Die Rechtliche Situation Von Trans* Und Intergeschlechtlichen Menschen in Deutschland Und Europa

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Die Rechtliche Situation Von Trans* Und Intergeschlechtlichen Menschen in Deutschland Und Europa stelle des Bundes Die rechtliche Situation von Trans* und intergeschlechtlichen Menschen in Deutschland und Europa Dokumentation der Fachtagung der Antidiskriminierungsstelle des Bundes 7. Oktober 2015, Tagungswerk Jerusalemkirche, Berlin Inhalt: I. Vorwort Christine Lüders, Leiterin der Antidiskriminierungsstelle des Bundes S. 3 II. Keynote Silvan Agius, internationaler Experte für die Rechte von LGBTIQ „Mögliche Lehren für Deutschland: Die rechtliche Situation von Trans* und intergeschlechtlichen Menschen in Europa und darüber hinaus“ S. 5 III. Podiumsdiskussion „Diskriminierung von Trans* und intergeschlechtlichen Menschen im deutschen Recht“ S. 13 IV. Panels S. 17 Panel 1: „Diskriminierungsfreier Umgang mit Geschlechtervielfalt in Unternehmen und Verwaltungen“ S. 17 Panel 2: „Geschlechtervielfalt in der Bildung – Bewusstseinserweiterung durch Berücksichtigung von Trans* und Intergeschlechtlichkeit in Materialien und Unterricht“ S. 22 Panel 3: „Sensibilisierung von Mediziner_innen für Intergeschlechtlichkeit“ S. 26 Panel 4: „Sensibilisierung von Mediziner_innen für Trans* S. 30 V. Anhang S. 34 Christine Lüders, Eröffnungsrede S. 35 Silvan Agius, Keynote: “Possible Lessons for Germany: The rights of trans and intersex people in Europe and beyond” S. 38 Lann Hornscheidt, Willkommen zur Fachtagung S. 48 Konstanze Plett, Eingangsstatement S. 51 Richard Köhler, Die Situation transgeschlechtlichen Menschen im Zugang zur Arbeit und im Arbeitsverhältnis S. 53 Wiebke Fuchs, Mit welchen Benachteiligungen sind transgeschlechtliche Menschen im Arbeitsleben konfrontiert? S. 69 Dr. Claudia Schmidt, SAP-Richtlinie zur Geschlechtsangleichung S. 72 Dr. Dan Christian Ghattas, Geschlechtervielfalt in Unterrichtsmaterialien S. 86 Dr. Dan Christian Ghattas, Trans* und Inter* in der Schule S. 91 Manuela Tillmanns, „Diverse Sex Development“ S. 98 Claudia Kittel, „UN-Kinderrechtskonvention” S. 107 Dr. Katinka Schweizer, „Gedanken zur Vorbereitung auf die Fachtagung“ S. 109 Ev Blaine Matthigack, Wie sieht die Situation in 5 Jahren idealerweise aus, wenn alle Mediziner_innen sensibilisiert sind? S. 111 Maria-Sabine Augstein, Standards der Behandlung und Begutachtung von Transsexuellen S. 113 Katie Wiedner, Positionspapier von Trans Kinder Netz e.V. S. 115 2 I. Vorwort Christine Lüders, Leiterin der Antidiskriminierungsstelle des Bundes Liebe Teilnehmende, liebe Interessierte, trans*- und intergeschlechtliche Menschen erleben in Deutschland massive Diskriminierungen. Nach der jüngsten Studie der EU- Grundrechteagentur FRA sieht sich eine von drei Trans*-Personen beim Zugang zur Arbeit oder im Arbeitsverhältnis benachteiligt. Für intersexuelle Menschen gibt es keine vergleichbaren Studien. Erfahrungsberichte zeigen aber, dass der Diskriminierungsschutz hier in der Praxis oft nicht greift. Trans*- und intergeschlechtliche Menschen machen häufig die Erfahrung, dass ihre Situation gesellschaftlich nicht wahrgenommen und ignoriert wird. Und: Allzu oft werden ihre Anliegen in der Öffentlichkeit bagatellisiert und lächerlich gemacht. Der Antidiskriminierungsstelle des Bundes war es deshalb ein Anliegen, im Rahmen des Themenjahres „Gleiches Recht. Jedes Geschlecht.