Approaches to Acoustical Planning of Towns (Russian Experience)

Approaches to acoustical planning of towns (Russian experience)

Andrey Vasilyev Samara State Technical University, Russia

Summary Noise impact in towns may cause significant discomfort and health damage of population. That is why it is necessary taking into account noise factor during environmental planning of towns. Noise sources of urban territories are considered on the example of towns of Russia. Methods of acoustical planning and assessment in town conditions are discussed. Peculiarities of noise assessment and control in low emissions zones are described. It is pointed out that in many Russian towns the living areas are situated close to transport highways and to industrial enterprises. Results of noise measurements in the territory of towns of Samara Region of Russia are presented. It was shown that there are exists the zones of urban territories with increased noise levels. Peculiarities of cities environmental planning taking to account transport noise impact are considered on the example of Togliatti city of Russia. Approaches to acoustical planning of existing and new districts of towns of Samara region to provide the required sanitary norms of noise impact are suggested, including architect solutions, sanitary-protective zones provision, different kinds of noise barriers installation, restriction measures of high traffic movement near to the hospitals, schools etc.

PACS no. 43.50.Sr

1. Introduction1 This paper is devoted to the questions of acoustical planning of towns on the example of Samara Presently in towns conditions there are many Region of Russia. ecological problems. Among of them are air, water and soil chemical pollutions, energy consumption 2. Analysis of noise sources of urban growth, rapid growth of domestic and industrial territories 2 wastes etc. Environmental pollutions are causing significant negative influence to the man's health Noise sources of urban territories may be and to environment. Therefore during towns subdivided into two main groups: separate noise planning it is necessary to take into consideration sources and complex noise sources. As separate ecological issues. single vehicles, exhaust systems of ventilation, The problem of acoustical pollution of towns is single mounts of industrial enterprises etc. may be coming more important every year. Approximately considered. Complex sources are transport flows, half of inhabitants of towns are presently affected industrial enterprises, stadiums etc. by increased noise levels. And the town's noise As the main noise sources of urban territories the level is trend to be increased. Noise level in large following sources may be pointed out: cities is growing every year approximately up to • noise from separate automobiles, motorcycles; 0,5 dBA. Increased noise impact may cause • noise of automobile transport flows; significant discomfort for inhabitants and health • noise of railway transport; damage. Damaging influence of intensive noise to • noise of aviation; the human's health is not restricted only by impact • noise of trams; to ears. It is known, that noise is affecting to the • noise of open lines of subways; human's central and vegetative nervous systems, • noise from industrial enterprises and transformer influencing to the human's psychological condition substations; etc. That is why it is especially important take into • noise from different kinds of building works; account noise factor during environmental • noise inside of residential settlements (waste- planning of towns. transportation machines, sport games etc.).

