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GEOGRAPHY

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HISTORY

1º DE E.S.O

IES FERNANDO III CENTRO BILINGÜE

GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 7:

UNIT 7: ANCIENT GREECE

OUTLINE ASPECTOS LINGÜÍSTICOS VOCABULARY

1 - ANCIENT GREECE: GEOGRAPHY AND  PRESENT SIMPLE  ARCHITECTONICAL PERIODS  IMPERATIVE ORDERS  GEOGRAPHY  PERIODS  LOS PASADOS  ARISTOCRACY TO BE  ARMY 2 - ORIGINS OF GREEK CIVILIZATION (UNTIL THERE WAS  ASTRONOMERS ) THERE WERE.  CHOOSE   VERBOS REGULARES/  MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION  CROPS  GREEK DARK AGE IRREGULARES EN  DEFEAT  ACTIVITIES PASADO AFIRMATIVA.   CONTABLES/INCONTABL  FARMERS 3 - THE CLASSICAL GREECE ES  GODS AND   SOME/ ANY GODDESSES   PERSIAN AND PELOPONESIAN WARS  GREAT  ACTIVITIES PHONETICS  HISTORICAL EVENTS  HUMAN BEING 4 - THE  SENTENCE STRESS  MYTHOLOGY  THE MACEDONIAN KINGDOM  LAS CONSONANTES  OLIGACHY   PHILOSOPHERS  HELLENISTIC MONARCHIES  ACTIVITIES  POLEIS  STOCKBREEDERS 5 - LIFE IN GREEK POLEIS  AND  TEMPLE  ECONOMY  THEATRE  SOCIETY  ACTIVITIES

6 - RELIGION  GODS, GODESSES, HEROES  TEMPLES, ORACLES  ACTIVITIES

7- PHILOSOPHY, LITERATURE, SCIENCE AND HELLENISTIC CULTURE  ACTIVITIES

8 - GREEK ART  ARCHITECTURE  SCULPTURE  PAINTING  ACTIVITIES

9 - VOCABULARY

56 I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 7: Ancient Greece

Image from: http://www.mrbarham.com/myth/handouts/map.gif 1 – Ancient Greece: Geography and periods

1. Ancient Greece developed in the Eastern Mediterranean, in Balcanic and Peloponeso Peninsulas. These territories are between the and the . Those seas have a lot of islands. The ancient Greeks occupied those islands and territories in Asia Minor (Anatolian Peninsula). They enlarged their dominions to other places in the Western Mediterranean () and the Black Sea.

2. The History of Ancient Greece was divided into different periods: - The Bronze Age: - Minoan Civilization (3000 BC – 1450 BC) - Mycenaean Civilization (1600 BC – 1200 BC) - The Greek Dark Age (1200 BC – 750 BC) - The Archaic Period (8th century – 6th century BC) - The Classical Greece. - 5th century BC - 4th century BC - The Hellenistic Greece - 4th century BC - 1st century BC

2 – Origins of Greek Civilization (until Classical Greece)

There were peoples in the Helenic Peninsula from Prehistoric Times. During the Metal Age there were three periods:

Image from: http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Minoan/Minoan2.jpg 1. Minoan Civilization (3000 BC – 1450 BC): It was developed in the island of . Many kings ruled this island. The most famous king was who ruled from the Knossos Palace, although in reality Minos was a mythological king. Minos was associated in Greek myth with the labyrinth. Minoans knew the writing, inhabited villages with great palaces, and traded throughout the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.

57 I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 7: Ancient Greece

Image from: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/154/414101410_9083a94b18.jpg?v=1173373662 2. Mycenaean Civilization (1600 BC – 1200 BC): Its Capital City was the city- state of Mycenae which was located in the north-eastern Peninsula (Continental Greece). Its principal economic activities were livestock breeding, agriculture and trading 3. of metals. The fall of this civilization happened because of the Dorian invasion. 4. Greek Dark Age (1200 BC – 750 BC): invaded Peloponnese and subjugated its peoples. The villages became city-states and they called them <>.

The Archaic Period was occurred from the 8th century BC to the 6th century BC. Local chiefs or kings ruled the , but they lost their power along this period step by step. The aristocracy held public positions and oppressed the people. In some cities there were revolts against aristocracy and arose in those polis. A few of these tyrants made political and economic reforms. Polis had problems because they didn´t have farmlands for agriculture. They needed new farmlands, so they founded colonies throughout the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. Image from: http://www.greek-islands.us/ancient-greece/greek-ship.gif . Activities:

- Answer these questions:  Where is Greece?  What are the names of the seas near Greece?  Which territories did the Greeks occupy and enlarge?

