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Randy Thaman University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

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Randy Thaman University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji Islands on the Frontline Against the Winds and Waves of Global Change: Emerging Environmental Issues and Areas for Adaptation and Building Resilience in Pacific Small Island Developing States Pacific Islands Roundtable on Nature Conservation The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji 9-10 July 2015 Randy Thaman University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji I pay respect to, and ask for the blessings of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Islands as the original custodians of their islands and oceans AND KNOWLEDGE OF CHANGE AND ADAPATATION PSIDS clearly on the frontline against climate and environmental change, loss of biodiversity, extreme events, and economic and social change. TAKUU ISLET Village NUKUTOA ISLET Takuu Atoll, Papua New Guinea Carteret Islands Building resilience and adapting to old AND EMERGING challenges will require: Building strong synergies between time- tested indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) and adaptive strategies with the best modern science, technical interventions and adaptive strategies = “Putting ancient winds into new sails” . and canoes!! FOCUS TEN emerging or intensifying issues that are particularly critical to Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS). TWELVE areas of opportunity for building synergies between Indigenous and Local Knowledge (ILK) systems and modern science AS A BASIS FOR ADAPTATION EMERGING OR INTENSIFYING ISSUES FROM A PSIDS PERSPECTIVE 1. Intensification of Impacts of Extreme Events 2. Invasive Alien Species (IAS) 3 .Overfishing of Inshore Waters 4. Coastal Littoral and Mangrove Deforestation and Devegetation 5. Agrodeforestation and Loss of Agrobiodiversity 6. Loss of Tropical Montane Cloud Forest 7. Breakdown in Biogenic Calcification and the Biogenic Sand and Sediment Budget 8. Coral Disease 9. Need to Protect Biodiversity Cool Spots 10. Loss of Indigenous and Local Knowledge and Biocultural Diversity/Ethnobiodiversity NATURE OF ISSUES AND THE PROCESS Presented as a member of an Expert Panel at a UNEP Foresight Process for SIDS Workshop held in Cambridge, United Kingdom from 4 – 16 May, 2013 to identify and prioritize serious emerging environmental issues in SIDS. The results will be part UNEP’s the Third International Conference on SIDS: Barbados Programme of Action (BPoA) +20 Meeting to be held in Apia, Samoa in September 2014. 1 INTENSIFICATION OF IMPACTS OF EXTREME EVENTS - Extreme events include: cy clones, floods, droughts, El Niño/La Niña (ENSO) events, king tides, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, uncontrolled fires, coral bleaching and invasive species and disease infestations - Have always been a reality, but the impacts on the environment, biodiversity and human food, health and livelihood security are clearly intensifying in PSIDS and constitute one of the most serious obstacles to sustainable island life. REASON Negative synergies associated with increasing population, environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity, loss of agricultural diversity, pollution, overfishing, invasive alien species, inappropriate environmental engineering and construction, AND HUMAN- INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE, sea-level rise and acidification of the ocean AND LOSS OF ILK Trees in the aftermath of 2009 Tsunami, Samoa 2009 Tsunami Damage, Upolu, Samoa and Coral Reefs 3 Years Later IN 2012!!! – VIRTUALLY NO RECRUITMENT!! 2 INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES (IAS) Invasive alien species (IAS) clearly constitute one of the most serious, but under- acknowledged, threats to native and cultural biodiversity and ecosystems and human wellbeing in PSIDS. IAS have seriously undermined food, health and productive security and increased the vulnerability to environmental, economic and social change in PSIDS. 2 INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES (IAS) Among the most serious IAS, which have causes countless millions of dollars costs in terms of damage to property, human, ecosystem and biodiversity heath and control costs, include: - mammals (rats, mongooses, monkeys, and goats, pigs, cats) - birds (mynah birds, bulbuls, cockatoos), - reptiles (brown tree snake, monitor lizards) - amphibians (toads, tree frogs) - fishes (tilapia, mosquito fishes) - insects (ants, wasps, fruitflies, termites, mosquitoes/disease vectors, agricultural pests), - diseases and pathogens (fungi, bacteria, and other micro- organisms that threaten people, crops, bats and coral reefs). Invasive brown algae (Sargassum polycystum) – has invaded Funafuti Lagoon, Tuvalu “In Tuvalu we have a similar bloom of an invasive • •Up to 2 m tall species that became a nuisance in 2011. We have limited knowledge on what causes the bloom in • •Found in