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Jackson: Choosing a Methodology: Philosophical Underpinning
JACKSON: CHOOSING A METHODOLOGY: PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNING Choosing a Methodology: Philosophical Practitioner Research Underpinning In Higher Education Copyright © 2013 University of Cumbria Vol 7 (1) pages 49-62 Elizabeth Jackson University of Cumbria [email protected] Abstract As a university lecturer, I find that a frequent question raised by Masters students concerns the methodology chosen for research and the rationale required in dissertations. This paper unpicks some of the philosophical coherence that can inform choices to be made regarding methodology and a well-thought out rationale that can add to the rigour of a research project. It considers the conceptual framework for research including the ontological and epistemological perspectives that are pertinent in choosing a methodology and subsequently the methods to be used. The discussion is exemplified using a concrete example of a research project in order to contextualise theory within practice. Key words Ontology; epistemology; positionality; relationality; methodology; method. Introduction This paper arises from work with students writing Masters dissertations who frequently express confusion and doubt about how appropriate methodology is chosen for research. It will be argued here that consideration of philosophical underpinning can be crucial for both shaping research design and for explaining approaches taken in order to support credibility of research outcomes. It is beneficial, within the unique context of the research, for the researcher to carefully -
Applications of Systems Engineering to the Research, Design, And
Applications of Systems Engineering to the Research, Design, and Development of Wind Energy Systems K. Dykes and R. Meadows With contributions from: F. Felker, P. Graf, M. Hand, M. Lunacek, J. Michalakes, P. Moriarty, W. Musial, and P. Veers NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Technical Report NREL/TP-5000-52616 December 2011 Contract No. DE -AC36-08GO28308 Applications of Systems Engineering to the Research, Design, and Development of Wind Energy Systems Authors: K. Dykes and R. Meadows With contributions from: F. Felker, P. Graf, M. Hand, M. Lunacek, J. Michalakes, P. Moriarty, W. Musial, and P. Veers Prepared under Task No. WE11.0341 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report NREL/TP-5000-52616 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401 December 2011 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. -
Choosing a Mixed Methods Design
04-Creswell (Designing)-45025.qxd 5/16/2006 8:35 PM Page 58 CHAPTER 4 CHOOSING A MIXED METHODS DESIGN esearch designs are procedures for collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting data in research studies. They represent different mod- R els for doing research, and these models have distinct names and procedures associated with them. Rigorous research designs are important because they guide the methods decisions that researchers must make dur- ing their studies and set the logic by which they make interpretations at the end of studies. Once a researcher has selected a mixed methods approach for a study, the next step is to decide on the specific design that best addresses the research problem. What designs are available, and how do researchers decide which one is appropriate for their studies? Mixed methods researchers need to be acquainted with the major types of mixed methods designs and the common variants among these designs. Important considerations when choosing designs are knowing the intent, the procedures, and the strengths and challenges associated with each design. Researchers also need to be familiar with the timing, weighting, and mixing decisions that are made in each of the different mixed methods designs. This chapter will address • The classifications of designs in the literature • The four major types of mixed methods designs, including their intent, key procedures, common variants, and inherent strengths and challenges 58 04-Creswell (Designing)-45025.qxd 5/16/2006 8:35 PM Page 59 Choosing a Mixed Methods Design–●–59 • Factors such as timing, weighting, and mixing, which influence the choice of an appropriate design CLASSIFICATIONS OF MIXED METHODS DESIGNS Researchers benefit from being familiar with the numerous classifications of mixed methods designs found in the literature. -
A Case-Crossover Study of Sleep and Childhood Injury
