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TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW Vol TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW Vol. XIX, Supplement No. 5: 1, 2010 Recent Studies on Past and Present I. Human Heritage and Community: Archaeology in the Carpathians and Lower Danube Area From Prehistory to the Early Medieval Age Edited by RADU BÃJENARU • GEORGE BODI • CORIOLAN OPREANU • VLAD V. Z IRRA Transylvanian Review continues the tradition of Revue de Transylvanie, ROMANIAN ACADEMY founded by Silviu Dragomir, which was published in Cluj and then in Sibiu Chairman: between 1934 and 1944. Academician Ionel Haiduc Transylvanian Review is published 4 times a year by the Center for CENTER FOR Transylvanian Studies and the TRANSYLVANIAN STUDIES Romanian Academy. Director: Academician Ioan-Aurel Pop EDITORIAL BOARD CESARE ALZATI, Ph.D. Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione, Istituto di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea, Publication indexed and abstracted in the Università Cattolica, Milan, Italy ® HORST FASSEL, Ph.D. Thomson Reuters Social Sciences Citation Index , Institut für donauschwäbische Geschichte ® in Social Scisearch and in the Journal Citation und Landeskunde, Tübingen, Germany Reports/Social Sciences Edition, KONRAD GÜNDISCH, Ph.D. and included in EBSCO’s and ELSEVIER’s products. Bundesinstitut für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, Oldenburg, Germany HARALD HEPPNER, Ph.D. Recent Studies on Past and Present Institut für Geschichte, Graz, Austria PAUL E. MICHELSON, Ph.D. Editor Huntington University, Indiana, USA ALEXANDRU SIMON ALEXANDRU ZUB, Ph.D. Chairman of the History Section of the Romanian Academy, Director of the A. D. On the cover: Xenopol Institute of History, Iaºi, Romania TH STUDIUM GENERALE (15 CENTURY) EDITORIAL STAFF Ioan-Aurel Pop Virgil Leon Nicolae Bocºan Ioan Bolovan Vasile Sãlãjan Raveca Divricean Alexandru Simon Nicolae Sucalã-Cuc Rudolf Gräf Translated by Bogdan Aldea—English Liana Lãpãdatu—French Desktop Publishing Edith Fogarasi Cosmina Varga Correspondence, manuscripts and books should be sent to: Transylvanian Review, Centrul de Studii Transilvane Printed in Romania by COLOR PRINT (Center for Transylvanian Studies) 66, 22 Decembrie 1989 St., 12–14 Mihail Kogãlniceanu St., Zalãu 450031, Romania 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania Tel. (0040)260-660598; (0040)260-661752 [email protected] www.centruldestudiitransilvane.ro Sur les statères en or de type Koson AUREL VÎLCU LES MONNAIES en or de type Koson, dont l’appellation provient de la légen- de du revers, occupent une place particulière dans la numismatique de la Dacie, représentant la seule émission locale d’or connue. Ce type monétaire présente sur l’une des côtés, considérée comme avers (Winkler 1972, 173-199; Iliescu 1990, 185-213; Dima, Ilie 2007, 35-65), un aigle aux ailes déployées à gauche, tenant dans la serre droite une couronne et dans la gauche un sceptre. Sur le revers sont figurés trois personnages, deux licteurs et un consul, passant à gauche, un monogramme dans le champ gauche et la légende KOΣΩN à l’exergue. Issu de l’iconographie monétaire romaine, l’avers des kosons apparaît comme une adap- tation barbare de la représentation caractérisant les revers des deniers émis à Rome en 73 av. J.-C., par le magistrat monétaire Q. Pomponius Rufus, tandis que le revers imite les deniers de M. Iunius Brutus frappés en 54 av. J.-C. (Iliescu 1990, 188-189). Jusqu’à présent on a constaté deux groupes de kosons: avec mono- gramme et sans monogramme, les recherches plus anciennes (Bahrfeldt 1911, 3- 4) indiquant que la première catégorie est représentée par le plus grand nombre de pièces1. Cette observation reste valable après la publication d’un lot de 221 pièces (Dima, Ilie 2007, 35-65) appartenant à une découverte faite en août 1996 sur la colline de Grãdiºtea, entrée dans la littérature sous l’appellation de trésor de Târsa, dép. de Hunedoara (Petolescu 1997, 84-93; Chiriac 2002, 247-252), incluant environ 3000 pièces, toutes avec monogramme (Lazãr 2010). On a long- temps considéré qu’il y a plusieurs types de monogramme (Bahrfeldt 1911, 10; Halevy 1961, 90, Iliescu 1990, 187), mais le matériel numismatique mis dans le circuit scientifique montre qu’il s’agit de deux formes du même monogram- me qu’on a dénommées conventionnellement élaborée (complexe) et simple (Chiriac 2002, 247; Cojocaru et alii 2000, 185-190; Vîlcu et alii 2006, 9-11; Dima, Ilie 2007, 35-65). Les controverses portent aussi sur la signification du monogramme, qui, selon quelques opinions, pourrait être lue BA – les premières lettres du mot Bασιλεύς (Bahrfeldt 1911, 11), BR – l’abréviation du nom de Étude financée par le Projet UE, FSE, POSDRU, 89/1.5./S/61104 (2010-2013) 200 • TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW • VOL. XIX, SUPPLEMENT NO. 5:1 (2010) Brutus, OΛB – désignant Olbia (Head 1911, 272, 289), ou, selon une affir- mation plus