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Rise of Austria and Prussia

Rise of Austria and Prussia

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This silver flask held musket powder in the Thirty Years’ War. Step-by-Step SECTION Instruction WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO 4 War Rages in Objectives The conflict known as the Thirty Years’ War ravaged the German states of central for much of the As you teach this section, keep students first half of the seventeenth century. A German family focused on the following objectives to help Bible contained this entry describing the war’s end: them answer the Section Focus Question and master core content. “ They say that the terrible war is now over. But there is still no sign of a peace. Everywhere there is ■ Outline causes and results of the envy, hatred, and greed: that’s what the war has Thirty Years’ War. taught us. . . . We live like animals, eating bark ■ Understand how and and grass. No one could have imagined that any- thing like this would happen to us. Many peo- emerged as great powers. ple say that there is no God.” ■ Describe how European nations tried to Focus Question How did the two great of maintain a balance of power. Flemish artist Pieter Snayers painted several battles during the Thirty Austria and Prussia emerge from the Thirty Years’ War Years’ War, including this one fought near in 1620. and subsequent events? Rise of Austria and Prussia

Objectives The Thirty Years’ War took a terrible toll on the people of the Ger- Prepare to Read

• Outline causes and results of the Thirty Years’ man states. Finally, two great German-speaking powers, Austria War. and Prussia, rose out of the ashes. Like Louis XIV in , their Build Background Knowledge L3 • Understand how Austria and Prussia emerged as rulers perfected skills as absolute monarchs. Ask students to recall what they know great powers. about the Holy Roman and the • Describe how European nations tried to maintain German states under Charles V. Ask a balance of power. The Thirty Years’ War Ravages Europe them to predict how religious divisions Terms, People, and Places By early modern times, as the French philosopher later would affect the . observed, the Holy was neither holy, nor Roman, elector War of the Austrian nor an empire. Instead, by the seventeenth century it had become Ferdinand Succession a patchwork of several hundred small, separate states. In theory, Set a Purpose L3 mercenary Prussia these states were ruled by the Holy Roman , who was cho- ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection depopulation Frederick William I sen by seven leading German called electors. In practice, Peace of Frederick II aloud or play the audio. the emperor had little power over the many rival princes. This AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, power vacuum contributed to the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War Rages in Germany War. further divided the German states. The north had become largely Protestant, while the south remained Catholic. Ask students to describe living under Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details As such conditions for 30 years. Then have you read this section, use a table like the one A Brutal War Begins The Thirty Years’ War was actually a them name some of the factors that below to record details about the emergence of series of wars. It began in , the present-day Czech Repub- Austria and Prussia as European powers. would make it difficult for a society to lic. Ferdinand, the Catholic Hapsburg of Bohemia, sought to recover from this level of devastation. suppress Protestants and to assert royal power over nobles. In Rise of Austria Rise of Prussia May 1618, a few rebellious Protestant noblemen tossed two royal ■ Focus Point out the Section Focus • Austrian ruler • Hohenzollern rulers officials out of a window in Prague. This act, known as the Question and write it on the board. keeps title of Holy take over German . states. Defenestration of Prague, sparked a revolt, which Ferdi- Tell students to refer to this question • • nand moved to suppress. As both sides sought allies, what began as they read. (Answer appears with as a local conflict widened into a general European war. Section 4 Assessment answers.) ■ Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of Vocabulary Builder Terms, People, and Places. ■ Have students read this

Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. section using the Paragraph Shrinking Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 68; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read,

High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence have students fill in the table with aspire, p. 165 v. to be ambitious, seek details about the emergence of Austria She aspired to become the student body president. and Prussia. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 70

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For: Audio guided tour Teach Europe After the Thirty Years’ War (1648) Web Code: nbp-1641

