Rapport Annuel 2021

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Rapport Annuel 2021 SITUATION DE LA DÉMOCRATIE, L’édition 2021 du rapport de la Secrétaire Générale du Conseil de l’Europe sur la situation de la démocratie, des droits de l’homme et de l’État de droit couvre les trois années écoulées depuis la DES DROITS DE L’HOMME publication de la précédente version de ce type. Ce rapport se subdivise en deux parties. La première expose ET DE L’ÉTAT DE DROIT les forces et les faiblesses relevées dans le fonctionnement des institutions démocratiques des États membres du Conseil de l’Europe. La seconde évalue la qualité de l’environnement démocratique indispensable au bon fonctionnement de ces Un renouveau démocratique institutions. Chaque chapitre présente une synthèse des principales diffi- pour l’Europe cultés et des enjeux dans chacun des domaines concernés. Les observations et analyses proviennent essentiellement de sources du Conseil de l’Europe, notamment des rapports des organes de suivi, des décisions de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, des rapports de l’Assemblée parlementaire et de la Commissaire aux droits de l’homme, des avis de la Commission de Venise et d’autres instances de l’Organisation. Ces constats et observations serviront de base à l’élaboration du Programme et Budget pour le prochain biennium, qui com- prendra des mesures et des activités visant à répondre aux 2021 Europe Rapport de l’ de la Secrétaire Générale du Conseil problèmes et aux défis mis en évidence dans ce rapport. PREMS 049121 FRA Le Conseil de l’Europe est la principale organisation de défense des droits de l’homme du continent. Rapport établi par la Secrétaire Générale Il comprend 47 États membres, dont l’ensemble du Conseil de l’Europe 2021 des membres de l’Union européenne. Tous les États membres du Conseil de l’Europe ont signé la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme, un traité visant à protéger les droits de l’homme, la démocratie et l’État de droit. La Cour européenne des droits de l’homme contrôle la mise en œuvre de la Convention dans les États membres. SITUATION DE LA DÉMOCRATIE, DES DROITS DE L’HOMME ET DE L’ÉTAT DE DROIT Un renouveau démocratique pour l’Europe Rapport établi par la Secrétaire Générale du Conseil de l’Europe 2021 Conseil de l'Europe Édition anglaise : State of democracy, human rights and the rule of law – A democratic renewal for Europe Tous droits réservés. Aucun Couverture et mise en page : extrait de cette publication ne Service de la production des peut être traduit, reproduit ou documents et publications (SPDP), transmis, sous quelque forme Conseil de l’Europe et par quelque moyen que ce soit – électronique (CD-Rom, Photos : Shutterstock et Conseil internet, etc.), mécanique, de l'Europe photocopie, enregistrement Éditions du Conseil de l’Europe ou de toute autre manière – F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex sans l’autorisation préalable www.coe.int écrite de la Direction de la communication (F-67075 © Conseil de l’Europe, mai 2021 Strasbourg Cedex ou Imprimé dans les ateliers [email protected]). du Conseil de l’Europe Table des matières PRÉFACE DE LA SECRÉTAIRE GÉNÉRALE DU CONSEIL DE L’EUROPE 5 PRINCIPALES CONSTATATIONS DU RAPPORT 6 POUR LA LECTURE DU RAPPORT 11 PARTIE I – LES INSTITUTIONS DÉMOCRATIQUES 13 CHAPITRE 1 – EFFICACITÉ, IMPARTIALITÉ ET INDÉPENDANCE DE LA JUSTICE 15 Introduction 15 Indépendance de la justice 17 Responsabilité de la justice 26 Efficacité des systèmes judiciaires 32 CHAPITRE 2 – LIBERTÉ D’EXPRESSION 37 Introduction 37 Garanties juridiques pour la liberté d’expression 39 Protection des journalistes et des autres personnes qui s’expriment 41 Un environnement médiatique indépendant et pluraliste 44 Fiabilité et confiance dans l’information 46 CHAPITRE 3 – LIBERTÉ DE RÉUNION ET LIBERTÉ D’ASSOCIATION 51 Introduction 51 Liberté de réunion 52 Liberté d’association 58 CHAPITRE 4 – INSTITUTIONS POLITIQUES 65 Introduction 65 Fonctionnement des institutions démocratiques 66 Démocratie locale et régionale 69 Bonne gouvernance à tous les niveaux territoriaux 70 Élections libres et équitables 74 CHAPITRE 5 – INTÉGRITÉ DES INSTITUTIONS 79 Introduction 79 Cadres d’intégrité institutionnels 80 Normes de conduite applicables aux agents publics 84 Intégrité, efficacité et impact des mécanismes de responsabilisation et d’exécution 88 Mécanismes de répression en matière pénale et non pénale 95 PART II – ENVIRONNEMENT DÉMOCRATIQUE 101 CHAPITRE 6 – DIGNITÉ HUMAINE 103 Introduction 103 Lutte contre la traite des êtres humains 104 Promouvoir et protéger les droits des femmes 107 Droits fondamentaux et dignité de l’enfant 111 Droits sociaux 117 Conditions de détention humaines 123 CHAPITRE 7 – ANTI-DISCRIMINATION, DIVERSITÉ ET INCLUSION 127 Introduction 127 Lutte contre la discrimination 128 Diversité et inclusion 136 CHAPITRE 8 – LA PARTICIPATION DÉMOCRATIQUE 149 Introduction 149 Éducation à la démocratie 150 Jeunesse pour la démocratie 154 Culture et patrimoine culturel 156 ► Page 3 Contents KEY POINTS 5 INTRODUCTION BY THE SECRETARY GENERAL 7 Helsinki follow-up