AP Modern European History(Social Studies)
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French Antisemitism in the Press from 1894 to 1945
Bastions or Brutes: French Antisemitism in the Press from 1894 to 1945 Nathan J. Johnson Texas Tech University 1 Abstract: Modern Era Europe, a time strife with power struggle, nationalistic growth, and scarred people and landscapes. France, a country unsheltered from the era’s terrors, faced a great struggle not unique to the rest of Europe; a country, a political mechanism, and populations of people supporting and accelerating Antisemitic beliefs. The once brave bastions of freedom once again fell into tyranny - a self-tyranny in a sense - where racism and antisemitism ruled their agendas. Beginning with Alfred Dreyfus and his exile and still propagating to this day, the Free French have become less about freedom and more about oppression and purification. At the root of this evil stood several major French publications, pushing a political mechanism. How were these publications controlled, were they under ideological control of the government? Are the journalists of these publications under guise of the propaganda machine or are they free thinking individuals who whole heartedly see the Jewish population to blame for major French downfalls? Are the “freedom fighters”, who are writing in protection of the Jewish population, doing so by way of clear conscious or career incentivization? What personal risks do these journalists take from the burden of speaking their truths? Also, as the period progresses and the 20th century truly takes hold, are the antisemitic beliefs held by the French remnants of the Dreyfus Affair, or are they influenced by current ideas held in Nazi Germany? 2 Introduction: Modern French history is ripe with triumph and exhilaration, but also stress, disruptions, and mistakes. -
The Importance of the Catholic School Ethos Or Four Men in a Bateau
THE AMERICAN COVENANT, CATHOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATING FOR AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CATHOLIC SCHOOL ETHOS OR FOUR MEN IN A BATEAU A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Ruth Joy August 2018 A dissertation written by Ruth Joy B.S., Kent State University, 1969 M.S., Kent State University, 2001 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2018 Approved by _________________________, Director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Natasha Levinson _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Averil McClelland _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Catherine E. Hackney Accepted by _________________________, Director, School of Foundations, Leadership and Kimberly S. Schimmel Administration ........................ _________________________, Dean, College of Education, Health and Human Services James C. Hannon ii JOY, RUTH, Ph.D., August 2018 Cultural Foundations ........................ of Education THE AMERICAN COVENANT, CATHOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATING FOR AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CATHOLIC SCHOOL ETHOS. OR, FOUR MEN IN A BATEAU (213 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Natasha Levinson, Ph. D. Dozens of academic studies over the course of the past four or five decades have shown empirically that Catholic schools, according to a wide array of standards and measures, are the best schools at producing good American citizens. This dissertation proposes that this is so is partly because the schools are infused with the Catholic ethos (also called the Catholic Imagination or the Analogical Imagination) and its approach to the world in general. A large part of this ethos is based upon Catholic Anthropology, the Church’s teaching about the nature of the human person and his or her relationship to other people, to Society, to the State, and to God. -
Roman Literature from Its Earliest Period to the Augustan Age
The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of Roman Literature from its Earliest Period to the Augustan Age. Volume I by John Dunlop This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: History of Roman Literature from its Earliest Period to the Augustan Age. Volume I Author: John Dunlop Release Date: April 1, 2011 [Ebook 35750] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF ROMAN LITERATURE FROM ITS EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE AUGUSTAN AGE. VOLUME I*** HISTORY OF ROMAN LITERATURE, FROM ITS EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE AUGUSTAN AGE. IN TWO VOLUMES. BY John Dunlop, AUTHOR OF THE HISTORY OF FICTION. ivHistory of Roman Literature from its Earliest Period to the Augustan Age. Volume I FROM THE LAST LONDON EDITION. VOL. I. PUBLISHED BY E. LITTELL, CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. G. & C. CARVILL, BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 1827 James Kay, Jun. Printer, S. E. Corner of Race & Sixth Streets, Philadelphia. Contents. Preface . ix Etruria . 11 Livius Andronicus . 49 Cneius Nævius . 55 Ennius . 63 Plautus . 108 Cæcilius . 202 Afranius . 204 Luscius Lavinius . 206 Trabea . 209 Terence . 211 Pacuvius . 256 Attius . 262 Satire . 286 Lucilius . 294 Titus Lucretius Carus . 311 Caius Valerius Catullus . 340 Valerius Ædituus . 411 Laberius . 418 Publius Syrus . 423 Index . 453 Transcriber's note . 457 [iii] PREFACE. There are few subjects on which a greater number of laborious volumes have been compiled, than the History and Antiquities of ROME. -
