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Rra Report of Two Communes in the Se San Watershed

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Rra Report of Two Communes in the Se San Watershed Page 1 of 43 Regional Environmental Technical Assistance 5771 Poverty Reduction & Environmental Management in Remote Greater Mekong Subregion Watersheds Project (Phase I) RRA REPORT OF TWO COMMUNES IN THE SE SAN WATERSHED Watershed Profile By Greg Booth CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 Description of Surveyed Villages 3 Resource Base 4 Demographics 5 Ethnicity 6 Land Use Classification 7 Land and Resource Tenureship 8 Agricultural Land Use Practices and Patterns 9 Summary of Environmental Conditions 10 Planned Development 11 Education & Awareness 12 Health 13 Housing 14 Employment Opportunities 15 Development Priorities 16 Recommendations for Phase II Page 2 of 43 INTRODUCTION This research has been conducted as the final field research analysis component of the ADB RETA 5771 Project, "Poverty Reduction and Environmental Management in the Remote Greater Mekong Sub-region Watersheds", Phase I. During the mid-term RETA 5771 workshop in Vientiane Laos, the Se San Watershed in Vietnam was chosen for further analysis. The Rapid Rural Appraisal undertaken focuses on the relationship between resource use and environmental degradation. A foundation of this research activity was to examine the situation of poverty in regards to resource use and environmental degradation. The Rural Rapid Appraisal was focused on two communes in the southern Se San watershed. Broader analysis and secondary sourcing of information was required to accurately identify the relationship between the local level and trends in the watershed region. The multi-disciplinary research team – Agro-forestry, Agriculture and Land Use Planning, Economics and Institutions, and Gender and Environment, Anthropology and Health and Education – that conducted this field research focused continuously on cross examining research findings. This process often led to a much more comprehensive understanding, but also controversy on the development process and the relative weight and importance of different factors causing environmental degradation, and poverty. The research finding are organised by beginning with the foundation of resources and people, land classification and tenureship. From this foundation agricultural systems, economic development, health, and education are discussed. The final section examines the situation of poverty, development priorities and recommendations for Phase II. DESCRIPTION OF SURVEYED VILLAGES Location The surveyed villages are located in two Communes of Chu Pah District, Gia Lai Province. Chu Pah District is located in the southern part of the Se San Watershed. Kon So Lang Village, Ha Tay Commune Tuek, Mo, Om and H’de village, Dak Tower Commune The villages are located from 7 to 30 kilometres from Highway No. 14 along dirt roads. The Communes are vehicle accessible during the dry season and occasionally during the rainy season. Both communes are located in Upland valleys and mountains. There is no electricity and well or stream sources for water. Population The populations of these communes are almost exclusively indigenous Gia Rai or Ba Na people. The total population of both communes is 3,647 people. Kon So Lang village has 584 people and Tuek village has 416 people. Upwards of 50% of the population is 15 years of age or less. The population growth rate is above 2.5%. The Kinh population is less than 100 persons, mainly composed of traders, Government officials (including teachers) and their families, and recently in-migrating farmers. History The villages have been established for generations. In 1966 the villages were forced to move to a concentration village (camp) under the former southern government. After 1975, the villages returned to their previous location. Since 1985 resettlement of villages has occurred in the two communes. Resettlement of villages is continuing to occur, currently in Ha Tay Commune. Resources These communities have traditionally practice rotational swidden farming. Since 1995 the banning and Page 3 of 43 enforcement of government decrees aimed at ending swidden has greatly reduced the available land for swidden agriculture. There is currently a transition from traditional self-sufficient Upland crops to growing cash crops. Forest resources are primarily for self-sufficiency hunting and gathering. There is limited employment opportunities available within the communes. Men out-migrate during the fallow season for agricultural labouring work, primarily planting and cutting sugar cane. A small fraction of the men weave basketry for the tourist market in Pleiku town, Gia Lai Province. Services Health services are available in the commune centres. In Dak Tower Commune the Health Station is staffed by part-time male nurses. In Ha Tay Commune the Health Station is staffed by a male Doctors assistant and a male nurse. The health services available