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Cerca Del Cielo Patrimonio Biológico En La Zona De Alma

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Cerca Del Cielo Patrimonio Biológico En La Zona De Alma cerca del cielo patrimonio biológico en la zona de alma close to the sky | biological heritage in the alma area cerca del cielo close to the sky Patrimonio biológico en la zona de ALMA Biological heritage in the ALMA area primera edición first edition Mayo 2007 May 2007 Editado por ESO en Chile Published by ESO in Chile investigación research Michaela Heisig, bióloga y ecóloga Michaela Heisig, biologist and ecologist edición general de contenidos general content editor Gonzalo Argandoña Lazo Gonzalo Argandoña Lazo edición, diseño y diagramación text editor, design and layout www.midia.cl www.midia.cl Teresa Vial P. Teresa Vial P. Gilberto Villarroel E. Gilberto Villarroel E. Elizabeth Bustos B. Elizabeth Bustos B. Cristián Villena H. Cristián Villena H. Andrea Arteaga N. Andrea Arteaga N. María Paz Rosas V. María Paz Rosas V. Fabiola Rodríguez G. Fabiola Rodríguez G. fotografías photographs Consultora ECONORTE Consultora ECONORTE ESO ESO NRAO NRAO Gerhard Hudepohl Gerhard Hudepohl impresión printers Fyrmagráfica Fyrmagráfica © Copyright Registro de Propiedad Intelectual © Copyright Registration N° 163343 N° 163343 Todos los derechos reservados All rights reserved Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por Total or partial reproduction of this book by any means cualquier medio. Ninguna parte de este libro puede ser re- is prohibited. No part of this book may be reproduced, producida, transmitida o almacenada por procedimientos transmitted, or stored by mechanical, chemical, or elec- mecánicos, químicos o electrónicos, sin autorización expre- tronic means without express permission in writing sa y escrita del editor. from the publisher. cerca del cielo patrimonio biológico en la zona de ALMA close to the sky | biological heritage in the ALMA area «El Chapur (zorro) cae al vacío en el poblado de Camar, «The Chapur (fox) fell into the void at the village of desparramando las semillas que traía desde el cielo. De esta Camar, scattering the seeds he brought from heaven. manera en este poblado se siembran las simientes traídas That is how seeds that fall from the sky are sown at this del cielo». village». «El Cóndor y su amigo desobediente» en «El Cóndor y su amigo desobediente» «Cuentos de los niños atacameños». (The Condor and his Disobedient Friend) Publicado por Minicentro San Pedro de in «Cuentos de los niños atacameños». Atacama, Área de Culturas Originarias, Di- Published by Minicentro San Pedro de visión de Cultura, Ministerio de Educa- Atacama, Área de Culturas Originarias, ción - Chile. División de Cultura, Ministerio de Edu- cación - Chile. índice el origen de este libro 8 Descifrando el origen del universo 9 Importancia de la naturaleza capítulo 1 ALMA, paso a paso 11 Radio astronomía 11 Proyecto astronómico global 14 Cómo funciona ALMA capítulo 2 zonación ecológica del área de influencia de ALMA 20 Zona 1 y zona 2: desierto árido cálido. Zona de potencial inundación del Salar de Atacama y Zona de Dunas 26 Reserva nacional «Los Flamencos» 28 Flamencos y otras aves del Salar de Atacama 30 Zona 3: zona de formación geológica Ignimbrita Chaxas 33 El reino de las cactáceas 34 Zona 4: zona de Matorral Desértico 36 Primeros asentamientos humanos 37 Fauna silvestre 40 Zona 5: zona del Coirón 42 Zona 6-A: zona de la Alta Puna 44 Zona 6-B: zona de Altas Cumbres capítulo 3 política ambiental del proyecto ALMA: historia de un compromiso 47 Preparando el camino 48 El equipo ambiental 48 Rafting en seco 51 Un paisaje increíble 52 Balance favorable 53 La ruta escogida capítulo 4 buscando la flora y fauna en el área de ALMA 55 Buscando la fauna 56 Ratones y pumas 58 Huellas de fauna 60 Identificando la flora 62 Los compromisos de ALMA 62 Capacitación al personal capítulo 5 estudios realizados 65 Vizcachas (lagidium viscacia) trabajos en colonias 67 Ratón Chinchilla (abrocoma cinerea), protección y conservación de colonias 68 Cactáceas, trabajos de rescate 70 Vicuñas y Ñandúes, vigilancia de pasos epílogo el espacio y más allá… 78 notas 79 bibliografía contents the origin of this book 8 Deciphering the origin of the universe 9 Importance of Nature chapter 1 ALMA, step by step 11 Radio astronomy 11 Global astronomy project 14 How ALMA works chapter 2 ecological zoning of the ALMA area of influence 20 Zone 1 and 2: warm arid desert. Atacama Salar potential flood area and sand dune area 26 National Reserve Los Flamencos 28 Flamingo and other birds of the Atacama Salar 30 Zone 3: Chaxas Ignimbrite formation zone 33 The cactus kingdom 34 Zone 4: desert scrub zone 36 First human settlements 37 Wild fauna 40 Zone 5: Coiron area 42 Zone 6-A: high-puna area 44 Zone 6-B: high-peak area chapter 3 environmental policy of ALMA: history of a commitment 47 Preparing the way 48 The environment team 48 Dry rafting 51 An unbelievable landscape 52 Favourable balance 53 The chosen route chapter 4 seeking flora and fauna in ALMA area 55 Seeking fauna 56 Rats and pumas 58 Fauna tracks 60 Identifying flora 62 The ALMA commitments 62 Capacity-building for personnel chapter 5 studies performed 65 Viscacha (lagidium viscacia), work on colonies 67 Chinchilla rat (abrocoma cinerea), colony protection and conservation 68 Cactaceae rescued 70 Vicuña and rhea, pass watching epilogue space and beyond... 