“ ein besonderes Augenmerk auf Diskriminierungserfahrungen trans*- und intergeschlechtlicher Menschen zu richten. Weil es kaum wissenschaftliche Expertise zum Thema gibt – von einigen wenigen, bedeutsamen Ausnahmen abgesehen – und weil wir einen starken Impuls in die Forschungslandschaft aussenden wollten, haben wir uns dazu entschieden, eine Fachtagung auszurichten. Bei der Auswahl der Themen und der Panels haben uns die folgenden Fragen geleitet: Welche rechtlichen Änderungen braucht es, damit Trans* und intergeschlechtliche Menschen ein diskriminierungsfreies und selbstbestimmtes Leben führen können? Wie können wir die körperliche Unversehrtheit aller Menschen sicherstellen? Wie können wir Diskriminierung in Bildung und Arbeitswelt abbauen? Die Beiträge aller Diskussionen, die Impulsreferate und die Keynote des maltesischen Experten für die Rechte von LSBTIQ, Silvan Agius, haben wir in dieser 3 Tagungsdokumentation zusammengetragen. Allen aktiv Teilnehmenden möchte ich noch einmal für ihre Beiträge danken: Sie haben wesentlich dazu beigetragen, die Fachtagung – übrigens die erste dieser Art in Deutschland - zu einem Erfolg zu machen. Herzlichst 4 II. Keynote Silvan Agius, internationaler Experte für die Rechte von LGBTIQ „Mögliche Lehren für Deutschland: Die rechtliche Situation von Trans* und intergeschlechtlichen Menschen in Europa und darüber hinaus“ Die Keynote der Tagung hielt am Vormittag Silvan Agius, internationaler Experte für die Rechte von lesbischen, schwulen, bisexuellen, trans*, inter* und queeren Menschen (englische Abkürzung: LGBTIQ), der auch maßgeblich an aktuellen Reformen in Silvan Agius während der Keynote Malta mitgewirkt hat. In seinem Überblick zur rechtlichen Lage in Europa ging er auf die Situationen in Malta und Argentinien ein und formulierte am Ende einen „einfachen“ Weg, wie auch Deutschland schneller größere Gleichheit für Trans* und Inter*-Menschen erreichen könnte. Zu Beginn sagte Agius, dass es in Deutschland in letzter Zeit im Gegensatz zu anderen europäischen Ländern kaum rechtliche Verbesserungen für Trans* und Inter*- Menschen gegeben habe. Viele Veränderungen für Trans*-Personen seien in Deutschland nicht durch die Gesetzgebung, sondern durch Gerichtsentscheide erfolgt. Diese hätten etwa Diskriminierungen durch das Transsexuellengesetz (TSG) zu Fall gebracht. Agius führte die Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts aus dem Januar 2011 an. Darin wurden die bis dahin im TSG gesetzten Voraussetzungen der personenstandsrechtlichen Anerkennung Transsexueller zur Eingehung einer gleichgeschlechtlichen Lebenspartnerschaft verworfen, weil sie mit dem Grundrecht auf sexuelle Selbstbestimmung und dem Grundrecht auf körperliche Unversehrtheit nicht vereinbar waren. Trotz der aus dem Urteil resultierenden Fortschritte blieben Mängel, so Agius. 