10° W 0° NORWAY 20° E Controlled by SIA Spanish Hapsburgs 10° E US S R The Thirty Years’ War COTLAN Controlled by D a e Austrian Hapsburgs S No r t h c Italian -states Ravages Europe L3 i S e lt a Ba Controlled by Prussian IA Hohenzollerns PRUSS Instruct Boundary of Holy IR G D Roman Empire ■ ELAND BRANDENBUR LAN Introduce: Vocabulary Builder ENGLAND Dutch PO 50° N Neth. Have students read the Vocabulary Lon WESTPHALIA lesia don Spanish Si Builder term and definition. Ask what At l a Neth. Prague n t i ia O c Bohem TR Catholic rulers aspired to do in c e a n Paris AN Vienna SY Lo LV Europe. (to eradicate ) rraine A Y A BAVARI R N Conic Projection A IA SWISS AUSTRIA ■ Teach Display Color Transparency 0200 400 mi G e a F FED. N S RANCE a c k U O B l 98: The , About 0200 400 km H T T O 1618. Ask students why the empire E M M P A N Papal I Map Skills After theple Thirty Years’ War, s R E tino was difficult to rule and vulnerable to State stan the Peace ofCo nWestphalia redrew the map

war. Point out that it really looked like L Corsica 40° N A of Europe. a patchwork quilt. Then ask What G Madrid U Naples 1. Locate (a) (b) Sweden T SPAI happened in the Defenestration of R N (c) Spanish O Sardinia Prague? (Protestant nobles tossed royal P (d) Westphalia M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a officials out the window.) Why did the N Sicily 2. (a) Who controlled Bohe- Crete war spread through Europe? (The W mia in 1648? (b) What lands did the was divided by religion and E Spanish Hapsburgs control? S shifting political alliances.) What were 3. Drawing Conclusions How can you the results of the war in German tell from the maps that the Holy states? (One third of the population Roman Empire was not a strong, uni- European Nation-States, 1700 died; German lands were divided into fied state? 360 mostly small, independent states.) 60° N 10° W 0° 20° E Color Transparencies, 98 N SWEDE kholm w ■ Stoc sco Quick Activity Have students access N Mo

Web Code nbp-1641 to take the W 10° E E Geography Interactive Audio a e S No r t h S I A ic S Guided Tour and then answer the lt D U S S e a a n R B i e map skills questions in the text. p e EN A r GLAN S I R D S . U saw R War ND P POLA Independent Practice 50° N Berlin

London . Have students fill in the Outline Map R R h la in stu At e Vi Europe After the . l a n R e t i c . Pragu O c e Paris a n Vienna Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 75 TRIA a AUS Se ck Conic Projection Bla 0200 400 mi FRANCE ALPS . Monitor Progress R Major European 0200 400 km anube Circulate to make sure students are fill- D

ing in their Outline Maps accurately. P YR EN EES Administer the Geography Quiz. MTS. 40° N Rome Madrid Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 77 S P A I N

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Answers Solutions for All Learners

Map Skills L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers L2 English Language Learners 1. Review locations with students. Help students use word roots and associations to Use the following resources to help students acquire 2. (a) Austrian Hapsburgs (b) Spain, Milan, Sar- learn definitions. Elector, like elect, comes from the basic skills: dinia, Sicily, southern , Spanish Nether- word electus, “chosen.” Defenestration comes lands, and other territories in the Holy Roman Adapted Reading and Note Taking from the Latin fenestra, or “window.” Depopulation Empire Study Guide comes from the Latin populus, “people,” as does the 3. The map shows that areas within the Holy ■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 70 word popular. Have students write a definition of Roman Empire were ruled by several different ■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 71 each word using a root or related word. powers, including Prussia and Spain.

