Africa in Scotland, Scotland in Africa
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Africa in Scotland, Scotland in Africa <UN> Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies Series Editors Gregor Dobler (University of Freiburg, Germany) Elísio Macamo (Basel University, Switzerland) Editorial Board William Beinart (University of Oxford, UK) Filip De Boeck (Catholic University Leuven, Belgium) Patrick Chabal† (King’s College London, UK) Paul Nugent (Edinburgh University, UK) Nic van de Walle (Cornell University, Ithaca, USA) VOLUME 14 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/agis <UN> Africa in Scotland, Scotland in Africa Historical Legacies and Contemporary Hybridities Edited by Afe Adogame Andrew Lawrence LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Africa in Scotland, Scotland in Africa : historical legacies and contemporary hybridities / edited by Afe Adogame, Andrew Lawrence. pages cm. -- (Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies ; v. 14) Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-27620-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-27690-1 (e-book) 1. Scots--Africa, Sub- Saharan--History. 2. Missions, Scottish--Africa, Sub-Saharan. 3. Scotland--Foreign relations--Africa, Sub-Saharan. 4. Africa, Sub-Saharan--Foreign relations--Scotland. I. Adogame, Afeosemime U. (Afeosemime Unuose), 1964- editor of compilation. II. Lawrence, Andrew G., 1966- editor of compilation. III. Series: African-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies (Series) ; v. 14. DT16.S35A47 2014 967.0049163--dc23 2014023516 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1574-6925 isbn 978-90-04-27620-8 (paperback) isbn 978-90-04-27690-1 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands, except Chapter 6 (© Caroline Bressey). Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental, and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. This book is printed on acid-free paper. <UN> Contents List of Contributors viii Introduction: Africa-Scotland Exploring Historical and Contemporary Relations in Global Contexts 1 Afe Adogame and Andrew Lawrence Historical Underpinnings 1 Scottish Encounters with Africa in the Nineteenth Century Accounts of Explorers, Travellers, and Missionaries 19 Esther Breitenbach 2 Missionaries and Nationalists Scotland and the 1959 State of Emergency in Malawi 42 John McCracken Medicine and Mission 3 Missionaries, Agents of Empire, and Medical Educators Scottish Doctors in Late Nineteenth-Century Southern and East-Central Africa 77 Markku Hokkanen 4 Between Colonialism and Cultural Authenticity Isaac Ladipo Oluwole, Oladele Adebayo Ajose, Public Health Services in Nigeria, and the Glasgow Connection 90 Olutayo Charles Adesina Activists, Visionaries, Artists 5 Two Pan-African Political Activists Emanating from Edinburgh University Drs John Randle and Richard Akinwande Savage 103 Marika Sherwood <UN> vi contents 6 Geographies of Early Anti-Racist Protest in Britain Ida B. Wells’ 1893 Anti-Lynching Tour in Scotland 137 Caroline Bressey 7 Exploring a Scottish Legacy Lewis Davidson, Knox College, and Jamaica’s Youth 150 Janice McLean 8 Robert S. Duncanson, an African American Pioneer Artist with Links to Scotland 170 Everlyn Nicodemus and Kristian Romare Mission And Transmission: Religious Legacies 9 Invoking Gender The Thoughts, Mission and Theology of Mary Slessor in Southern Nigeria 203 Oluwakemi A. Adesina and Elijah Obinna 10 Pentecostalising the Church of Scotland? The Presbyterian Church of East Africa (pcea) and the Pentecostal Challenge in Kenya (1970–2010) 228 Damaris Seleina Parsitau 11 Scottish Missionaries in Ghana The Forgotten Tribe 251 Michael Kweku Okyerefo 12 Scottish Missionaries in Central Nigeria 263 Musa A.B. Gaiya and Jordan S. Rengshwat 13 “She Worships at the Kikuyu Church” The Influence of Scottish Missionaries on Language in Worship and Education among African Christians 287 Vicky Khasandi-Telewa <UN> contents vii Contemporary Perspectives 14 “A Very Definite Radicalism” The Early Development of the Scotland – Malawi Partnership 2004–09 309 Kenneth R. Ross 15 Scottish Warriors in Kwazulu-Natal Cultural Hermeneutics of the Scottish Dance (Isikoshi) in the Nazareth Baptist Church, South Africa 326 Magnus Echtler Postscript: Jamaica Scottish