Ivo Skřenek Bakalářská Diplomová Práce

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Ivo Skřenek Bakalářská Diplomová Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA Ústav hudební vědy Teorie interaktivních médií Ivo Skřenek Bakalářská diplomová práce Komparativní analýza zvukového designu filmů Blade Runner a Blade Runner 2049 Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Martin Flašar, PhD. 2019 Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou diplomovou práci vypracoval/a samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. Podpis autora práce …..………………………………….. Úvod ........................................................................................................................................... 5 1 Teoretická část ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Zvukový design ................................................................................................................. 6 1.2.1 Mluvené slovo ............................................................................................................. 7 1.2.2 Hudba .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.2.3 Ruch ............................................................................................................................ 9 1.2.4 Postavení zvuku vůči obrazu ..................................................................................... 10 1.2.5 Úlohy zvukové skladby ............................................................................................. 11 1.2.5.1 Koncepce zvukové skladby ................................................................................. 11 1.2.5.2 Formotvorná úloha zvuku ................................................................................... 11 1.2.6 Dramaturgie zvuku .................................................................................................... 13 1.2.7 Stylizace .................................................................................................................... 15 2 Analytická část – Blade Runner ............................................................................................ 17 2.1 Vangelis ........................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Ben Burtt a Jim Shields ................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Technologie ..................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.1 Syntetizátory .............................................................................................................. 19 2.3.2 Blade Runner a vznik hudby ..................................................................................... 21 2.4 Analýza ............................................................................................................................ 22 2.4.1 Děj filmu ................................................................................................................... 22 2.4.2 Hudba a zvukový design ........................................................................................... 23 3 Analytická část – Blade Runner 2049 ................................................................................... 28 3.1 Hans Zimmer a Benjamin Wallfish ................................................................................. 28 3.1.1 Kritika hudebních skladatelů v souvislosti s Blade Runner 2049 ............................. 29 3.2 Technologie ..................................................................................................................... 30 3.2.1 Zvukový design ......................................................................................................... 30 3.2.2 Hudba ........................................................................................................................ 33 3.3 Analýza ............................................................................................................................ 34 3.3.1 Děj filmu ................................................................................................................... 34 3.3.2 Hudba a zvukový design ........................................................................................... 34 4 Komparace ............................................................................................................................ 39 Závěr ......................................................................................................................................... 40 Resumé ..................................................................................................................................... 41 Seznam použitých pramenů a literatury ................................................................................... 42 Přílohy ...................................................................................................................................... 44 Příloha 1 ................................................................................................................................ 44 Příloha 2 ................................................................................................................................ 46 Příloha 3 ................................................................................................................................ 58 Zde bych rád poděkoval svému vedoucímu práce PhDr. Martinu Flašarovi, PhD. za cenné rady a připomínky. Úvod Cílem této bakalářské práce bude komparativní analýza zvukového designu filmů Blade Runner a Blade Runner 2049. Budu rozebírat zvukovou dramaturgii, zabývat se prací se zvukem ale i technologií, kterými byl zvukový design vytvořen. Budu se věnovat obecné teorii tvorby zvukové složky u audiovizuálního díla a následně rozboru hudby u obou filmů. Pokusím se identifikovat podstatné jak z práce Vangelise, významného řeckého instrumentalisty a hudebního skladatele, který složil hudbu k prvnímu dílu v roce 1982, tak i práci Hanse Zimmera a Benjamina Wallfische, kteří zkomponovali hudební design ke druhému dílu v roce 2017. Pro toto téma jsem se rozhodl, protože není příliš obvyklé, aby byl druhý, sequelní díl natočen s pětatřicetiletým odstupem. Tento časový posun může mít následek řadu změn, kterou sound design prošel, především posun v digitalizaci a modernějšímu vybavení se kterými mohou zvukový designéři pracovat. U každého filmu navíc zvukový design zhotovil někdo jiný. K filmu Blade runner složil hudbu v roce 1982 vynikající řecký instrumentalista, skladatel a jeden z průkopníků elektronické hudby Evangelos Odysseas Papathanassiou známý pod uměleckým jménem Vangelis. Druhý sequelní díl, pojmenovaný jako Blade runner 2049, byl po zvukové stránce ztvárněn autory Hansem Zimmerem – vynikajícím německým hudebníkem a hudebním skladatelem oceněným, mimo jiné, Oscarem za hudbu ke snímku Lví král a britským hudebním skladatem Benjaminem Wallfishem. K fenomenálnímu ztvárnění zvukové složky je třeba orientovat se v řadě technických, uměleckých i společenskovědních oblastech. Je třeba zapojení tvůrčí stránky na základech obecné teorie, a tak každý zvukový designér může k dílu přistupovat trošku odlišně. Pro zkoumání naší problematiky je na internetu poměrně velké množství informací, avšak o podobnou komparaci těchto dvou dílů z hlediska zvukové složky se zatím nikdo nepokoušel, ačkoliv je právě zvukový design u obou dílů hodnocen kritiky i širší veřejností povětšinou velice kladně. Jako nejvhodnější metodologický postup jsem zvolil komparativní analýzu, která je jednou z nejobvyklejších srovnávacích metod ve společenských vědách. Jedná se o rozložení celku na elementární částice s následnou komparací, v našem případě dvou děl. Jde tedy o identifikaci podstatných porovnávacích proměnných, určením jejich souvislostí či odlišností a nalezením možných příčin těchto shod a rozporů. 5 1 Teoretická část 1.1 Zvukový design Sluch patří spolu se zrakem mezi základní lidské smysly. Při recepci audiovizuálního díla divák sleduje jak stránku zvukovou, tak i obrazovou. Lidský mozek oba tyto smysly zpracovává odlišně. Zvuk jsme zvyklí vnímat především kontinuálně, z celého komplexu okolí. Oproti tomu u zraku jsme zvyklí vnímat pouze část reality, navíc čas, který potřebujeme k rozpoznání zvuku je o poznání delší, než je tomu u zraku, kde je obecně vetší vnímací pohotovost. Z tohoto jednoduchého modelu vychází základní teorie zvukové dramaturgie. Je důležité si také uvědomit, že percepce těchto dvou smyslů probíhá u každého jednotlivce trochu odlišně. Zpravidla o ztvárnění zvukové složky usiluje celý tým lidí. Celý proces začíná u scénáristy, který by měl kromě dialogů připravovat i prostor pro účinné působení zvuku napříč celým audiovizuálním dílem. S jistým respektem ke zvukové složce by měli přistupovat jak kameramani, tak i střihači, pod dohledem režie. U rozsáhlého audiovizuálního díla zpravidla nalezneme uplatnění řady dalších profesí, například mikrofonista, foley editor, music supervisor, sound mixer, sound editor a další. S takto úzce specializovanými profesemi lze za předpokladu dobré spolupráce dosáhnout velmi zdařilých výsledků, nicméně s počtem lidí roste i finanční náročnost celé práce. Pod pojmem hudební skladatel nebo hudební dramaturg se označuje osoba komponující hudební skladby v díle. Za zvukový celek pak odpovídá mistr zvuku (sound designer), který se stará i o závěrečnou mixáž. Audiovizuální dílo zpravidla obsahuje tři základní složky zvuku, které budu v dalších kapitolách
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