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Bloomsbury Scientists Ii Iii
i Bloomsbury Scientists ii iii Bloomsbury Scientists Science and Art in the Wake of Darwin Michael Boulter iv First published in 2017 by UCL Press University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT Available to download free: www.ucl.ac.uk/ ucl- press Text © Michael Boulter, 2017 Images courtesy of Michael Boulter, 2017 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Non-derivative 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work for personal and non-commercial use providing author and publisher attribution is clearly stated. Attribution should include the following information: Michael Boulter, Bloomsbury Scientists. London, UCL Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787350045 Further details about Creative Commons licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 006- 9 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 005- 2 (pbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 004- 5 (PDF) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 007- 6 (epub) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 008- 3 (mobi) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 009- 0 (html) DOI: https:// doi.org/ 10.14324/ 111.9781787350045 v In memory of W. G. Chaloner FRS, 1928– 2016, lecturer in palaeobotany at UCL, 1956– 72 vi vii Acknowledgements My old writing style was strongly controlled by the measured precision of my scientific discipline, evolutionary biology. It was a habit that I tried to break while working on this project, with its speculations and opinions, let alone dubious data. But my old practices of scientific rigour intentionally stopped personalities and feeling showing through. -
2017 Magdalen College Record
Magdalen College Record Magdalen College Record 2017 2017 Conference Facilities at Magdalen¢ We are delighted that many members come back to Magdalen for their wedding (exclusive to members), celebration dinner or to hold a conference. We play host to associations and organizations as well as commercial conferences, whilst also accommodating summer schools. The Grove Auditorium seats 160 and has full (HD) projection fa- cilities, and events are supported by our audio-visual technician. We also cater for a similar number in Hall for meals and special banquets. The New Room is available throughout the year for private dining for The cover photograph a minimum of 20, and maximum of 44. was taken by Marcin Sliwa Catherine Hughes or Penny Johnson would be pleased to discuss your requirements, available dates and charges. Please contact the Conference and Accommodation Office at [email protected] Further information is also available at www.magd.ox.ac.uk/conferences For general enquiries on Alumni Events, please contact the Devel- opment Office at [email protected] Magdalen College Record 2017 he Magdalen College Record is published annually, and is circu- Tlated to all members of the College, past and present. If your contact details have changed, please let us know either by writ- ing to the Development Office, Magdalen College, Oxford, OX1 4AU, or by emailing [email protected] General correspondence concerning the Record should be sent to the Editor, Magdalen College Record, Magdalen College, Ox- ford, OX1 4AU, or, preferably, by email to [email protected]. -
Metabolic Theories of Aging
Metabolic Theories of Aging Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Nova Southeastern University Metabolic theories of aging postulate that aging is due to energy expenditure, which ultimately results in the breakdown and eventual death of cells. Historically, within the realm of metabolic theories of aging, there have been three models: The Rate-of-Living theory, The Oxidative Damage/Free Radical theory, and the Metabolic Stability theory. All three theories maintain that aging is directly related to metabolic rate, but the theories differ in how they arrive at that conclusion. The Rate-of Living theory of aging is the most antiquated of the metabolic aging theories. It proposes that two factors are responsible for determining longevity in all living organisms: 1) a genetically pre-determined capacity for overall metabolic potential, and 2) metabolic rate. The first empirical evidence for this theory dates back to 1908, when Max Rubner observed increasing metabolic rates as a function of increasing body mass in five mammalian species of varying longevities (guinea pig, cat, dog, cow, and horse). Rubner reported that the animals’ metabolic rates increased as a function of body mass, and that larger animals had longer lifespans. Based on these results, Rubner postulated that longevity could be determined by calculating the pre-determined capacity for organic energy use and the rate at which the energy was being expended. Rubner’s observation was supported by Raymond Pearl when he concluded that slower metabolism resulted in an increased lifespan among fruit flies and cantaloupe seeds. Despite the evidence for the Rate-of-Living theory, modern scientific developments have refuted the accuracy of the theory. -
STORIA DEL PENSIERO BIOLOGICO EVOLUTIVO Con Riflessioni Di Filosofia Ambientale