The degree of impact of different noise sources to city's dwelling area. As result significant part of inhabitants is depends on the number of factors: city's population is affected by increased noise mutual dislocation of noise sources and living area, level. It should be noted that such situation is intensity and kind of moving transport flows etc. typical not only for towns of Samara region of For example, in Hong Kong living areas are located Russia, but also for many other towns of Russia and near to airport and aviation noise here is very West Europe, especially for towns with ancient significant. In many towns impact of railway noise history. is also significant. The other main source of town's acoustical In big towns of Russia automobile transport is discomfort is industry. considered as the main noise source creating 60- It is also should remember about some other noise 80% of total acoustical pollution impacting to the sources in towns like sport and cultural objects, town's population and giving up to 90% from all food industry etc. population complaints to negative noise influence. Transport noise level is increasing together with the 3. Russian approaches to acoustical cities growth. When the scale of city transport flows planning and assessment of towns 3 is bigger, acoustic discomfort zones are considerable increased. Transport number in towns In total ecological state of towns of Russia is is increasing with every month. Therefore the estimated by the complex of factors. Among of problem of transport noise reduction in towns is so them are volume of negative emissions to important. atmosphere and to water reservoirs, soil pollutions Samara region is one of the leading industrial by chemical substances, levels of physical factors, regions of Russia. The biggest towns of Samara indexes of atmosphere pollutions etc. Taking to region are Samara (the capital of region), Togliatti account ecological conditions, all towns of Russia (automobile capital of Russia), Syzran and are subdivided into 5 categories of ecological Zhigulyovsk. state: 1 - problem-free, 2 – satisfactory, 3 – As typical industrial towns Samara, Togliatti and moderate-intensive, 4 – intensive, 5 – critical. Syzran have as a number of large industrial Approximately 100 towns of Russia are having 5th enterprises as considerable automobile transport category. Almost all large towns of Russia are park, making significant acoustic impact to abutting having intensive and critical ecological state. dwelling territory. Samara also has railway Significant parameter is the presence of zones of transport, trams and metro; Syzran - railway ecological impact of towns which are differs transport. The problem of noise impact in these depending on the concentration and kind of towns is intensified by the fact that some industrial industry and geographical position. These zones enterprises and highways are closely adjoining to are especially large in major industrial cities dwelling areas. As result significant part of agglomerations with combined impact of industrial cities population is affected by increased noise level and transport pollutions: Moscow agglomeration [1-3, 9]. The peculiarity of Zhigulyovsk town is that with more that 200 km length, Saint-Petersburg it is situated near to the Zhigulyovsky reserve and agglomeration with more that 150 km length. Russian national park Samarskaya Luka. In a Some industrial & transport regional centers of meantime Zhigulevsk has transport roads with Russia are also have distinguished zones of intensive traffic and some industrial noise sources. ecological impact. E.g., large towns of Volga Thus, there are several main noise sources on the region are traditionally have significant zones. territory of Samara region. But the most important Samara region is one of the industrial centers of source of disturbing noise for the population of Russia having the zone length more than 100 km. Samara region is automobile transport. Noise of In Russia every town must have 3 kinds of moving automobile is induced by the noise from the planning documentation: general plan of engine and its systems, automobile aggregates, development (reconstruction); projects of planning oscillating body, tires, noise of auxiliary equipment and of building of total towns and of its separate etc. Taking to account continuous growth of parts; plan of land-economical gradation of town's transport number of the region, the problem of territories. transport noise impact to the inhabitants is coming General plans of development (reconstruction) of more significant with every year. towns are having significant meaning for provision The problem is intensified by the fact that some industrial enterprises and highways of towns of Samara region of Russia are closely adjoining to