78 notes 79 references cerca del cielo · introducción el origen de este libro the origin of this book descifrando el origen del universo deciphering the origin of the universe Casi a 300 kilómetros al este de Antofagasta, en la Se- The Chajnantor plain lies almost 300 km east of gunda Región de Chile, se halla la planicie de Chajnantor. Antofagasta, in Chile’s Region II. The area is located Esta zona se levanta en uno de los rincones más desolados in one of the most desolate corners of the world, at 5 del mundo, a 5 mil metros de altura, donde casi no se pue- thousand meters altitude, where breathing is almost de respirar. impossible. Este lejano rincón de América del Sur, en los Andes Cen- This remote corner of South America in the Central trales, es la morada de ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter- Andes is the home of ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array, o Gran Conjunto de Radiotelescopios - Submillimeter Array). de Atacama). ALMA stands close to Mt Licancabur. The name ALMA está ubicado cerca del volcán Licancabur. Este means «hill of the people» in Kunza, the ancestral nombre significa «el cerro del pueblo» en Kunza, la ances- language of the Atacameño people, who originally tral lengua del pueblo atacameño, habitantes originarios inhabited the area that belongs today to Region II of de aquella zona que hoy pertenece a la Segunda Región Chile. The peak was venerated by the ancient peoples de Chile. Es una cumbre venerada por los pueblos antiguos because it was the highest place, hence closest to Inti por tratarse del lugar más alto y más cercano al Inti (sol, en (the Sun, in Quechua). Quechua). Nature and science were to enter into a solemn pact La naturaleza y la ciencia harán un pacto único en la me- on the Chajnantor plain. The most powerful radio seta de Chajnantor. El radio observatorio más poderoso del observatory in the world will seek to decipher the mundo buscará descifrar los misterios de las primeras épo- mysteries of the early ages of the cosmos in the same cas del cosmos, en el mismo entorno en que los pueblos surroundings where the original peoples established originarios establecieron, desde el comienzo de los tiem- communion with Pachamama (mother Earth) since the pos, su comunión con la Pachamama (madre tierra). beginning of time. Será un encuentro simbólico de culturas que desde It was to be the symbolic communion of cultures tiempos antiguos miraron hacia el cielo, cada una desde that in ancient times gazed at the sky, each from its una perspectiva propia. Solamente un par de ejemplos: ahí individual perspective. Just a couple of examples: donde los europeos veían a Alfa y Beta Centauro, los pri- where Europeans saw Alpha and Beta Centauri, the meros sudamericanos, contemplando las estrellas desde first South Americans, gazing at the stars from the end los confines del mundo, veían los Ojos de Llama, aquel im- of the world, saw the Eyes of Llama, that major camelid portante camélido de las zonas altiplánicas. Y en el mismo of the Altiplano area. And in the same part of the sky punto del cielo en que los europeos veían la constelación where Europeans saw the constellation of Gemini, de Géminis, los sudamericanos veían Puma Yunta (par de South Americans saw Puma Yunta (couple of puma, a pumas, animales andinos sagrados). sacred Andean animal). Chajnantor o Tchacknatur significa «despegar» en Kun- In Kunza, Chajnantor or Tchacknatur means «lift- za. En el lugar de las plataformas de veneración del sol, off place». It is the place of platforms for worshipping donde por tiempos inmemorables despegaron las plega- the Sun, where since immemorial time prayers and rias y los deseos, queremos agregar dos más: que sea el lu- wishes lifted off. We wish to add two more: may it be gar que alumbre nuevas claves sobre el origen del cosmos the place where new clues are found about the origin y de las estrellas y, a su vez, el lugar donde la alta tecnolo- of the cosmos and the stars, while being also the place close to the sky · introduction gía, al servicio de la ciencia, armonice con la naturaleza y la where high technology at the service of modern science cultura ancestral que la rodean, en beneficio de todos los harmonizes with nature and the ancestral culture componentes que llamamos medio ambiente. surrounding it, for the benefit of all the components that we call environment.
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