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Laurentide Ice Sheet Deglaciation

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Laurentide Ice Sheet Deglaciation This is a repository copy of Ice stream activity scaled to ice sheet volume during Laurentide Ice Sheet deglaciation. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/102275/ Article: Stokes, C.R., Margold, M., Clark, C.D. orcid.org/0000-0002-1021-6679 et al. (1 more author) (2016) Ice stream activity scaled to ice sheet volume during Laurentide Ice Sheet deglaciation. Nature, 530 (7590). pp. 322-326. ISSN 0028-0836 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16947 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 1 Ice stream activity scaled to ice sheet volume during deglaciation of the 2 Laurentide Ice Sheet 3 4 C. R. Stokes1, M. Margold1, C.D. Clark2, L. Tarasov3 5 1Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK 6 2Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK 7 3Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University, St John’s, Canada 8 *Correspondence to: [email protected] 9 10 Supplementary Table 1: Database of all 117 ice streams from a recent inventory19 alongside our 11 estimated age brackets (minimum, maximum and best estimate). Ice stream locations are shown in 12 Supplementary Figure 1. 13 Best Best Best ID Ice Stream Earliest Latest Earliest Latest Min Max estimate estimates estimate No name start start stop stop duration duration start stop duration 1 Mackenzie 21.8 21.8 21.8 14.7 14.3 13.9 7.1 7.9 7.5 Trough 2 Anderson 21.8 16.3 15.6 15.6 15.6 14.3 0.1 7.5 0.7 3 Horton / 13.9 13.7 13.6 13.7 13.6 13.5 0.1 0.4 0.1 Paulatuk 4 Haldane 13.7 13.5 13.3 13.3 13.2 13.1 0.1 0.6 0.3 5 Bear Lake 14.5 14.1 14.0 12.9 12.7 12.7 1.1 1.8 1.4 6 Dubawnt Lake 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.1 8.6 0.1 0.8 0.2 7 Saneraun Hills 13.2 13.1 13.0 13.0 12.7 12.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 8 Collinson Inlet 13.4 13.2 13.2 13.0 12.9 12.8 0.2 0.6 0.3 10 M'Clintock 13.1 13.0 12.9 12.8 12.7 12.6 0.1 0.5 0.3 Channel 11 Crooked Lake 14.4 14.1 13.8 13.6 13.5 13.0 0.2 1.4 0.6 12 Transition Bay 10.1 10.0 9.9 9.9 9.7 9.5 0.1 0.6 0.3 13 Peel Sound 10.7 10.4 10.3 10.3 10.1 10.0 0.1 0.7 0.3 14 Central Alberta 21.8 20.5 17.7 16.3 16.3 13.9 1.4 7.9 4.2 15 High Plains 21.8 20.5 17.7 16.3 15.6 14.7 1.4 7.1 4.9 16 Ungava Bay 10.0 10.0 9.5 9.4 9.4 7.9 0.1 2.1 0.6 fans 2 17 Ungava Bay 11.5 11.4 11.4 11.0 11.0 7.9 0.4 3.6 0.4 fans 1 18 Amundsen Gulf 21.8 21.8 21.8 13.3 11.5 10.8 8.5 11.0 10.3 19 M'Clure Strait 21.8 21.8 21.8 14.8 14.4 14.2 7.0 7.6 7.4 20 Gulf of Boothia 21.8 21.8 21.8 11.0 10.4 10.3 10.8 11.5 11.4 1 21 Admiralty Inlet 21.8 21.8 21.8 11.5 10.7 10.3 10.3 11.5 11.1 22 Lancaster 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 11.5 11.2 8.9 10.6 10.3 Sound 23 Cumberland 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.4 12.0 11.5 9.4 10.3 9.8 Sound 23 Cumberland 12.4 12.0 11.5 8.6 8.4 6.9 2.9 5.5 3.6 Sound deglacial 24 Hudson Strait 21.8 21.8 21.8 16.3 16.3 10.1 5.5 11.7 5.5 25 Laurentian 21.8 21.8 21.8 17.7 17.4 15.6 4.1 6.2 4.4 Channel 26 Albany Bay 21.8 17.0 10.8 13.3 10.8 9.4 0.1 12.4 6.2 27 Des Moines 21.8 18.3 18.3 15.6 14.7 13.9 2.7 7.9 3.6 Lobe 28 James Lobe 21.8 21.8 18.8 16.3 15.6 15.6 2.5 6.2 6.2 30 Lake