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The Role of Standardization in Specialization of Ceramic Production at San Marcos Pueblo, New Mexico Kari Schleher

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The Role of Standardization in Specialization of Ceramic Production at San Marcos Pueblo, New Mexico Kari Schleher University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Anthropology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-1-2010 The Role of Standardization in Specialization of Ceramic Production at San Marcos Pueblo, New Mexico Kari Schleher Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Schleher, Kari. "The Role of Standardization in Specialization of Ceramic Production at San Marcos Pueblo, New Mexico." (2010). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds/62 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ROLE OF STANDARDIZATION IN SPECIALIZATION OF CERAMIC PRODUCTION AT SAN MARCOS PUEBLO, NEW MEXICO BY KARI LYNN SCHLEHER B.A., Anthropology, The University of Arizona, 1998 M.A., Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, 2000 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May, 2010 ©2010, Kari Lynn Schleher iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people helped and supported me through the dissertation process. Most importantly, I would like to thank my wonderful dissertation committee Dr. Patricia Crown, Dr. Ann Ramenofsky, Dr. Judith Habicht-Mauche, and Dr. Richard Chapman. Patty’s support, guidance, and inspiration have been essential to my professional development and completion of this dissertation. Ann and Judith introduced me to research in the Northern Rio Grande, for which I will be eternally grateful. Funding for this research was provided from a number of sources. Analysis costs and travel were funded with a National Science Foundation Dissertation Improvement Grant (BCS Proposal # 0525200), a number of Graduate Research and Development grants, and Student Research Allocations Committee grants. Two years of a Hibben Legacy Dissertation Scholarship provided support during analysis. Much thanks goes to Mike Spilde, Earth and Planetary Sciences’ Institute of Meteoritics, for assistance and training on the microprobe. The beautiful maps throughout the dissertation were made by Audrey Salem. The design analysis drawings were done by Beth Bagwell. Dorothy Larson and Oskar Burger helped me with some of the statistics used in the dissertation. Thanks also to Jean Ballagh, for technical editing, and Susan Pinter, for help with formatting. I am grateful for access and permissions to use wonderful collections of vessels and sherds from museum and university collections from Arizona to New York. Thanks to Dave Thomas and Anibal Rodriguez (American Museum of Natural History), Dave Phillips and Catherine Baudoin (Maxwell Museum of Anthropology), Steve Lekson, Debbie Confer, and Shelia Goff (University of Colorado Museum), Julia Clifton and iv Tony Thibodeau (Museum of New Mexico’s Laboratory of Anthropology), Kate Spielmann (Arizona State University, Department of Anthropology), and Deb Slaney (Albuquerque Museum). Thanks also to Deb Huntley and Cynthia Herhahn for providing comparative microprobe data included in Chapter 8. My amazing cohort made my time at UNM great: Heather Richards-Rissetto, Hannah Lockard, Veronica Arias, Kathy Croll, Katie Larsen, Cecil Lewis, Greg Zaro, Kari Schmidt, and Cheryl Fogle—graduate school would not have been nearly as fun without you! Other friends from UNM and beyond provided support throughout the dissertation process as well. Thanks to my friends, especially Oskar Burger, Natalie Heberling, Char Peery, Mel Armstrong, Greg Mastropietro, Beth Bagwell, Beth Stone, John Rissetto, Connie Constan, Greg Lockard, Audrey Salem, Susan Ruth, Hannah Matson, Adam Okun, and Ed Jolie. I’m very thankful for collaborations and friendships developed with a number of southwestern archaeologists through my dissertation research, especially Linda Cordell, Deb Huntley, Cynthia Herhahn, SuS Eckert, Dave Snow, Eric Blinman, Chip Wills, Marit Munson, Jon Van Hoose, Hayward Franklin, Shelia Goff, and Diane Curewitz. Special thanks must go to two wonderful friends who saw me through the entire dissertation process. Dorothy Larson was a sounding board for many of the ideas presented in this dissertation and always offered helpful comments, as well as feedback on a number of chapter drafts. Jen Boyd Dyer was another sounding board and provided a lot of support and thoughtful comments about my ideas; I could not have asked for a better office mate. v Last, but certainly not least, thanks to my wonderful Mom and