Landreform in Südafrika Neuauflage Der Landrückerstattung Setzt Falsche Akzente

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Landreform in Südafrika Neuauflage Der Landrückerstattung Setzt Falsche Akzente bulletin - Nummer 151 afrika Aug./Sept. 2013 Fr. 5.–/Euro 4.– Landkonflikte im südlichen Afrika im südlichen Landkonflikte Editorial Am 19. Juni 1913 verabschiedete das Kapstädter Par- lament den berüchtigten Natives Land Act, der 93 Pro- zent des südafrikanischen Bodens der weissen Bevöl- kerung zuwies und damit die Vertreibung der schwar- zen BäuerInnen legalisierte. Aus Anlass des 100. Jahres- tages dieses Ereignisses organisieren das Zentrum für Afrikastudien und die KEESA in Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Akteuren am 15. und 16. November in Basel ei- ne Tagung zum Thema Landkonflikte im Südlichen Afri- ka (siehe Flyer in der Beilage), welche akademische Ana- lysen mit der Sicht von AktivistInnen zu verknüpfen sucht. 2 Die Ethnologin Barbara Müller ist Im Zentrum stehen zwei konkrete Fallbeispiele: Zum langjähriges Mitglied des Einen ist dies ein Landkonflikt im Südosten Zimbab- Afrika-Komitees. Sie ist Koordinatorin der KEESA und wes, wo eine Agrotreibstoff-Fabrik rund 50 000 Hektar Geschäftsführerin von fepa. kleinbäuerlichen Bodens an sich reissen will. Wie sich Kontakt: coordination@ die BäuerInnen von Chisumbanje gegen diesen Land- apartheid-reparations.ch. grab wehren, erfahren wir von beteiligten AktivistInnen. Aus dem südafrikanischen Westkap erreichten uns Ende letzten Jahres Berichte über Streiks für höhere Löhne und menschenwürdige Lebensbedingungen auf den dortigen Wein- und Früchtefarmen. An der Tagung er- zählen direkt Beteiligte von ihren Erfahrungen in die- sem Kampf. Die beiden ehemaligen Siedlerkolonien Zimbabwe und Südafrika haben entgegengesetzte Mo- delle der Landreform entwickelt, deren Vor- und Nach- teile diskutiert werden sollen. Das stark emotional be- setzte Thema verspricht eine lebhafte Auseinander- setzung. Das Thema Landkonflikte bildet auch den Schwer- Impressum punkt des vorliegenden Afrika-Bulletins. Die Beiträge zur umstrittenen Landreform in Zimbabwe (Joseph Han- lon), zum mühsamen Prozess der Geltendmachung Ausgabe 151 | August/September 2013 von Landforderungen in Südafrika (Olaf Zenker) und ISSN 1661-5603 der mit der Reform einhergehenden Transformations- Das «Afrika-Bulletin» erscheint vierteljährlich im 38. Jahrgang. prozesse in Nordnamibia (Laura Weidmann und Romie Herausgeber: Afrika-Komitee, Basel, und Zentrum für Afrikastudien Basel Nghitevelekwa) sind zusammen mit dem einführen- Redaktionskommission: Veit Arlt, Susy Greuter, Elísio Macamo, den Artikel von Gregor Dobler als Vorbereitungslektü- Barbara Müller und Hans-Ulrich Stauffer re zur Tagung gedacht. Das Afrika-Komitee im Internet: www.afrikakomitee.ch Zum Schluss noch eine Mitteilung in eigener Sache: Das Zentrum für Afrikastudien im Internet: www.zasb.unibas.ch Die Jubiläumsausgabe «150 Hefte kritische Solidarität» Redaktionssekretariat: Beatrice Felber Rochat hat anerkennende Beachtung gefunden. Leser und Le- Afrika-Komitee: Postfach 1072, 4001 Basel, Schweiz Telefon (+41) 61·692 51 88 | Fax (+41) 61·269 80 50 serinnen haben gratuliert und reagiert. Das hat uns E-Mail Redaktionelles: [email