Wallis, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga the Funafuti lagoon. Hope you can pay a visit shortly to Funafuti and investigate these species. • •Grows fast We had about 30 truckloads of algae taken from • •Spreads easily Funafuti beach in 2011 by volunteers because it gave out a uncomfortable smell. Can you look into • •Can float on the sea and remain alive for this and advise us on how it emerge in the Funafuti a long time lagoon.” Luke Paeniu, Funafuti, posted on the Pacific Solutions Exchange Forum, 2013 • •Dense forest of Sargassum not attractive to fish (d’ Nyeurt, PACE 2013) Nomura's giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai - largest cnidarian in the world - Grows up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter and weighs up to 200 kg - Population explosions appear to be increasing and destroying fishing in Japan – living pollution - Possible reasons: include climate change, overfishing, nutrient pollution and coastal modification adding substrate for asexually producing polyps 3 Overfishing of Inshore Fisheries 3 Overfishing of Inshore Waters - Worldwide crisis that threatens biodiversity and livelihood security in PSIDS. -World’s top marine scientists in a 2001 Nature article Jackson 2001 et al.) said that “overfishing precedes all other human impacts on coastal ecosystems, including pollution, degradation of water quality, and anthropogenic climate change.” -Overfishing has led to “trophic cascades”, the collapse of marine ecosystems and the disappearance or “ecological extinction” of larger, economically and culturally valuable species that were present in the past. -Community Managed Marine Areas (CMAs) with MPAs offer the best solution!! Table 1. Summary analysis of 811 taxa that have been seen for: 1) the first time ever or in 40 years or more; 2) the first time for 20 to 40 years; 3) first time in the last 10 to 20 years; or, 4) are clearly increasing in abundance or in size in the Vanua Navakavu fishing grounds (iqoliqoli) since the establishment of the Vueti Navakavu LMMA and MPA in 2001, based on surveys with, and field studies by, the oldest generation of male and female fishers of Navakavu Vanua, southeastern Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, 2009-2011. (Updated July 2014) Taxa 1st time or 1st in 20 to 1st in last Inc. Total first time 40 yrs 10 to 20 Abund. & Species in over 40 yrs Size yrs Total Sharks and Rays 2 6 1 1 10 Total Eels 15 7 4 5 31 Total Other Finfishes 104 81 50 132 367 Total Echinoderms 12 8 6 19 45 Total Crustaceans 50 13 13 23 99 Total Gastropods 84 58 12 30 184 Total Bivalves 22 15 2 21 60 Total Cephalopods, Scaphopods 3 1 3 7 Total Nudibranchs, Seaslugs, 4 3 1 1 9 Seahares Total Worms 4 3 2 9 Total Anemones 2 2 2 6 Grand Total 302 194 92 239 827 10 Coastal Deforestation/Degradation - Coastal deforestation/devegetation and loss of littoral biodiversity is accelerating due to overexploitation or conversion to agricultural, urban or industrial uses and invasive species -One of the most serious contributing factors to the increasing vulnerability of island communities to global change. -Coastal and mangrove forests are clearly on the frontline against climate change and most other extreme events. -COASTAL LITTORAL FORESTS ARE FAR MORE THREATENED AND HAVE FALLEN INTO THE GAPS IN CC AND CONSERVATION INITIATIVES PSIDS . Ethnobotany of Coastal Littoral Plants Coastal Littoral Vegetation Cultural Utility of Coastal Plants • 75 different purpose/use categories for 140 common Pacific Island coastal plants almost all of which are found on atolls. • Frequency of usage for the 140 plants was 1024, an average of 7.3 purpose/use categories per plant, ranging from no reported uses for only two species to as many as 125 for the coconut • Another 17 species have 20 or more reported uses • 29 species have at least 7 uses each Most Widely Reported Uses of Pacific Island Coastal • Medicine • general construction • body ornamentation • Fuelwood • ceremony and ritual • cultivated or ornamental plants • Toolmaking • food • boat or canoe making • dyes or pigments • magic and sorcery • fishing equipment • cordage and fibre • games or toys • perfumes and scenting coconut oil • fertiliser and mulching • Woodcarving • weapons or traps • food parcelisation or wrapping, subjects of legends, mythology, songs, riddles, and proverbs, domesticated and wild animal feed, handicrafts, cooking equipment, clothing, fish poisons, items for export of local sale, adhesives or caulking, and musical instruments • 113 OF 140 species (81%) reportedly used medicinally • A quarter (27) are used medicinally for a variety of purposes, often the same purposes, wherever they are found throughout the Pacific, as well as in southeast Asia the ancestral homeland of Pacific peoples • The effectiveness of these medicines has been recorded scientifically in writing by Chinese “doctors” and Indian Auryvedic medicinal practitioners for over 800 years (!). • In most rural communities, there is little or no access to modern medicines and an almost exclusive
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