- Make a time line showing the periods of Ancient Greece

3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 8 6 4 2 0 0 8 6 4 2 0 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC - Answer these questions:  What was Minos?  Do you know the myth of the labyrinth? What is it?  What was the capital city of Mycenaeans?  What territories did the Dorians invade?  Why did the tyrants fight against aristocracy?  Where did poleis found colonies?

- Look for the names of five poleis of the Ancient Greece. 58 I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 7: Ancient Greece

3 – THE CLASSICAL GREECE

- The classical period (5th century BC and 4th century BC) was the most brilliant time in the history of Ancient Greece. Image from: http://www.giantsm.com/martin/Referencias/01%20-%20B%20-%20Rey%20Blanco%20()/Pericles1.jpg - In this time there were a lot of city-states (poleis). The most important city-states were Athens and Sparta.

1. Athens:

- During 5th century Athens developed democracy. The citizens could vote laws and choose public servants and they decided about war and peace. The citizens were free men and they participated in the Ecclesia (Ekklesia) which was a popular assembly. Magistrates carried out the decisions of Ecclesia and the council () prepared laws and collaborated with the Ecclesia. The council (Boule) was a kind of Senate. Women, slaves and foreigners were not citizens. - Athens reached its maximun splendor under the government of Pericles (5th century).

2. Sparta. Image from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Helmed_Hoplite_Sparta_2.png

- The political system in Sparta was an oligarchy. Two kings governed the city with religious and civil powers. The Gerusia was a Spartan Senate. It had 28 old men. They elaborated projects for Popular Assembly (). All Spartan citizens participated in the Apella. The Apella chose 5 magistrates. They carried out decisions of the Apella. Women, slaves and foreigners were not citizens.

During the 5th century there were several wars: Image from: http://media.photobucket.com/image/Inmortal%20persian/mooshy_01/Persian_Immortal_Guard.jpg 1. Persian Wars: They were a series of conflicts between several Greek city-states and the Persian Empire. There were several invasions of the Greek mainland in 490 BC and in 480-479 BC; in both cases, the allied Greeks repelled the invasions successfully. The Athenians organized the with several city-states to fight against the Persians. They made a great and powerful fleet which defeated the Persian fleet. 2. The Peloponesian War (from 431BC to 404 BC). Athens and its allies fought against Sparta and its allies. Sparta won the war and imposed an oligarchy in Athens. Spartans destroyed the port and the walls of Athens. Image from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Hoplite_fight_from_Athenss_Museum.jpg 59 I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 7: Ancient Greece

. Activities:

- Read the questions. Choose the correct answer.  What was the Eklessia?: a) a council b) a popular assembly c) a magistrate  What was the Gerusia?: a) a Spartan senate b) a popular assembly c) a magistrate  Who did the Apella choose ? a) 3 magistrates b) 5 magistrates c) 4 magistrates  In which polis were there not women, foreigners and slaves ? a) Athens b) Sparta c) Athens and Sparta  What is an oligarchy? a) a democratic government b) a Boule c) a minority government

- Answer these questions: Have you watched the film <<300>>? What is your opinion about this film? Do you think that the film reflects the historical truth?

- Look for the names of the four battles in the Persian Wars. Look for the name of three poleis allied with Athens and three poleis allied with Sparta during the Peloponesian War.

4 – The Hellenistic Greece Image from: http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/A-Robert.R.Lauer-1/alexanderthegreat.jpe

The (from the 4th century BC to the 1st century BC) began when the Macedonian kingdom (in the north of Greece) conquered the Greek poleis. had a hereditary monarchy. The king Philip II began the conquest of Greece. His son, Alexander the Great, continued the expansion and created the greatest empire of the ancient world. He invaded Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia and submitted its peoples. He defeated the Persians and went on to India. When he died his Empire was divided into several kingdoms. Finally, there were three Hellenistic monarchies with their dynasties: one in Macedonia and Greece, another in Asia and other in Egypt. During the 2nd century and the 1st century BC Rome conquered Greece and its territories and they became Roman provinces.

Image from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Map-alexander-empire.png 60 I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 7: Ancient Greece

. Activities:

- Look at the map in page number five and write the names of five territories of the Empire of Alexander the Great.