protected] sehr gefreut und zur Weiterarbeit motiviert. Am 13. Juni E-Mail Abonnemente und Bestellungen: [email protected] wurde dieses Ereignis im Ausstellungsraum der Dru- Postcheck-Konto Basel: 40 -17754-3 ckerei Rumzeis an der Breisacherstrasse zusammen mit Für Überweisungen aus dem Ausland: in CHF: MigrosBank, IBAN CH95 0840 1016 1437 3770 7 dem Jubiläum 40 Jahre Afrika-Komitee gefeiert (Bericht in Euro: Postkonto, IBAN CH40 0900 0000 9139 8667 9 auf Seite 16). Gleichermassen als Jubiläumsgeschenk (Bic SwiftCode: POFICHBEXXX; Swiss Post, PostFinance, CH-3000 Bern) durften wir namhafte Beiträge von der Carl Schlettwein MitarbeiterInnen dieser Ausgabe: Veit Arlt (Red.), Julia Büchele, Pius Frey, und der Vitra Design Stiftung entgegennehmen, die Susy Greuter (Red.), Joseph Hanlon, Barbara Müller (Red.), Romie Nghitevelekwa, Hans-Ulrich Stauffer, Paul Sutermeister, Laura Weidmann, Olaf Zenker. uns zusammen mit Beiträgen von der Basis auch in Gestaltungskonzept: Zukunft die Herausgabe des Afrika-Bulletins ermögli- Druck: Rumzeis-Druck, Basel chen. Herzlichen Dank! • Inserate: Gemäss Tarif 5/99, Beilagen auf Anfrage Jahresabonnement: Fr. 30.–/Euro 25.– Barbara Müller Unterstützungsabonnement: Fr. 60.–/Euro 50.– Im Mitgliederbeitrag von Fr. 60.–/Euro 40.– ist das Abonnement enthalten. Redaktionsschluss Nummer 152: 30. September 2013 Schwerpunktthema: Guinea-Conakry. Schwerpunktthemen nächster Ausgaben: Soziale Bewegungen, Politische Partizipation und Demokratie, Religion und Politik, Verkehr, Wahrnehmung Afrikas. Interessenten an einer Mitarbeit sind eingeladen, mit der Redaktion Kontakt aufzunehmen. Unser Titelbild: Zufahrt zu einer südafrikanischen Farm. Land und Landkonflikte in Afrika Komplexe gesellschaftliche Fragestellungen Nach klassischen Ansätzen der Geschichte und Ethnologie sollte Land in Afrika eigentlich kein Problem sein. Auf dem vorkolonial dünn besiedelten Kontinent, so heisst es, sei Land reichlicher vorhanden ge- wesen als Arbeitskraft. Dieses Bild hat sich heute gewandelt. Landkonflikte sind in den meisten Ländern Afrikas sehr präsent, und statt Arbeitskraft sind Arbeitsstellen zum knappen Gut geworden. Gregor Do- bler führt ins Thema ein. Schon im vorkolonialen Afrika war der Eindruck, Vor diesem Hintergrund, ziehen sich drei grosse Kon- Schwerpunktthema dass Land reichlich vorhanden sei, oft falsch. Grosse fliktlinien durch die politischen Diskussionen: Teile des Kontinents waren dünn besiedelt, aber frucht- bares Land war gerade in trockeneren Gebieten häufig • Konflikte zwischen den heutigen InhaberInnen des 3 knapp. Um es nutzen zu können, musste oftmals die Landes und jenen, die konkurrierende Rechte auf Arbeit vieler Generationen investiert werden – in Ro- das Land geltend machen – sei es, weil sie oder ihre dung, Wasserinfrastruktur, Düngung und Bodenbil- Vorfahren enteignet oder vertrieben wurden, sei es, dung. Vor allem aber waren es Veränderungen in und weil die jetzigen LandnutzerInnen nicht ausreichend nach der Kolonialzeit, die Land zu einer knappen und am Verkauf oder an der Neuvergabe ihres Landes umkämpften Ressource gemacht haben. beteiligt werden. Am deutlichsten wird das in den ehemaligen Sied- • Konflikte zwischen zwei Zielen der Landverteilung: lerkolonien. Etwa in Südafrika, Zimbabwe oder Kenya