récente, serait en fait une marque de magistrat monétaire (Petolescu 1997, 90). La dernière interprétation du monogramme pourrait être correcte si l’ont tient compte du fait que l’émission des monnaies de type Koson a été influencée par le système des statères en or mis en circulation par les cités grecques du littoral ouest de la Mer Noire de l’époque des guerres de Mithridate. L’analyse du matériel numismatique montre que la lecture OΛB (Olbia) est fantaisiste et sans fondement, tout comme l’idée que le monogramme pourrait être lu BR (Brutus). Dans le dernier cas, l’association d’une légende grecque à un mono- gramme en caractères latins est difficile à accepter. En ce qui concerne l’origine et le but de l’émission, les monnaies de type Koson ont provoqué des disputes, dès leur première mention, au XVIe siècle, étant attri- buées à une ville d’Étrurie (Eckhel 1779, 14), à Cossea de Thrace (Mionnet 1806, 98, nos. 11-12), à un roi thrace (Mommsen 1860, 693) ou à un dynaste scythe des environs d’Olbia (Head 1911, 272, 289). Dans la première étude détaillée sur les monnaies de type Koson (Bahrfeldt 1911, 15), on avançait l’hypothèse que l’émetteur avait été un roi de Dacie, théorie embrassée par une partie de l’his- toriographie roumaine (Winkler 1972, 196; Iliescu, 1990, 208-209; Petolescu 1997, 90-91). Une autre hypothèse envisageait la possibilité que les monnaies de type Koson aient été frappées pour le paiement des mercenaires conduits par le roi Koson (Eckhel 1796, 23; Pârvan 1926, 84, 603-604; Daicoviciu 1965, 110). L’absence des découvertes dans les agglomérations des Gètes et leur apparition uniquement dans des dépôts, menèrent à l’idée que ces monnaies n’ont pas eu de fonction éco- nomique, étant thésaurisées ou déposées en offrande au grand sanctuaire de Sarmizegetusa Regia par le roi Koson-Cotiso (Mihãilescu Bîrliba 1990, 92). Dans ce cas, les kosons auraient été frappés au Sud du Danube dans l’atelier mobile qui accompagnait Brutus et Cassius peu avant la bataille de Philippi de 42 av. J.- C., et leur invention en Transylvanie s’expliquerait par le paiement des soldes aux mercenaires géto-daces ou par les pillages (Pârvan 1926, 84, 603-604). Mais on doit remarquer que les sources écrites ne mentionnent aucune liaison entre Brutus et quelque dynaste de la Dacie. Appien relate que Brutus aurait reçu une importante quantité d’or et d’argent du trésor apporté par Polémocratie, la veuve du roi thrace Sadala II, qu’il transforma en monnaies, mais il s’agit d’au- rei et de deniers sans aucun rapport métrologique ou stylistique avec les émis- sions de type Koson. Selon la deuxième thèse principale, les monnaies à la légende KOΣΩN ont été frappées en Dacie dans l’intervalle 44-29 av. J.-C., par le roi Cotiso, mentionné dans quelques manuscrits de Suétone sous le nom de Coson (Daicoviciu 1965, 110). Une variante de cette hypothèse accrédite l’idée que les monnaies furent émises en Dacie, mais elles indiqueraient une alliance des HUMAN HERITAGE AND COMMUNITY • 201 Géto-Daces avec Brutus (Winkler 1972, 196). Dans les deux cas, la plupart des chercheurs ont considéré que sur le revers des monnaies il y a le nom du souverain qui a ordonné l’émission. Une autre interprétation de la légende engen- dra une autre hypothèse, selon laquelle KOΣΩN représente un symbole de la véri- fication et du marquage, forme de participe neutre du verbe ðïóüù, écrit en dialecte ionien, kïóüù («marquer le poids»; «préciser la valeur»). Dans ces condi- tions, l’application du mot KOΣΩN sur les monnaies devait attester que chaque pièce avait été vérifiée et qu’elle avait la même valeur qu’un statère en or (Halevy 1961, 92). Il est surprenant que jusqu’à présent l’idée de M.A. Halevy n’a pas été prise en considération par ceux qui s’occupèrent du sujet, même si les résultats des investigations récentes sur le matériel numismatique semblent plaider en faveur de cette hypothèse. En ce qui concerne l’idée concernant l’émission des kosons par le roi Cotyso vers l’année 29 av. J.-C., nous considérons qu’on ne peut pas l’accepter si l’on tient compte de l’analyse stylistique, métrologique et du métal effectuée récemment sur un plus grand échantillon de pièces. En même temps, l’identification de Cotiso avec Koson este incertaine, surtout qu’elle partit de la monnaie avec la légende KOΣΩN vers les manuscrits médiévaux de Suétone, où apparaissent les deux formes Cosoni et Cotisoni, dues probablement aux copistes (Iliescu 1990, 213). L’authenticité de cette émission monétaire fut récemment mise en doute, en lançant l’hypothèse qu’il s’agirait d’une création médiévale (Preda 1998, 226- 233). L’argumentation de cette idée partit des documents médiévaux qui men- tionnent qu’au milieu du XVIe siècle, après la découverte d’un grand trésor dans le lit de la rivière Strei, de nombreux statères de type Lysimaque restèrent en circulation en Transylvanie (Iliescu, 1968, 91-92; Iliescu 1972, 655-660; Winkler 1972, 188-191).
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