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Glaciomarine Sedimentation at the Continental Margin of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica: Implications on Palaeoenvironmental Changes During the Quaternary

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Glaciomarine Sedimentation at the Continental Margin of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica: Implications on Palaeoenvironmental Changes During the Quaternary Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung Universität Potsdam, Institut für Erd- und Umweltwissenschaften Glaciomarine sedimentation at the continental margin of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica: implications on palaeoenvironmental changes during the Quaternary Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) in der Wissenschaftsdisziplin “Geowissenschaften” eingereicht an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam von Andreas Borchers Potsdam, 30. November 2010 Das Höchste, wozu der Mensch gelangen kann, ist das Erstaunen. J. W. von Goethe Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without the support and help of numerous people to whom I would like to express my gratitude. First, I am highly indebted to PD Dr. Bernhard Diekmann for the possibility to conduct this work under his supervision and for his constant support, whenever discussion or advice was needed. I appreciated his vast expertise and knowledge of marine geology, sedimentology and Quaternary Science that he so enthusiastically shared with me, adding considerably to my experience. Besides being a full-hearted geologist, he is also a great guitarist, which I enjoyed during the past years, especially during the expeditions I had the chance to participate. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten for his general support and understanding, giving me the opportunity to broaden my knowledge of marine geology in the field. Using the infrastructure of the institute in Potsdam, Bremerhaven and on the world’s oceans has made a major contribution realizing this work. I am deeply grateful to Prof. Dr. Ulrike Herzschuh and Dr. Gerhard Kuhn who provided a large part of assistance by discussions, constructive advices and moral support. Dr. Oliver Esper, Dr. Thomas Frederichs and Dr. Rainer Gersonde are acknowledged for close collaboration, quick and straightforward help and a great time during our expedition to the North Pacific. This PhD project was funded by the ‘Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft’ (DFG) within the scope of priority program 1158 ‘Antarctic research with comparative studies in Arctic ice regions’ through grant DI 655/3-1. During the last years I had the opportunity to be a member of the Potsdam Graduate School (POGS) and the Helmholtz Graduate School for Polar and Marine Research (POLMAR). I like to thank Dr. Claudia Sprengel, Dr. Claudia Hanfland and Dr. Heike Küchmeister for making it possible for me to attend several professional courses. I also thank the German Polar Society (DGP) and SCAR-ACE for travel grants to scientific conferences. For the instruction and support in analytical work I like to express my gratitude to the laboratory staff at AWI Potsdam and AWI Bremerhaven, namely Ute Bastian, Antje Eulenburg, Rita Fröhlking, Norbert Lensch, Ute Bock and Susanne Wiebe. Bernd Hoffmann I and Anna Plotzki amongst other students doing internships at the AWI are acknowledged for their involvement in the sample preparation. Many thanks also to the AWI Potsdam administration, in particular Christine Litz. Thanks to Heiko Gericke and Tobias Schmidt for solving plotter and network problems. Stephan, Boris, Jens, Ulrike – even in an office half the size of ours it would have been a splendid time. I very much enjoyed our A.-coffee breaks, scientific discussions and our “group suffering” from everything that life offers. The open and pleasant atmosphere amongst the young researchers on the Telegrafenberg contributed to a great time over the past years. For many humorous conversations and philosophical talks regarding scientific and non-scientific issues I especially thank Larsen, Jule, Micha, Torsten, Mathias, Thomas, Seb and Seb, Bernhard and Bernhard, Lise, Josi, Ines, Katja, Maria and others. It is a valuable gift to have people close even though they are far away. Uta, Anja and Gregor – I am deeply grateful for lots of talks and, unfortunately, less frequent activities helping me get my mind free. Maike – I am very much indebted to you for a great time and your unwavering support and patience. Most of all, I would like to thank with all my heart my parents and my entire family for their support and encouragement and dedicate this work to them. II Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. I Contents ..................................................................................................................................... III List of figures ............................................................................................................................ VII List of tables .............................................................................................................................. VIII List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................ IX Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... X Kurzfassung .............................................................................................................................. XII 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Regional setting ............................................................................................................ 2 1.1.1 Topography ........................................................................................................ 2 1.1.2 Geology ............................................................................................................... 4 1.1.3 Glaciology ........................................................................................................... 4 1.1.4 Oceanography .................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Scientific background .................................................................................................. 6 1.2.1 Long-term dynamics of the East and West Antarctic Ice Sheets since the onset of Antarctic glaciation ............................................................................. 6 1.2.2 Quaternary EAIS dynamics and bottom-water formation at the East Antarctic continental margin ........................................................................... 7 1.2.3 Glacial palaeoenvironments in the Prydz Bay region – State of the art ..... 9 1.3 Objectives of this thesis ............................................................................................... 11 1.4 Scientific approach and methods ............................................................................... 12 1.5 Overview of the manuscripts ..................................................................................... 14 1.6 The author’s contribution to the individual manuscripts ...................................... 16 2. Mineralogy of glaciomarine sediments from the Prydz Bay-Kerguelen region: relation to modern depositional environments ............................................................ 17 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 18 2.2 Regional setting ............................................................................................................ 19 2.2.1 Oceanography, icebergs and sea ice ................................................................ 21 2.2.2 Geology ............................................................................................................... 21 2.3 Material and methods ................................................................................................. 23 2.4 Results ............................................................................................................................ 25 2.4.1 Clay-mineral assemblages ................................................................................ 25 2.4.2 Heavy-mineral assemblages ............................................................................. 27 III 2.5 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 30 2.5.1 Clay minerals ...................................................................................................... 30 2.5.2 Heavy minerals .................................................................................................. 38 2.6 Conclusions and outlook ............................................................................................. 40 3. Holocene ice dynamics, bottom-water formation and polynya activity recorded in Burton Basin, East Antarctica ............................................................................................ 43 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 45 3.2 Study area ...................................................................................................................... 46 3.2.1 Geomorphology ................................................................................................. 46 3.2.2 Regional geology and sediments ..................................................................... 47 3.2.3 Hydrography and ice-drift paths ....................................................................
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