ökonomische Produktivität oder gerechte Vertei- wurde die einheimische Bevölkerung mit Hilfe von oft lung. Dies soll freilich nicht unterstellen, dass un- fragwürdigen Verträgen, Enteignungen, siedlerfreund- gerecht verteiltes Land ökonomisch ertragreicher lichen Gesetzen und nackter Gewalt auf kleine und häu- sei. fig weniger fruchtbare Gebiete zusammengedrängt, • Konflikte zwischen ökonomischen und nicht primär während ein grosser Teil des Landes in die Hände eu- ökonomischen Nutzungsformen – etwa zwischen ropäischer und meist für den Markt produzierender Industrie und Wohnflächen in den Städten, oder FarmerInnen gelangte. Weniger radikal erfolgte die zwischen grossen Betrieben, KleinbäuerInnen und Landenteignung in den Plantagenwirtschaften West- abwesenden StadtbewohnerInnen auf dem Land. und Ostafrikas, doch auch dort führte die Kolonisie- rung zu einer Umverteilung des Landes und zu einem Ausdruck finden diese drei Konfliktlinien nicht nur radikalen Umbau der landwirtschaftlichen Strukturen. in einer wachsenden Zahl von Landkonflikten, die mit Die subsistenzorientierte kleinbäuerliche Wirt- politischen oder juristischen Mitteln ausgefochten wer- schaft, die Afrika lange geprägt hatte, kam auch durch den, sondern auch in zunehmenden Diskussionen um das starke Bevölkerungswachstum der letzten hun- die Rechtsform, die am besten Zugang zu Land gewähr- dert Jahre unter Druck. Zunehmend sind Importe oder leisten kann. Soll Land zu einem privaten, frei veräus- kapitalintensive Anbaumethoden notwendig geworden, serbaren Gut werden? Soll es im Gegenteil in Gemein- um die Bevölkerung mit Nahrungsmitteln zu versor- oder Staatsbesitz überführt werden? Was soll mit den gen. Da dies ein weltweites Problem ist, ist auch Afrika gemeinsamen Rechten an Land geschehen – der frei- ins Visier internationaler Unternehmen geraten, die für en Weide, der Allmendnutzung, der temporären Über- den Anbau von Lebens- und Futtermitteln oder Agro- lassung von Nutzungsrechten an einzelne Haushalte –, treibstoffen grosse Flächen aufkaufen. Den in diesem die gerade im ländlichen Bereich oft noch die Regel Bereich genannten Zahlen sollte man mit grösster sind? Skepsis begegnen, doch in einigen Ländern verstärken Solche Fragen sind kompliziert, und weder die voll- ausländische Investitionen in Grossfarmen die Land- ständige Ökonomisierung der Landnutzung noch eine knappheit bereits heute beträchtlich. Vernachlässigung ökonomischer Fragen können Lösun- Hinzu kommt, dass KleinbäuerInnen in vielen afri- gen bringen. Das zeigen auch die übrigen Beträge in kanischen Ländern längst nicht mehr die Bevölkerungs- diesem Heft. Der Streit um Land bleibt stets ein Streit mehrheit stellen. An die 40 Prozent der Menschen in um die Gesellschaft und um die Rolle, die Effizienz und Afrika leben in Städten; deren Wachstumsrate ist so Gerechtigkeit in ihr spielen sollen. • hoch wie auf keinem anderen Kontinent. Hier entste- hen neue Konflikte um Wohnraum und Landnutzung. Gleichzeitig verbrauchen die Städte mehr und mehr Boden, der nicht mehr für andere Nutzungsformen zur Verfügung steht. Die StädterInnen sind zwar oft auf die Lebensmittel angewiesen, die ihre Familien auf dem Land produzieren, aber gleichzeitig beziehen sie Gregor
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