HISTORY OF COLONIAL MEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES IN IBADAN 1900 – 1960 BY Julius Akinyele OLUYITAN (MATRICULATION NO. 44136) B.A., M.I.L.R.. M.A., PGDE (IBADAN) A THESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, IBADAN, NIGERIA UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY APRIL, 2014 CERTIFICATION I certify that this work was carried out by Julius Akinyele OLUYITAN in the Department of History, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria __________________________ Supervisor Victor Osaro Edo, B.A., M.A., PhD (Ibadan), PGDE (OAU) Senior Lecturer, Department of History, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ii DEDICATION To Ayoni, Wuraola and Ayodeji UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Every idea in life has a beginning. The urge to reflect on Colonial Medicine in Ibadan between 1900 and 1960 is closely associated with the parlous condition of health services in Nigeria. I thank the Almighty God, the giver of life and source of true wisdom, who enabled me to translate the idea into writing. May his name be praised for ever, Amen. I acknowledge authors, individuals and organizations whose contributions guided my thought in the cause of writing the thesis. I express my gratitude to all the people I interviewed whose names appear under the oral evidence. Significantly, I am deeply indebted to Dr. V.O. Edo, my supervisor. His friendship, assistance, and constructive criticisms were a source of great encouragement. May the Lord enlarge his coast and bless his household, Amen. I also want to express my profound appreciation to Professor Adelola Adeloye, an indefatigable scholar with renown as a great neurosurgeon. His interest in the history of medicine is demonstrated through a number of books he wrote on the issue. He provides support and assistance through suggestions and criticisms. He also read through the drafts of the thesis and offered suggestions which helped me tremendously. I like to note that a good number of the photographs used in this work were obtained from his books. The remainingUNIVERSITY ones were obtained from OF the National IBADAN Archives, Ibadan. LIBRARY I sincerely thank Professor Bolanle Awe, the matriarch of Nigerian History. She is a great benefactor. I iv will also like to show gratitude to Professor C.O. Adesina, Dr B. Sofela, Dr S.A. Ajayi, Dr R.O. Olaniyi and all my teachers in the Department. I am also indebted to Professor B.O. Oloruntimehin for his fatherly role and encouragement. In the same vein, I thank Professor(s) Adekunle Adeniran and S.O.Abogunrin. I also thank the authorities of Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo. I also want to express my sincere appreciation to Pastor Ade Alao, Regional Overseer, Mountain of Fire and Miracle Ministries, Oyo. Dr Saheed Aderinto of Western Carolina University, United States, is also a source of great help and encouragement. Equally, I thank Dr. Simon Heap, his suggestions and comments were of tremendous assistance. Furthermore, I acknowledge the assistance of Mrs. Margaret Oke and Mr. Adepoju. Through these people I was able to acquire books and journal articles, which I could not get here in Nigeria. May the Almighty God bless their homes, Amen. I am also grateful to Dr O.W. Arinde, Dr A. A. Atowoju, Dr Ogunbunmi, Chief Medical Director, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Dr Ampitan, Messrs. Segun Ajumobi, Yinka Adeoye, J.O. Odeyemi, C.B. Ogunyemi and Amos Ishola for friendship and support during the progamme. In the same vein, I thank Dr Afolabi, Messrs. Abraham and Gboyega of National Archives, Ibadan. I am also grateful to Mr Braimah Saibu for his kindness and assistance. He helped considerably in the typesetting of the work. UNIVERSITYFinally, I thank my spouse, OF Ayoni , IBADANand my children, WuraolaLIBRARY and Ayodeji, for their love and understanding during the course of the programme. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Title ……………………………………………………………………………………… i Certification……………………………………………………………………………… ii Dedication……………………………………………………………………………….. iii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………… iv List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………… vi Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………….. vii List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………. x List of Plates……………………………………………………………………………… xi List of Maps………………………………………………………………………………. xii Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………….. xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background to the Study ………………………………………………………………… 1 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………. 3 Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………………………… 3 Research Questions……………………………………………………………………….. 4 Justification of the Study…………………………………………………………………. 4 Scope of the Study ………………………………………………………………………. 5 Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………. 