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Nitrogen Containing Volatile Organic Compounds
DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Nitrogen containing Volatile Organic Compounds Verfasserin Olena Bigler angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Pharmazie (Mag.pharm.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 996 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Pharmazie Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Gerhard Buchbauer Danksagung Vor allem lieben herzlichen Dank an meinen gütigen, optimistischen, nicht-aus-der-Ruhe-zu-bringenden Betreuer Herrn Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Gerhard Buchbauer ohne dessen freundlichen, fundierten Hinweisen und Ratschlägen diese Arbeit wohl niemals in der vorliegenden Form zustande gekommen wäre. Nochmals Danke, Danke, Danke. Weiteres danke ich meinen Eltern, die sich alles vom Munde abgespart haben, um mir dieses Studium der Pharmazie erst zu ermöglichen, und deren unerschütterlicher Glaube an die Fähigkeiten ihrer Tochter, mich auch dann weitermachen ließ, wenn ich mal alles hinschmeissen wollte. Auch meiner Schwester Ira gebührt Dank, auch sie war mir immer eine Stütze und Hilfe, und immer war sie da, für einen guten Rat und ein offenes Ohr. Dank auch an meinen Sohn Igor, der mit viel Verständnis akzeptierte, dass in dieser Zeit meine Prioritäten an meiner Diplomarbeit waren, und mein Zeitbudget auch für ihn eingeschränkt war. Schliesslich last, but not least - Dank auch an meinen Mann Joseph, der mich auch dann ertragen hat, wenn ich eigentlich unerträglich war. 2 Abstract This review presents a general analysis of the scienthr information about nitrogen containing volatile organic compounds (N-VOC’s) in plants. -
SAPIA NEWS No. 47 Page 2
Plant Protection Research SAPIA NEWS January 2018 SOUTHERN AFRICAN PLANT INVADERS ATLAS No. 47 Newsletter of the Southern African Plant Invaders Atlas, an initiative of the Weeds Research Division of Plant Protection Research, an institute within the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Weed alerts—the deceitful charmer and spiny breeches! 1 2 Inside this issue: Weed alerts 1 Red sage (Salvia coccinea) 2–3 a potential invader Bear’s breeches 4–5 (Acanthus polystachius) a potential invader Photo: Claude Moshobane Photo: Alan Urban The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Directorate: Biological Invasions (DBI), has issued two new weed alerts—Red sage (Salvia coccinea) (photo 1) and Bear’s Invasive torch cactus and breeches (Acanthus polystachius) (photo 2). The public can assist SANBI-DBI by sending 6–8 look-alikes in South Africa locality information of these species which can help assess their invasion status. Another torch cactus starts invading! Editor and SAPIA co-ordinator: Argentine giant cactus (Trichocereus Lesley Henderson candicans or Echinopsis candicans) ARC-PPRI is starting to invade the karoo around Weeds Research Division the town of Prince Albert. stationed at SANBI Private Bag X101 Pretoria Richard Dean has observed plants 0001 along fence lines, under bushes and South Africa next to boulders, indicating bird- dispersal of seed. e-mail: [email protected] Tel: 012 843 5035 Fax: 012 804 3211 This species is one of a group of co- lumnar, ribbed cacti, commonly re- Articles and photos by Lesley Henderson ferred to as torch cacti. It is similar to unless otherwise acknowledged the very invasive Trichocereus spa- chianus, known simply as torch cac- SAPIA newsletters are posted at tus in South Africa but elsewhere ARC website: www.arc.agric.za and known as golden or white torch cac- Invasive Species Website: invasives.co.za tus. -
Copyright Notice
Copyright Notice This electronic reprint is provided by the author(s) to be consulted by fellow scientists. It is not to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. Further reproduction or distribution of this reprint is restricted by copyright laws. If in doubt about fair use of reprints for research purposes, the user should review the copyright notice contained in the original journal from which this electronic reprint was made. Journal of Vegetation Science 7: 667-680, 1996 © IAVS; Opulus Press Uppsala. Printed in Sweden - Biogeographic patterns of Argentine cacti - 667 Species richness of Argentine cacti: A test of biogeographic hypotheses Mourelle, Cristina & Ezcurra, Exequiel Centro de Ecología, UNAM, Apartado Postal 70-275, 