5 Während Deutschland in den 1980er-Jahren noch zu den ersten Ländern in Europa gehört habe, die Gesetze für diesen Bereich erließen, verliere es derzeit den Anschluss an aktuelle rechtliche Standards. Rechte von Trans*-Personen würden nur teilweise geachtet und würden immer noch als eine wohlwollende Ausnahme gewährt. Dabei müsste es stattdessen ein Bündel allgemeiner Rechte geben, die für alle gleich gelten. Deutschland sei hingegen eines der ersten Länder, das seit 2010 das Thema Intergeschlechtlichkeit systematisch angehe, ebenfalls vor einem rechtlichen Hintergrund. „In Deutschland sind wahrscheinlich mehr Intersexuelle vor Gericht gegangen, als in allen anderen europäischen Ländern zusammen“, so Agius. Die 2013 nach einer Stellungnahme des Ethikrats verabschiedeten Gesetze seien aber enttäuschend. Sie gingen „ganz klar an der Lebensrealität intersexueller Menschen vorbei“. Es sei sogar wahrscheinlich, dass Inter*-Neugeborene durch das neue Gesetz noch verletzlicher würden, weil sie nun eine Leerstelle in ihrer Geburtsurkunde hätten. Agius nannte als Voraussetzung für grundlegende Änderungen in beiden Themenfeldern, dass „wir zunächst einmal verstehen müssen, dass die Rechte von Trans*- und Inter*- Personen zu den allgemein gültigen Menschenrechten gehören“. Sie unterschieden sich in keiner Weise von denen anderer Personen. „Zweitens müssen wir verstehen, dass Diskriminierungen von Trans*- und Inter*-Personen ein strukturelles Problem sind, denn sie sind Teil eines binären Geschlechtersystems.“ Schon die bloße Existenz von Trans*- und Inter*-Personen sei bedroht von Marginalisierung oder sogar Auslöschung durch gesellschaftliche Systeme und Institutionen, die häufig sehr starr seien. Agius wies darauf hin, dass auch auf der Fachtagung Trans*- und Inter*-Themen zwar zusammen besprochen würden. Er hob aber noch einmal die Unterschiede deutlich hervor: Bei intersexuellen Personen gebe es häufig chirurgische oder medizinische Eingriffe, die sie nicht brauchten oder nicht wollten. Für Trans*-Personen sei es hingegen oft schwierig zu beweisen, dass sie wirklich eine Behandlung oder eine Operation brauchten, und ebenso schwierig sei es, diese dann auch zu erhalten. 6 Zunächst wandte sich Agius dem Thema Trans*-Personen zu. Agius stellte eine vergleichende Analyse der Agentur der Europäischen Union für Grundrechte zur Situation von Trans*-Personen in Europa vor („Being Trans in the European Union“), die „ein sehr düsteres Bild“ zeichne. Demnach sprechen Trans*-Menschen von ernsthafter und wiederholter Schikanierung, häufiger Diskriminierung, ungerechter Behandlung, Respektlosigkeit bis hin zu Misshandlungen. Dies verursache anhaltende Angstzustände. Als Reaktion würden sie gewisse Orte meiden oder ihre wahre Geschlechtsidentität verheimlichen oder verbergen. Dies schaffe einen Teufelskreis von Angst und Ignoranz, von Intoleranz und Diskriminierung oder sogar Hassverbrechen und Gewalt. Der Bericht zeige außerdem eine statistische Wechselseitigkeit zwischen der Qualität politscher Maßnahmen und Gesetzgebung und dem Grad der Diskriminierung gegen Trans*-Personen. So habe es positive Trends in jenen Mitgliedsländern gegeben, die breite positive Maßnahmen umgesetzt hätten, um die Menschenrechte von Trans*- Personen zu achten und zu fördern. Dagegen sei in Ländern mit wenigen positiven Maßnahmen die Wahrscheinlichkeit zweieinhalb Mal höher, dass Trans*-Personen sich nicht am Arbeitsplatz outeten. Da es in Deutschland und anderen europäischen Ländern in den 1980er-Jahren keine Akzeptanz oder gar Verständnis für Transsexualität
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