The French Wars of Religion
New Dorp High School Social Studies Department AP World History Mr. Hubbs The French Wars of Religion The French Protestants were called Huguenots and they represented only a small part of the population. Before the 1560s it was illegal for Huguenots to worship publicly. In 1562, Catherine, the Queen of France took a major step in religious toleration by allowing Huguenots to hold public worship outside the boundaries of towns. They were also allowed to hold church assemblies. Catherine was a Catholic and wanted France to remain Catholic; she also did not want a Protestant France. This began the French Wars of Religion which lasted for almost forty years and destroyed thousands of lives. Catholics began to target and kill many Huguenots. Fearing a Huguenot uprising, Catherine convinced Charles IX that the Huguenots were plotting his overthrow. On August 24, 1572, the day before St. Bartholomew's Day, royal forces hunted down and executed over three thousand Huguenots in Paris. Within three days, royal armies had hunted down and executed over twenty thousand Huguenots. The St. Bartholomew Massacre was a turning point in the history of the Christian Church. In 1576, Henry III ascended to the throne. And some Catholics formed a violent and fanatical group which was aided by Philip II of Spain who wanted to overthrow the Protestant churches of other countries. Henry III was stabbed to death and Henry IV became king. Henry IV stated that the only way France would find peace is if it were ruled by a tolerant Catholic king. On April 13, 1598, Henry IV ended the religious wars in France by proclaiming the Edict of Nantes. -
Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 46100 I I
INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again - beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. -
Violence in Reformation France Christopher M
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Maria Dittman Library Research Competition: Library (Raynor Memorial Libraries) Student Award Winners 4-1-2010 Quel Horreur!: Violence in Reformation France Christopher M. McFadin Marquette University, [email protected] Undergraduate recipient (Junior/Senior category) of the Library's Maria Dittman Award, Spring 2010. Paper written for History 4995 (Independent Study) with Dr. Julius Ruff. © Christopher M. McFadin 1 Quel horreur! : Violence in Reformation France By Chris McFadin History 4995: Independent Study on Violence in the French Wars of Religion, 1562-1629 Dr. Julius Ruff November 9, 2009 2 Oh happy victory! It is to you alone Lord, not to us, the distinguished trophy of honor. In one stroke you tore up the trunk, and the root, and the strewn earth of the heretical vermin. Vermin, who were caught in snares that they had dared to set for your faithful subjects. Oh favorable night! Hour most desirable in which we placed our hope. 1 Michel de Roigny, On the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572 The level of sectarian violence that erupted in Reformation France was extraordinary. Otherwise ordinary Catholics tortured their Huguenot neighbors to death and then afterwards mutilated their corpses, sometimes feeding the disfigured remains to farm animals. Catholic children elicited applause from their coreligionists as they killed adult Huguenots by tearing them to pieces. Huguenots assaulted Catholic priests during the Mass, pillaged Catholic churches, and desecrated the Host. Indeed, as the sectarian duel increased in frequency and intensity, a man could be killed for calling someone a Huguenot; both sides used religion to rationalize the assassinations of dukes and kings. -
Refugee Timeline for Workshop