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The following year, Ferdinand was elected . With the support of Spain, Poland, and other Catholic states, he tried to roll Hapsburg Austria back the by force. In the early stages of the war, he defeated Changes its Focus L3 the Bohemians (who had rebelled when he became emperor) and their Protestant allies. Alarmed, Protestant powers like the Netherlands and Instruct Sweden sent troops into Germany. Before long, political motives out- ■ Introduce Have students locate the weighed religious issues. Catholic and Protestant rulers shifted alliances territory controlled by Hapsburg Aus- to suit their own interests. At one point, Catholic France joined Lutheran tria on the map on the previous page. Sweden against the Catholic Hapsburgs. Have them compare it with the map of A Terrible Loss of Life The fighting took a terrible toll. Roving Europe in the back of the book and of mercenaries, or soldiers for hire, burned villages, destroyed crops, name modern countries that were once and killed without mercy. Murder and were followed by famine part of Hapsburg Austria. and disease. Wolves, not seen in settled areas since the , ■ Teach Use the Numbered Heads strat- stalked the deserted streets of once-bustling villages. The war led to a egy (TE, p. T23) and ask What chal- depopulation, severe or reduction in population. Exact statistics do not lenges did the Hapsburgs have in exist, but historians estimate that as many as one third of the people in governing? (diverse peoples, lan- the German states may have died as a result of the war. guages, and cultures) Why was there Peace at Last Finally, in 1648, the exhausted combatants accepted a doubt about the Austrian Succes- series of treaties, known as the Peace of Westphalia. Because so many Vocabulary Builder sion? (The only heir was a young powers had been involved in the conflict, the treaties aspired both to aspired—(uh SPY urd) v. aimed; sought woman.) How did Maria Theresa bring about a general European peace and to settle other international rally support? (with a powerful speech problems. Among the combatants France emerged a clear winner, gain- to the Hungarian assembly) What ing territory on both its Spanish and German frontiers. The Hapsburgs were Maria Theresa’s successes? were not so fortunate. They had to accept the almost total independence (strengthening and centralizing power, of all the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. In addition, the Nether- easing the burden of peasants) lands and the Swiss (present-day ) won recogni- tion as independent states. ■ Quick Activity Have students study The Thirty Years’ War left German lands divided into more than 360 and analyze the portrait of Maria separate states—“one for every day of the year.” These states still Theresa on the next page. Then have acknowledged the rule of the Holy Roman emperor. Yet each state had its them write and read aloud a brief own government, currency, church, armed forces, and foreign policy. The speech from Maria Theresa to the Hun- German states, potentially the most powerful nation in Europe if they garian assembly, asking them to defend could be unified, thus remained fragmented for another 223 years. her empire. Take a vote on the best What were some effects of the Peace of Westphalia? speech. Independent Practice Hapsburg Austria Changes its Focus Viewpoints To help students better Though weakened by war, the Hapsburgs still wanted to create a strong understand the reign of Maria Theresa, united state. They kept the title “Holy Roman emperor,” but focused their have them read the selection Empress attention on expanding their own lands. To Austria, they would soon add Bohemia, , and, later, parts of Poland and some Italian states. Maria Theresa and complete the work- sheet. Challenges to Unity Uniting these lands proved difficult. Not only Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 74 were they divided by geography, they included a number of diverse peo- ples and cultures as well. By the , the Hapsburg Empire included , Magyars, , and others. In many parts of the empire, peo- Monitor Progress ple had their own languages, laws, political assemblies, and customs. As students fill in their tables, circulate The Hapsburgs did exert some control over these diverse peoples. to make sure they understand how Aus- They sent German-speaking officials to Bohemia and Hungary and set- tria emerged as a major power. For a com- tled on lands they had seized in these provinces. They also put pleted version of the table, see down revolts in Bohemia and Hungary. Still, the Hapsburgs never devel- Note Taking Transparencies, 131 oped a centralized governmental system like that of France.

Solutions for All Learners

L4 Gifted and Talented L4 Advanced Readers

Rivals Maria Theresa of Austria and Frederick II of saying “the passions of rulers have no other curb but Prussia both emerged from unpromising beginnings the limits of their power.” To his surprise, Maria Answer to become great and powerful rulers. Both loved the Theresa vigorously defended her domain, although France gained land, the Hapsburgs lost land,

arts. Both came to power in 1740; she was 24, and he she never regained . In grudging respect, Fred- the Netherlands and Swiss Federation gained was 28. One of his first acts was to invade the Haps- erick began to refer to her as “that man in Vienna.” independence, and the German lands were burg province of Silesia, which Maria Theresa called Have students research these two rivals and write a even more divided. “the rape of Silesia.” Frederick defended his action by report comparing their lives and their reigns. Chapter 4 Section 4 165