STORIA DEL PENSIERO BIOLOGICO EVOLUTIVO con riflessioni di filosofia ambientale STORIA DEL PENSIERO BIOLOGICO EVOLUTIVO con riflessioni di filosofia ambientale Piergiacomo Pagano 2013 ENEA Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile Lungotevere Thaon di Revel, 76 00196 ROMA ISBN 978-88-8286-288-6 Foto in copertina In alto: fotografie di Fabio Conte Sfondo e riquadro: fotografie di Piergiacomo Pagano (Pellicani a Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia, novembre 2003; Baobab, mousse du Senegal, febbraio 1991) STORIA DEL PENSIERO BIOLOGICO EVOLUTIVO con riflessioni di filosofia ambientale PIERGIACOMO PAGANO P. Pagano, Storia del Pensiero Biologico Evolutivo, ENEA INDICE Premessa …………………………………………………………………………………………..… 11 Introduzione ………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 1 Sui tre inspiegabili fatti che misero in dubbio la Creazione ……………………………………... 17 1.1 In antichità: cause finali e progetto …………………………………………………………...……... 17 1.2 L’età moderna ……………………………………………………………………………………...... 18 1.3 La grande diversità degli animali e delle piante …………………………………………………….. 19 1.4 Le palesi ingiustizie ……………………………………………………………………...………….. 20 1.5 La presenza di fossili inglobati nelle rocce ………………………………………………………..... 21 2 La Natura, gli organismi e la loro classificazione ……………………………………………...… 23 2.1 La classificazione in Platone …………………………………………………………………...…… 23 2.2 Classificazioni …………………………………………………………………………………...….. 25 2.3 Dopo Platone ………………………………………………………………………………………... 25 2.4 Aristotele e lo studio della Natura -
2 the Biology of Ageing
The biology of ageing 2 Aprimer JOAO˜ PEDRO DE MAGALHAES˜ OVERVIEW .......................................................... This chapter introduces key biological concepts of ageing. First, it defines ageing and presents the main features of human ageing, followed by a consideration of evolutionary models of ageing. Causes of variation in ageing (genetic and dietary) are reviewed, before examining biological theories of the causes of ageing. .......................................................... Introduction Thanks to technological progress in different areas, including biomed- ical breakthroughs in preventing and treating infectious diseases, longevity has been increasing dramatically for decades. The life expectancy at birth in the UK for boys and girls rose, respectively, from 45 and 49 years in 1901 to 75 and 80 in 1999 with similar fig- ures reported for other industrialized nations (see Chapter 1 for further discussion). A direct consequence is a steady increase in the propor- tion of people living to an age where their health and well-being are restricted by ageing. By the year 2050, it is estimated that the per- centage of people in the UK over the age of 65 will rise to over 25 per cent, compared to 14 per cent in 2004 (Smith, 2004). The greying of the population, discussed elsewhere (see Chapter 1), implies major medical and societal changes. Although ageing is no longer considered by health professionals as a direct cause of death (Hayflick, 1994), the major killers in industrialized nations are now age-related diseases like cancer, diseases of the heart and 22 Joao˜ Pedro de Magalhaes˜ neurodegenerative diseases. The study of the biological mechanisms of ageing is thus not merely a topic of scientific curiosity, but a crucial area of research throughout the twenty-first century. -
Doctorates Awarded in America in Botany and Zoology More Than Doubled
DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA, CALIFORNIA 91125 GENETICS IN THE UNITED STATES AND GREAT BRITAIN 1890 to 1930: QUERIES AND SPECULATIONS Daniel J. Kev1es HUMANITIES WORKING PAPER 15 December 1978 According to recent scholarship in the early history of genetics, by the l890s many younger biologists were growing restless with phylogenetic morphology and embryology, the traditional descriptive approaches to the much-debated problems of evolutionary theory. Eager to break away from these approaches, a number of these biologists -- and some older ones such as Alfred R. Wallace called for programs of experimental research in evolution addressed in particular to the problems of heredity and variation. "No problems in the whole range of biology," Charles O. Whitman of Woods Hole typically said, were of 1 "higher scientific interest or deeper practical import to humanity." In England Francis Galton inspired one of the more important experimental research programs -- W. F. R. Weldon's statistical analyses, developed in collaboration with Karl Pearson, of variations in large populations. Another important departure was the program of hybridization experiments exemplified in the research of William Bateson. Pearson and Weldon helped establish the field of heredity studies known as biometry. The research of Bateson and others paved the way for the rediscovery in 2 1900 and then vigorous advocacy of the Mendelian paradigm. Mendel's ideas did not gain rapid acceptance in all biological quarters in either the United States or Great Britain, In England, the biometricians Weldon and Pearson hotly disputed the validity of Mendel's results, the merits of his conceptual scheme, and even the integrity of his British advocates, especially Bateson. -