04510 - Mexico, D.F., Mexico; Fax +52 5 6228995; E-mail [email protected] Abstract. Patterns of species richness are described for 50 cacti and (e) pereskioid cacti. Columnar species have columnar, 109 globose and 50 opuntioid cacti species in 318 column-like stems with ribs, formed by an arrangement grid cells (1°×1°) covering Argentina. Biological richness of the areoles in longitudinal rows. These species have hypotheses were tested by regressing 15 environmental parallel vascular bundles, separated by succulent paren- descriptors against species richness in each group. We also chyma, sometimes fusing towards a woody base in the included the collection effort (estimated as the logarithm of the number of herbarium specimens collected in each cell) to adults. We broadly considered as columnar cacti: estimate the possible error induced by underrepresentation in candelabriform arborescent species, unbranched erect certain cells. -
Repertorium Plantarum Succulentarum LIV (2003) Repertorium Plantarum Succulentarum LIV (2003)
ISSN 0486-4271 IOS Repertorium Plantarum Succulentarum LIV (2003) Repertorium Plantarum Succulentarum LIV (2003) Index nominum novarum plantarum succulentarum anno MMIII editorum nec non bibliographia taxonomica ab U. Eggli et D. C. Zappi compositus. International Organization for Succulent Plant Study Internationale Organisation für Sukkulentenforschung December 2004 ISSN 0486-4271 Conventions used in Repertorium Plantarum Succulentarum — Repertorium Plantarum Succulentarum attempts to list, under separate headings, newly published names of succulent plants and relevant literature on the systematics of these plants, on an annual basis. New names noted after the issue for the relevant year has gone to press are included in later issues. Specialist periodical literature is scanned in full (as available at the libraries at ZSS and Z or received by the compilers). Also included is information supplied to the compilers direct. It is urgently requested that any reprints of papers not published in readily available botanical literature be sent to the compilers. — Validly published names are given in bold face type, accompanied by an indication of the nomenclatu- ral type (name or specimen dependent on rank), followed by the herbarium acronyms of the herbaria where the holotype and possible isotypes are said to be deposited (first acronym for holotype), accord- ing to Index Herbariorum, ed. 8 and supplements as published in Taxon. Invalid, illegitimate, or incor- rect names are given in italic type face. In either case a full bibliographic reference is given. For new combinations, the basionym is also listed. For invalid, illegitimate or incorrect names, the articles of the ICBN which have been contravened are indicated in brackets (note that the numbering of some regularly cited articles has changed in the Tokyo (1994) edition of ICBN). -
University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
SYSTEMATICS OF TRIBE TRICHOCEREEAE AND POPULATION GENETICS OF Haageocereus (CACTACEAE) By MÓNICA ARAKAKI MAKISHI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2008 1 © 2008 Mónica Arakaki Makishi 2 To my parents, Bunzo and Cristina, and to my sisters and brother. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to express my deepest appreciation to my advisors, Douglas Soltis and Pamela Soltis, for their consistent support, encouragement and generosity of time. I would also like to thank Norris Williams and Michael Miyamoto, members of my committee, for their guidance, good disposition and positive feedback. Special thanks go to Carlos Ostolaza and Fátima Cáceres, for sharing their knowledge on Peruvian Cactaceae, and for providing essential plant material, confirmation of identifications, and their detailed observations of cacti in the field. I am indebted to the many individuals that have directly or indirectly supported me during the fieldwork: Carlos Ostolaza, Fátima Cáceres, Asunción Cano, Blanca León, José Roque, María La Torre, Richard Aguilar, Nestor Cieza, Olivier Klopfenstein, Martha Vargas, Natalia Calderón, Freddy Peláez, Yammil Ramírez, Eric Rodríguez, Percy Sandoval, and Kenneth Young (Peru); Stephan Beck, Noemí Quispe, Lorena Rey, Rosa Meneses, Alejandro Apaza, Esther Valenzuela, Mónica Zeballos, Freddy Centeno, Alfredo Fuentes, and Ramiro Lopez (Bolivia); María E. Ramírez, Mélica Muñoz, and Raquel Pinto (Chile). I thank the curators and staff of the herbaria B, F, FLAS, LPB, MO, USM, U, TEX, UNSA and ZSS, who kindly loaned specimens or made information available through electronic means. Thanks to Carlos Ostolaza for providing seeds of Haageocereus tenuis, to Graham Charles for seeds of Blossfeldia sucrensis and Acanthocalycium spiniflorum, to Donald Henne for specimens of Haageocereus lanugispinus; and to Bernard Hauser and Kent Vliet for aid with microscopy. -