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of the required state of environment in long-term levels LAma x 60 dBA (day period) and 50 dBA prospect. General plans are developing for the (night period). period of 25-30 years. General plans of During acoustical planning of towns it is necessary construction and reconstruction of Moscow, Saint- to take into consideration a number of architecture- Petersburg, large regional centers are утверждает planning solutions. Some of them are: by Government of Russian Federation. Every 5 - rational acoustical solutions of plans of industrial years general plans are précised according to areas and of general plans of objects; variation of conditions of development of towns. - rational dislocation of technological equipment; There are three main principles used during - rational displacement of working places in development of general plans of towns: zoning enterprises; principle, ecological safety principle, rational - creation of noise-protective zones etc. territory organization principle. The most noisy transport highway streets of towns Zoning principle means division of all the territory may be considered as «transport corridors» with of town to four parts – industrial, living, culture- the main task of transportation of people and of domestic and recreational. Requirements of loads. Transport highway streets are causing ecological safety are admitting taking into significant influence to the environment (not only consideration of norms of roads displacement, of noise but also air and soil chemical pollutions etc.) living and administrative buildings, rest zones, and should be isolated form the living areas. This fitting to the requirements of sanitary norms of requirement is necessary to take into consideration maximal permissible concentrations and exhausts, in architecture-planning decisions of building of for the displacement of sanitary-protective zones, living areas. waste disposal etc. For provision of acoustical comfort it is reasonable General plans of towns are the basis for to use first of all the solutions deciding not only development of projects of planning and building noise-protective, but also architecture-planning of town and of it separate parts. According to the questions. Earth mounds and artificial hills requirements of Russian legislation planning and protecting the living area from transport noise building of towns must foresee creation of the should look as landscape elements and to have most favorable conditions for life, rest and health pictorial form. of population. The main task determining the order During towns planning it is necessary to take into of complex improvement of towns is prevention consideration correct zoning of territories and liquidation of harmful and dangerous surrounding the traffic interchanges which are influence of environmental factors to the living traditionally the most noisy part of highways. In conditions of man. the zone near to transport highway it is not Before to allow to make the construction of living reasonable to dislocate living and social buildings houses or industrial objects it is necessary to of high floors, because to protect it from negative receive positive conclusions of Russian State noise impact it is necessary to erect noise barriers organizations of ecological and sanitary- of high height. epidemiological control and oversight for Among of town planning solutions for noise organizations of all forms of propriety. It is one of reduction it should to point out the following the guaranties of provision of ecological safety of measures: population. • observing of the principle of zoning, giving the Plans of land-economical gradation of cities are separation of noisy sources from urban territories; considering dislocation of communications for • transferring of noisy enterprises beyond the energy, water and heat supply, as well as waste bounds of living area; management, rainwater escape etc. Plans are • construction of special noise-protective living developing and realizing according to the sanitary buildings. norms and rules under control of sanitary- Values of admissible gaps between single noise epidemiological organizations. source and the object to be protected may vary in It is especially important to protect low emission very wide range: from 8-10 up to 500-1000 meters. zones near the schools, hospitals etc. In Russian In zone of gaps auxiliary buildings and areas Sanitary Norms СН 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96 there are (garages, car parks, storehouses etc.) are special strict requirements for noise levels on the dislocated. For many cases the gaps are should be territories adjoining to the hospitals and sanatoria: considered as auxiliary measure. equivalent sound levels LA 45 dBA (day period) and 35 dBA (night period) and maximal sound