Dad. This dissertation would not have been possible without your unwavering love and support! vi THE ROLE OF STANDARDIZATION IN SPECIALIZATION OF CERAMIC PRODUCTION AT SAN MARCOS PUEBLO, NEW MEXICO BY KARI LYNN SCHLEHER ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May, 2010 THE ROLE OF STANDARDIZATION IN SPECIALIZATION OF CERAMIC PRODUCTION AT SAN MARCOS PUEBLO, NEW MEXICO BY KARI LYNN SCHLEHER B.A., Anthropology, The University of Arizona, 1998 M.A., Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, 2000 Ph.D., Anthropology, The University of New Mexico, 2010 ABSTRACT In my dissertation research, I examine decorated pottery production at San Marcos Pueblo, in the Galisteo Basin of north central New Mexico. San Marcos Pueblo was occupied from A.D. 1250 until the Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish in 1680. In previous research, San Marcos Pueblo was suggested to be a production center for Northern Rio Grande Glaze Wares (Glaze Ware) (Warren 1976, 1979). I evaluate this claim by examining over 700 pottery sherds and whole vessels from the site and surrounding region. In addition, I examine how pottery production at San Marcos was organized and how this structure changed through time. I examined attributes of the pottery using electron microprobe, petrographic, and attribute analyses to determine local production and degree of standardization of production throughout the occupational sequence at the site. Production specialization, defined as production over the needs of the household (Costin 2001), has been tied to product standardization. Standardization, reduction in variability of an assemblage, has thus been used as an indicator of specialization of viii ceramic production in archaeological contexts (Benco 1988; Costin 1991; Hagstrum 1985). However, its validity as an indicator of specialized production has been tested only in modern ethnographic contexts and with varying results (e.g., Benco 1988; London 1991; Longacre 1999; Roux 2003; Stark 1995). Within the Northern Rio Grande region of the Southwest, glaze-paint ceramics were produced from A.D. 1315 to 1700. Evidence suggestive of specialization in ceramic production in the Galisteo Basin is found in the glaze-paint ceramics made with latite or monzonite temper (a material found in and along the margins of the Galisteo Basin) occurring in ceramic assemblages from sites outside of the basin (Shepard 1942, 1965; Warren 1969, 1976, 1979). The widespread distribution is indicative of some level of specialized production in the Galisteo Basin, and specifically at San Marcos Pueblo. One important component of the organization of production is intensity, defined as the number of goods produced in a given unit of time (Costin 1991, 2001). High intensity of production is also frequently equated with standardization, assuming that the more time producers spend making pots (the higher the intensity of production), the more standardized their products become (Rice 1992). Previous researchers (Shepard 1942, 1965; Warren 1976, 1979) have argued that Glaze Ware production intensified from approximately A.D. 1400 to 1500, then decreased until the time this pottery was no longer produced. My dissertation research evaluates, first, the extent of production for local use and export at San Marcos, and second, the changes in the level of standardization throughout the production of Glaze Wares at the site. My dissertation results suggest that San Marcos Pueblo potters made more pottery than was used at the site and exported pots to sites throughout the Rio Grande Valley. In ix addition, the assemblage of pots at San Marcos is over 80% locally made, with the proportion rising to almost 100% during some of the most intense periods of production. These results support earlier suggestions of specialized production of pottery at the site. The findings for standardization are intriguing, as there are almost no changes in the level of standardization through time. These results indicate that the production system was incredibly stable, even with other major changes in the lives of the potters, including Spanish contact and the establishment of a Spanish mission at the site. In addition, my research at San Marcos suggests that there is not a direct relationship between intensity of production and standardization of the assemblage produced, at least at the low level of specialized production practiced at San Marcos. x TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xvii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xxvi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................
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