2012 Formatted Lists
Maricopa County Real Gardens for Real People 11th Annual Tour Master Gardeners Garden 2 Nature's Bounty March 31, 2012 Common Name Botanical Name Common Name Botanical Name Acanthocereus sp. Acanthocereus sp. Brain Cactus Stenocactus lloydii Adenium Adenium arabicum 'Fat Gun' Brakelights Red Yucca Hesperaloe parviflora 'Perpa' Agave americana 'Marginata Aurea' Agave americana 'Marginata Aurea' Branched Pencil Cholla Cylindropuntia ramosissima Agave Cactus Leuchtenbergia principis Brittlebush, Incienso Encelia farinosa Agave funkiana Agave funkiana Bunny Ears Prickly Pear Opuntia microdasys Agave schidigera Agave schidigera Cabbage Head Agave Agave parrasana Agave, Century Plant Agave americana Candelabra Cactus Myrtillocactus chohal Albuca humilis Albuca humilis Candelilla Euphorbia antisyphilitica Aloe cryptopoda Aloe cryptopoda Cane Cholla, Eve's Needle Austrocylindropuntia subulata Aloe ibitiensis Aloe ibitiensis Cardon Pachycereus pringlei Aloe porphyrostachys Aloe porphyrostachys Caribbean Agave Agave angustifolia Aloe prinslooii Aloe prinslooii Caudex Ocotillo Fouquieria purpusii Aloe sp. Aloe sp. Cereus peruvianus 'Monstrose' Cereus peruvianus 'Monstrose' Angelita Daisy Tetraneuris acaulis Chaparral Sage Salvia clevelandii Argentine Giant Cactus, Easter Lily Cactus Echinopsis candicans Chenille Prickly Pear Opuntia aciculata Argentine Saguaro Echinopsis terscheckii Chocolate Flower Berlandiera lyrata Arizona Rainbow Hedgehog Cactus Echinocereus rigidissimus Christmas Tree Cactus Austrocylindropuntia subulata f. monstrosa Arrastradillo, -
Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyasi Mərkəzi Nəbatat Bağinin Elmi Əsərləri
MƏRKƏZİ NƏBATAT BAĞI Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyası CENTRAL BOTANİCAL GARDEN Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences ISSN 2222-7849 AZƏRBAYCAN MİLLİ ELMLƏR AKADEMİYASI MƏRKƏZİ NƏBATAT BAĞININ ELMİ ƏSƏRLƏRİ XVI Cild НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА ТРУДЫ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО БОТАНИЧЕСКОГО САДА Том XVI AZERBAIJAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES PROCEEDINGS OF THE CENTRAL BOTANICAL GARDEN Volume XVI Bakı – 2018 ISSN 2222-7849 AZƏRBAYCAN MİLLİ ELMLƏR AKADEMİYASI MƏRKƏZİ NƏBATAT BAĞININ ELMİ ƏSƏRLƏRİ XVI cild НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА ТРУДЫ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО БОТАНИЧЕСКОГО САДА Том XVI AZERBAIJAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES PROCEEDINGS OF THE CENTRAL BOTANICAL GARDEN Volume XVI Bakı – 2018 Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyası Mərkəzi Nəbatat Bağının Elmi şurasının qərarı ilə nəşr olunur (16.10.2018-ci il, protokol № 08) REDAKSİYA HEYƏTİ: Maqsud QURBANOV (baş redaktor) – AMEA-nın müxbir üzvü, b.ü.e.d., professor Vahid FƏRZƏLİYEV (baş redaktor müavini) - b.ü.e.d., dosent Nilufər HÜSEYNOVA (məsul katib) - b.ü.f.d., dosent Validə ƏLİ-ZADƏ - AMEA-nın həqiqi üzvü, b.ü.e.d., professor Arif BAYRAMOV- b.ü.e.d., professor Gülnarə OSMANOVA – b.ü.e.d. (Rusiya Federasiyası) Asəf İSGƏNDƏROV - b.ü.f.d. Elmira SƏFƏROVA - b.ü.f.d., dosent Mərkəzi Nəbatat Bağının elmi əsərləri, XVI cild, Bakı 2018, 294 səh. İSSN 2222-7849 Məcmuə Abşeronun quru subtropik şəraitində yerli, ayrı-ayrı ölkələrin florasından olan bəzək, dərman, efir yağlı, kol, ot və çiçək bitkilərinin öyrənilməsinə həsr olunmuşdur. Kitabda bir sıra bitkilərin bioloji xüsusiyyətləri, o cümlədən biomorfologiyası, bioloji müxtəlifliyi, boy və inkişafının dinamikası, çoxaldılma üsulları, ilkin becərilmə aqrotexnikası, respublikanın şəhər və digər yaşayış məntəqələrinin yaşıllaşdırılmasında istifadəsi haqqında tövsiyələr verilmişdir. Topludan bitkilərin introduksiyası ilə məşğul olan elmi işçilər, aqronomlar, biologiya və kənd təsərrüfatı mütəxəssisləri, doktorantlar, tələbələr, həvəskar bağbanlar istifadə edə bilər. -
Plethora of Plants - Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (2): Glasshouse Succulents
