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Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath Department of Social and Policy Sciences October 2015 University of Bath PHD A Juku Childhood: Children’s experiences in Juku attendance and its relation to their well-being in Japan Ozaki, Mizuho Award date: 2016 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 06. Oct. 2021 A Juku Childhood: Children’s experiences in Juku attendance and its relation to their well-being in Japan Mizuho Ozaki A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath Department of Social and Policy Sciences October 2015 COPYRIGHT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with the author. A copy of this thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that they must not copy it or use material from it except as permitted by law or with the consent of the author. Table of Contents List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... viii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... ix List of abbreviations: ........................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Context of the study ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Research assemblage ............................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Research contribution .............................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Note to readers ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Thesis outline .......................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2 Educational context and development of Juku in Japan .............................. 9 2.1 The Education system in Japan ........................................................................................... 9 2.1-1 The development of modern state education ...................................................................... 9 2.1-2 History of Japanese education pre WWII ......................................................................... 10 2.1-3 Key events in the development of the education system following WWII ....................... 11 2.1-4 Values in the school classroom context ............................................................................ 16 2.1-5 The examination system in relation to the current education structure ............................. 19 2.1-6 Summary: the education system ....................................................................................... 21 2.2 Meritocracy .......................................................................................................................... 21 2.2-1 General Perspective of Meritocracy ................................................................................. 21 2.2-2 Transition from School to Work ....................................................................................... 22 2.2-3 Meritocracy in Japan ........................................................................................................ 24 2.2-4 Invisibility of children in the meritocracy discussion ....................................................... 27 2.2-5 Summary: Meritocracy ..................................................................................................... 27 2.3 Juku ...................................................................................................................................... 28 2.3-1 What is Juku? ................................................................................................................... 28 2.3-2 Data on children’s attendance at Juku .............................................................................. 30 2.3-3 The development of Juku .................................................................................................. 33 2.3-4 Efficacy of Juku for progression ....................................................................................... 38 2.3-5 Governmental Policies around Juku ................................................................................. 39 2.3-6 Past research on Juku ........................................................................................................ 41 2.3-7 Summary: Juku attendance ............................................................................................... 43 2.4 After-school hours and Out-of-school activities (OSA) ................................................... 43 2.5 Gender and Education ........................................................................................................ 46 2.5-1 Education as a processor of gender socialisation .............................................................. 47 2.5-2 Gender policies ................................................................................................................. 47 2.5-3 Women’s participation in Employment and Education .................................................... 49 2.5-4 Gender context summary .................................................................................................. 54 2.6 Chapter summary ................................................................................................................ 54 Chapter 3 Theories of childhood ..................................................................................... 55 3.1 Changing prospect of childhood study: Recognising children and their voices ............ 55 ii 3.1-1 Conventional modes of childhood: investment in the future becoming ............................ 56 3.1-2 New sociology of childhood ............................................................................................. 58 3.1-3 Sociology of childhood in Japan ....................................................................................... 62 3.1-4 Beyond the human-being/-becoming dichotomy: human-becoming at all time ................ 63 3.1-5 Summary: seeing children with a child-centred approach ................................................ 66 3.2 Children’s perceptions of time and space ......................................................................... 66 3.2-1 Children’s time ................................................................................................................. 67 3.2-2 Children’s space ............................................................................................................... 72 3.2-3 Summary: children’s space and time ................................................................................ 80 3.3 Theorising childhood in the Japanese context .................................................................. 80 3.4 Chapter summary ................................................................................................................ 83 Chapter 4 Unsettling debate: Well-being and child well-being .................................... 85 4.1 Theories of well-being ......................................................................................................... 85 4.1-1 Well-being ........................................................................................................................ 85 4.1-2 Subjective Well-Being (SWB) ......................................................................................... 86 4.1-3 Objective Well-Being (OWB) .......................................................................................... 88 4.1-4 Summary: Well-being ....................................................................................................... 89 4.2 Child Well-being: general theories and perspectives ....................................................... 90 4.2-1 Child well-being, space, and time ....................................................................................
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