgimti pa­ kako vieno įsako, kurį imperatorius skyrė Valdančiajam Senatui 1797 m. 2 Išsamiausiai Pavelo I teismų reformas prisijungtose Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikš­ tystės žemėse aptarė P. Žukovičius: П. Жукович, Западная Россия в царствование императора Павла, Журнал Министерства Народного Просвещения, Петроград, 1916, ч. LXIII, с. 183-226. Apie Lietuvos Vyriausiojo Tribunolo epizodinį atkūrimų Lie­ tuvos vyriausiojo teismo pavadinimu užsiminė Augustinas Janulaitis: A. Janulaitis, Vy­ riausiasis Lietuvos Tribunolas XVI-XVIII amž., Kaunas, 1927, p. 102. vasario 6 d. Įsakas skelbė, kad vietoje numatytų Vilniaus ir Slanimo gubernijų steigiama viena Lietuvos gubernija ir joje atkuriami „pagal vietinę teisę" žemės, pilies ir pakamario teismai, o virš jų iškeliamas buvęs Lietuvos Tribunolas, pavadintas Lietuvos vyriausiuoju teismu. Vietos bajorams leista rinkti šio teismo pareigūnus - maršalą ir apskričių deputatus, o visų išrinktųjų kandidatūras teikti imperatoriui patvirtinti. Teismui liepta pusę metų posėdžiauti Vilniuje, pusę metų - Gardine, spręsti civilines ir baudžiamąsias bylas taip, kaip sprendė kitų gubernijų vyriausieji teismai, o apeliacijas teikti Valdančiajam Senatui3. Gubernijos administratoriai, nagrinėję padėtj vietoje, pasirūpino, kad Lietuvos gu­ bernijos teismai neliktų be profesionalių teisininkų, rengusių medžiagą bylai, rašiusių skundus ir prašymus, atstovavusių teismuose ieškovams ir atsakovams, - taigi neatsiejamų ir įtakingų civilinio proceso dalyvių: advokatų, patronų, agentų, juristų, vadinamosios palestros. Lietuvos gubernatorius Jakovas Bulgakovas manė, kad jeigu imperatorius paliko Lietuvai buvusius teismus ir teiseną, negalima apsieiti be tradicinių tei­ sininkų, nes kas kitas išmano vietinę teisę, teismo procesą, ir kam kitam bylininkai patikėtų svarbius dokumentus ir net jų originalus. Todėl jis parengė teikimą, kurį apsvarstė Valdantysis Senatas ir paskelbė išsamų pranešimą dėl advokatų rinkimo Lietuvos gubernijose, jiems keliamų reikalavimų atitikti kilmės, turto cenzo, išsilavinimo, praktinės patirties ir moralinius kriterijus. Pranešime buvo nurodyta 12 priežasčių, dėl kurių advokatai turėtų netekti tarnybos, o kad ja nepiktnaudžiautų, siūlė sumažinti jų skaičių: Lietuvos vyriausiajame teisme turėti 18, apskričių žemės ir pilies teismuose - po 10, vyskupijų konsistorijų teismuose - po 6, vaito ir burmistrų teismuose advokatus skirti priklausomai nuo miesto dydžio: Vilniuje - 10, Gardine - 8, Kaune - 6, o kituose miestuose - po 5 advokatus4. 1797 m. gruodžio 14 d. imperatorius šiems siūlymams pritarė ir į Lietuvos gubernijos teismus, kaip senais laikais, sugužėjo advokatai ir regentai, palaikantys teisinės kultūros lygį. Imperija šaip sutvarkytai teismų sistemai prisijungtose žemėse skyrė specialią priežiūrą. 1799 m. sausio 25 d. imperatoriaus įsaku Senatui Podolės, Voluinės, Minsko, Lietuvos ir Kijevo gubernijose buvo įsteigta 3 Полное собрание законов Российской империи, собр. 1 (toliau -77CJ-1), т. XXIV, № 17 788. 4 Ten pat, Nr. 18 266. neetatinė fiskalo pareigybė. Jam buvo pavesta du kartus per metus slapta tikrinti gubernijos žemesniuosius ir aukštesniuosius teismus, nagrinėjusius civilines bylas. Apie pastebėtus įstatymų pažeidimus, piktnaudžiavimus ar gyventojams daromas skriaudas turėjo pranešti gubernatoriui ir gu­ bernijos prokurorui5. Lietuvos teismams naujovė buvo įstatymais reglamentuota apeliacijų, teikiamų iš apskričių teismų gubernijų vyriausiesiems teismams ir Val­ dančiajam Senatui, tvarka, taip pat reikalavimas vyriausiesiems teismams „pagal rusišką tvarką" rengti svarstomų bylų santraukas, vadinamuosius ekstraktus6. Nagrinėjamo laikotarpio teismų bylos rodo, kad santraukas rengė visi Lietuvos teismai. Nors ir buvo naujovių, visuomenė galėjo stebėti Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės praeitimi alsavusią svarbiausią Lietuvos teisinę instituciją ir tikėti, kad atgimsta jos buvusi didybė. Žemaitijos teismų advokatas Vincentas Vizboras-Bagdanavičius (Wincenty Wizbor Bohdanowicz) savo atsiminimuose apie 1800 m. įvykius rašė: Beveik kasdieną lankiau Vyriausiojo teismo posėdžius. Tai buvo paskutinė garsi ir rimta institucija, panaši į buvusį Tribunolą. Gale prie atskiro stalo sėdėjo: maršalas, cenzorius ir raštininkas. Iš šonų - du dideli stalai, prie jų sėdėjo apskrityse išrinkti didžiai gerbiami deputatai; tai buvo nusipelnę apskričių pareigūnai, vilkintys kontušus ir segintys lenktus kardus, taip pat buvo keli, jau apsirengę prancūziškai. Šalimais maršalo stovėjo stalas regentams - dviem, kurie rašė ieškinius, ir dviem, kurie rašė sprendimus. Palestra, arba advokatai, apsirengę lenkiškai, rimti, jie ėjo įvairias pareigas. Tarp jų garsiausias buvo Bernardas Sobanskis (Bernard Sobański), prieš tai buvęs žemės teismo regentu, išmanė bylas ir garsėjo tuo, kad gerai rašė kalbas. Teismas dirbo šešis mėnesius. Šio teismo maršalas buvo Houvaltas. Priešais jį ant stalo gulėjo maršalo lazda - kai ja pabelsdavo, vazniui tai primindavo teismo rimtumą.7 Išlikusi Vilniaus kadencijos Lietuvos vyriausiojo teismo civilinių bylų sprendimų knyga rodo, kad šio teismo maršalas, valstybės patarė- 5 Ten pat, t. XXV, Nr. 18 826. Rusijos imperijoje fiskalų pareigybę 1711 m. įvedė Pet­ ras I, tačiau ji buvo panaikinta 1775 m. paskelbus „Gubernijų nuostatus", kuriuose buvo numatyta teismuose tik gubernijos prokuroro priežiūra. 6 Lietuvos gubernijai apeliacijų teikimo tvarka galutinai buvo nustatyta 1800 m. liepos 19d. ir 1801 m. rugpjūčio 20d. Senato įsakais. ПСЗ-\, т. XXVI, № 19487, № 19985. 7 W. Wizbor-Bohdanowicz, Szczegóły niektóre życia mojego. Wspomnienia pale- stranta żmudzkiego z lat 1781-1833, Do druku przygotował i przypisami uzupełnił Mi­ chał Brensztejn, Ateneum Wileńskie, R. VI, z. 1-2, Wilno 1929, s.
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