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History of the Reformation, Part 2 CTK Adult Ed, Fall 2017

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History of the Reformation, Part 2 CTK Adult Ed, Fall 2017 History of the Reformation, Part 2 CTK Adult Ed, Fall 2017 Radical Reformation 1. Disparate group of issues a. Tended toward literalistic views b. Rejection of the Protestant sacraments (e.g., Anabaptists) c. Extreme positions on church-state: both pacificists & theocrats d. Rationalists rejecting core of orthodoxy (Trinity, Christology) 2. Many came out from centers of Reform a. Andreas von Karlstadt from Wittenberg b. Conrad Grebel in Zurich c. Sebastian Castellio from Geneva 3. Two prominent examples: a. Thomas Müntzer (1489-1525) b. Town of Münster (1534-5) Political Fortunes in the Holy Roman Empire 1. Diet of Augsburg & the Augsburg Confession (1530) 2. Schmalkaldic League (1531-47) a. Group of Lutheran territories tried to unit to stand up against the force of HRE and Catholic forces b. Broken up in 1546-7 3. Peace of Augsburg (September 25, 1555) Lutheranism 1. Colloquy of Regensberg (1541) 2. Martin Luther’s later career a. Never traveled very far from Wittenberg, often deploying Melanchthon as an emissary b. Disappointed apocalyptic, half-resigned to a clandestine errand c. Maintained an interest in praising the common life of Christians d. Sharp eye for the Law-Gospel distinction e. Wrote many commentaries f. Died, in February 1546 at 62, in hometown of Eisleben where he had traveled to settle a dispute 3. Gnesio-Lutherans v. Philippists a. Central disagreement about the nature of the presence of Christ in the Lord’s Supper b. Many unhappy that Melanchthon could find so much agreement with Calvin 4. Formula of Concord (1577) a. Resolved the questions of Lutheran orthodoxy on consubstantiation b. Lutheranism codifies its confessional core: 1) Luther’s Large & Small Catechisms 2) Smalcald Articles (1537) 3) Augusburg Confession 4) Formula of Concord John Calvin (1509-64) 1. The Swiss Scene around 1530 a. Heinrich Bullinger (1504-75) in Zurich b. Johannes Oecolampadius (1482-1531) from Basel c. William Farel (1489-1565) & Peter Viret (1511-71) 2. Calvin’s early career a. Born in Noyon, France; mother died in his childhood, father worked for cathedral b. Studied law at University of Orleans (1525-6), then further studies in Bourges c. First book was a commentary on Seneca’s De Clementia in 1532 d. Conversion around 1533 when exposed to Protestant teaching e. Fled France in the wake of the Placard Affair (1534) f. In Basel published initial version of The Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536 3. Stuck in Geneva (1536-8) a. Reformation begun by William Farel in 1535 b. When Calvin stopped for a night and Farel heard, he called on him and cursed his plans to retire comfortably! c. Constant arguments between pastors and the City Council d. Came to a head over proper discipline, so Calvin & Farel refused to serve Communion 4. Off to Strasbourg (1538-41) a. Bucer took him in to help with French refugee community b. There he met his wife – widower of a former Anabaptist – Idelette de Bure c. Bucer influenced him as a pastor and shaped his ecumenical desire d. Met a number of key Reformers, striking up a key friendship with Melanchthon 5. Back to Geneva (1541-64) a. Maintained contact with many in Geneva, while in Strasbourg b. In 1539, asked to reply to Cardinal Sadoleto for the city of Geneva c. In 1540, invited back to Geneva As to my intended course of proceeding, this is my present feeling; had I the choice at my own disposal, nothing would be less agreeable to me than to follow your advice. But when I remember that I am not my own, I offer up my heart, presented as a sacrifice to the Lord. d. Years of conflict with City Council (1546-55) e. Outward facing years (1555-64) 6. Church Reform a. Worship 1) Primacy of Word & sacrament 2) Geneva Psalter & the “Geneva jigs” (with Louis Bourgeois) Luther sang to stand firm against the temptations of Satan; Calvin sang to warm himself against the coldness of the human heart. Herman J. Selderhuis, John Calvin b. Discipline 1) Company of Pastors 2) Consistory c. Perpetuation of the Reformed church 1) Commentaries 2) The Institutes and Treatises 3) The Academy (1559) 7. Execution of Michael Servetus (1553) 8. Calvin’s death & far-reaching influence But certainly I can say this, that I have willed what is good, that my vices have always displeased me… English Reformation 1. King Henry VIII (1491-1547, reigned 1509-47) a. Catholic in almost all his sympathies b. The “Great Matter” of succession 1) “Divorced, beheaded, died; divorced, beheaded, survived.” 