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Ridley? 4 Ridley’S Contribution to the Economy of the Region Is Legendary Gardenwise THE NEWSLETTER OF THE SINGAPORE BOTANIC GARDENS VOLUME 25, JULY 2005 ISSN 12-1688 A Special Issue to Commemorate the 150th Anniversary of H.N. Ridley (1855-1956) Contents Message from the Director YEAR IN FOCUS th Research 1 his special issue commemorates the 150 anniversary of the birth of the Publications 2004 3 T distinguished botanist, Henry N. Ridley, the first director of the Gardens (1888- 1912). H.N. RIDLEY (1855 – 1956) Who was Henry Nicholas Ridley? 4 Ridley’s contribution to the economy of the region is legendary. He experimented Henry Nicholas Ridley (1855 – 1956) 6 – An Extraordinary Botanical Explorer with and energetically promoted the growing of Para Rubber. His enthusiasm and H.N. Ridley, the Indefatigable Collector 8 vision for this Brazilian tree laid the foundations for the rubber industry in this part of Ridley’s Namesake 10 the world. Several facts are worth retelling. By 1917, the Gardens had distributed – His Legacy in the Gardens over 7 million rubber seeds, a major source of income. By 1920, Malaya was producing Ridley and Orchids 12 50% of the world’s rubber and Singapore was pre-eminently the rubber market of the The Gardens’ Menagerie 14 world. Ridley has been aptly dubbed ‘the father of Malaya’s rubber industry. Ridley’s World of Fungi 16 Ridley and Mosses 16 Ridley’s legacy to botany and natural history is no less. He laid the foundations for ARTICLES Malayan botany with his collections and publications. He extensively explored the Wolfe’s Vine 17 region, especially the Malay Peninsula, and collected all plants from fungi, to mosses, Dr Eric Wolfe, Amateur Plant Collector 18 ferns and higher plants. The number of plants he collected and new species he Beautiful Austral Mosses in the Cool House 20 discovered are without parallel. Double Happiness 21 – The Marriage of Two Double Coconuts He devoted special efforts to building up the herbarium and the living collection of REGULAR FEATURES economic plants. In 1891, he established the Agricultural Bulletin of the Malay Around the Gardens 22 Peninsula that continues today as the Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore. His five-volume ❖ Events Flora of the Malay Peninsula, completed after his retirement from the Gardens, is ❖ 4th International Symposium on the still the only flora that attempts a comprehensive account of plants of the Peninsula. If Family Zingiberaceae ❖ Two New Books from the Gardens we were to bequeath paternity, he must also be ‘the father of Malayan botany’. With ❖ The Day the Rubber Trees Cried a number of selected articles, we celebrate, in a small way, the memory of this remarkable man and his contributions, whose influence on Malayan history has been Education Outreach 26 said to be second only to that of Raffles. ❖ New Nature Workshops and Tours in Singapore Botanic Gardens The Gardens has, in particular, built upon the botanical foundations he established From the Orchid Species Collection 27 and for a long while, with names including I.H. and H.M. Burkill, E.J.H. Corner, ❖ Complex Species M.R. Henderson, R.E. Holttum, and others, led the region. Staff News 28 The tremendous plant diversity of the region, a paucity of botanists and the rapid pace Taxonomy Corner 28 of forest conversion and destruction mean that time is running out for the region to ❖ Family Names for Plants document its botanical wealth. Only an estimated 25% of the plants of the region Key Visitors to the Gardens 29 have been subjected to taxonomic revision. Needless to say, the numbers that have (January 2005 – June 2005) been subjected to detailed chemical or genetic analysis for bioactive compounds are dismal. From the Archives ❖ A Particularly Important The Gardens is well placed to take a leading role in plant taxonomy with the botanical de Alwis Watercolour: Citrus halimii 30 legacy of the extensive herbarium with 650,000 specimens including at least 6,000 types and a comprehensive botanical library dating from the 19th century. It must build its capacity and reassert its leadership role and fulfill its botanical and conservation responsibilities if it is to have any serious claim as a botanical institution. Chin See Chung Front Cover: EDITORS PRODUCTION MANAGER Snapshot of H.N. Ridley with plants described Chin See Chung Hassan Ibrahim by him and named after Singapore. The plants Ruth Kiew are Kopsia singapurensis with its red middle and the thorny Durio singaporensis Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569 NATIONAL PARKS BOARD Photo Credit: Hassan Ibrahim (for Kopsia singapurensis), [email protected] Derek Liew (for Durio singaporensis) and www.sbg.org.sg from SBG Archives (for snapshot of Ridley) www.nparks.gov.sg RESEARCH Diversity and Conservation of the Singapore Flora he Herbarium team continues