- Look for information about Alexander the Great and answer these questions:  In which year was he born?......  In which year did he die?......  Who was his teacher and instructor?......  Who was his mother?......  Who was his wife?......  Who were his main generals?......

- Look for the names of the dynasties of Hellenistic Monarchies after Alexander´s Empire was divided.

Image from: http://www.guiadegrecia.com/images/acropol-1.jpg 5 – Life in Greek Poleis

The Greek poleis usually had an Acropolis. The Acropolis was a religious space on top of the city. The Acropolis was fortified and the population could take refuge in this place. The polis had a public square called . People met in the Agora to speak about political topics, although there were markets in this square too. The nearby villages and territories were part of the polis.

1. Economy: Image from: http://www.astromeditions.com/images/91-7916-024-7B.jpg - Agriculture was very important, although the farmlands were not extensive. Farmers cultivated vines, wheat and olive trees which were the main crops. Stockbreeders raised sheep, goats, pigs, donkeys and mules. - Handicraft was an activity located in poleis. Craftsmen made a lot of metal products, leather products, perfumes, weaves, ceramics and pottery. - Farmers, stockbreeders and craftsmen sold their products directly in the markets of the Agoras. The trade with colonies was made through the seas. The Greeks used silver coins to pay.

61 I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 7: Ancient Greece

2. Society:

- The society was divided into citizens, non-citizens and slaves. - The citizens were the inhabitants of the polis. Only a minority of the people were citizens and they enjoyed many rights and took part in politics and paid taxes. - Non-citizens were foreigners and slaves. They didn´t have rights. They paid taxes and fought in the army. They worked in trade and crafts. Slaves were not considered persons and they didn´t have any rights. They were properties who could be bought and sold. They worked in agriculture and did housework. Women could be free or slaves, but they had no rights. They could not take part in politics. They were always under the rule of a man (their fathers or their husbands). Rich women looked after their homes and only went out on special occasions. The poor ones looked after the children of rich families, worked as farmers, and sold products in markets. Image from: http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/GreekLife.jpg . Activities:

Answer these questions:  What types of crops did farmers cultivate?  What types of animals did stockbreeders raise?  What types of products did craftsmen make?  Where did farmers, stockbreeders and craftsmen sell their products?

- Look at these pictures and answer the following question: Which of these scenes correspond to citizens, which correspond to non-citizens or which correspond to both groups?

Images from: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_RNywlAtrlmI/SSFubtnHv4I/AAAAAAAAAA0/L_322smcjuU/s320/sociedad3.jpg---http://wondersmith.com/heroes/hetairae.jpg--- http://www.kalipedia.com/kalipediamedia/historia/media/200707/17/hisuniversal/20070717klphisuni_19.Ees.SCO.png---http://www.costumes.org/history/greece/kohler/colorplate2.jpg

- Look at the picture of the . Describe it and answer these questions:  What types of buildings did it have?  What was the purpose of these buildings?  In which part of the city was it?  Why was it fortified?  What was the Agora?  What did people do in the Agora? 62 I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 7: Ancient Greece

6 – RELIGION Image from: http://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/philosophy/awaymave/408new/images/godz.gif - The Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses (Zeus, Athena, Ares, Hades, Aphrodite…). According to the gods were immortal, they seemed human and lived in . - The Greeks also believed in heroes, who were sons of gods and human (Achilles, Ulysses or Hercules). The Greeks also believed in fantastic creatures (clyclopes, centaurs…). - The Greeks worshiped their gods and thus the gods protected them. The Greeks offered food, wealth and sacrifices of animals to gods.

- Temples were the homes of the gods, and priests and priestesses were their servants. Oracles were messages from the gods, and were usually interpreted by a priest and priestess. The most famous place to consult the gods was the sanctuary at . The Olympic games were sport competitions in honour of Zeus and they were celebrated each four years.

Image from: http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/11/85211-004-8D0293FF.jpg . Activities: - Read the questions. Choose the correct answer.  Who was the Greek father of the gods? a) Zeus b) Jupiter c) Hades  Where did the Greek gods live?: a) in the Acropolis b) in Mount Olympus c) behind your house  Who was a Greek hero? a) Theseus b) Delphi c) Ares  Who were the Cyclopes and the centaurs? a) gods b) fantastic creatures c) heroes  What were the oracles? a) a temple b) a polis c) a place to consult the Gods´ messages

- Look for information about the and answer these questions: were the same sports activities played as nowadays? What were the names of seven of them?. How were the athletes? Were Images from: http://education.nmsu.edu/webquest/wq/olympics/openrunner.gif---http://www.jalopata.com/TOCpages/kylix%20runner.jpg--- there women? What prizes did the winners receive? http://neatorama.cachefly.net/images/2008-07/milo-of-kroton.jpg---http://neatorama.cachefly.net/images/2008-07/milo-of-kroton.jpg

- Look at the picture on the left. Colour the drawings on the right with the same colours.