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Hohenzollern Prussia/ A Woman Emperor Takes the Throne In the early 1700s, a new challenge threatened Hapsburg Austria. Emperor Charles VI had no The Rivalry of Great BIOGRAPHY male heir. His daughter, Maria Theresa, was intelligent and capable, Powers L3 but no woman had yet ruled Hapsburg lands in her own name. Charles persuaded other European rulers to recognize his daughter’s right to suc- Instruct ceed him. When he died, however, many ignored their pledge. ■ Introduce Read aloud the words of The War of the Austrian Succession Shortly after Charles’s death Frederick William that “nothing else in in 1740, Frederick II of Prussia seized the rich Hapsburg province of the world can confer upon a such Silesia. This action sparked the eight-year War of the Austrian fame and honor as the sword.” Discuss Succession. Maria Theresa set off for Hungary to appeal for with students whether this was true help from her Hungarian subjects. The Hungarians were ordinarily during this period and whether other unfriendly to the Hapsburgs. But she made a dramatic plea before an absolute rulers would agree. assembly of Hungarian nobles. According to one account, the nobles rose to their feet and shouted, “Our lives and blood for your !” She ■ Teach Explain that as Prussia eventually got further help from Britain and , who did not want emerged as a strong power, the concept Prussia to upset the balance of power by gaining new lands. Maria Theresa of a balance of power among European Maria Theresa never succeeded in forcing Frederick out of Silesia. nations took on greater urgency. Ask When Maria Theresa (1717–1780) became Hapsburg empress at the Still, she did preserve her empire and win the support of most of her peo- How did the Hohenzollern consoli- age of 23, her chances of remaining ple. Equally important, she strengthened Hapsburg power by reorganiz- date power? (by seizing lands between in power seemed very slim. She later ing the bureaucracy and improving tax collection. She even forced nobles their scattered holdings and setting up said, “I found myself all at once and clergy to pay taxes and tried to ease the burden of taxes and labor a central bureaucracy) What were the without money, without troops, and services on peasants. As you will read, her son and successor, Joseph II, five European powers? (Aus- without advice.” A decade after her later extended many of her reforms. crowning she wrote, “I do not think tria, Prussia, France, Britain, Russia) What caused the War of the Austrian Succession? Then have students look at the map anyone would deny that history hardly knows of a crowned head titled European Nation-States, 1700, who started his rule under two pages back. Ask them to predict circumstances more grievous than Hohenzollern Prussia where war would break out next in those attending my accession.” While Austria was molding a strong Catholic state, a region called Europe and explain their reasoning. But the determined empress Prussia emerged as a new Protestant power. In the 1600s, the Hohen- survived. She appointed superb ■ zollern (HOH un tsahl urn) family ruled scattered lands across north Ger- Analyzing the Visuals Have stu- advisors and was able to maintain dents analyze the picture of young Fre- many. In the century following the Peace of Westphalia, ambitious control of her empire. During her 40- Hohenzollern rulers united their holdings, creating Prussia. derick on the next page. Ask students year reign, Vienna became a center to contrast this image of Frederick with for music and the arts. Creating a Bureaucracy Hohenzollerns rulers set up an efficient cen- the description in the text of Freder- Maria Theresa had one thing in tral bureaucracy. Frederick William I was a Prussian ruler who came to ick’s military prowess. common with most women of her power upon the death of his father in 1713. He cleverly gained the loyalty of day—being a mother. She gave the Prussian nobles, called (YOON kerz), by giving them positions in birth to a total of 16 children—11 the and government. His tactic reduced the nobles’ independence and Independent Practice girls and 5 boys. Among them were increased his own control. Frederick also placed great emphasis on military Read aloud the quote that “Prussia is not future Joseph II and Leopold II and Queen Marie values and forged one of the best-trained armies in Europe. One Prussian a state which possesses an army, but an military leader boasted, “Prussia is not a state which possesses an army, but army which possesses a state.” Tell stu- Antoinette of France. What traits did Maria Theresa need to stay in an army which possesses a state.” By 1740, Prussia was strong enough to dents that Frederick William once sav- power? challenge its rival Austria. agely beat a soldier for having a button missing. Then have them write a short A Prince Learns the Art of War Frederick William made essay comparing Prussia and . sure that, from an early age, his son Frederick was trained in the art of war. He wrote, Monitor Progress Primary Source Check Reading and Note Taking Study “ His tutor must take the greatest pains to imbue my son with a sincere love for Guide entries for student understanding. the soldier’s profession and to impress upon him that nothing else in the world can confer upon a prince such fame and honor as the sword.”

History Background

Answers Frederick William King Frederick William of Prus- might trigger his violent temper. Frederick William had sia led a militaristic lifestyle that was impassioned, an unusual admiration for tall soldiers, whom he Maria Theresa’s succession to the throne and and at times, bizarre. In public, he always wore his regarded as possesing superior strength and stamina.

