Cordillera Blanca, Northern Peru, Based Especiales, 252 P

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Cordillera Blanca, Northern Peru, Based Especiales, 252 P THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES Spécialité : Terre Solide Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006 Présentée par Audrey Margirier Thèse dirigée par Laurence Audin et Xavier Robert préparée au sein du Laboratoire ISTerre dans l'École Doctorale Terre, Univers Environnement Tectonique et processus d'exhumation des Cordillères Blanche et Noire en contexte de subduction horizontale (Nord Pérou) Thèse soutenue publiquement le 27 novembre 2015, devant le jury composé de : M. Peter VAN DER BEEK Professeur à l’Université Grenoble-Alpes, Président du jury Mme Taylor SCHILDGEN Professeur au GFZ Potsdam, Rapporteur M. Fritz SCHLUNEGGER Professeur à l’Université de Bern, Rapporteur M. Michel DE SAINT BLANQUAT DR CNRS à Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, Examinateur M. Nicolas ARNAUD DR CNRS à Géosciences Montpellier, Examinateur Mme Cécile GAUTHERON MdC à l’Université Paris Sud, Invitée Mme Laurence AUDIN CR IRD à l’Université Grenoble Alpes, Directrice de thèse M. Xavier ROBERT CR IRD à l’Université Grenoble Alpes, Directeur de thèse THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES Spécialité : Terre Solide Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006 Présentée par Audrey Margirier Thèse dirigée par Laurence Audin et Xavier Robert préparée au sein du Laboratoire ISTerre dans l'École Doctorale Terre, Univers Environnement Tectonics and exhumation processes above a flat subduction: example of the Cordilleras Blanca and Negra (northern Peru) Thèse soutenue publiquement le 27 novembre 2015, devant le jury composé de : M. Peter VAN DER BEEK Professeur à l’Université Grenoble-Alpes, Président du jury Mme Taylor SCHILDGEN Professeur au GFZ Potsdam, Rapporteur M. Fritz SCHLUNEGGER Professeur à l’Université de Bern, Rapporteur M. Michel DE SAINT BLANQUAT DR CNRS à Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, Examinateur M. Nicolas ARNAUD DR CNRS à Géosciences Montpellier, Examinateur Mme Cécile GAUTHERON MdC à l’Université Paris Sud, Invitée Mme Laurence AUDIN CR IRD à l’Université Grenoble Alpes, Directrice de thèse M. Xavier ROBERT CR IRD à l’Université Grenoble Alpes, Directeur de thèse Remerciements ette thèse n’aurait pas abouti dans la bonne humeur sans le soutien et la C compagnie de nombreuses personnes, un grand merci à / thank you to : Laurence et Xavier qui m’ont offert un super encadrement : des conseils avisés, une disponibilité à toute épreuve (mention spéciale à Xavier en mission au Pérou pour la réactivité pendant la rédaction), une grande liberté scientifique (et non, je n’ai pas fais exactement ce qui était prévu à la base). Grâce à vous ces trois années ont été formidables et enrichissantes ! The jury : Taylor Schildgen, Fritz Schlunegger, Peter van der Beek, Michel de Saint Blanquat, Nicolas Arnaud and Cécile Gautheron for reading my manuscript and being here for the defense. Thank you for the interessant discussion following my presentation. François et Francis, votre travail de préparation des échantillons a été précieux, sans vous mes échantillons seraient encore dans des bidons au fond du garage ! Matthias, Elisabeth et Mélanie pour m’avoir accueilli dans le laboratoire trace de fission et de m’avoir fait découvrir les "joies" du polissage et du comptage. Cécile qui m’a initié au picking et l’empaquetage des apatites. Grâce à ces tra- vaux pratiques je pourrai presque me reconvertir dans l’horlogerie ! C’étais super de discuter avec toi de l’interprétations de âges et des modélisations ! Frédéric, Georgina, Pierre and Renske pour l’accueil à Lausanne, j’ai vraiment passé des super moments avec vous... En salle noire, en chimie, devant l’ordinateur ou au bord du lac ;-)... Jérôme Ganne qui m’a expliqué les bases de la thermobarométrie sur amphibole à la toute fin de ma thèse. Catherine, Sarah et Sylvain pour m’avoir accueilli dans le laboratoire de chimie. Même si au final ca n’a rien donné mon passage en géochimie m’aura permis de confirmer que je ne me suis pas trompée de spécialitée ! Jean pour m’avoir initié à la modélisation numérique et aidé avec FastScape. 4 Sarah who organized our first field trip in the Cordillera Blanca in 2012. It was a great beginning for my PhD ! Je remercie également toutes les personnes sympathiques du laboratoire qui rendent l’environnement de travail agréable et grâce à qui j’ai passé des bons mo- ments au laboratoire, en montagne, en ville ou en conférence... En particulier mes sympathiques cobureaux : Charlotte, Morgane (à l’époque du bureau de filles), Jonathan et Margarita. Ca a été un plaisir de passer du temps avec vous même si parfois il fallait bosser (surtout à la fin) ! Toutes les personnes qui rendent la pause café/chocolat agréable (merci pour le chocolat). Les autres thésards d’ISTerre avec qui j’ai partagé ces années de thèse, sans vous le labo aurait été différent : Bertrand (je t’attend pour le ski !), Vincent (j’ai gagné !), Mélanie, Margaux, Natalie (merci pour le chocolat), Anne, Cécile, Rachel. Mais aussi les thésards et docteurs d’origines plus lointaines : Arnaud, Maélianna, Chloé. Les amis des premières années de fac : Paloma, Gwladys, Mathilde, Benjamin, Raphael (merci d’être venu pour ma soutenance et pour le beau chapeau de doc- teur). Marion ma première partenaire de terrain à Digne et dans les Ecrins ! Et toutes les autres personnes que j’ai pu oublier ici ! Merci à mes parents qui m’ont soutenue et qui ont cru en moi pendant mes études (au début c’étais pas gagné), merci pour l’organisation du pot aussi ! Merci Zian pour le soutien pendant la thèse et surtout pour tous les bons moments par- tagés ! 