63 I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 7: Ancient Greece

Image from: http://www.cielosur.com/archivos/hipa.jpg 7 – PHILOSOPHY, LITERATURE, SCIENCE AND HELLENISTIC CULTURE

- Philosophy was developed when several thinkers (, , …) tried to explain the origin of nature and the human being. - The Greeks invented the theatre (tragedies, comedies and satyr plays). Some important authors were , , and … Female roles were performed by men wearing masks. The Greeks also developed epic poems, like 'The Iliad' and 'The Odyssey' by . and were historians and they were the first to relate historical events. - was important in maths, stood out in physics and is considered 'The Father of Medicine' and he created an oath about integrity of medics (Hippocratic Oath). , Aristarchus, and were great astronomers. - Alexander the Great founded cities, built roads and disseminated the and culture. The mixture between Greek culture and eastern culture gave rise to a new culture (Hellenistic Culture). The cities had grid forms, like a chess board. They had many buildings (theatres, temples, gymnasiums…). - In some cities the libraries were the most important buildings, like in . The Alexandrian Library was the most famous library in the ancient world. Eratosthenes was a mathematician, poet, athlete, geographer and astronomer and he worked as the main librarian of the Alexandrian Library. Image from: http://alexandria.cosmographica.com/images/hypatia_portrait_large.jpg

. Activities:

- Read the point 7 about Greek philosophy, literature, science and Hellenistic culture. Write the name of four philosophers, four theatre authors, epic poems, four astronomers, four physicists and mathematicians and two people that worked in the Alexandrian Library.

- Look for information about Hypatia and answer these questions:  In which year was she born?......  In which year did she die?......  What did she study?......  Where did she work?......  Was she a single woman or a married woman?......  How did she die?......

- Look for information about the Greek plays (tragedies and comedies) and answer these questions:  Where did they perform them?......  Why were all the characters men?......  What was the chorus?......  Why did the interpreters wear masks?......

64 I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 7: Ancient Greece

8 – GREEK ART

Image from: http://area.autodesk.com/th.gen/?8/925wt-n5k4x-9eeww-621fn:780x3000.jpg - Architecture: the Greeks constructed many different types of buildings (tombs, theatres, stadiums, hippodromes, gymnasiums…), but temples were the most important buildings, like the (in the Acropolis of Athens). They were usually built in white marble and painted in different colours. Greek temples were rectangular. The architects followed very strict rules, called orders. There were three orders: Doric, Ionic,Corinthian. The temples had several architectonical elements: steps, columns, entablatures, cornices and tympanums or pediments. They were decorated with reliefs and sculptures. - Sculpture: most Greek sculptures and reliefs represented gods and heroes. Greek sculptures were very interested in representing the beauty of the naked human body. The majority of the bronze sculptures have been lost. We know what they were like thanks to copies made by the Romans. - Painting: the majority of the paintings have been lost. To see Greek paintings we have to see ceramics because pottery was usually decorated with painted scenes. There were several periods with different styles, like the period of black figure and the period of red figure, etc.

. Activities:

- Look at these pictures and answer: Which of these images correspond to a theatre, to a temple and to a stadium? Images from: http://www.planetware.com/i/photo/valley-of-the-temples-agrigento-aggrtm.jpg---http://ephesusagency.com/theater.jpg---http://travelerstales.com/carpet/Tim%201.jpg---

Look at these pictures and answer: Which of these images correspond to , to Ionic order and Corinthian order? Images from: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/28/103627847_8eb3ce685e.jpg?v=0

