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O Gâmbia No Mundo Atlântico Fulas, Jalofos E Mandingas No Comércio Global Moderno (1580-1630)

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O Gâmbia No Mundo Atlântico Fulas, Jalofos E Mandingas No Comércio Global Moderno (1580-1630) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS - UFMG FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS - FAFICH PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA FELIPE SILVEIRA DE OLIVEIRA MALACCO O GÂMBIA NO MUNDO ATLÂNTICO FULAS, JALOFOS E MANDINGAS NO COMÉRCIO GLOBAL MODERNO (1580-1630) Belo Horizonte 2016 FELIPE SILVEIRA DE OLIVEIRA MALACCO O GÂMBIA NO MUNDO ATLÂNTICO FULAS, JALOFOS E MANDINGAS NO COMÉRCIO GLOBAL MODERNO (1580-1630) Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de mestre no Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, do Departamento de História da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, na linha pesquisa História Social da Cultura. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Vanicléia Silva Santos Belo Horizonte 2016 2 Malacco, Felipe Silveira de Oliveira O Gâmbia no mundo atlântico [manuscrito] : fulas, jalofos e mandingas no comércio global moderno (1580-1630) / Felipe Silveira de Oliveira Malacco. - 2016. 156 f. Orientadora: Vanicleia Silva Santos. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Inclui bibliografia 1. História – Teses. 2. Gâmbia, Rio (África) – Teses. 3. Comércio - Teses. I. Santos, Vanicléia Silva. II. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III. Título. 3 4 Em memória do intelectual e avô, Juracy Corrêa da Silveira. 5 Agradecimentos Agradecer às pessoas que me auxiliaram no processo de entrada, escrita e conclusão do mestrado é uma tarefa difícil. Muitos foram aqueles que participaram direta ou indiretamente nestes dois anos, em atividades diretamente ligadas a pesquisa ou em outros momentos tão importantes quanto à escrita da dissertação. Portanto, já adianto minhas desculpas àqueles cujos nomes não aparecerão aqui. Não é simplesmente uma questão de omissão, e sim do grande número de pessoas que de uma forma ou de outra, ajudaram nesta difícil tarefa. Em primeiro lugar, gostaria de agradecer a Comissão de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Nível Superior pelo fornecimento da bolsa de estudos que tive durante todo o período deste mestrado. Sem essa verba, dificilmente poderia me dedicar exclusivamente a esta pesquisa, o que de fato aconteceu. Agradeço a minha orientadora Vanicleia Silva Santos, grande estímulo, inspiração e exemplo para minha escolha de estudar história da África, por ter comprado a ideia deste projeto, auxiliando prontamente com indicações de leituras e correções precisas das várias versões dos textos que compõem esta dissertação. Por todo o esforço despendido por ela, espero não desaponta-la com o resultado final desta pesquisa. Agradeço aos professores que ofertaram as disciplinas cursadas durante o mestrado, as quais ampliaram a perspectiva teórica e historiográfica desta pesquisa: Adriana Romeiro, na disciplina Seminário de Dissertação; Eduardo França Paiva, em Escravidão e Mestiçagens na Ibero-América – séculos XV a XIX; Rafael Pérez Cargía, em A construção do mundo ibérico em torno do Atlântico durante o século XV; e João Pinto Furtado, em Brasil 1964-1988: cultura, mídia e política. Agradecimento especial aos professores que participaram da banca de qualificação. Luiz Duarte Haele Arnaut, este também pelos auxílios sempre que procurado nos corredores do prédio da FAFICH, e Silvio Marco Correa. Suas ricas sugestões foram essenciais para o produto final desta pesquisa. Aos colegas que estudam a região da Guiné Thiago Henrique Mota, pelas sugestões, discussões, generosidade e companheirismo durante o mestrado; e Jeocasta Juliet Oliveira Martins de Freitas, com quem dividi a disciplina Relatos de Viagem e História da África no estágio docente, e aprendemos muito um com o outro. 6 Agradeço aos alunos de graduação que participaram da disciplina Relato de Viagens e História da África, pelo interesse em participar das aulas conosco e foram essenciais na formação da certeza em querer continuar sendo um pesquisador e, quem sabe, futuro professor africanista. Esta, com certeza, foi uma das atividades mais gratificantes do mestrado. Muito obrigado pela paciência com os professores inexperientes e pelos ensinamentos que tive com a experiência. Durante o mestrado, criamos o Grupo de Estudos Africanos, composto por mim, Jeocasta, Flavia Chagas e Isabela Rosa. Agradeço a elas pelo companheirismo e aprendizado. Criamos também o Grupo de Estudos Atlânticos, formado por Vanicleia Santos, Thaís Tanure, Flávia Chagas, Carolina Perpétuo, Victor Felisberto, Natália Ribeiro, Renata Diório, Marcus Reis, Rogéria Cristina, Thais Venuto, Thiago Mota, Mateus Rezende, Fabiana Leo e por mim. A estes deixo meus agradecimentos, em conjunto com o desejo que o grupo tenha vida longa e próspera produção