Fundamentals of space scientific instruments Jan Balaz Institute of Experimental Physics Slovak Academy of Sciences Space for Education, Education for Space ESA Contract No. 4000117400/16NL/NDe
Specialized lectures Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 1 Space for Education, Education for Space History of space scientific instruments at IEP-SAS (http://space.saske.sk)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 2 Space for Education, Education for Space Department of Space Physics - Mission Physical processes in the space Solar energetic particles Galactic cosmic rays Earth’s magnetosphere Solar surface Space weather Heliosphere Interplanetary environment Planets
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 3 Space for Education, Education for Space Magnetosphere
Region where Earth’s magnetic field dominates over interplanetary (solar) magnetic field. The magnetosphere shape and dynamics is formed by interaction of solar wind and Earth’s magnetic field.
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 4 Space for Education, Education for Space Magnetosphere
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 5 Space for Education, Education for Space Trapped particles
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 6 Space for Education, Education for Space Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 7 Space for Education, Education for Space Trapped particles
F = q(v x B)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 8 Space for Education, Education for Space Space scientific instruments from IEP-SAS
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 9 Space for Education, Education for Space MEP – functional block diagram (Monitor of Energetic Particles)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 10 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU – functional block diagram (NeUtral Atom Detection Unit)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 11 Space for Education, Education for Space Instruments and spacecraft AUOS-Z SK-1 INTERKOZMOS - 17 (1977) (24.9.)
SPE-1 ACTIVE (1989)
SONG CORONAS-I (1994) CORONAS-F (2001)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 12 Space for Education, Education for Space Instruments and spacecraft
DOK-T PROGNOZ PROGNOZ-10 (1981)
DOK-1 INTERSHOCK (1985)
DOK-2 INTERBALL-T (1995) INTERBALL-A (1996)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 13 Space for Education, Education for Space Instruments and spacecraft
MAGION
DOK-S (with FEI-TUKE)
MAGION-2, ACTIVE (1989) MAGION-3, APEX (1991) MAGION-4, INTERBALL-T (1995) MAGION-5, INTERBALL-A (1996)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 14 Space for Education, Education for Space Instruments and spacecraft
Orbital station MIR ( † 23. 03. 2001)
SPE-1M (1996)
DOSIMETRY Mission ŠTEFÁNIK (1999)
© NASA – STS 12.06.1998 Ivan BELLA Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 15 Space for Education, Education for Space Instruments and spacecraft MARS-96 (1996)
SLED-2 (1996)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 16 Space for Education, Education for Space Instruments and spacecraft
MARS-96
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 17 Space for Education, Education for Space Instruments and spacecraft MARS-96 launch on 16. 11. 1996
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 18 Space for Education, Education for Space Instruments and spacecraft
Rosetta (2004-2016)
ESS
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 19 Space for Education, Education for Space Instruments and spacecraft
Double Star (2004)
NUADU
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 20 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU operations
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 21 Space for Education, Education for Space Instruments and spacecraft
HotPay-2 (2008)
PEEL
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 22 Space for Education, Education for Space Instruments and spacecraft Spectrum-RADIOASTRON (2011)
MEP-2
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 23 Space for Education, Education for Space Instruments and spacecraft BepiColombo (MPO) (2018 ?)
SERENA / PICAM
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 24 Space for Education, Education for Space Basic requirements for space instruments Extreme high reliability (no service available in space or briefly before launch) No failure propagation to other equipment Mechanical ruggedness (vibrations, impacts, accelerations, accoustic pressure on launch) Temperature regime in space Ultra-high-vacuum regime in space Tolerance to space radiation Electromagnetic compatibility
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 25 Space for Education, Education for Space Reliability Application of space qualified components (technology, selection, screening, burn-in, testing by manufacturer or specialized lab) selection from „Qualified Part List“ (ESA-QPL, NASA-QPL) – with good references for space. ESA-ECSS (European Cooperation for Space Standards) Qualified technology procedures, qualified/certified personnel, top-level quality-management, clean room operations, detailed technical and technological documentation, operations logs, photo documentation, traceability for all components and operations. Qualification tests to exclude (minimize) unreliability: thermal simulations, cycling, thermal-vacuum cycling, mech. simulations, stress analysis, vibrations, accelerations, impacts, optim. burn-in. Redundancy (from backup of particular subsystems to complete full redundancy).