Michigan 21.8 21.8 21.8 17.0 15.6 13.9 4.8 7.9 6.2 Lobe 31 Superior Lobe 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 12.9 11.5 8.9 10.3 8.9 33 James Bay 10.8 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.1 8.9 0.1 1.9 0.3 45 Notre Dame 21.8 21.8 21.8 25.4 19.3 17.0 0.1 4.8 2.5 Channel 49 Huron-Erie 21.8 21.8 21.8 17.7 15.6 14.7 4.1 7.1 6.2 Lobe 101 N Prince of 12.0 11.5 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.8 0.1 1.2 0.5 Wales Island 102 Browne Bay 10.8 10.4 10.1 10.3 10.1 10.0 0.1 0.8 0.3 103 Bernier Bay 10.1 9.5 9.3 9.5 9.3 9.1 0.1 1.1 0.2 104 Eclipse Sound 21.8 21.8 21.8 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.3 11.0 10.6 105 Navy Board 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.4 11.5 10.1 9.4 11.7 10.3 Inlet 106 S of Milne Inlet 9.1 8.1 7.4 7.9 7.7 7.4 0.1 1.7 0.4 W 107 S of Milne Inlet 9.1 8.1 7.4 7.9 7.7 7.4 0.1 1.7 0.4 E 108 Buchan Gulf 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 11.5 10.1 8.9 11.7 10.3 109 Scott Inlet 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 11.5 10.1 8.9 11.7 10.3 110 Sam Ford Fiord 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 11.5 10.1 8.9 11.7 10.3 111 Clyde Trough 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 11.5 10.1 8.9 11.7 10.3 112 Home Bay 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 11.5 10.1 8.9 11.7 10.3 113 Okoa Bay 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 11.5 10.1 8.9 11.7 10.3 114 Kangeeak Pt 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 11.5 10.1 8.9 11.7 10.3 115 Broughton 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 11.5 10.1 8.9 11.7 10.3 Trough 116 Merchants Bay 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 11.5 10.1 8.9 11.7 10.3 117 Frobisher Bay 21.8 21.8 21.8 13.3 12.4 11.5 8.5 10.3 9.4 117 Frobisher Bay 9.5 8.9 8.3 7.9 7.4 6.9 0.4 2.6 1.5 deglacial 118 Amadjuak Lake 8.3 7.9 7.4 7.4 6.9 6.9 0.1 1.4 1.0 119 Erichsen L - 7.4 7.1 6.9 6.6 6.2 6.0 0.3 1.4 0.9 Munk Island 120 Steensby Inlet 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.2 0.3 1.1 0.7 2 121 S Southampton 9.3 8.9 8.6 8.8 8.6 8.5 0.1 0.8 0.3 Island / pIS 5 122 C Southampton 9.3 8.9 8.6 8.8 8.6 8.5 0.1 0.8 0.3 Island / pIS 11 123 Massey Sound 21.8 21.8 21.8 13.9 13.3 11.5 7.9 10.3 8.5 124 Nansen Sound 21.8 21.8 21.8 11.5 10.4 9.9 10.3 11.9 11.4 125 Cap Discovery 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 11.5 10.1 8.9 11.7 10.3 126 Smith Sound / 21.8 21.8 21.8 15.6 12.9 10.1 6.2 11.7 8.9 Nares Strait 127 Jones Sound 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 12.4 11.5 8.9 10.3 9.4 128 Wellington 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 11.5 10.1 8.9 11.7 10.3 Channel 129 Prince Gustaf 21.8 21.8 21.8 13.9 12.9 12.9 7.9 8.9 8.9 Adolf Sea 130 Trinity Trough 21.8 21.8 21.8 19.3 18.3 17.0 2.5 4.8 3.5 131 (IS in) The 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8 20.5 19.3 0.1 2.5 1.3 Gully 133 Placentia Bay - 21.8 21.8 21.8 19.30 18.3 17.0 2.5 4.8 3.5 Halibut Channel 134 Northeast 21.8 21.8 21.8 24.1 21.8 20.5 0.0 1.3 0.00 Channel IS 135 (IS) offshore pre-OIS pre-OIS 2 pre- pre-OIS pre-OIS 2 pre- - - - Massachusetts 2 OIS 2 2 OIS 2 136 Oneida Lobe 17.0 16.3 15.6 16.3 15.6 14.7 0.1 2.3 0.7 137 Tug Hill 17.0 17.0 16.3 16.3 15.6 15.6 0.1 1.4 1.4 Plateau 139 Yelverton Bay 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 12.9 11.5 8.9 10.3 8.9 140 Phillips Inlet 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 12.9 11.5 8.9 10.3 8.9 141 Kennedy - 21.8 21.8 21.8 17.7 15.6 11.5 4.1 10.3 6.2 Robeson Channel 142 Kugluktuk 12.9 12.7 12.4 12.7 12.4 11.5 0.1 1.4 0.3 143 Horn 12.7 12.7 12.6 12.7 12.6 12.