intelectual. Aos colegas de ambiente de estudos, a salinha da pós, Fabiana Leo, Matheus Frizzone, Bruno Morais, Bruno Carvalho, Gabriel Leão, Mateus Rezende, Daniel Rocha, André Mascarenhas, Pamela Naumann, Allysson Lima, Luísa Marques, Warley Alves, Natália Ribeiro, Guilherme Silva, Felipe Ribeiro, Olga Pisnitchenko, Marcus Reis e Arthur Freitas meus agradecimentos pelo companheirismo, ajudas com correções dos textos, diversão nos necessários momentos de descontração e apoio nos momentos de desespero. Obrigado ao amigo, vizinho e companheiro de mestrado Alexandre Belinni Tasca pelas revisões textuais e ajuda em diversos momentos destes dois anos. Agradeço também àqueles que estiveram comigo no momento de seleção dos projetos de mestrado, que muito me ajudaram tanto neste complexo processo, quanto no meio e fim da pesquisa, Thiago Prattes, Pedro Montandon e Paulo Renato de Andrade. Paulo que também esteve comigo na comissão organizadora do IV Encontro de Pesquisa em História, o EPHIS, junto com o Bruno Duarte, Bruno Vinicius, Denise Duarte, Fabio Baião, Gislaine Gonçalves, Luiza Parreira, Maíra Nascimento, Pamela Naumann, Raquel Marques e Weslley Rodrigues. A estes, que em conjunto comigo estavam na difícil, porém necessária, tarefa de organizar um evento para mais de setecentas pessoas, muito obrigado. Agradeço a Pedro, Marcos e Julia, meus irmãos, pelo apoio e paciência. Ao meu tio Marcos Aurélio, grande entusiasta da história, pelo incentivo. Ao meu tio Marcus Vinícius, pelo apoio em todos os momentos. A minha mãe, Venúsia, pelo ombro amigo 7 e por sempre renovar minha perseverança. A meu pai, Marcos Antonio, maior exemplo da minha vida, que sempre apoiou minhas escolhas e me deu todo o suporte financeiro e emocional necessário para chegar até aqui. Espero com este trabalho lhes dar motivo de orgulho. Por fim, agradeço àquela cuja história junto comigo, de certa forma, se confunde com este mestrado. A minha esposa, Nathália Luísa Sousa de Oliveira Malacco, sempre a primeira corretora de meus trabalhos, que junto com nossa família, Bebel e Mendel, aguentou os momentos de ausência, stress e desespero com toda a paciência, carinho e amor, cujo apoio foi o mais incondicional dentre todos, cujo interesse em fulas, mandingas e jalofos também foi o mais sincero, não tenho palavras para agradecer. Muito obrigado a todos! Sem vocês, as palavras que se seguem não seriam dotadas de sentido e de inspiração. 8 RESUMO Esta dissertação consiste na análise das mudanças sociais, políticas, culturais e econômicas ocorrida entre os habitantes das margens do rio Gâmbia – fulas, mandingas e jalofos – diante do impacto provocado pelo comércio atlântico no período entre 1580 e 1630. Para isso, foram utilizados três tipos de documentação - os relatos de viagem de André Álvares Almada, escrito em 1594, Richard Jobson, escrito em 1623, André Donelha, escrito em 1625, e Pieter Van den Broecke escrito em 1630, as cartas de missionários e a documentação administrativa referente ao arquipélago de Cabo Verde, referentes ao período entre 1580 e 1630, (as duas últimas publicadas na obra Monumenta Missionária Africana, coligida pelo padre Antônio Brásio). Além disso, esta pesquisa procura demonstrar quais eram os produtos de circulação atlântica no rio Gâmbia, bem como os portos onde ocorria o comércio nesse rio. Analisando os agentes que participaram deste comércio, procurou-se também discutir o protagonismo comercial dos fulas, mandingas e jalofos em relação aos comerciantes europeus. Palavras-Chaves: Rio Gâmbia; Comércio Atlântico; Agência Africana; Fulas, Mandingas e Jalofos. 9 ABSTRACT This dissertation consists on the analysis of social, political, cultural and economic changes from the inhabitants of the banks of Gambia River – Fula, Mandinga and Jalofo – to the Atlantic Trade in the period between 1580 and 1630. For that purpose, it was used the voyage description of André Álvares Almada, written in 1594, Richard Jobson, written in 1621, André Donelha, written in 1625 and Pieter Van den Broecke written in 1630, besides missionary letters and administrative documentation from the Cape Verde Islands referring to the period between 1580 and 1630 ( the last two documentation was published in Monumenta Missionária Africana, collected by priest Antonio Brásio). Moreover, this research wants to answer what were the products of Atlantic circulation in Gambia River, as well as the ports where the trade occurred in that River. Analyzing the agents who participated in this trade, it sought to also discuss commercial protagonism of Fula, Mandinga and Jalofos in relation to European traders. Keywords: Gambia River; Atlantic Trade; African Agency; Fulas, Mandingas e Jalofos. 10 ÍNDICE DOS MAPAS Mapa 1 - As rotas transaarianas. Do Mediterrâneo ao Sudão, o comércio transaariano. XVII...............................................................................................................................32
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