5 6 Processus d’exhumation des Cordillères Blanche et Noire en contexte de subduction horizontale (Nord Pérou) Ma thèse se focalise sur l’étude des mécanismes qui ont conduit au soulèvement et à la construc- tion du relief dans les Andes du Nord du Pérou. Dans cette région, la Cordillère Blanche forme les plus hauts sommets péruviens (> 6000 m) et constitue une anomalie à l’échelle des Andes. La mor- phologie de cette région des Andes est marquée par un pluton de forme atypique, allongé et à l’affleurement sur plus de 150 km. Ce pluton est bordé par une faille normale de plus de 200 km de long. La présence de cette faille normale majeure en contexte de subduction plane reste surpre- nante car ces zones de subduction planes semblent induire une augmentation du raccourcissement dans la plaque chevauchante. Mon travail a eu pour objectifs de caractériser les variations de l’état de contraintes régional, l’âge du soulèvement et de discuter les processus géodynamiques qui ont contribué à la formation du relief. Dans ce cadre, j’ai utilisé une approche pluridisciplinaire im- pliquant sur plusieurs échelles spatio-temporelles et comprenant à la fois de nouvelles données de terrain, leur analyse et leur modélisation. Mes données de microtectonique indiquent qu’il est possible de générer de l’extension au dessus d’une subduction plane à l’échelle régionale. Ces don- nées sont en contradiction avec l’augmentation du raccourcissement classiquement attendue dans la plaque chevauchante. Mes nouvelles données de thermochronologie basse température et leur mo- délisation montrent une augmentation de l’exhumation induite par le soulèvement de la Cordillère Occidentale à 15 Ma. En les confrontant aux modèles précédents, je propose un soulèvement régio- nal lié à l’aplatissement de la subduction et à la topographie dynamique associée. J’ai également étudié l’impact de l’arc Miocène sur le soulèvement à une échelle plus locale. Pour cela, j’ai compilé tous les âges de refroidissement du pluton disponibles dans la littérature. En parallèle, j’ai obtenu les premières données de profondeur de mise en place du batholite de la Cordillère Blanche. Cela m’a permis de proposer une structure du batholite en sills empilés puis basculés vers l’est. De plus, la modélisation des variations spatio-temporelle des taux d’érosion à partir des données de ther- mochronologie basse température indique une augmentation importante des taux d’érosion dans la Cordillère Blanche à partir de 2 Ma. L’arc Miocène ne semble donc pas contribuer significativement au soulèvement malgré sa probable contribution à l’épaississement de la lithosphère. En revanche, l’érosion glaciaire récente semble contribuer fortement à l’exhumation de la Cordillère Blanche et au basculement du batholite. Dans la dernière partie de ma thèse, pour quantifier l’importance de l’érosion dans la création du relief et le soulèvement, j’ai modélisé l’évolution du paysage de la région (FastScape). Mes modélisations numériques démontrent le rôle majeur de l’érosion et du rebond flexural associé dans la création du relief et les taux de soulèvement. Pour finir, basée sur les données de la littérature et celles apportées par mon travail de thèse, je propose un nouveau modèle pour expliquer la faille normale de la Cordillère Blanche dans son contexte régional. Ce modèle implique une faille normale d’extrado et l’érosion importante du mur de la faille. 7 Mots-clés Andes, subduction plane, soulèvement, Cordillère Blanche, Cordillère Noire, faille normale, érosion glaciaire, thermochronologie basse-température, modélisation du paysage Exhumation processes above a flat subduction: example of the Cordillera Blanca and Negra (northern Peru My thesis focuses on the mechanisms that controlled the uplift and construction of the relief in the northern Peruvian Andes. In this area, the Cordillera Blanca forms the highest peaks in Peru (> 6000 m), which is a topographic anomaly across the Andes. The morphology of the Cordillera Blanca is marked by an elongated pluton, which outcrops over 150 km. In addition, this pluton is bordered by the largest normal fault from South America. The presence of this major normal fault in a flat-slab context remains surprising because flat slabs usually induce an increase of the shortening in the overriding plate.
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