The Origins of Theoretical Population Genetics the Origins of Theoretical Population Genetics
- Theoretical Population Genetics The Origins of Theoretical Population Genetics The Origins of Theoretical Population Genetics with a New Afterword William B. Provine The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London WituraM B. Provinzis the C. A. Alexander Professor of Biological Sciences at Cornell University. Heis the author of Sewall Wright and Evolutionary Biology and the editor of Evolution: Selected Papers by Sewall Wright, both published by the University of Chicago Press. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 1971 by The University of Chicago Afterword © 2001 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America IO 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 OI 12345 ISBN: 0-226-68463-6 (cloth) ISBN: 0-226-68464-4 (paper) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Provine, William B. Theorigins of theoretical population genetics / William B. Provine.—with a new afterword p- cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-226-68463-6 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 0-226- 68464-4 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Population genetics—History.I. Title. QH455.P77 2001 576.5'8'09—de21 2001027561 © The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. To Doris Marie Provine Contents INTRODUCTION 1x 1. Darwin’s THEory oF Natura SELECTION: THE ReE- ACTION DARWIN'S THEORY I THE REACTION 10 Thomas H. Huxley and “Natura non facit -
Walter Frank Raphael Weldon (1860–1906)
ARTICLE-IN-A-BOX Walter Frank Raphael Weldon (1860–1906) W F R Weldon, along with Karl Pearson, was one of the two main protagonists on the biome- trician side of the biometrician-Mendelian debate that roiled evolutionary biology during the early years of the twentieth century. He was born at Highgate, London, on 15 March 1860, the second child of Walter Weldon and Anne Cotton. He had an elder sister, and a younger brother, Dante, who unfortunately died at a young age in 1881. Weldon’s father was a chemist and journalist and frequently moved around England, as a result of which Weldon did not un- dergo a regular school education till the age of thirteen, although he was informally taught by clergymen. In 1873, Weldon joined a boarding school at Caversham, where he spent three years. After some months of private study, he joined University College, London (UCL), for his matriculation in 1876. At UCL, he studied a variety of subjects, aiming to eventually train in medicine. In particular, he was very impressed with the mathematics teaching of Olaus Henrici, who had worked with Weierstrass and Kronecker, and later recalled that Henrici was the first naturally gifted teacher who had taught him (incidentally, Weldon himself was later revered as an amazingly inspiring and lucid teacher). He was also taught by the well-known invertebrate zoologist and Darwinian – Edwin Ray Lankester. Weldon then moved to King’s College, London, in 1877, and then to St. John’s College, Cambridge, from where he matric- ulated in 1878. At St. John’s, Weldon was much influenced by the comparative embryologist and morphologist Francis Maitland Balfour and shifted his focus from medicine to zoology, eventually taking the Natural Sciences Tripos and graduating with a first-class in zoology in 1881. -
Eklanche 1.Pdf
Prediction and Control: Global Population, Population Science, and Population Politics in the Twentieth Century by Emily R. Merchant A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2015 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor John Carson, Chair Professor Barbara A. Anderson Professor Howard Brick Professor Paul N. Edwards Acknowledgements In many ways, this dissertation was a joy to write. I found the topic fascinating when I began writing and it continues to fascinate me today. Going to the archives shaped the story in ways that I did not expect when I wrote the prospectus but that only deepened my interest in and commitment to this project. The enthusiasm of my advisors, research subjects, and interlocutors helped keep my own enthusiasm for the project high, even through difficult and frustrating moments in the archives and while writing. I could not have written this dissertation without the assistance and support of many people and organizations. The seeds of this dissertation were sown in Barbara Anderson's demographic theory and methods courses in the Department of Sociology at the University of Michigan, which I attended in 2008-2009 at the urging of Myron Gutmann. Myron Gut- mann and Barbara Anderson encouraged my critical interest in the history of demography, and this encouragement eventually led me back to the Department of History at the Uni- versity of Michigan, which I had left after earning my M.A. in 2005. I am grateful to John Carson for agreeing to be my advisor at our very first meeting, and to Kali Israel, Farina Mir, Nancy Hunt, and Gabrielle Hecht, who helped me successfully petition for re-admission to the Ph.D. -
Beyond Mendelism and Biometry