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4. Results of noise measurements on the enterprises united to so called "North Industrial territory of Samara region of Russia 4 Unit". Noise estimation and monitoring of North Industrial Unit enterprises for further determination In recent 20 years under supervision of author of of sanitary zone have been also carried out. paper acoustical pollutions on the territory of Measurements have conducted in daytime in Samara region have been investigated. weekdays mainly in rush hours and during the Measurements were carried out by using of "Octava lunch-time; and in night time (since 23.00 till 7.00). 101 AM" sound level meter and other equipment. The most significant values of equivalent noise As a measuring parameters equivalent sound levels levels have been observed for the following points of the territory. Komsomolsky district, night time: LA and maximal sound levels LAma x (dBA), octave point K-07, Matrosova Str., 60, the value of and 1/3 octave spectra of sound pressure (dB) were used. Measurements have conducted in daytime in exceeding of normative requirements of equivalent weekdays mainly in rush hours and during the noise level is 8 dBA, maximal noise level - 6 dBA; point K-12, Yaroslavskaya Str., 11: the value of lunch-time; and in night time (since 23.00 till 7.00). Measured noise levels were evaluated according the exceeding of normative requirements of equivalent requirements of Russian Sanitary Norms СН noise level is 5 dBA, maximal level - 8 dBA; day time: point K-10, Chaykina Str., 67, the value of 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96. Requirements of Russian exceeding of normative requirements of maximal Building Norms and Rules were also taken into consideration. noise level is 9 dBA; point K-13, Yaroslavskaya Str., 61, the value of exceeding of normative Results of measurements in every point have been requirements of maximal noise level is 9 dBA. presented as measurements registration forms, which including date, time and place of Central district, night time: point C-18, Lenina Str., measurements carrying out, measuring points 98, the value of exceeding of normative requirements of equivalent noise level is 10 dBA, numbers and digital data of readings of noise levels in measured point, as well as in form of spectral maximal noise level - 5 dBA; point C-23, Mira Str., presentation of sound pressure levels [1-3]. 60, the value of exceeding of normative requirements of equivalent noise level is 12 dBA, In Samara city noise levels were measured in some maximal noise level - 12 dBA; day time: point C- of the most important streets. The most significant exceeding values of sanitary norms requirements 24, Mira Str., 114, the value of exceeding of normative requirements of equivalent noise level is were obtained in Kuibyshev Street, Stara Zagora 4 dBA, maximal noise level - 3 dBA. Avtozavodsky Street, Stavropolskaya Street and Moskovskoye Highway. In Zhigulevsk town the most significant district, night time: point А-32, Dzerzhinskogo Str., noise levels were fixed near to the living houses the value of exceeding of normative requirements of equivalent noise level is 8 dBA, maximal noise situated near to railway station and highway level - 3 dBA; day time: point A-04, Topolinaya Moscow-Chelyabisk. The most significant noise levels in Syzran city were measured near to the Str., 21, the value of exceeding of normative requirements of maximal noise level - 19 dBA. Central Supermarket and railway station. It should be noted that not only living areas, but For Togliatti city comparatively homogeneous composition of transport flows is typical - rail city also industrial sites of territory of Samara region transport is absent, impact of aircraft noise is were estimated. For example, noise and vibration at industrial cites of chemical production of Russia excluded. Transport and industrial enterprises are the main noise sources for Togliatti city. As object were estimated. Example of noise estimation at of study living territory of the Avtozavodsky, industrial cite of construction of carbon dioxide production of "Khimteco" joint stock company is Central and Komsomolsky districts of Togliatti city shown at the figure 1. was selected near to the streets with intensive transport movement and near to industrial zones. In Analysis of measurement results of external noise levels in living territory of Samara region shows, total over 150 points have been investigated [4-8]. that there are noise dangerous zones of dwelling Near to the Central and Komsomolsky districts of Togliatti city it is situated a number of industrial territory. The most serious problem of noise influence is for the dwelling territories of Samara

region adjoining to transport highways.

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Figure 1. Diagram of spectral characteristics of streets, restriction measures of high traffic sound levels estimation at industrial cite of movement near to the hospitals, schools etc. construction of carbon dioxide production of 3. Legal acts, technical norms, prohibitions of "Khimteco" joint stock company for point 1 of noise generation in living zones etc. measurements (octave and 1/3 octave bands) 4. Using of the technical means of acoustical radiation reduction. 5. Some approaches to reduction of Measures to reduce transport noise may be widely acoustical pollution in towns divided to two groups: reduction of transport noise levels in the source of its generation and on the Reduction of acoustical pollution of urbanized ways of noise propagation. complexes up to admitted hygiene requirements in Many scientists are supposing that the most present conditions is sophisticated scientific- efficient measure is transport noise reduction in the research problem, which may be decided only by source of its generation. Design and exploitation of complex measures. noiseless automobile constructions, especially in In whole all measures of noise reduction in the low frequency range, is one of the most efficient dwelling territories may be conditionally divided and economically reasonable ways of noise levels into several big groups: reduction in the living area. At city's level it is 1. Urban development and building-acoustic necessary to unite the efforts of scientists, designers methods of noise control: rational acoustic planning of cars perspective constructions, specialists of of neighbourhood units, industrial enterprises and transport department of administration. It is highways, erection of noise-protecting shields, necessary to restrict responsibility for noisy noise-protecting planting trees and shrubs, automobiles using. While toxins of automobiles increasing of sound-insulating qualities of exhaust are strictly controlled by state automobile buildings, development of noise-protecting screens inspection, noise control of automobiles during constructions, foaming of the systems of settling exploitation is completely absent. groups on the basis of mass velocity passenger Some other measures of noise reduction should be transport with definite functional zoning of the used: rational organization of transport flows, territory, removal of dwelling areas from intensive prohibition of transport movement at some districts noise sources, using of compositional grouping of etc. It is necessary to reduce intensity and noise of buildings etc. transport flows. It is required to exclude lorry 2. Administrative-organizing measures of noise transport traffic. reduction: noise levels reduction due to decreasing Secondly, it is recommended to use noise-damping of intensity and noise of transport flows; road surfaces. Such surfaces have been developed improvement of roads quality, using of road presently by many foreign companies. For example, surface with lower noise; provision of rational there is road surface "Viaphone", having reduced velocity of movement; provision and even granulation and insignificant thickness of layer (2-3 exclusion of automobile (especially lorry) transport sm). Other type - porous draining road surfaces. For traffic in central parts of town and in living area example, "Gerland Routes" company suggests road