Connections 349 Geoff Palmer Index 361 <UN> List of Contributors Olutayo Charles Adesina Ph.D. is Professor of History and Fellow, Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies (cepacs), University of Ibadan, Nigeria. He earned his Ph.D. from the Department of History, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria after which he joined the staff of the Department of History, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. He is currently completing a book-length manuscript on ‘Development: Concepts and Realities in the Third World’. Oluwakemi Abiodun Adesina Ph.D. (Ibadan) is a historian with research interests in African history, migrations, interna- tional commercial sex trade, gender and women’s studies. She teaches at the Osun State University, Osogbo (Ikire Campus), Nigeria. She has published in local and international journals and books. Most notable amongst her publica- tions are: ‘Putting Africa on the Map: Contemporary Migrations, Livelihoods and the Socio-Economic Landscape’ in The Nigerian Journal of Economic History, Nos. 7 & 8, 2005, pp. 69–80. She is currently a 2013/2014 Fellow of the American Council of Learned Societies (acls). Afe Adogame Ph.D. (1998) University of Bayreuth, Germany, teaches Religious Studies and World Christianity at the University of Edinburgh, uk. His latest book publication is: The African Christian Diaspora: New Currents and Emerging Trends in World Christianity (Bloomsbury Academic, 2013). He is the Secretary General of the African Association for the Study of Religion (aasr); and the Secretary/Treasurer of the rc22 Sociology of the Religion, International Sociological Association (isa). Esther Breitenbach is Honorary Research Fellow, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh. Recent publications include: Empire and Scottish Society: the Impact of Foreign Missions at Home, c. 1790–c. 1914 (Edinburgh University Press, 2009); ‘Scots Churches and Missions’ in Scotland and the British Empire (Oxford University Press, 2011); and ‘Scottish Presbyterian missionaries and public opinion in Scotland’ in Britain and the Indian Uprising of 1857 (New Delhi: Sage, 2013). Caroline Bressey is a lecturer in the Department of Geography, University College London. Her research focuses upon recovering the historical geographies of the black <UN> List of Contributors ix community in Victorian Britain, especially London. She has worked as a cura- tor with the National Portrait Gallery and Museum in Docklands. Magnus Echtler is lecturer/research fellow in religious studies and anthropology at the University of Bayreuth, Germany. His research interests include African reli- gions, rituals, practice, art & transgressions. Musa A.B. Gaiya is a professor of Church History, Department of Religion and Philosophy, University of Jos, Jos. Gaiya has published several books and articles in repu- table journals locally and internationally. His interest is in collecting data (oral and written) for the re-construction of the life and times of African and European missionaries and church leaders in Africa. One of those studied was on Yohanna Gowon (c. 1900–1973) who laboured in Ngas land (Plateau State, Nigeria) and in Zaria (Kaduna State, Nigeria) and published in 1999 with the title: A portrait of a Saint. Vicky Khasandi-Telewa Ph.D. is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Literary and Communication Studies, Laikipia University, Kenya. She has a keen interest in applying linguistics to multidisciplinary research and has published extensively in Language Use in Religion, Education, Politics and other areas. Markku Hokkanen is a Docent and Senior Lecturer at the Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä. His research deals with the cultural, social and intel- lectual histories of medicine and health, with a focus on colonial Africa (par- ticularly Malawi) and the British Empire. His publications include the monograph Medicine and Scottish Missionaries in the Northern Malawi Region, 1875–1930 (The Edwin Mellen Press, 2007). Hokkanen’s current research interests are mobility, networks and the making of medical knowledge in the imperial age. Andrew Lawrence Ph.D. (2003), City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, teaches global- ization and international organization at the Vienna