are for simple diseases and there is a limited amount of medicine. Education is provided by elementary schools up to grade 5 in every village, to grade 9 in the Commune Centre and a Boarding School in the District Centre. Kinh is taught in the schools as the national language and the teaching materials are the national standardised curriculum. Veterinary Services are not available although there is a Commune Agricultural extension officer. RESOURCE BASE Overview of the Se San River Basin There are 4 main river systems in Western (Central) Highlands, namely the Se Sa, Ba, Srepok and Dong Nai River. The Se Sam River system is located in the northern part of Kon Tum province and northern part of Gia Lai province, covering a total area of 740,100 hectares. As a main tributary of Mekong River, Se San springs from Mount Ngoc Linh which is 2598 metres high and flows southwest in the mountainous and plateau area of western Truong Son at 800 - 1000m above the sea level. The section that flows through Western Highland is 230 km long with its basin of 114,500 hectares. The river comprises two tributary rivers; the Dak Poco, which is 121 km long with a basin of 353,000 ha, and the Dak Bla, which is 145 km long with a basin of 350,700 ha. River and stream density of the basin is 0.38 km/km2; Ku=1.84 and riverbed sloping is 6.5%. The eastern boundary of the basin constitutes a waterway that flows on top of the Truong Son Range which separates the basin from that of other rivers that flow toward the Eastern Sea; the western boundary of the basin are Chu Monray and Chong Go Lui mountain ranges that separate it from Sa Thay river basin; and the southern boundary is Pleiku plateau which separates it from Ayun river basin. From where it gathers at the Yaly waterfall on the edge of the Cambodian border, the Se San river has three main tributaries, namely: Poco, Dak Psi and Dak Bla. The following table shows their characteristics: River Category Length (km) Basin area (ha) Sloping (%o) Dak Bla IV 145 350,700 8.1 Dak Poco IV 121 305,000 6.5 Dak Psi 73 84,400 8.4 The total basin area in Vietnam is 740,100 hectares. Topography The basin is located southwest of Mount Ngoc Linh in the Upper Kon Tum geomass. This is the highest and largest mountain in Northern Western Highland that is composed of gneiss, granite and mica with 4 main types of topography: i. The medium Ngoc Linh Mountain with a height of 1600-2000m, sharp peak, sloping over 30 degrees with strong division; Page 4 of 43 ii. The low south-west of Ngoc Linh Mountain: strong division, average height of 1,000- 2,000m, the highest peak is Kon Ka Kinh (1,748m), gradually sloping from north-west toward south-east and from north-east to south-west. The rivers and streams often have sloping riverbed, narrow valley and strong current; iii. The hollow Kon Tum topography is the expansion of the Dak Bla valley in the lower basin and the Poco River in the northern part of Kon Tum (downward from Dak To District): it is a relatively even terrain, average height of 500- 550m, has an abundant surface water reserves although not very deep underground water resources; iv. The plateau areas including a small part of the northern Pleiku Plateau where the Dak To River originates and strings into Dak Bla River: characteristically, it is an young basalt plateau, divided averagely toward weakly, average height of 700- 800m. Climate and Hydrology The basin has a tropical and seasonal climate affected by several high mountain ranges. A typical feature is temperature variance accordance to altitude. The average temperature in the coldest month (January) does not fall below 16 0C, and in the hottest month (April), often above 260C. Average humidity is above 85%, primarily in the Summer months. Total yearly rainfall ranges between 2,000- 3,200 mm, averaging 2,400- 2,800 mm primarily falling during the monsoon season from May to October in the Upper Watershed. Because the basin lies in the high altitude of the western Truong Son Range, wind in the areas is in the south-west direction. The river and stream network spreads out like a hand fan with the widest part is 140 km across the Mang Yang Pass. This equates to ample rainfall and diverse waterflows. The Poco River runs falls across several plateaux, creating several waterfalls. For example, the 40m high Yaly Waterfall is the highest waterfall in the Central Highlands. Forest Resources: The Tay Nguyen (Central Highlands) has been endowed with rich forest resources. During 1976-90, forest cover declined yearly by 30,400 hectares. The period 1991-95, the deforestation rate was halted but still at alarming level that amounted to 25,200 hectares of forest and more than one million cubic meters of timber were lost every year. One survey results show that 48% of forest area decline can be attributed to slashes and burns (swidden and clearing for new agricultural land), and the rest caused by including fires, over-logging, industrial plantation, and infrastructure development.
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