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 26 Space for Education, Education for Space ESS processor for ESA-Rosetta (Dual redundant)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 27 Space for Education, Education for Space ESS processor for ESA-ROSETTA (Clean Room operations)
*2.3.2004 … † 27.7.2016
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 28 Space for Education, Education for Space Mechanical ruggedness Vibrations / accelerations are dangerous for instrument integrity particularly during space launch and spacecraft initial operations. “A golden standard” requires compact design, sufficient number and distribution of supporting points, reinforcing structures (ribs) CAD simulations (FEA) shows endangered areas and dangerous resonances. Low resonance frequencies are dangerous. For electronic boards, component fixation with qualified structural glues and resins is necessary (e.g. ScotchWeld 2116) also for thermal issues. Materials for mechanical structures (tradeoff for strength, mass, easy processing, outgassing, commercial availability, etc.) AlMg - alloys 6061 – aluminium alloy AlBe (Albemet) – highest ratio strenght/specific mass (expensive, toxic) Titanium Stainless Stel (high specif. mass, doubtful magnetic cleanliess) Carbonfibre-composites, fiberglass composites Advanced plastics (PEEK, VESPEL, KAPTON, DELRIN)
Ceramics (Al2O3, MACOR)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 29 Space for Education, Education for Space Mechanical design and Stress Analysis (BepiColombo/PICAM)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 30 Space for Education, Education for Space Qualification mechanical tests
Computer simulations (Stress analysis, FEA) Search for resonances (10 Hz – 3000 Hz, 1g) Sinusoidal load (10 Hz – 3000 Hz, 20g) Random spectrum (10 Hz – 3000 Hz, 20g rms) Impact (shock) test (up to 1000g) Linear acceleration (20-30g, Centrifuge)
(1g = 9,81 ms-2, normal gravitation acceleration)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 31 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU Vibration test (NSSC Beijing)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 32 Space for Education, Education for Space
Vibration test of Rosetta lander Philae
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 34 Space for Education, Education for Space IEP-SAS vibration test equipment (Brüel & Kjær / LDS)
Shaker V780 (5100 N) Power amplifier HPAK 5kW (D-class) Control system Laser-USB Control software LAS-200 Acceleration sensors IEPE 100mV/g
Vibration test of skCube in launch container
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 35 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU - impact test 600g
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 36 Space for Education, Education for Space Vibration tests HotPay-2 (PEEL)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 37 Space for Education, Education for Space Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 38 Space for Education, Education for Space 31.01.2008 / 19:14:00 UTC
IR (~10um)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 39 Space for Education, Education for Space Experience is something you don't get until just after you need it.
Steven Wright
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 40 Space for Education, Education for Space Temperature in space Thermal exchange in space devices: Thermal conduction – heat transfer within solid materials - direct thermal contact between the device components and the spacecraft instrument platform. The thermal drain from the high-dissipation components must be efficiently provided with thermal bridges (Cu, Al, heatpipes) Thermal radiation (vacuum!) heat transfer via elmg. waves – black surfaces for improved radiation coupling inside the device and inside the spacecraft, special surface materials outside Thermal convection – heat transfer via flowing medium (heatpipe, gas/fluid in hermetic compartment, etc…) Thermal ablation - heat transfer (removal) by burning of the material away (heat shields, rocket nozzles)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 41 Space for Education, Education for Space
Thermal qualification
Thermal analysis (math. modelling, computer modelling) STM (Structural Thermal Model – experimental) EQM (Engineering Qualification Model) – full extent TVAC (thermal vacuum) tests FM (Flight Model – limited extent TVAC tests
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 42 Space for Education, Education for Space Thermal analysis
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 43 Space for Education, Education for Space PICAM – STM (Structural Thermal Model)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 44 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU – PD (thermal design) thermal conduction bridge
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 45 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU – electronics
thermal conduction bridge
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 46 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU – mechanical design
thermal conduction bridge
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 47 Space for Education, Education for Space Temperature balance of the object in space
Thermal income (absorbed by black body) from the Sun (Solar constant SC) 0.39 AU (Mercury orbit) SC = 9130 W/m2 1.0 AU (Earth orbit) SC = 1367 W/m2 1.52 AU (Mars orbit) SC = 589 W /m2 9.54 AU (Saturn orbit) SC = 15 W/ m2
Pabs = s.A.SC (Sun is practically a point source, only the projection area is considered)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 48 Space for Education, Education for Space Temperature balance of the object in space
Thermal outcome (isotropic radiation of black body to space background, T = 2.7 K) Stefan-Boltzman law: 4 Prad H .A..T σ = 5.670367 × 10−8 Wm−2K−4 - Boltzman constant
Elementary example (1AU, black body ball, s= H =1 )
Pabs = Prad P abs (.r 2 ).SC (4 r 2 )..T 4
T = 278K = +5,5 °C
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 49 Space for Education, Education for Space
Temperature balance of the object in space Surface radiation constants
s= absorptivity (Solar, 0 – 1) (0 = perfect reflector, 1 = perfect absorper = black body). Absorptivity is related to solar spectrum, i.e. black body at T = 5776 K.