Frederick II’s invasion of Silesia. military uniform. Like a good soldier, he regularly Like a fanatical basketball coach seeking the champi- began his work day at five or six in the morning. At onship, he sent scouts throughout much of Europe. PRIMARY SOURCE Sample: 10, he usually reported to the parade ground to drill Their mission was to entice, buy, and even kidnap the determination, leadership, ability to judge or inspect the troops. Any lapse in military discipline tallest soldiers for service in the . character and to delegate, and good communication skills

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In fact, young Frederick II preferred playing the flute and writing poetry. His father despised these Assess and Reteach pursuits and treated the young prince so badly that he tried to flee the country. Discovering these plans, Assess Progress L3 Frederick William put his son in solitary confine- ■ Have students complete the ment. Then he forced the 18-year-old prince to watch Section Assessment. as the friend who had helped him was beheaded. Frederick’s harsh military training had an effect. ■ Administer the Section Quiz. After becoming king in 1740, Frederick II lost no time Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 66 in using his army. As you have read, he boldly seized Silesia from Austria, sparking the War of the Aus- ■ To further assess student under- trian Succession. In several later wars, Frederick con- standing, use tinued to brilliantly use his disciplined army, forcing Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 70 all to recognize Prussia as a . His exploits earned him the name . Reteach L1 L2 How did Frederick William increase If students need more instruction, have his power? them read the section summary. Reading and Note Taking L3 The Rivalry of Great Powers Study Guide, p. 155 By 1750, the great European powers included Aus- tria, Prussia, France, Britain, and Russia. These Adapted Reading and L1 L2 nations formed various alliances to maintain the bal- Note Taking Study Guide, p. 155 ance of power. Though nations sometimes switched partners, two basic rivalries persisted. Prussia battled Austria for con- Petitioning a King Spanish Reading and L2 trol of the German states, while Britain and France competed to develop Frederick the Great, strolling in his gardens, Note Taking Study Guide, p. 155 their overseas empires. receives a petition from a common person. What characteristics of Frederick does On occasion, these rivalries resulted in worldwide conflict. The Seven the artist hint at in the painting? Extend L4 Years’ War, which lasted from 1756 until 1763, was fought on four conti- The European Union (EU) today is a loose nents. Prussia, Austria, Russia, France, and Britain battled in Europe. confederation of many independent Britain and France also fought in India and . In , where the conflict is known as the French and Indian War, Native Amer- states. Have students research the EU ican groups took sides with the French or the British. The and write an essay comparing it with the ending these wars gave Britain a huge empire, thus changing Europe’s Holy Roman Empire and predicting balance of power for the next hundred years. whether or not the EU is likely to be more successful and why. What were the two main rivalries after 1750?

Progress Monitoring Online Answers For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice 4 Web Code: nba-1641 4 He controlled the Junkers, created an efficient

Terms, People, and Places Comprehension and Critical Thinking ● Writing About History bureaucracy, and established a strong army. 1. For each term, person, or place listed at 3. Recognize Cause and Effect What Quick Write: Write a Thesis Statement England and France; Austria and Prussia

the beginning of the section, write a impact did the Thirty Years’ War have Select a topic from the section that you Caption Sample: compassion, fair-mindedness, sentence explaining its significance. on the German states? might use as the subject of a persuasive 4. Compare What two major powers essay—for example, whether Austria or cultural literacy emerged in Europe at the end of the Prussia was more successful at developing 2. Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Thirty Years’ War? How were the goals a strong nation-state. Then write a thesis Details Use your completed table to of these two nations similar? statement that summarizes your opinion on answer the Focus Question: How did the 5. Make Generalizations How did this topic. two great empires of Austria and Prus- European nations maintain a balance sia emerge from the Thirty Years’ War of power? and subsequent events?

3. The war depopulated the German states ● Writing About History Section 4 Assessment and weakened their unity, resulting in Thesis statements should be appropriate for 1. Sentences should reflect an understanding the emergence of many small indepen- development in a persuasive essay and of each term, person, or place listed at the dent states. express a clear opinion. beginning of the section. 4. Austria and Prussia; both sought to con- 2. After war decimated the Holy Roman solidate power, build a strong state, and Empire, strong rulers Maria Theresa, Fre- extend their territory. derick William, and Frederick II consoli- 5. European nations maintained a balance of dated power and territory to build their power through wars and shifting alliances. For additional assessment, have students empires. access Progress Monitoring Online at Web Code nba-1641.

Chapter 4 Section 4 167

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