French Wars of Religion Between Roman Catholics Started with and Huguenots Ended with the the Massacre Persecution of (Reformed French Edict of Nantes Huguenots of Vassy Allowed starts 1562 Hugeneouts the 1620 right to work in any job. 1598 Civil War in Spanish War in the Dutch speaking areas of Belgium, Luxemburg and parts of Holland. Dutch speaking Spanish Netherlands Protestants are becomes independent executed and Netherlands lands are 1608 confiscated 1560 Refugees from the Spanish Netherlands became known as CONFLICTS: WORLD EVENTS Map showing the Spanish Nether- 1550 1575 1600 1625 Tudor Period ES: NORFOLK CONSEQUENC- French Persecution of Huguenots (Reformed French Protestants) The Dragonnades King Louis XIV of France encouraged soldiers to abuse French Protestants and destroy or steal their possessions. He wanted Huguenot families to leave France or convert to Catholicism. Edict of Fontainebleau Louis IX of France reversed the Edict of Nantes which stopped religious freedom for Protestants. 1685 King Louis XIV France French Flag before the French Revolution 1650 1675 170 1725 1750 1775 Stuart Period Russian persecution Ends with the Edict of of Jews Versailles which The Italian Wars of allowed non-Catholics to practice their Started with the May Laws. religion and marry Independence 1882 without becoming Jews forced to Catholic Individual states become live in certain 1787 independent from Austria and unite areas and not allowed in specific schools French Revolution or to do specific jobs. Public rebelled against the king and religious leaders. Resulted in getting rid of the King 1789-99 French Flag after the French Revolution Individual states which form 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 Georgian Period Victorian Period Russian persecution Second World War Congolese Wars Syrian Civil Global war involved the vast Repeal of the May Conflict involving nine African War majority of the world's nations. -
Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion Thomas E
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 5-12-2017 Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion Thomas E. Shumaker University of New Mexico, Albuquerque Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Shumaker, Thomas E.. "Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion." (2017). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/176 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thomas Shumaker Candidate Graduate Unit (Department): History Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Charlie R. Steen, Chairperson Dr. Patricia Risso________________ Dr. Linda Biesele Hall____________ Dr. Marina Peters-Newell_________ i Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion BY Thomas Shumaker B.A. magna cum laude, Ohio University, 1998 M.Div., Concordia Theological Seminary, 2004 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy History The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2017 ii Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion By Thomas Shumaker B.A. magna cum laude, Ohio University, 1998 M.Div. -
The Age of Louis XIV"
Marc Serge Rivière, "The Age of Louis XIV" Marc Serge Rivière THE AGE OF LOUIS XIV: VOLTAIRE'S COMING OF AGE AS A PHILOSOPHER-HISTORIAN In 1994, scholars from all over the world met at congresses in Paris, Oxford, Melbourne and other centres of learning to celebrate the tercentenary of Voltaire's birth. Although there is some doubt as to the exact date of his birth, we know that he was baptized in November 1694. It is accordingly fitting now to reflect on Voltaire's achievements as a historian, for he regarded himself first as a dramatist, next as a historian and last as an essayist and a Conteur, even if he is fondly remembered nowadays as the author of Candide. Voltaire's documentation for his historical works was impressive. In this.respect, The Age of Louis XIV (1751) has as sound a basis as could be expected in its day, and its author has been deemed to be the father of modern "scientific" history. 1 What emerges from a study of the sources utilised for The Age of Louis XIV is that, although Voltaire scorned erudite working habits, in so far as he excluded documents such as extracts of treatises and gave few references, he clearly took his duty as a historian with a degree of seriousness equalled amongst his French contemporaries only by Montesquieu. He was fully aware that his com- petence in historiography would be judged first and foremost on the reliability of his evidence and on the degree of accuracy which he would achieve. Although The Age of Louis XIV did not occupy him exclusively, he sought for about twenty years or so (1732-1751), to add to the data and material which he had begun to gather as early as the late 1720s. -
Huguenot Identity and Protestant Unity in Colonial Massachusetts: the Reverend André Le Mercier and the “Sociable Spirit”