and the Covid-19 pandemic 7 Priorities and efficiency 8 Marija Pejčinović Burić Secrétaire GénéraleReform du Conseil and effectiveness de l'Europe 9 PART I 13 FOLLOW-UP ACTION TO THE HELSINKI DECISIONS 15 Strengthening the role and participation of civil society 16 Artificial intelligence 18 Action against trafficking in human beings 20 Freedom of expression 22 Addressing inequality, racism, xenophobia, hate speech and discrimination ► Page 4 PRÉFACE DE LA SECRÉTAIRE GÉNÉRALE a situation dans laquelle la pandémie de covid-19 place nos gouvernements et nos sociétés depuis 2020 est sans égale depuis la création du Conseil de l’Europe. À l’heure où j’écris ces lignes, elle a malheureu- L sement déjà coûté la vie à plusieurs millions de personnes. Beaucoup plus nombreux encore sont ceux qui ont perdu leur emploi, et les diverses mesures de confinement et autres restrictions physiques ont imposé des changements considérables dans notre manière de vivre, de travailler et de communiquer. ■ Mon rapport annuel de l’an dernier, Le multilatéralisme en 2020, expliquait comment le Conseil de l’Europe avait réagi sans tarder en ajustant ses méthodes de travail et ses activités, et en apportant aux États membres le soutien dont ils avaient besoin pour faire face à la crise de santé publique d’une manière qui soit à la fois efficace et compatible avec nos normes communes de protection des droits de l’homme, de la démocratie et de l’État de droit. ■ Presque un an plus tard, cette mission n’est pas terminée, mais elle a évolué. Des divers documents donnant des orientations à l’intention des autorités nationales, en particulier pour le respect des normes applicables dans le domaine des droits de l’homme et de l’État de droit, aux débats actuels sur les nécessaires garanties de conformité aux droits de l’homme des obligations, certificats et autres « passeports » de vaccination, le Conseil de l’Europe continue de jouer un rôle sans équivalent. ■ Cette mission et cette responsabilité fournissent donc inévitablement une partie non négligeable de la matière du présent rapport, dont la portée est toutefois plus large. ■ L’édition de cette année, Un renouveau démocratique pour l’Europe, renoue avec la pratique des années antérieures consistant à évaluer l’état des principaux éléments constitutifs de la sécurité démocratique de l’Europe. Depuis la publication du dernier rapport dans ce format, en 2018, les tendances ont changé, évolué et d’autres ont émergé. Ces tendances sont examinées dans cette édition. De nombreux exemples de progrès ont été relevés dans nos États membres. Il ne faut pas les ignorer, ni les sous-estimer. Nous en rendons compte tout au long du présent rapport et il convient de saluer les autorités nationales pour le travail accompli, parfois dans des circonstances difficiles. ■ Globalement, nous ne pouvons cependant que constater un recul clair et inquiétant de la démocratie. ■ En Europe, l’esprit et les institutions démocratiques s’entraînent mutuellement dans une spirale descen- dante. On le constate dans les divers domaines d’action et d’activité de l’Organisation. Souvent, le phénomène est antérieur à l’apparition du coronavirus, mais il ne fait aucun doute que les mesures légitimes prises par les autorités nationales pour faire face à la covid-19 ont aggravé cette tendance. Les libertés et les droits individuels ont fait l’objet de restrictions qui auraient été inacceptables en temps normal. La démocratie elle-même a été restreinte. Le danger est maintenant que notre culture démocratique ne s’en remette jamais complètement. ■ Cette situation est profondément troublante. La démocratie est essentielle pour que nous puissions vivre librement, dans la dignité et la sécurité. Plus encore, elle est un garde-fou indispensable pour préserver les droits de l’homme et l’État de droit. Ces trois piliers de notre action sont, de fait, indissociables. Que l’un vienne à vaciller, il entraînera inévitablement les autres. Les pages qui suivent le montrent clairement. ► Page 5 PRINCIPALES CONSTATATIONS DU RAPPORT ■ Efficacité, impartialité et indépendance de la justice ► Les tribunaux nationaux reçoivent un nombre croissant de plaintes contre les actes du pouvoir exécutif. ► Ces dernières années, la fréquence des initiatives législatives et interventions visant à influer politiquement sur les nominations à des fonctions judiciaires ainsi que sur la composition et le fonctionnement des organes judiciaires autonomes s’est accrue. ► Des mesures ont été prises pour affaiblir le principe de l’inamovibilité des juges ou pour autoriser le pouvoir exécutif à remplacer de manière discrétionnaire les présidents des tribunaux. ► L’épidémie de covid-19 a généré de nouvelles procédures devant les tribunaux, ce qui risque de les engorger, et a entraîné des retards dans les nominations à d’importantes fonctions judiciaires. ■ Liberté d’expression ► La liberté d’expression est en recul dans de nombreux États membres. ► Les violences contre les journalistes, y compris les meurtres, sont en augmentation et restent souvent impunies.
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