2) Cardinal Thomas Wolsey 3) Thomas Cromwell 4) Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556) 5) 1533: Cranmer consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury; annulled the marriage c. Act of Supremacy (1534) & the start of the English Reformation 1) Made enemies on both the Catholic & Reformation sides a) William Tyndale (1494-1536) b) Thomas More (1478-1535) 2) The Great Bible of 1539 3) Cambridge University & the White Horse Tavern 4. King Edward VI (1537-1553, reigned 1547-1553) a. Wanted a broad minded Reform b. Provided sanctuary for many Protestants (including Bucer) c. Book of Common Prayer (1549; 1552) 5. Queen Mary I, aka Bloody Mary (1516-1558, reigned 1553-8) a. Staunch catholic b. Executed a number of leading Reformers 1) Nicholas Ridley 2) Hugh Latimer 3) Thomas Cranmer 6. Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603, reigned 1558-1603) a. Stabilized & consolidated the Reformation, but did not treat dissenters well b. Act of Supremacy c. Act of Uniformity d. Book of Common Prayer (1559) e. “The Middle Way” Scottish Reformation 1. Early martyrs of Protestantism a. Patrick Hamilton (1504-28) b. George Wishart (1513-46) 2. John Knox (1513-72) a. Served as a priest b. Caught up in some political intrigue after the murder of a Cardinal (1546), taken captive by the French, then released to the British (1549) c. Converted during imprisonment to the Reformed faith d. Served in royal chaplain to Edward VI of England, but exiled when Mary came to power (1553) e. Lived for a time in Geneva & Frankfurt 3. Scottish Reformation (1560) a. Scottish Parliament defied Mary, Queen of Scots (reigned 1542-67) b. Adopted the Scots Confession & commissioned the First Book of Discipline c. Andrew Melville (1545-1622) & the Second Book of Discipline Dutch Reformation 1. Reformed, Anabaptists, Mennonites had all made substantial inroads 2. The “Wonder Year” (1566) 3. Heidelberg Catechism (1563) a. Penned by Zacharius Ursinius (1534-83) b. For the Elector Palatinate c. Structured for one question each week (52 weeks) 4. Belgic Confession (1566) 5. Founding of the Dutch Reformed Church at the National Synod of Emden (1571) Counter Reformation (or Catholic Reformation) 1. Successive waves of calls for reform date back centuries 2. Clear persistent pattern from Council of Constance (1414-8) 3. Council of Trent (1545-63) a. Complete rejection of major Protestant views b. Asserted a clear two source view of authority: Scripture + tradition c. Massive push for stricter adherence to Medieval views 4. The Society of Jesus (aka Jesuits) a. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) b. Injured as a soldier in the Spanish army (fighting against France) in 1521 c. Took to reading the mystics while recovering, and restyled his life as a soldier for Jesus d. Spiritual Exercises (1548) e. Highly disciplined, but experimental order The Later Reformation (late 16th-century and early 17th-century) 1. Germany & Scandinavian Countries a. Largely Lutheran and Catholic states, with some Reformed b. Thirty Years War (1618-48) 2. Netherlands a. Synod of Dordt (1618) b. Safe haven for many English Puritans c. Ally to the Westminster Assembly (1643-53) 3. Switzerland a. Theodore Beza (1519-1605) b. The Academy 4. France a. French Religious Wars (1562-98) 1) St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572) 2) Edict of Nantes (1598) gave permission to practice Reformed Christianity b. Huguenot rebellions (1620s) c. Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) – Protestantism formally outlawed Reformed faith 5. England a. Puritanism b. Civil War, Westminster Assembly, etc. 6. Scotland 7. The New World Impact of the Reformation 1. Explosion of scriptural literacy 2. Theological shifts a. Soteriology 1) Sola scriptura 2) Sola gratia 3) Sola fide 4) Solus Christus 5) Soli Deo gloria b. Ecclesiology 1) Priesthood of believers 2) Church government 3) Pastoral care c. Worship 1) Role of preaching 2) Sacrament 3) Singing 3. Social Life a. Church & state b. Marriage & gender c. Christian vocation 4. Denominationalism Bibliography Timothy George, Theology of the Reformers (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1988) Bruce Gordon, Calvin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009) Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation: A History (New York: Penguin Books, 2003) Steven Ozment, The Age of Reform 1250-1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980) .
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