H = emissivity (Hemispherical, 0 – 1) (0 = no radiation, 1 = perfect radiator = black body) Emissivity is related to IR radiation of black body at T = 300 K
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 50 Space for Education, Education for Space Temperature balance of the object in space
Material s H s / H T [°C] P abs OSR 0.09 0.82 0.11 -113 ElectroDag501 0.94 0.81 1.16 +16 VD Au 0.23 0.025 9.2 +212
2 2 4 S (.r ).SC H (4 r )..T VIS (λ ~ 0.5 µm)
S SC IR (λ ~ 12 µm) T 4 ITO H 4
SiO2 Optical Solar Reflector (SSM=Second Surface Mirror) VD AL
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 51 Space for Education, Education for Space OSR
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 52 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU – OSR (Optical Solar Reflector)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 53 Space for Education, Education for Space PICAM (Planetary Ion CAMera) ESA-BepiColombo, Mission to Mercury
SERENA/PICAM OSR
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 54 Space for Education, Education for Space Thermal insulation of spacecraft (MLI = Multi Layer Insulation, typ. 5-25 layers)
Optionally perforated
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 55 Space for Education, Education for Space Onboard3 Double Star/TC-2 Instrument platform before MLI installation
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 56 Space for Education, Education for Space Double Star/TC-2 installation of MLI (Multi-Layer Insulation)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 57 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU – MLI (Multi-Layer Insulation) installation
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 58 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU TVAC Q-tests (IRF Kiruna)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 59 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU TVAC Q-tests (IRF Kiruna)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 60 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU TVAC Q-tests
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 61 Space for Education, Education for Space PEEL TVAC-test at IEP-SAS
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 62 Space for Education, Education for Space skCUBE TVAC-test at IEP-SAS
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 63 Space for Education, Education for Space High vacuum in space Space ultra-high vacuum: 10-12 to 10-17 bar No conductive thermal transfer Only high-vacuum qualified componnts Only non-volatile materials (HV systems risk, optical sys., etc.) „Fast outgassing design“ (no cavities, perforated MLI, etc.) HV design: no sharp edges – electron emitters, surfaces - photoemissions, etc…
Only dry lubricants (space tribology: MoS2, but not graphite !) Metals and ceramics o.k.(no Cd, Zn, Sn, sublim., whiskers !) Plastics: PEEK, VESPEL, KAPTON, TEFLON, Dialylphtalate,...)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 64 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU/EM high voltage deflection system
sharp edges = electron emitters !
Al + Allodyne -> photoelectrons from solar UV !
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 65 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU/FM high voltage deflection system (PEEK, black copper, gold, SS)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 66 Space for Education, Education for Space Space radiation environment Solar wind: low energies in quiet periods but higher energies and densities at strong eruptions Energetic particles of inner radiation belt (protons) and outer radiation belt („killer electrons“) Galactic cosmic rays (protons) 108-109 eV, rarely > 1020eV (UHCR), but low density „SEU-damage“ Single event upset – only lost of information (memory, SW), O.K. after reboot Permannt damage (dislocations, breakdowns in semiconductors, lost of instrument, lost of spacecraft) Degradation of surface materials exposed by solar radiation and solar wind (decay of plastics, lost of transparency of optical
materials, changes in s/H, oxygen ions implantation). Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 67 Space for Education, Education for Space
Space radiation tolerant design
Qualified semiconductor components (but >100 krad are under US-ITAR, export restrictions) Design (LCL, Latch protection) General and spot-shielding (Ta, Pb, Cu)
Qualification tests: Usually by model – simulation for specific orbit and expected lifetime (NASA – AMES) Irradiation by radioisotopes (60Co etc.) Irradiation on particle accelerators.
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 68 Space for Education, Education for Space NUADU – DPU (rad-hard components, spot-shielding, thermal bridge)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 69 Space for Education, Education for Space EMC - Electromagnetic compatibility Conducted emissions Radiated emissions Conducted susceptibility Radiated susceptibility ----- Magneto-static cleanliness (stabil mag. moments, feromagnetic materials... Electrostatic cleanliness – shielding of own fields (HV systems), surface charging: surface conductivity (ITO), active spacecraft potential control (ASPOC)
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 70 Space for Education, Education for Space EMC - qualification tests
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 71 Space for Education, Education for Space Thanks for your attention !
Fundamentals of space scientific instruments 72 Space for Education, Education for Space