Worldwide Spectrum Allocations
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7400.2D Procedures for Handling • Airspace Matters •
U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation • Administration 7400.2D Procedures for Handling • Airspace Matters • ·'" ..... "", • Distribution: ZAT-740 (ALL); September 16, 1993 Initiated by ATP-200 RECORD OF CHANGES DIRECTIVE NO. 7400.2D CHANGE SUPPLEMENTS CH,oNGE SUPPLEMENTS TO OPTIONAL TO OPTIONAL BASIC BASIC • .. .. • 1---. • FAA Form 132~5 (6-80) USE PREVIOUS EDITION 9/16/93 7400.2D • PROCEDURES FOR HANDLING AIRSPACE MATTERS 7400.2D FOREWORD • This Order shall be used by all personnel in the joint administration of the airspace program. The guidance and procedures herein incorporate into one publication as many orders, notices and di rectives of the affected services as possible. This order consists of 8 parts and incorporates all re quired changes due to the Airspace Reclassification Rule effective September 16, 1993. • ~l~£~ Associate Administrator for Air Traffic :u..~ Anthony J. erick (AVR) \UAiIAmWd Associat~ Administrator for AssociDt~ Administrator Regulation & Certification for Airway Facilities • 9/16/93 7400.2D TABLE OF CONTENTS • [Bracketed numbers represent the numbering system in Order 7400.2C] PART I. GENERALPROCEDURES Chapter 1. GENERAL Section 1. INTRODUCTION Page 1-1 Purpose/Application {1 000] . 1-1-1 1-2 Effective Date {1001] . 1-1-1 1-3 Cancellation {1002] . 1-1-1 1-4 Change Authority {1003] .. 1-1-1 1-5 Other Responsibilities {1004] . 1-1-1 1-6 Structural Format {1 005] . 1-1-1 1-7 Policy {1006] .. 1-1-1 1-8 Authority and Applicability {1007] . 1-1-1 1-9 FAR References {1008] . 1-1-1 1-10 Executive Order 10854 {1009] . 1-1-2 1-11 Word Usage {1010] . -
Optical – Near-Infrared Catalog for the AKARI North Ecliptic Pole Deep field
A&A 566, A60 (2014) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201322561 & c ESO 2014 Astrophysics Optical – near-infrared catalog for the AKARI north ecliptic pole Deep field Nagisa Oi1, Hideo Matsuhara1, Kazumi Murata1,2, Tomotsugu Goto3, Takehiko Wada1, Toshinobu Takagi1, Youichi Ohyama4, Matthew Malkan5, Myungshin Im6, Hyunjin Shim6,7, Stephen Serjeant8, and Chris Pearson8,9,10 1 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Kanagawa, Japan e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 753-8511 Yamaguchi, Japan 3 Institute of Astronomy and Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C. 4 Academia Sinica, Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C. 5 Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547, USA 6 Department of Physics & Astronomy, FPRD, Seoul National University, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, 151-742 Seoul, Korea 7 Department of Earth Science Education, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Republic of Korea 8 Astrophysics Group, Department of Physics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK 9 RAL Space, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, OX11 0QZ, UK 10 Oxford Astrophysics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK Received 29 August 2013 / Accepted 18 March 2014 ABSTRACT ∗ Aims. We present an 8-band (u , g , r , i , z , Y, J, Ks) optical to near-infrared deep photometric catalog based on the observations made with MegaCam and WIRCam at the CFHT, and compute photometric redshifts, zp in the north ecliptic pole (NEP) region. -
Chapter 4, Current Status, Knowledge Gaps, and Research Needs Pertaining to Firefighter Radio Communication Systems
NIOSH Firefighter Radio Communications CHAPTER IV: STRUCTURE COMMUNICATIONS ISSUES Buildings and other structures pose difficult problems for wireless (radio) communications. Whether communication is via hand-held radio or personal cellular phone, communications to, from, and within structures can degrade depending on a variety of factors. These factors include multipath effects, reflection from coated exterior glass, non-line-of-sight path loss, and signal absorption in the building construction materials, among others. The communications problems may be compounded by lack of a repeater to amplify and retransmit the signal or by poor placement of the repeater. RF propagation in structures can be so poor that there may be areas where the signal is virtually nonexistent, rendering radio communication impossible. Those who design and select firefighter communications systems cannot dictate what building materials or methods are used in structures, but they can conduct research and select the radio system designs and deployments that provide significantly improved radio communications in this extremely difficult environment.4 Communication Problems Inherent in Structures MULTIPATH Multipath fading and noise is a major cause of poor radio performance. Multipath is a phenomenon that results from the fact that a transmitted signal does not arrive at the receiver solely from a single straight line-of-sight path. Because there are obstacles in the path of a transmitted radio signal, the signal may be reflected multiple times and in multiple paths, and arrive at the receiver from various directions along various paths, with various signal strengths per path. In fact, a radio signal received by a firefighter within a building is rarely a signal that traveled directly by line of sight from the transmitter. -