NAT. CROAT. VOL. 27 No 2 407-420* ZAGREB December 31, 2018 professional paper/stručni članak – museum collections/muzejske zbirke DOI 10.20302/NC.2018.27.28 PLETHORA OF PLANTS - COLLECTIONS OF THE BOTANICAL GARDEN, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB (2): GLASSHOUSE SUCCULENTS Dubravka Sandev, Darko Mihelj & Sanja Kovačić Botanical Garden, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia (e-mail: [email protected]) Sandev, D., Mihelj, D. & Kovačić, S.: Plethora of plants – collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (2): Glasshouse succulents. Nat. Croat. Vol. 27, No. 2, 407- 420*, 2018, Zagreb. In this paper, the plant lists of glasshouse succulents grown in the Botanical Garden from 1895 to 2017 are studied. Synonymy, nomenclature and origin of plant material were sorted. The lists of species grown in the last 122 years are constructed in such a way as to show that throughout that period at least 1423 taxa of succulent plants from 254 genera and 17 families inhabited the Garden’s cold glass- house collection. Key words: Zagreb Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, historic plant collections, succulent col- lection Sandev, D., Mihelj, D. & Kovačić, S.: Obilje bilja – zbirke Botaničkoga vrta Prirodoslovno- matematičkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (2): Stakleničke mesnatice. Nat. Croat. Vol. 27, No. 2, 407-420*, 2018, Zagreb. U ovom članku sastavljeni su popisi stakleničkih mesnatica uzgajanih u Botaničkom vrtu zagrebačkog Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta između 1895. i 2017. Uređena je sinonimka i no- menklatura te istraženo podrijetlo biljnog materijala. Rezultati pokazuju kako je tijekom 122 godine kroz zbirku mesnatica hladnog staklenika prošlo najmanje 1423 svojti iz 254 rodova i 17 porodica. -
South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) Lendel, Anita Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-93287 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Lendel, Anita. South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae). 2013, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) _________________________________________________________________________________ Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr.sc.nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Anita Lendel aus Kroatien Promotionskomitee: Prof. Dr. H. Peter Linder (Vorsitz) PD. Dr. Reto Nyffeler Prof. Dr. Elena Conti Zürich, 2013 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 1. Phylogenetics and taxonomy of the tribe Cereeae s.l., with particular focus 15 on the subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae – Cactoideae) Chapter 2. Floral evolution in the South American tribe Cereeae s.l. (Cactaceae: 53 Cactoideae): Pollination syndromes in a comparative phylogenetic context Chapter 3. Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world’s major succulent 86 plant lineages Chapter 4. Tackling the molecular dating paradox: underestimated pitfalls and best 121 strategies when fossils are scarce Outlook and Future Research 207 Curriculum Vitae 209 Summary 211 Zusammenfassung 213 Acknowledgments I really believe that no one can go through the process of doing a PhD and come out without being changed at a very profound level. -
Pflanzen Getopft Zu Werden, Trotz Vieler Fleißiger Gigantea Bereits in Haushalts- Hände Sind Wir Im Sommer Damit Nicht Fertig Geworden
EDITORIAL Titelstory Liebe Kakteenfreunde, während ich noch an der Vorbereitung für den Herbst-/ Polaskia chichipe Winterkatalog 2019 arbeite, zieht es mich zwischendurch Es gibt Kakteen, die sind weniger bekannt als andere. immer wieder ins Gewächshaus. Zu den explodierenden Die Polaskia zählt zu den eher weniger bekannten. Und Ariocarpus, die blühen wie verrückt - egal ob groß oder klein. sie ist ein bisschen wie eine Katze. Mag es gern wärmer, In den anderen Häusern wirds hingegen still und kaum noch so wie es in Oaxaca und Blüten zu sehen. Es herbstelt gewaltig, Regen - der mich im Puebla in Mexiko eben ist. Sommer frohlocken ließ - ist wieder Normalität - und doch bin Dabei kommt sie aber auch ich dankbar, wenn sich endlich die Wasserspeicher wieder S mit niedrigen Temperaturen angemessen füllen - in der Gärtnerei, im Wald, in der Welt. bis -4° C aus. Bei uns ist Dafür ist es eng in den Gewächshäusern. Nicht so eng wie sie beliebt, weil sie im vielleicht gerade bei Ihnen, wenn Sie momentan Ihre Schätze Unterschied zu Carnegiea