A Case-Crossover Study of Sleep and Childhood Injury Francesca Valent, MD*; Silvio Brusaferro, MD*; and Fabio Barbone, MD, DrPH*‡ ABSTRACT. Objective. To evaluate the association n Italy (ϳ56 million inhabitants; 9 million chil- between sleep and wakefulness duration and childhood dren Ͻ15 years of age), ϳ500 children Ͻ15 years unintentional injury. of age are killed each year in unintentional inju- Study Design. Case-crossover study. I 1 ries. Homicides and suicides are much less frequent, Methods. Two hundred ninety-two injured children accounting for Ͻ10% of all fatal injuries among chil- who presented at the Children’s Emergency Center of dren.1 In Northern Italy, in 1995, injury mortality Udine, Italy, or their parents were interviewed after a rates (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Re- structured questionnaire. Information was collected con- vision codes from 800 to 999) were 10 deaths/100 000 cerning sociodemographic variables, participant’s habits, and injury characteristics, including a brief description inhabitants under 1 year of age, 5/100 000 from 1 to of the accident dynamics. Sleep or wakefulness status of 4 years of age, and 6/100 000 from 5 to 14 years of the child was assessed retrospectively for each of the 48 age. Among infants, injury represented only 2% of hours before injury. For each child, we compared the 24 overall mortality, whereas in the 2 older age groups hours immediately before the injury (hours 1–24; case injuries accounted for 18% and 33% of all deaths, period) with hours 25 to 48 (control period). Nonparamet- respectively.2 Mortality, however, is just the tip of a ric tests were conducted to compare the difference of pyramid, where for each injury resulting in a death sleep duration between case and control periods. -
TUTORIAL in BIOSTATISTICS: the Self-Controlled Case Series Method
STATISTICS IN MEDICINE Statist. Med. 2005; 0:1–31 Prepared using simauth.cls [Version: 2002/09/18 v1.11] TUTORIAL IN BIOSTATISTICS: The self-controlled case series method Heather J. Whitaker1, C. Paddy Farrington1, Bart Spiessens2 and Patrick Musonda1 1 Department of Statistics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK. 2 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l’Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium. SUMMARY The self-controlled case series method was developed to investigate associations between acute outcomes and transient exposures, using only data on cases, that is, on individuals who have experienced the outcome of interest. Inference is within individuals, and hence fixed covariates effects are implicitly controlled for within a proportional incidence framework. We describe the origins, assumptions, limitations, and uses of the method. The rationale for the model and the derivation of the likelihood are explained in detail using a worked example on vaccine safety. Code for fitting the model in the statistical package STATA is described. Two further vaccine safety data sets are used to illustrate a range of modelling issues and extensions of the basic model. Some brief pointers on the design of case series studies are provided. The data sets, STATA code, and further implementation details in SAS, GENSTAT and GLIM are available from an associated website. key words: case series; conditional likelihood; control; epidemiology; modelling; proportional incidence Copyright c 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1. Introduction The self-controlled case series method, or case series method for short, provides an alternative to more established cohort or case-control methods for investigating the association between a time-varying exposure and an outcome event. -
Supplementary File
Supplementary file Table S1. Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review. Authors, reference Type of article Number of patients Type of stroke Valderrama [1] case report 1 AIS Oxley [2] case series 5 AIS Morassi [3] case series 6 AIS (n = 4), HS (n = 2) Tunc [4] case series 4 AIS Avula [5] case series 4 AIS (n = 3), TIA (n = 1) Oliver [6] case report 1 AIS Beyrouti [7] case series 6 AIS Al Saiegh [8] case series 2 AIS (n = 1), SAH (n = 1) Gunasekaran [9] case report 1 AIS Goldberg [10] case report 1 AIS Viguier [11] case report 1 AIS Escalard [12] case series/ case control 10 AIS Wang [13] case series 5 AIS Fara [14] case series 3 AIS Moshayedi [15] case report 1 AIS Deliwala [16] case report 1 AIS Sharafi-Razavi [17] case report 1 HS retrospective cohort study (case Jain [18] 35 AIS (n = 26) HS (n = 9) control) retrospective cohort study (case Yaghi [19] 32 AIS control) AIS (n = 35), TIA (n = 5), HS Benussi [20] retrospective cohort study 43 (n = 3) Rudilosso [21] case report 1 AIS Lodigiani [22] retrospective cohort study 9 AIS Malentacchi [23] case report 1 AIS J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW www.mdpi.com/journal/jcm J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 8 retrospective cohort study/case Scullen [24] 2 HS + AIS (n = 1), AIS (n = 1) series retrospective cohort study/ case AIS (n = 17), ST (n = 2), HS Sweid [25] 22 series (n = 3) AIS – acute ischemic stroke; HS – haemorrhagic stroke; SAH – subarachnoid haemorrhage; ST – sinus thrombosis; TIA-transient ischemic attack. -
3 Research Philosophy and Research Design