EHC 238 Front Pages Final.Fm
This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the International Commission of Non- Ionizing Radiation Protection, the International Labour Organization, or the World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 238 EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY FIELDS Published under the joint sponsorship of the International Labour Organization, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, and the World Health Organization. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Extremely low frequency fields. (Environmental health criteria ; 238) 1.Electromagnetic fields. 2.Radiation effects. 3.Risk assessment. 4.Envi- ronmental exposure. I.World Health Organization. II.Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. III.Series. ISBN 978 92 4 157238 5 (NLM classification: QT 34) ISSN 0250-863X © World Health Organization 2007 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e- mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Applied Engineering Using Schumann Resonance for Earthquakes Monitoring
applied sciences Article Applied Engineering Using Schumann Resonance for Earthquakes Monitoring Jose A. Gazquez 1,2, Rosa M. Garcia 1,2, Nuria N. Castellano 1,2 ID , Manuel Fernandez-Ros 1,2 ID , Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno 3 ID and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro 1,* ID 1 Department Engineering, University of Almeria, CEIA3, 04120 Almeria, Spain; [email protected] (J.A.G.); [email protected] (R.M.G.); [email protected] (N.N.C.); [email protected] (M.F.-R.) 2 Research Group of Electronic Communications and Telemedicine TIC-019, 04120 Almeria, Spain 3 Department of Applied Physics, University of Cordoba, CEIA3, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-950-015396; Fax: +34-950-015491 Received: 14 September 2017; Accepted: 25 October 2017; Published: 27 October 2017 Abstract: For populations that may be affected, the risks of earthquakes and tsunamis are a major concern worldwide. Therefore, early detection of an event of this type in good time is of the highest priority. The observatories that are capable of detecting Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) waves (<300 Hz) today represent a breakthrough in the early detection and study of such phenomena. In this work, all earthquakes with tsunami associated in history and all existing ELF wave observatories currently located worldwide are represented. It was also noticed how the southern hemisphere lacks coverage in this matter. In this work, the most suitable locations are proposed to cover these geographical areas. Also, ELF data processed obtained from the observatory of the University of Almeria in Calar Alto, Spain are shown. -
Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on Behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1
Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1 1 AT&T, a member of SIA, does not necessarily endorse all conclusions of this study. Page 1 of 75 Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry 1. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents ................................................................................................ 1 2. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 4 2.1. What the satellite industry does for the U.S. today ............................................... 4 2.2. What the satellite industry offers going forward ................................................... 4 2.3. Innovation in the satellite industry ........................................................................ 5 3. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 7 3.1. Overview .................................................................................................................. 7 3.2. Spectrum Basics ...................................................................................................... 8 3.3. Satellite Industry Segments .................................................................................... 9 3.3.1. Satellite Communications .............................................................................. -
And H-Band Spectra of Globular Clusters in The