8 Limitation of the Study …………………………………………………………………. 9 Definition of Terms………………………………………………………………………. 10 Literature Review ………………………………………………………………………. 11 CHAPTER TWO: TRADITIONAL MEDICAL BELIEF AND PRACTICE IN IBADAN Religious Basis of Traditional Medical Practice in Ibadan …………………………….. 22 Beliefs about Diseases Causation in Ibadan ……………………………………………. 27 Traditional Methods of Healing Diseases ……………………………………………… 32 Specialists in Traditional Medical Practice …………………………………………….. 41 Methods of Acquiring Knowledge of Traditional Medical Practice …………………… 45 Impact of Traditional Medicine on Health Care Delivery in Ibadan …………………… 46 CHAPTER THREE: EVOLUTION OF COLONIAL MEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES IN IBADAN, 1900 – 1927 Colonialism and Its Institutional Support: Health Service ……………………………… 52 InceptionUNIVERSITY of British Colonialism in IbadanOF ………………………………………………IBADAN LIBRARY 57 A Health Service Established ……………………………………………………………. 63 Reactions of Local Population to the Establishment of Colonial Health Institution in Ibadan, 1900 – 1927 …………………………………………………………………... 66 vi Sanitation, Hygiene and Water…………………………………………………………… 68 CHAPTER FOUR: GROWTH OF COLONIAL MEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES IN IBADAN, 1928 – 1945 Extension of Medical Work to the Indigenous Population in Ibadan, 1928 – 1945 ……… 74 Adeoyo Hospital ………………………………………………………………………….. 75 Changes in the Perceptions and Reactions of Indigenous Population in Ibadan to Hospital Services ………………………………………………………………………. 89 Preventive and Sanitary Services in Ibadan, 1928 – 1945 ……………………………….. 94 Factors for the extension of preventive Health Services to the Indigenous Population In Ibadan, 1928 – 1945……………………………………………………………………. 99 Organisation of Colonial Medical and Health Services in Ibadan, 1928 – 1945 ………… 101 CHAPTER FIVE: EXPANSION OF COLONIAL MEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES IN IBADAN, 1946 – 1956 Factors for the Expansion of Colonial Medical and Health Services in Ibadan, 1946 – 1956 ………………………………………………………………………………. 111 Organisation of Colonial Medical and Health Services ………………………………….. 126 Response and Reactions of Indigenous Populace to Expansion of Health Facilities in Ibadan, 1946 – 1956 ……………………………………………………………………… 128 CHAPTER SIX: DEVELOPMENT OF COLONIAL MEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES, 1957 – 1960 Consolidation of Curative-oriented Hospital Services in Ibadan, 1957-1960 ……………. 138 Organisation of Medical Services in Ibadan, 1957-1960 …………………………………. 149 Reactions of the people to consolidation of Hospital Services in Ibadan, 1957-1960…………………………………………………………………………………. 150 Preventive Health Services ……………………………………………………………….. 152 CHAPTER SEVEN: IMPACT OF COLONIAL MEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES IN IBADAN, 1900 – 1960 Hospital and Modern Curative Medicine …………………………………………………. 156 Sanitary and Preventive Services …………………………………………………………. 158 Introduction of Clean Pipe-Borne Water………………………………………………….. 161 Training of Health Manpower………………………………………-…..…………………163 CHAPTER EIGHT: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION …………………………….. 167 BIBLIOGRAPHYUNIVERSITY ………………………………………………..................................... OF IBADAN LIBRARY 176 APPENDICES: Appendix I: Proposed Site for New Infectious Diseases Hospital, Ibadan……………… 194 Appendix II: Report on Ibadan Chiefs‟ Houses…………………………………………. 195 vii Appendix III: Public Health Ordinance, 1941…………………………………………… 198 Appendix IV: 1948 Agreement between Ibadan Native Authority and the Provisional Council of the University College, Ibadan…………………………….. 202 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY viii LIST OF TABLES 4.1 Records of Attendance at Native Administration Hospital, Adeoyo, Ibadan …….. 78 5.1 Location of Wells in Ibadan Rural Areas …………………………………………. 123 5.2 Records of Attendance at Native Administration Hospital, Adeoyo, Jericho …….. 129 General Hospital and Jericho Nursing Home, Ibadan, 1947 – 1956 6.1 Records of Attendance, Ibadan Medical Area, 1957-1959 ……………………….. 151 6.2 Inspection of Houses in Ibadan, 1958 ………………………………………………….…….. 153 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ix LIST OF MAPS 1. Ibadan: Principal Localities 6 2. A Sketch Map of Ibadan 7 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY x LIST OF PLATES Plate 1: Infant Welfare – Native Administration Hospital, Adeoyo, Ibadan 80 Plate 2: Dr Anthony Saka Agbaje 88 Plate 3: Adeoyo Hospital, Ibadan in 1950: A View of Hospital Entrance. 116 Plate 4: Convalescent Patients in verandah of the Surgical Ward. 117 Plate 5: Adeoyo Hospital, Ibadan: Infant Welfare – Weight Recording 134 Plate 6: University College Hospital, Ibadan. 140 Plate 7: Opening Ceremony of UCH, Ibadan. 141 Plate 8: Opening Ceremony of UCH, Ibadan 142 Plate 9: Beatrice Joly, Professor of Surgery. 144 Plate 10: Alexander Brown, Professor of Medicine. 145 Plate 11: Oladele Ajose, Professor of Preventive