Forthcoming in Studies in History and Philosophy of Science DOI:10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.08.014 Beyond Mendelism and Biometry Yafeng Shan Department of Philosophy and Centre for Reasoning, University of Kent [email protected] Abstract Historiographical analyses of the development of genetics in the first decade of the 20th century have been to a great extent framed in the context of the Mendelian-Biometrician controversy. Much has been discussed on the nature, origin, development, and legacy of the controversy. However, such a framework is becoming less useful and fruitful. This paper challenges the traditional historiography framed by the Mendelian-Biometrician distinction. It argues that the Mendelian-Biometrician distinction fails to reflect the theoretical and methodological diversity in the controversy. It also argues that that the Mendelian-Biometrician distinction is not helpful to make a full understanding of the development of genetics in the first decade of the twentieth century. Key words Mendelism; Biometry; Weldon; Yule; Darbishire; de Vries; Johannsen; heredity; variation Acknowledgements I would like to thank Adam Krashniak, Ehud Lamm, Nils Roll-Hansen, and three anonymous referees for their helpful comments. In particular, I am grateful to Mike Buttolph for the fruitful discussion and kindly sending me a copy of Kim’s Explaining Scientific Consensus during lockdown. This work is financially supported by the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2019-059) and the British Academy (SRG1920\101076). 1 Forthcoming in Studies in History and Philosophy -
THEORIES of AGING
Settersten, Jr. THIRD EDITION HANDBOOK of THEORIES of AGING EDITORS Vern L. Bengtson Richard A. Settersten, Jr. Compliments of Springer Publishing, LLC CHAPTER 32 Theoretical Perspectives on Biodemography of Aging and Longevity Leonid A. Gavrilov and Natalia S. Gavrilova Biodemography of aging represents an area of research that integrates demographic and biological theory and methods and provides innovative tools for studies of aging and longevity. Biodemography of aging conducts comparative studies of aging and mortality in different species and addresses some key questions about aging, life course, and health. Biodemography of aging is the science of the mechanisms that determine the life span of organisms. Among its most interesting problems is the problem of the heritability and variability of lifetimes, the problem of sex differentials in lifetimes, and the problem of the changing life span of organisms in the process of evolution. Thus one of the objectives of the biodemography of aging is to explain the causes of individual differences in lifetimes, as well as the causes of interspecies differences. The practical interest of these studies is to open up the possibility of predicting and controlling the aging and longevity of organisms, and most importantly, to discover ways of extending the lives of human beings. ■ BIODEMOGRAPHY OF AGING AND LONGEVITY: A HISTORICAL REVIEW Biodemography of aging and longevity was developed as an independent scientifi c discipline at the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to the classic investigations of the American scientist Raymond Pearl ( Pearl, 1922; Pearl & Pearl, 1934). At this time, researchers used the term “biology of life span,” which was suggested by one of Raymond Pearl’s students, Professor Vladimir Alpatov (A lpatov, 1930). -
Is It Metabolic Rate Or Stability?
Biogerontology (2005) 6: 291–295 Ó Springer 2005 DOI 10.1007/s10522-005-2627-y Opinion article At the heart of aging: is it metabolic rate or stability? S. Jay Olshansky1,* & Suresh I.S. Rattan2 1School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA; 2Department of Molecular Biology, Danish Centre for Molecular Gerontology, University of Aarhus, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark; *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Received 15 August 2005; accepted in revised form 22 August 2005 Key words: anti-aging, caloric restriction, longevity, metabolism, rate of living Abstract Foundational changes in science are rare, but in the field of biogerontology there is a new theory of aging that may shake things up. The conventional wisdom about duration of life is based on an old idea known as the ‘‘rate of living’’ theory, which suggests that aging is caused by the loss of some vital substance. The modern version of this theory is that duration of life is influenced by the relative speed of a species’ resting metabolism. However, empirical evidence does not consistently support this hypothesis. In an article published recently by mathematician/biologist Lloyd Demetrius, it is suggested that the most important factor involved in duration of life is not metabolic rate or oxidative stress, but metabolic stability. If Demetrius is correct, his theory will have important implications for intervention research. For example, if the metabolic rate/oxidative stress theory is correct, efforts to intervene in the aging process should be directed at finding ways to reduce metabolic rate, lessen the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), improve antioxidant defenses, or increase the quantity of antioxidants.