Research Philosophy 3 and Research Design Introduction In the introductory chapter, developing self-awareness was a key pro- cess outlined and it was stated that it is possible you have assumed that the way you view the world is the same as the way that everybody else views the world. The term ‘common sense’ was used in this discussion. We noted then, you could believe it is common sense that the way you look at the world is the same way that others look at it. However, we also saw earlier that one person’s common sense is not necessarily the same as another’s! If we accept that there are likely to be differences between people’s view of the world, it may not come as a surprise that the way some researchers view the world, is very different from other’s views. Research philosophies The idea that there are different views of the world, and the processes that operate within it, is part of what is known as philosophy. Philosophy is concerned with views about how the world works and, as an academic subject, focuses, primarily, on reality, knowledge and existence. Our individual view of the world is closely linked to what we perceive as reality. On a day-to-day basis outside of your academic work, it would be unusual to think often about the way you perceive reality and the world around you. However, in relation to your dissertation, it is very important to realise how you perceive reality. Your individual percep- tion of reality affects how you gain knowledge of the world, and how you act within it. -
Case Series: COVID-19 Infection Causing New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus?
Endocrinology & Metabolism International Journal Case Series Open Access Case series: COVID-19 infection causing new-onset diabetes mellitus? Abstract Volume 9 Issue 1 - 2021 Objectives: This paper seeks to explore the hypothesis of the potential diabetogenic effect 1 2 of SARS-COV-2 (Severe Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus). Rujuta Katkar, Narasa Raju Madam 1Consultant Endocrinologist at Yuma Regional Medical Center, Case series presentation: We present a case series of observation among 8 patients of age USA 2 group ranging from 34 to 74 years with a BMI range of 26.61 to 53.21 Kilogram/square Hospitalist at Yuma Regional Medical Center, USA meters that developed new-onset diabetes after COVID-19 infection. Correspondence: Rujuta Katkar, MD, Consultant Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-COV-2), commonly known as Endocrinologist at Yuma Regional Medical Center, 2851 S Coronavirus or COVID-19(Coronavirus infectious disease), gains entry into the cells by Avenue B, Bldg.20, Yuma, AZ-85364, USA, Tel 2034359976, binding to the Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2(ACE-2) receptors located in essential Email metabolic tissues including the pancreas, adipose tissue, small intestine, and kidneys. Received: March 25, 2021 | Published: April 02, 2021 The evidence reviewed from the scientific literature describes how ACE 2 receptors play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and the plausible interaction of SARS-COV-2 with ACE 2 receptors in metabolic organs and tissues. Conclusion: The 8 patients without a past medical history of diabetes admitted with COVID-19 infection developed new-onset diabetes mellitus due to plausible interaction of SARS-COV-2 with ACE 2 receptors. -
Fashion Designers' Decision-Making Process
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2013 Fashion designers' decision-making process: The influence of cultural values and personal experience in the creative design process Ja-Young Hwang Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Art and Design Commons Recommended Citation Hwang, Ja-Young, "Fashion designers' decision-making process: The influence of cultural values and personal experience in the creative design process" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13638. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13638 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fashion designers’ decision-making process: The influence of cultural values and personal experience in the creative design process by Ja -Young Hwang A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Apparel, Merchandising, and Design Program of Study Committee: Mary Lynn Damhorst, Co-Major Professor Eulanda Sanders, Co-Major Professor Sara B. Marcketti Cindy Gould Barbara Caldwell Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2013 Copyright © Ja Young Hwang, 2013. All rights -
Observational Clinical Research