A&A 543, A75 (2012) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201218847 & c ESO 2012 ! Astrophysics Integrated J-andH-band spectra of globular clusters in the LMC: implications for stellar population models and galaxy age dating!,!!,!!! M. Lyubenova1,H.Kuntschner2,M.Rejkuba2,D.R.Silva3,M.Kissler-Patig2,andL.E.Tacconi-Garman2 1 Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] 2 European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany 3 National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 North Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85719 USA Received 19 January 2012 / Accepted 1 May 2012 ABSTRACT Context. The rest-frame near-IR spectra of intermediate age (1–2 Gyr) stellar populations aredominatedbycarbonbasedabsorption features offering a wealth of information. Yet, spectral libraries that include the near-IR wavelength range do not sample a sufficiently broad range of ages and metallicities to allowforaccuratecalibrationofstellar population models and thus the interpretation of the observations. Aims. In this paper we investigate the integrated J-andH-band spectra of six intermediate age and old globular clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Methods. The observations for six clusters were obtained with the SINFONI integral field spectrograph at the ESO VLT Yepun tele- scope, covering the J (1.09–1.41 µm) and H-band (1.43–1.86 µm) spectral range. The spectral resolution is 6.7 Å in J and 6.6 Å in H-band (FWHM). The observations were made in natural seeing, covering the central 24"" 24"" of each cluster and in addition sam- pling the brightest eight red giant branch and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star candidates× within the clusters’ tidal radii. -
Frequency Modulation
Unguided Media and Matched Filter After this lecture, you will be able to – describe the physical and transmission characteristics of various unguided media Example ? B.1 Unguided media Guided to unguided – Transmission • the signal is guided to an antenna via a guided medium • antenna radiates electromagnetic energy into the medium – Reception • antenna picks up electromagnetic waves from the surrounding medium. – Example • a voice signal from a telephone network is guided via a twisted pair to a base station of mobile telephone network • the antennas of the base station radiates electromagnetic energy into the air • the antenna of the mobile phone handset picks up electromagnetic waves B.2 Directional and Omnidirectional Directional – the transmitting antennaHow puts to out focus a focused an electromagnetic beam electromagnetic wave ? – the transmitting and receiving antennas must be aligned – Example • Satellite communication systems • For a satellite located at 35784km above the ground, a 1° beam covers 1962km2 B.3 Directional and Omnidirectional Omnidirectional – the transmitted signal spreads out in all directions and can be received by many antennas. – In general, the higher the frequency of a signal, the more it is possible to focus it into a directional beam – Example • mobile communication systems • radio broadcasting B.4 Operating freqeuncies Microwave – Frequencies in the range of about 30 MHz to 40 GHz are referred to as microwave frequencies – 2 GHz to 40 GHz • wavelength in air is 0.75cm to 15cm ¾wavelength = velocity / frequency • highly directional beams are possible • suitable for point-to-point transmission – 30 MHz to 1 GHz • suitable for omnidirectional applications B.5 Operating freqeuncies B.6 Terrestrial Microwave Physical description – limited to line-of-sight transmission. -
Low Frequency Converter.Pdf
Find out whatk happening below the A M-broadcast band with our low-frequency converter: WILLIAM SHEETS AND RUDOLF F. GRAF simply adding 1 MHz to all received signals. Connect our converter to any communications receiver, or AM-broad- cast radio for that matter, and bingo--you have a longwave receiver. Radio calibration is unnecessary because signals are received at the AM-radio's dial setting, plus 1 MHz. A 100-kHz signal is received at 1100 kHz, a 335-kHz signal at 1335 kHz, etc., just drop the first digit to read the longwave frequency. THE FREQUENCY RANGE JUST BELOW THE AM-BROAD- One problem at low frequencies is man-made noise; cast band (from 10 kHz to 550 kHz) has been clearly many of our everyday devices and appliances are notorious omitted from most communication receivers. How come? in that regard. Motors, fluorescent lighting, light dim- It appears that the extra coil sets, increased assembly mers, computes, TV-receiver sweep radiation, and many costs, and additional RF circuitry has not justified the small household digital devices generate "hash" in the inclusion of the low-frequency band. But that doesn't have spectrum below 550 kHz. Fortunately, most noise is car- to stop you from sneaking a peek at the band "down- ried chiefly on power lines, and doesn't radiate very far. under." Among the signals you'll find below 550 kHz are One misconception is that tremendous antennas are maritime mobile, distress, radio beacons, aircraft weather, needed for longwave reception. It's easy to understand European longwave-AM broadcast, and point-to-point why someone night think that way. -