122 Historical Journal of Massachusetts • Summer 2012 Huguenots Fleeing France, 1696 At least 200,000 Huguenots are believed to have fled France in the years surrounding 1685, ending up in places as far afield as North America, the Dutch Republic, England, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, and South Africa. 123 Huguenot Identity and Protestant Unity in Colonial Massachusetts: The Reverend André Le Mercier and the “Sociable Spirit” PAULA WHEELER CARLO Abstract: Numerous researchers have noted that many Huguenots conformed to Anglicanism several decades after their arrival in North America. The situation differed in colonial Massachusetts, where Huguenots typically forged connections with Congregationalists or Presbyterians. This article explores the activities and writings of André Le Mercier (1692- 1764), the last pastor of the Boston French Church, which closed in 1748. Le Mercier was an ardent supporter of Protestant unity, yet he also strove to preserve a strong sense of Huguenot identity. Nevertheless, support for Protestant unity facilitated Huguenot integration into the English-speaking majority, which fostered the demise of French Reformed churches in New England and thereby weakened Huguenot identity. Paula Wheeler Carlo is a professor of history at Nassau Community College and the author of Huguenot Refugees in Colonial New York: Becoming American in the Hudson Valley (Sussex Academic Press, 2005). * * * * * Historical Journal of Massachusetts, Vol. 40 (1/2), Summer 2012 © Institute for Massachusetts Studies, Westfield State University 124 Historical Journal of Massachusetts • Summer 2012 The Huguenots were French Protestants who followed the teachings of the religious reformer John Calvin (1509-1564).1 They faced persecution and even death during the French Religious Wars in the second half of the sixteenth century.2 The conclusion of these wars produced the Edict of Nantes (1598), which allowed Protestants to freely practice their religion in specified areas of France. -
Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)
Letters on England by Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) A Penn State Electronic Classics Series Publication Letters on England by Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) is a publication of the Pennsylvania State University. This Portable Document file is furnished free and without any charge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State University nor Jim Manis, Faculty Editor, nor anyone associated with the Pennsylvania State University assumes any responsibility for the material contained within the document or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way. Letters on England by Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet), the Pennsylvania State University, Electronic Classics Series, Jim Manis, Faculty Editor, Hazleton, PA 18202-1291 is a Portable Document File produced as part of an ongoing student publication project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them. Cover Design: Jim Manis Copyright © 2002 The Pennsylvania State University The Pennsylvania State University is an equal opportunity university. Contents LETTER I.—ON THE QUAKERS .............................................................................................................................. 6 LETTER II.—ON THE QUAKERS .......................................................................................................................... 10 LETTER III.—ON THE QUAKERS ........................................................................................................................ -
Sacred Covenant and Huguenot Ideology of Resistance: the Biblical Image of the Contractual Monarchy in Vindiciae, Contra Tyrannos
religions Article Sacred Covenant and Huguenot Ideology of Resistance: The Biblical Image of the Contractual Monarchy in Vindiciae, Contra Tyrannos Andrei Constantin Sălăvăstru Social Sciences and Humanities Research Department, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania; [email protected] Received: 8 October 2020; Accepted: 3 November 2020; Published: 6 November 2020 Abstract: The Bible had been a fundamental source of legitimacy for the French monarchy, with biblical imagery wielded as a powerful propaganda weapon in the ideological warfare which the kings of France often had to wage. All Christian monarchies tried to build around themselves a sacral aura, but the French kings had soon set themselves apart: they were the “most Christian”, anointed with holy oil brought from heaven, endowed with the power of healing, and the eldest sons of the Church. Biblical text was called upon to support this image of the monarchy, as the kings of France were depicted as following in the footsteps of the virtuous kings of the Old Testament and possessing the necessary biblical virtues. However, the Bible could prove a double-edged sword which could be turned against the monarchy, as the ideological battles unleashed by the Reformation were to prove. In search for a justification for their resistance against the French Crown, in particular after 1572, the Huguenots polemicists looked to the Bible in order to find examples of limited monarchies and overthrown tyrants. In putting forward the template of a proto-constitutional monarchy, one of the notions advanced by the Huguenots was the Biblical covenant between God, kings and the people, which imposed limits and obligations on the kings.