E REVIEW ARTICLE Clinical Research Methodology 2: Observational Clinical Research Daniel I. Sessler, MD, and Peter B. Imrey, PhD * † Case-control and cohort studies are invaluable research tools and provide the strongest fea- sible research designs for addressing some questions. Case-control studies usually involve retrospective data collection. Cohort studies can involve retrospective, ambidirectional, or prospective data collection. Observational studies are subject to errors attributable to selec- tion bias, confounding, measurement bias, and reverse causation—in addition to errors of chance. Confounding can be statistically controlled to the extent that potential factors are known and accurately measured, but, in practice, bias and unknown confounders usually remain additional potential sources of error, often of unknown magnitude and clinical impact. Causality—the most clinically useful relation between exposure and outcome—can rarely be defnitively determined from observational studies because intentional, controlled manipu- lations of exposures are not involved. In this article, we review several types of observa- tional clinical research: case series, comparative case-control and cohort studies, and hybrid designs in which case-control analyses are performed on selected members of cohorts. We also discuss the analytic issues that arise when groups to be compared in an observational study, such as patients receiving different therapies, are not comparable in other respects. (Anesth Analg 2015;121:1043–51) bservational clinical studies are attractive because Group, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists they are relatively inexpensive and, perhaps more Anesthesia Quality Institute. importantly, can be performed quickly if the required Recent retrospective perioperative studies include data O 1,2 data are already available. -
A Phase I, Double Blind, Three-Way Crossover Study to Assess The
A Phase I, Double Blind, Three-Way Crossover Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Cannabis Based Medicine Extract (CBME) Administered Sublingually in Variant Cannabinoid Ratios in Normal Healthy Male Volunteers (GWPK0215) G. W. Guy P. J. Robson SUMMARY. Primary objectives of this study were to assess the pharm- acokinetic characteristics of CBME when administered sublingually in different ratios, to determine if the pharmacokinetic profiles of THC and its metabolite 11-hydroxy-THC are different when administered sub- lingually in different formulations, and to characterise the pharmaco- kinetic profile of CBD when administered with THC in equal amounts. G. W. Guy and P. J. Robson are affiliated with GW Pharmaceuticals plc, Porton Down Science Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ, UK. [Haworth co-indexing entry note]: “A Phase I, Double Blind, Three-Way Crossover Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Cannabis Based Medicine Extract (CBME) Administered Sublingually in Variant Cannabinoid Ratios in Normal Healthy Male Volunteers (GWPK0215).” Guy, G. W., and P. J. Robson. Co-published simultaneously in Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics (The Haworth Integrative Healing Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc.) Vol. 3, No. 4, 2003, pp. 121-152; and: Cannabis: From Pariah to Pre- scription (ed: Ethan Russo) The Haworth Integrative Healing Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc., 2003, pp. 121-152. Single or multiple copies of this article are available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service [1-800-HAWORTH, 9:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. (EST). E-mail address: docdelivery@ haworthpress.com]. http://www.haworthpress.com/store/product.asp?sku=J175 2003 by The Haworth Press, Inc. -
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate in Adult
UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of the efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: novel findings using a simulated adult workplace environment design Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4kq3z3hd Journal Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6(1) ISSN 1744-9081 Authors Wigal, Timothy Brams, Matthew Gasior, Maria et al. Publication Date 2010-06-24 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-6-34 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Wigal et al. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2010, 6:34 http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/6/1/34 RESEARCH Open Access Randomized,Research double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of the efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: novel findings using a simulated adult workplace environment design Timothy Wigal*1, Matthew Brams2, Maria Gasior3, Joseph Gao4, Liza Squires3, John Giblin5 for 316 Study Group Abstract Background: Duration of efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) was assessed in adults (18-55 years) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using the simulated adult workplace environment. Methods: After open-label dose optimization (4-week) with LDX, 30-70 mg/d, subjects entered a 2-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover phase. Efficacy assessments included the Permanent Product Measure of Performance (PERMP) total score (attempted+correct) measured predose and from 2 to 14 hours postdose, averaged across postdose sessions (primary) and at each time point vs placebo (secondary), and ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD- RS-IV) with adult prompts at baseline and crossover visits.