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 144 Fort Simpson 13.9 13.3 12.9 12.9 12.7 12.6 0.1 1.3 0.6 145 Cameron Hills 15.6 14.7 13.9 14.7 13.9 13.3 0.1 2.2 0.8 fragment 146 Buffalo River 12.9 12.4 11.5 12.4 11.9 11.5 0.1 1.4 0.5 147 Caribou 13.9 13.2 12.9 13.3 12.9 11.9 0.1 2.0 0.3 Mountains 148 Birch 17.0 15.6 13.9 14.7 13.9 12.7 0.1 4.3 1.7 Mountains fragments 150 pre-Maskwa pre-LGM pre-LGM pre- pre-LGM pre-LGM pre- - - - LGM LGM 151 Rocky 21.8 20.5 21.8 17.7 16.3 15.6 4.1 6.2 4.2 Mountian Foothills 152 IS2 17.0 16.3 15.6 15.6 15.6 14.7 0.1 2.3 0.7 153 Maskwa 21.8 21.8 15.6 18.3 17.7 17.0 0.1 4.8 4.1 154 Smoothstone 17.0 16.3 15.6 15.6 15.6 14.7 0.1 2.3 0.7 Lake fragment 3 155 IS3 17.0 15.6 13.9 14.7 14.7 13.9 0.1 3.1 0.9 156 IS4/5 15.6 13.9 13.3 13.9 12.9 12.7 0.1 2.9 1.0 157 Winefred Lake pre-LGM pre-LGM pre- pre-LGM pre-LGM pre- - - - fragment LGM LGM 158 Lac La Ronge 13.9 13.6 13.3 13.6 13.3 12.9 0.1 1.0 0.3 159 Buffalo Ice 21.8 21.8 18.8 16.3 15.6 13.9 2.5 7.9 6.2 Stream Corridor 160 Pasquia Hills 17.0 16.3 15.6 15.6 15.6 14.7 0.1 2.3 0.7 fragments 161 Suggi Lake 13.3 12.9 12.7 12.9 12.4 12.3 0.1 1.0 0.5 162 Saskatchewan pre-LGM pre-LGM pre- pre-LGM pre-LGM pre- - - - River LGM LGM 163 Red River Lobe 13.6 13.3 13.1 13.1 12.9 12.7 0.1 0.9 0.4 164 Quinn Lake 9.4 9.3 9.1 8.9 8.6 8.5 0.2 0.9 0.7 165 Ekwan River 9.9 9.5 9.4 9.5 9.4 9.3 0.1 0.6 0.1 166 Maguse Lake 8.4 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 167 Okak Bank 1, 2 21.8 21.8 21.8 19.3 13.9 12.9 2.5 8.9 7.9 168 Hopedale 21.8 21.8 21.8 19.3 13.9 12.9 2.5 8.9 7.9 Saddle 169 Hawke Saddle 21.8 21.8 21.8 24.1 19.3 17.0 0.00 4.80 2.5 170 Cartwright 21.8 21.8 21.8 24.1 13.9 12.9 0.00 8.9 7.9 Saddle 171 Karlsefni 21.8 21.8 21.8 19.30 13.9 12.9 2.5 8.9 7.9 Trough 172 McBeth Fiord 21.8 21.8 21.8 12.9 11.5 10.1 8.9 11.7 10.3 174 Remnant 21.8 10.1 8.6 16.3 8.6 8.4 0.1 13.4 1.5 Dubawnt ice stream corridor 175 Great Slave 16.3 15.6 13.3 13.3 12.9 12.7 0.1 3.6 2.7 Lake 176 Hay River 14.7 13.9 13.3 13.3 12.9 11.5 0.1 3.2 1.0 177 Peace River IS 14.7 13.9 13.3 13.3 12.9 11.5 0.1 3.2 1.0 178 Athabasca 16.3 13.9 13.3 13.3 12.4 12.0 0.1 4.3 1.5 River IS 179 Hayes Lobe 12.4 11.7 10.8 10.8 10.1 9.5 0.1 2.9 1.6 180 Rainy Lobe 12.7 12.4 12.3 11.5 11.0 10.8 0.8 1.0 1.4 181 Bathurst IS 15.6 15.3 14.9 14.7 14.5 13.9 0.2 1.7 0.8 182 Conception Bay 21.8 19.3 13.9 18.3 17.0 12.9 0.1 8.9 2.3 IS 183 Green Bay 21.8 21.8 21.8 19.3 15.6 14.7 2.5 7.1 6.2 Lobe 184 Saginaw Lobe 21.8 21.8 17.7 21.2 20.5 15.6 0.1 6.2 1.3 185 Bay of Fundy 21.8 20.5 19.3 18.3 17.7 17.0 1.0 4.8 2.8 186 Happy Valley- 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.6 8.5 0.1 0.3 0.2 Goose Bay IS 187 Kogaluk River 9.5 9.2 8.9 8.9 8.6 8.5 0.1 1.0 0.6 188 Payne Bay 9.5 8.9 8.3 8.9 8.4 8.1 0.1 1.4 0.5 14 4 15 Supplementary Table 2: Calculations of the total ice stream discharge from the LIS at 32 time- 16 steps from 21.8 to 5.75 kyr (shown in Fig.
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