to survey important plant areas T(IPAs) in Singapore. Based on historic data from old herbarium sheets, the herbarium is re-surveying areas where rare plant species had previously been collected. By the end of 2004, 20 species designated ‘extinct’ in the Singapore Red Data Book were re-discovered. These species came from 16 different families. Field trips are also conducted on a weekly basis to areas that require plants to be identified for labels, signages and where checklists of plants of IPAs are required. These include places such as the newly opened HSBC Tree Top Walk, Mac Ritchie, Nee Soon freshwater swamp forest areas and many others. Serena Lee, Paul K F Leong, Gwee Aik Teck, Samsuri Ahmad and Ruth Kiew Lee Serena Mohd Noor beside a huge climbing palm, the Herbarium rattan - Plectocomia elongata in collaboration with staff from Biodiversity Centre Taxonomy of Begonias Revision of Bulbophyllum he revision of Bulbophyllum sect. Sestochilus has taken longer than T expected because some species complexes are more difficult to resolve than expected. To see if molecular data can shed some light on this matter, a collaborative project with several European universities is initiated. Apart from this, a synopsis of the Bulbophyllum species occurring on the island of Sulawesi is in preparation. The synopsis will include some 30 species new to science. Serena Lee Serena Begonia sizemoreae, a new species with Jaap Vermeulen horticultural potential Herbarium his year saw the completion of T the revision of The Begonias of Peninsular Malaysia that included the description of 52 begonias, of which 13 species and 1 variety are new to science (see page 24). Two other begonias of great horticultural interest were also described as new to science. The one from Vietnam, Begonia sizemoreae Kiew, has fine variegated leaves, while B. sabahensis Kiew & J.H. Tan, is the first yellow-flowered species from Borneo. Jaap Vermeulen Jaap Ruth Kiew Vermeulen Jaap Herbarium Unidentified form of B. lobbii complex Unidentified form of B. membranifolium complex 1 Dr Eric Wolfe, Amateur Plant Collector Sally Handford Fairmede Dr Eric D. B. Wolfe Monk Sherborne Road, Charter Alley Sally Handford Tadley RG26 5PS, United Kingdom y father Eric Wolfe was born which remained with him for the rest by the Japanese at Changi. Here he Min Hertfordshire, England in of his life. Orchids were his great gave what medical aid he could to 1903, the son of a civil servant. He passion, but sadly a hitherto unknown fellow prisoners, and we have his list was educated at Aldenham School variety that he found appears not to of plants with medicinal properties near his home and St Andrews have survived. He presented the found and used in the camp (see below). University in Scotland where he herbarium with a specimen of the rare qualified in medicine in 1928. climber Petraeovitex wolfei (see After the war, he was soon back in article on page 17) and a rare Malaya and, following postings in Rather than following the bauhinia, both found in Kedah in Kedah and Johore, became Deputy conventional career pattern of medical 1938. Director of Medical Services in doctors, he enlisted as ship’s surgeon Penang, all the time continuing to on a Dutch East Indiaman trading study the flora. He supplied snakes between Europe and what is now to M.W.F. Tweedie at the Raffles Indonesia. After a couple of voyages, Museum, and worked with R.E. the lure of the East had taken hold, Holttum on the propagation of the and he joined the Malay Medical Matonia. He returned to England Service, then run by the colonial when he retired in 1954, and lived government of the Federated Malay until 1975. States. He was posted to Kuala Kangsar where he set up home and I visited Singapore recently for the John Handford John married the daughter of a tea planter Sally Handford with specimens collected by her first time since 1942. I was delighted from Assam. father in the 1930s to be welcomed at the herbarium by When the war came, he was mobilised Dr Ruth Kiew and her staff, and to It was at this period of his life, around in the Federated Malay States find that my father’s plant hunting the time when I was born, that he Volunteer Force, and, together with adventures all those years ago are still developed the interest in botany most of his comrades, was imprisoned on record. PLANTS USED IN PRISONER-OF-WAR CAMPS IN SINGAPORE (1942-1945) – recorded by Dr E.D.B. Wolfe Ageratum comyzoides (Compositae) White Weed Dried leaves used by Dutch P.O.W’s in Java as substitute for tobacco. Used as dried leaves to improve very coarse canteen tobacco at Keranji camp. Pleasant flavour probably due to coumarin (Burkill) a well known flavouring for tobacco (cf. Gold Block tobacco). Bacopa sp. (Scrophulariaceae) This was collected at the edge of the mangrove at Keranji and used as a vegetable.
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