Through-The-Earth Electromagnetic Trapped Miner Location Systems. a Review
Open File Report: 127-85 THROUGH-THE-EARTH ELECTROMAGNETIC TRAPPED MINER LOCATION SYSTEMS. A REVIEW By Walter E. Pittman, Jr., Ronald H. Church, and J. T. McLendon Tuscaloosa Research Center, Tuscaloosa, Ala. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES Research at the Tuscaloosa Research Center is carried out under a memorandum of agreement between the Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of the Interior, and the University of Alabama. CONTENTS .Page List of abbreviations ............................................. 3 Abstract .......................................................... 4 Introduction ...................................................... 4 Early efforts at through-the-earth communications ................. 5 Background studies of earth electrical phenomena .................. 8 ~ationalAcademy of Engineering recommendations ................... 10 Theoretical studies of through-the-earth transmissions ............ 11 Electromagnetic noise studies .................................... 13 Westinghouse - Bureau of Mines system ............................ 16 First phase development and testing ............................. 16 Second phase development and testing ............................ 17 Frequency-shift keying (FSK) beacon signaler .................... 19 Anomalous effects ................................................ 20 Field testing and hardware evolution .............................. 22 Research in communication techniques .............................. 24 In-mine communication systems .................................... -
What Is Rf? It's Like Magic
Originally appeared in the December 2011 issue of Communications Technology. WHAT IS RF? IT’S LIKE MAGIC By RON HRANAC The cable industry has, since the very first systems in the late 1940s, embraced and been based on radio frequency (RF) technology. These days, we’ve also embraced the digital world — and a subset of digital technology called Internet protocol (IP) — but RF still is needed in most cable networks to transport digital data to and from devices in our subscribers’ homes. The answer to the question in the title of this month’s column is far more complicated than it seems initially. A good place to start is with an explanation of “R” and “F.” What’s radio frequency? Here’s one high-level perspective: It’s that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from a few kilohertz to about 300 gigahertz. The radio-frequency part of the electromagnetic spectrum is further broken down into two chunks: radio waves and microwaves. Some references define radio waves as those with a frequency starting at about 3 kHz (the beginning of the very low frequency [VLF] band) and extending to 300 MHz (the beginning of the ultra high frequency [UHF] band), with microwaves covering roughly 300 MHz to 300 GHz. The latter is the beginning of the far infrared (FIR) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Other references have microwaves starting at frequencies higher than 300 MHz; indeed, many RF engineers consider the microwave spectrum to be higher than about 1 GHz. Radio frequency also can be defined as a rate of oscillation within the 3 kHz to 300 GHz range (more on this in a moment). -
The H3K9 Methylation Writer SETDB1 and Its Reader MPP8 Cooperate to Silence Satellite DNA Repeats in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article The H3K9 Methylation Writer SETDB1 and Its Reader MPP8 Cooperate to Silence Satellite DNA Repeats in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells 1,2,3,4 1 1, 1 Paola Cruz-Tapias , Philippe Robin , Julien Pontis y, Laurence Del Maestro and Slimane Ait-Si-Ali 1,* 1 Epigenetics and Cell Fate (EDC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, F-75013 Paris, France; [email protected] (P.C.-T.); [email protected] (P.R.); julien.pontis@epfl.ch (J.P.); [email protected] (L.D.M.) 2 Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia 3 School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia 4 Doctoral Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-(0)1-5727-8919 Current: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), SV LVG Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. y Received: 25 August 2019; Accepted: 24 September 2019; Published: 25 September 2019 Abstract: SETDB1 (SET Domain Bifurcated histone lysine methyltransferase 1) is a key lysine methyltransferase (KMT) required in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), where it silences transposable elements and DNA repeats via histone H3 lysine 9 tri-methylation (H3K9me3), independently of DNA methylation. The H3K9 methylation reader M-Phase Phosphoprotein 8 (MPP8) is highly expressed in ESCs and germline cells. Although evidence of a cooperation between H3K9 KMTs and MPP8 in committed cells has emerged, the interplay between H3K9 methylation writers and MPP8 in ESCs remains elusive.