65 I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 7: Ancient Greece

9 - VOCABULARY

English Pronunciation Spanish According to /ə'kɔ:rdɪŋ / /tu:/ Según Against preposición /ə'geɪnst/ Contra Also adverbio /'ɔ:lsəʊ/ También Architecture sust. /'ɑ:kɪtektʃə(r)/ Arquitectura Army sust. /'ɑ:rmi / Ejérctio Astronomers sust. /ə'strɑ:nəmərs/ Astrónomos Believe verbo /bɪ'li:v/ Creer Black figure sust. /blæk/ /'fɪgjər / Figuras Negras (cerámicas de…) Building verbo /'bɪldɪŋ/ Edificio Carry out verbo /'kæri/ /aʊt/ Llevar a cabo Choose verbo /tʃu:z/ Elegir Citizens sust. /'sɪtɪzəns/ Ciudadanos Columns sust /'kɒləms/ Columnas Corinthian adj. /kə'rinthēən/ Corintio Cornices sust. /'kɔ:nɪses/ Cornisas Council sust /'kaʊnsəl/ Consejo Craftsmen sust. /'krɑ:ftsmen/ Artesanos Crops sust. /krɒps/ Cosechas Defeat verbo /dɪ'fi:t/ Derrotar, Vencer Doric adj. /'doṙ -ik/ Dórico Democracy sust. /dɪ'mɒkrəsi/ Democracia Enjoy verbo. /ɪn'dʒɔɪ/ Disfrutar, gozar Enlarge verb. /ɪn'lɑ:dʒ/ Agrandar Entablatures sust. /in'tabləchər/ Entablamento Farmers sust. /'fɑ:rmər / Agricultores, granjeros Fleet sust. /fli:t/ Flota Foreigners sust. /'fɔ:rənər/ Extranjeros Give rise verbo /gɪv/ /raɪz/ Ocasinar, dar lugar a Goddesses sust. /'gɑ:dəses/ Diosas Gods sust. /gɒds/ Dioses Great adj. /greɪt/ Grande (Alejandro Magno) Grid form adj. and sust. /grɪd/ /fɔ:rm / En forma de rejilla, de cuadrícula Gymnasiums sust. /dʒɪm'neɪziəms/ Gimnasios Hippodromes sust. /'hɪpədrəʊm/ Hipódromos Historical events adj. and sust. /hɪ'stɒrɪkəl/ /ɪ'vent/ Acontecimientos históricos Human Being adj. and sust. /'hju:mən/ /'bi:ɪŋ/ Seres humanos Inhabitants sust. /ɪn'hæbɪtənts/ Habitantes

66 I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 7: Ancient Greece

Integrity sust. /ɪn'tegrəti/ Integridad Ionic adj. /'īənik/ Jónico

League sust. /li:g/ Liga Library sust. /'laɪbreri / Biblioteca Look after verbo /lʊk/ /'æftər/ Cuidar, mirar por, velar por La masa principal de un país o Mainland sust. /'meɪnlənd/ continente, sin contar las islas Marble sust. /'mɑ:rbəl / Mármol Messages sust. /'mesɪdʒs/ Mensajes Mythology sust. /mɪ'θɑ:lədʒi / Mitología Naked adj. /'neɪkɪd/ Desnudo / s / a/ as Oath sust. /əʊθ/ Juramento Oligarchy sust. /ələgärkɪ/ Oligarquía Olympic games adj. and sust. /ə'lɪmpɪk/ /geɪm/ Juegos Olímpicos Oracles sust. /'ɔ:rəkəl / Oráculos Orders sust. /'ɔ:rdər / Órdenes (arquitectónicos) Pediments sust. /pedəmənt/ Frontón Priestesses sust. /'pri:steses/ Sacerdotisa Poleis sust. /pä-ləIs/ Polis Red figure adj. and sust. /red/ /'fɪgjər / Figuras rojas (cerámica de…) Reliefs sust. /rɪ'li:fs/ Relieves Repelled verbo /rɪ'pelled/ Repelió, repelieron Riches adj. /'rɪtʃəz/ Riquezas Rights sust. /raɪts/ Derechos Sculpture sust. /'skʌlptʃər / Escultura Stadiums sust. /'steɪdiəms/ Estadios Steps sust. /steps/ Gradas Stockbreeders sust. /stɒk'brɪ:dəʳs/ Ganaderos Stand out verbo /stænd/ /aʊt/ sobresalir Style sust. /staɪl/ Estilo Submitted verbo pasado /səb'mɪtted/ Sometió Taxes sust. /tæksIs/ Impuestos Temples sust. /'tempəls/ Templos Theaters sust. /'θi:ətər / Teatros Throughout preposición /θru:'aʊt/ Por / en todo Tympanums sust. /'timpənəm/ Frontón Walls sust. /wɔ:ls/ Murallas / muros Wear verbo. /weə(r)/ Llevar (puesto) El cual / La cual / Los cuales, Las Which pronombre relativo /wɪtʃ/ cuales

67 I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY