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Visões Naturalistas Sobre Os Indígenas Brasileiros Entre 1880 E 1910

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Visões Naturalistas Sobre Os Indígenas Brasileiros Entre 1880 E 1910 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE FEIRA DE SANTANA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENSINO, FILOSOFIA E HISTÓRIA DAS CIÊNCIAS RICARDO FERREIRA MACHADO Visões naturalistas sobre os indígenas brasileiros entre 1880 e 1910 SALVADOR 2020 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE FEIRA DE SANTANA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENSINO, FILOSOFIA E HISTÓRIA DAS CIÊNCIAS Visões naturalistas sobre os indígenas brasileiros entre 1880 e 1910 Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências, da Universidade Federal da Bahia e Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências. Orientação: Prof. Dr. Juan Manuel Sánchez Arteaga Salvador 2020 Universidade Federal da Bahia PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENSINO, FILOSOFIA E HISTÓRIA DAS CIÊNCIAS (PPGEFHC) ATA Nº 23 Ata da sessão pública do Colegiado do PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENSINO, FILOSOFIA E HISTÓRIA DAS CIÊNCIAS (PPGEFHC), realizada em 07/12/2020 para procedimento de defesa da Tese de DOUTORADO EM ENSINO, FILOSOFIA E HISTÓRIA DAS CIÊNCIAS no. 23/20, linha de pesquisa Educação Científica e Formação de Professores, do candidato RICARDO FERREIRA MACHADO, matrícula 216121857, intitulada Visões naturalistas sobre os indígenas brasileiros entre 1880 e 1910. Às 08:30 do citado dia, https://conferenciaweb.rnp.br/events/defesa-de- doutorado-de-ricardo-ferreira-machado, foi aberta a sessão pelo presidente da banca examinadora Prof. Dr. JUAN MANUEL SANCHEZ ARTEAGA que apresentou os outros membros da banca: Profª. CLAUDIA DE ALENCAR SERRA E SEPULVEDA, Profª. INDIANARA LIMA SILVA, Profª. Dra. MARINA CAVALCANTE VIEIRA e Prof. Dr. VANDERLEI DE SOUZA. Em seguida foram esclarecidos os procedimentos pelo presidente que passou a palavra ao examinado para apresentação do trabalho de Doutorado. Ao final da apresentação, passou-se à arguição por parte da banca, a qual, em seguida, reuniu-se para a elaboração do parecer. No seu retorno, foi lido o parecer final a respeito do trabalho apresentado pelo candidato, tendo a banca examinadora aprovado o trabalho apresentado, sendo esta aprovação um requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor. Em seguida, nada mais havendo a tratar, foi encerrada a sessão pelo presidente da banca, tendo sido, logo a seguir, lavrada a presente ata, abaixo assinada por todos os membros da banca. Dra. MARINA CAVALCANTE VIEIRA, UERJ Examinador Externo à Instituição Dr. VANDERLEI DE SOUZA Examinador Externo à Instituição Dra. CLAUDIA DE ALENCAR SERRA E SEPULVEDA, UEFS Examinador Interno Dra. INDIANARA LIMA SILVA, UEFS Examinador Interno Dr. JUAN MANUEL SANCHEZ ARTEAGA, UFBA Presidente RICARDO FERREIRA MACHADO Doutorando Salvador 2020 O que vale na vida não é o ponto de partida e sim a caminhada. Caminhando e semeando, no fim terás o que colher. Cora Coralina Sistema Universitário de Bibliotecas (SIBI/UFBA) Agradecimentos Ao longo dessa caminhada muitos desafios surgiram. Foi graças à dedicação e à paciência do meu orientador, Juan Manuel Sánchez Arteaga que pude ver tais momentos como importantes para o meu aprendizado. Juanma foi um grande parceiro na construção desse trabalho. Todo o meu agradecimento não alcançará a gradiosidade de sua preciosa orientação. O primeiro contato com a história do racismo científico se deu por intermédio da Professora Cláudia em uma disciplina da graduação em biologia. Resultou das discussões dessa disciplina a construção da primeira edição da exposição denominada: Ciência, Raça e Literatura. A referida exposição me aproximou da temática racial na história da ciência e me mostrou que o conhecimento não tem limites, ele transpõe todas as barreiras que possamos imaginar. A Cláudia, a minha eterna gratidão. Agradeço à minha família por todo o apoio. À minha Mãe, Reinê e ao meu Pai, Gilmar por sempre me ajudarem a acreditar nos estudos. Agradeço a Geisa, minha companheira que tanto me ajudou nesse período de estudo. Também foi uma honra ter recebido sugestões e críticas da historiadora e amiga, Charlene Brito. Agradeço-te por ter lido e dado sugestões na escrita dessa tese. Sou grato a Ana Ferreira Rocha por todo o apoio durante toda a minha formação na UEFS e na UFBA. Gratidão a Edileuza Alves Silva por todos os ensinamentos de ter um olhar crítico às contradições do mundo. Meu muito obrigado a Murilena Almeida por ter enconrajado os meus estudos em história do racismo científico a respeito dos povos indígenas do Brasil. Agradeço ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências pelo acolhimento e pela elevada qualidade da formação que tem nos proporcionado. Agradeço à CAPES pela concessão da bolsa de doutorado. Visões naturalistas sobre os indígenas brasileiros entre 1880 e 1910 RESUMO Nessa tese são analisadas diferentes abordagens teóricas antropológicas que buscaram estudar os povos indígenas do Brasil entre 1880 e 1910. Nesse período a antropologia passou de uma ciência centrada nos estudos craniométricos, para uma ciência que buscava estudar os aspectos culturais. O advento da perspectiva cultural dentro da antropologia não significou o fim dos estudos craniométricos. Para o desenvolvimento dessa tese foram escolhidas as obras principais de Lacerda, Mello-Netto, von Ihering e Ehrenreich para analisar as visões desses autores a respeito dos povos indígenas do Brasil. Em suas obras foram investigadas as discussões antropológicas a respeito dos povos indígenas do Brasil que estavam em disputa no meio científico entre 1880 e 1910. Foram analisadas as publicações relacionadas aos povos indígenas nos arquivos e em revistas de museus e instituições científicas brasileiras, com especial ênfase no Museu Nacional e no Museu Paulista. Também foi feita uma revisão da literatura produzida no âmbito da história da ciência nas últimas décadas sobre as visões antropológicas, sobre as expedições naturalistas e sobre os autores estudados. O período de 1880 a 1910 pode ser considerado como um momento de intensas discussões a respeito da origem do ser humano no continente americano. Teria o homem americano uma origem independente das outras raças humanas do mundo ou teriam todas as raças humanas uma origem comum? Essa pergunta impulsionou muitos estudos dentro da antropologia desse período. Vários pesquisadores se apoiaram nos estudos craniométricos para tentar responder às perguntas relativas à origem do homem americano, ao mesmo tempo, tais estudos serviram como base para sustentar e legitimar as hierarquias raciais, tão marcantes na sociedade brasileira daquele período. Por meio dos dados craniométricos, os pesquisadores buscavam compreender as relações de parentesco entre diferentes raças, diferentes tribos ou diferentes etnias indígenas. No Brasil, os estudos de João Baptista Lacerda e de Ladislau Netto, sobre os índios que aqui viviam, foram intensamente influenciados pela craniometria inspirada em Paul Broca. Ao tempo em que a craniometria foi compreendida como a melhor forma de se estudar as raças indígenas, alguns autores começaram a questionar as limitações que essas medições teriam para dar as respostas para as perguntas postas dentro da antropologia. Nessa corrente de pensamento, Paul Ehrenreich e Hermann von Ihering, que vieram da escola de antropologia liderada por Rudolf Virchow e por Aldof Bastian na Alemanha, reconheceram várias limitações na craniometria. A antropologia centrada na craniometria não dava conta de responder às perguntas relativas à origem e as relações entre diferentes raças. Esses autores, oriundos da escola de antropologia alemã, contribuíram, por meio dos estudos antropológicos dos povos indígenas do Brasil, para alicerçar a mudança epistemológica que aconteceu na antropologia no início do século XX. XX. Palavras chaves: Lacerda, von Ihering, Netto, Erenhreich, povos indígenas, antropologia física, antropologia cultural. Naturalistic views on Brazilian Indians between 1880 and 1910 Abstract This thesis different anthropological theoretical approaches that sought to study the indigenous peoples of Brazil between 1880 and 1910. During this period, anthropology went from a science centered on craniometric studies, to a science that sought to study cultural aspects. The advent of the cultural perspective within anthropology did not mean the end of craniometric studies. For the development of this thesis the main works of Lacerda, Mello-Netto, von Ihering and Ehrenreich were chosen to analyze the views of these authors regarding the indigenous peoples of Brazil. In his works, anthropological discussions about the indigenous peoples of Brazil that were in dispute in the scientific environment between 1880 and 1910 were investigated. Publications related to indigenous peoples were analyzed in the archives and in magazines of Brazilian museums and scientific institutions, mainly focusing on the National Museum and the Paulista Museum. This research also includes a review of recent literature focusing on the authors here studied, as well as on the history of anthropological views and naturalistic expeditions during the period considered in this. The period from 1880 to 1910 can be considered as a time of intense discussions about the origin of human beings in the American continent. Did American man have an origin independent of the other human races in the world, or did all human races have a common origin? This question prompted many studies within the anthropology of that period. Several researchers relied on craniometric studies
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