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surface Epsibel. "Colas" company is using in The author would like to express many thanks to "Golsoft" mixtures recycled rubber from the Russian Ministry of Education and Science for the automobile tires in two layers, providing noise support of work in framework of State task N reduction 8 dBA. 5.7468.2017/BCh for topic of research High efficiency measures of transport noise "Development of scientific foundations and of reduction are development and using of alternative generalized theory of monitoring, estimation of transport as well as more intensive using of public risks and reduction of impact of toxicological transport. As alternative to automobile transport pollutions to biosphere". using of bicycle transport may be suggested. In this case during the planning of town's territory it is References necessary to foresee special bicycle roads, places [1] S. Luzzi, L. Alfinito, A. Vasilyev: Action planning and for bicycles parking etc. technical solutions for urban vibrations monitoring and In many towns noise protective barriers are using reduction. Proc.: 39th International Congress on Noise for noise reduction. But the installation of noise Control Engineering 2010, INTER-NOISE 2010, 2508- barriers in towns may significantly change 2515. external look of town, that is why before to make [2] S. Luzzi, A.V. Vassiliev: A comparison of noise mapping methods in Italian and Russian experiences. the decision to install noise barrier (even the Proc.: Forum Acusticum Budapest 2005: 4th European acoustical effect is good) it is necessary to have Congress on Acustic 2005. pp. 1051-1056. the detailed consultations with architects. [3] S. Luzzi, A.V. Vasilyev: Noise mapping and action planning in the Italian and Russian experience. 8th European Conference on Noise Control 2009, 6. Conclusions EURONOISE 2009 – Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics 2009. 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Bukhonov, V.A. Vasilyev: levels in living territory of Samara region shows, Approaches to Environmental Impact Assessment of Physical Pollutions of Territories During Design and that there are noise dangerous zones of dwelling Construction of Industrial Objects and it Realization in territory. The most serious problem of noise Samara Region of Russia. Proc. of the International influence is for the dwelling territories of Samara Scientific Conference (XI International Forum) region adjoining to transport highways. Heritage. Architecture. Landesign Focus on Conservation, Regeneration, Innovation "Le vie dei Results of noise measurements in the territory of Mercanti", June 13th – 15th 2013, Aversa-Capri, Italy, different towns of Samara Region of Russia are Edition of La scuola di Pitagora, Naples, Italy. - shows that there are exist some zones of urban pp.1183-1190. territories with increased noise levels. Thus, it is [7] A.V. Vasilyev, G.S. Rozenberg: Monitoring of Noise possible to speak about the existing of real problem Pollution in Living Area of Togliatti City and Estimation of It Influence to the Health of Inhabitants // of noise safety of Samara region provision. Proc. of Scientific-Practical Journal "Safety in Some approaches to noise reduction in urban areas Technosphere", No 3, 2007, pp. 9-12. are suggested, including architect solutions, [8] A.V. Vasilyev, V.V. Zabolotskikh, O.V. Bynina, J.P. sanitary-protective zones provision, different kinds Tereshchenko: Experience And Prospects Of of noise barriers installation etc. Environmental Planning Of Towns Of Russia Taking To Account Noise Factor. Proc. of the international In total, effective noise reduction in living areas scientific conference (X International forum) may be achieved by provision of complex Architecture. Design. 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