nach drinnen bringen. Noch warten viele tausend Pflanzen getopft zu werden, trotz vieler fleißiger gigantea bereits in haushalts- Hände sind wir im Sommer damit nicht fertig geworden. Daraus folgt: es werden in den nächsten tauglicher Größe beginnt, Wochen noch einige Pflanzen in den Verkauf kommen, die es nicht in diesen Katalog geschafft sich zu verzweigen - haben - selbst wenn dieser auch schier aus allen Nähten platzt. Meine Kollegen haben in diesem sozusagen der Hands-Up- Sommer wieder Großartiges geschafft: gesäht, geschaufelt, geräumt, gelesen, abgeladen, zugehört, Kaktus für die Wohnung. gedruckt, pikiert, gebucht, verpackt, beraten, telefoniert, getopft, gekauft, verschickt, verkauft, geschrieben, gelächelt. -
Studies on Inter- Generic Grafting Compatibility of Ornamental Cacti
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 2133-2144 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 11 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.911.253 Studies on Inter- generic Grafting Compatibility of Ornamental Cacti R. Perumal, M. Prabhu*, M. Kannan and S. Srinivasan Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT In cacti, grafting has become a commercial method of propagation to accelerate and hasten the growth rate of slow growing species, to ensure the survival of the plants with poor root system, to ensure the survival of genetic aberration of variegated and brightly coloured K e yw or ds cacti that lack chlorophyll, to accelerate the growth of plants for commercial use. With the above futuristic background, the present study on ornamental cacti grafting with all Cacti, Compatibility , possible combinations of two species of rootstocks (Hylocereus triangularis and Grafting , Myrtillocactus geometrizans) and five species of scions (Mammillaria beneckei, Intergeneric , Hamatocactus setispinu, Ferocactus latispinus, Echinopsis mamillosa and Gymnocalycium Ornamental mihanovichii) was carried out during 2017-18 at the Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India to assess the Article Info compatibility of grafted ornamental cacti and its performance. Among the graft combinations, the success and survival percentage were found to be maximum in graft Accepted: with Hylocereus triangularis as stock and Echinopsis mamillosa as scion (90 % and 15 October 2020 100%) whereas it was maximum with Myrtillocactus geometrizans as stock and Available Online: 10 November 2020 Hamatocactus setispinus as scion (96 % and 100%). -
The European Alpine Seed Conservation and Research Network
The International Newsletter of the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership August 2016 – January 2017 kew.org/msbp/samara ISSN 1475-8245 Issue: 30 View of Val Dosdé with Myosotis alpestris The European Alpine Seed Conservation and Research Network ELINOR BREMAN AND JONAS V. MUELLER (RBG Kew, UK), CHRISTIAN BERG AND PATRICK SCHWAGER (Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Austria), BRIGITTA ERSCHBAMER, KONRAD PAGITZ AND VERA MARGREITER (Institute of Botany; University of Innsbruck, Austria), NOÉMIE FORT (CBNA, France), ANDREA MONDONI, THOMAS ABELI, FRANCESCO PORRO AND GRAZIANO ROSSI (Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente; Universita degli studi di Pavia, Italy), CATHERINE LAMBELET-HAUETER, JACQUELINE DÉTRAZ- Photo: Dr Andrea Mondoni Andrea Dr Photo: MÉROZ AND FLORIAN MOMBRIAL (Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Switzerland). The European Alps are home to nearly 4,500 taxa of vascular plants, and have been recognised as one of 24 centres of plant diversity in Europe. While species richness decreases with increasing elevation, the proportion of endemic species increases – of the 501 endemic taxa in the European Alps, 431 occur in subalpine to nival belts. he varied geology of the pre and they are converting to shrub land and forest awareness of its increasing vulnerability. inner Alps, extreme temperature with reduced species diversity. Conversely, The Alpine Seed Conservation and Research T fluctuations at altitude, exposure to over-grazing in some areas (notably by Network currently brings together five plant high levels of UV radiation and short growing sheep) is leading to eutrophication and a science institutions across the Alps, housed season mean that the majority of alpine loss of species adapted to low nutrient at leading universities and botanic gardens: species are highly adapted to their harsh levels.