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Genetic Variants in Humanin Nuclear Isoform Eltermaa et al. BMC Res Notes (2019) 12:759 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4807-x BMC Research Notes RESEARCH NOTE Open Access Genetic variants in humanin nuclear isoform gene regions show no association with coronary artery disease Mall Eltermaa1* , Maili Jakobson1, Meeme Utt1,2, Sulev Kõks3,4, Reedik Mägi5 and Joel Starkopf6 Abstract Objective: Coronary artery disease contributes to noncommunicable disease deaths worldwide. In order to make preventive methods more accurate, we need to know more about the development and progress of this pathology, including the genetic aspects. Humanin is a small peptide known for its cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic properties. Our study looked for genomic associations between humanin-like nuclear isoform genes and coronary artery disease using CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Consortium data. Results: Lookup from meta-analysis datasets gave single nucleotide polymorphisms in all 13 humanin-like nuclear isoform genes with the lowest P value for rs6151662 from the MTRNR2L2 gene including the 50 kb fanking region in both directions (P-value 0.0037). Within the gene region alone the top variant was rs78083998 from the MTRNR2L13 region (meta-analysis P-value= 0.042). None of the found associations were statistically signifcant after correction for multiple testing. Lookup for expression= trait loci in these gene regions gave no statistically signifcant variants. Keywords: Humanin, Humanin-like, Coronary artery disease, Association study, Peptide Introduction identifed, expanding the total to 161 [3]. Tere are genes Cardiovascular diseases account for most noncommu- known to have a large efect on, for example, lipoprotein nicable disease (NCD) deaths worldwide [1]. Te WHO metabolism (e.g. LDLR), resulting in increased risk of global action plan [1] for the years 2013–2020 aims to early-onset coronary disease [4]. However, CAD seems to support and promote research in NCD to reduce the be an omnigenic disease where all gene-regulatory net- global burden via better prevention. Terefore, a lot of works may be interrelated and diferent tissues may con- efort has been made to better understand the interplay tribute to disease progression [3]. of environmental, behavioural and genetic risk factors in In 2001, a novel gene cDNA, 99% identical to the order to make preventive methods more efcient. mitochondrially encoded 16S rRNA gene (MTRNR2), Coronary artery disease (CAD) or ischaemic heart dis- was reported to encode a short peptide-humanin [5, 6]. ease involves the reduction of blood fow to the heart Functionally, it was shown that this peptide binds with muscle because of pathological process of atherosclerosis insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in coronary vessels. Te typical presentations are angina and Bax protein [7, 8]. Additional studies have revealed pectoris, unstable angina, myocardial infarction and that humanin has a cytoprotective function and a role sudden cardiac death [2]. Te genetic predisposition to in apoptosis regulation [5–8]. Regarding cardiovascular CAD has received increasing attention. For example, in diseases, this peptide has been shown to be expressed in a recent study, 64 novel genetic risk loci for CAD were the endothelial layer of human blood vessels including the mammary artery, atherosclerotic coronary artery, and greater saphenous vein [9]. A lower circulating huma- *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, nin level has been described in patients with coronary Tartu, Estonia endothelial dysfunction compared to healthy controls Full list of author information is available at the end of the article [10]. © The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Eltermaa et al. BMC Res Notes (2019) 12:759 Page 2 of 6 Data from Bodzioch et al. [11] suggested the existence genomic regions using publicly accessible meta-analy- of 13 nuclear-encoded humanin isoforms: humanin-like sis data for coronary artery disease from the CARDIo- open reading frames named and numbered MTRNR2L1 GRAMplusC4D Consortium (Coronary ARtery DIsease to MTRNR2L13 after the original humanin MTRNR2 Genome wide Replication and Meta-analysis (CARDIo- gene in the mitochondrial genome. Tis research also GRAM) plus Te Coronary Artery Disease (C4D) Con- showed considerable gene homology between dif- sortium) [33]. We also analysed tissue-specifc expression ferent species. Te study showed that MTRNR2L1– infuences at the DNA level using data from the GTEx MTRNR2L10 were expressed variably in most human expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) database [34]. tissues, whereas MTRNR2 expression was consider- ably higher compared to the isoforms in all the stud- Main text ied tissues. MTRNR2, MTRNR2L1, MTRNR2L8 and Methods MTRNR2L9 were highly expressed in the heart muscle Te aim of this study was to conduct a lookup from pub- suggesting their possible role in this tissue as cytoprotec- licly available meta-analysis data on genetic associations tive peptides. between single nucleotide variants in 13 humanin-like Most research has focused on humanin and its func- nuclear isoform genes and coronary artery disease. tion. Studies done on several subjects have revealed dif- ferences in expression of humanin-like isoform genes and their regulation through hypoxia, miRNA or cir- Materials cRNA, to name some of these [12–19]. DNA copy num- Genome-wide SNP association lookup was conducted ber change in isoform genes has been found in arteries of using CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium data. Tis patients with CHD and metabolic comorbidities [20]. A combines data from multiple large-scale genetic studies genome-wide association study on Huntington`s disease to identify risk loci for coronary artery disease and myo- and copy number variation studies in classic heterotaxy cardial infarction [33, 35]. From the consortium we used and schizophrenia have identifed variants in humanin- two meta-analysis datasets to perform the lookup: like isoform genes [21–23]. Humanin isoforms have also been studied as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer`s 1. X-chromosome analysis dataset: Chromosome disease-like dementia and Hirschsprung’s disease, sug- X-CAD [35]—meta-analysis of X-chromosomal vari- gesting their wider role in physiological processes [24, ants for CAD including data from more than 43,000 25]. Research on cancer subtypes, Dicer-binding genes, CAD cases and 58,000 controls from 35 interna- genomic mosaicism, extracellular RNA profles, chromo- tional study cohorts with random efects models. Te somal rearrangements and huntingtin interactions has X-chromosome dataset was used for MTRNRL10 provided insight into networks in which humanin-like gene region lookup since it is located in the X-chro- isoforms might be of importance [26–31]. mosome. Previously, we have shown changes in some humanin- 2. Te second dataset was meta-analysis data of UK like isoform expression levels in the context of cardio- Biobank SOFT CAD GWAS (an interim release) vascular disease [32]. Tis study design involved adult with CARDIoGRAMplusC4D 1000 Genomes-based patients undergoing general anaesthesia before coronary GWAS (i.e. dataset 4) and the Myocardial Infarc- artery bypass grafting; patients were randomly assigned tion Genetics and CARDIoGRAM Exome (dataset 5) to be ventilated with diferent FiO 2 60 min before [33]. SOFT CAD phenotype was defned by the con- operation. Exposure to > 96% oxygen upregulated two sortium as: fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, of the humanin-like peptide genes—MTRNR2L2 and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or MTRNR2L8—in the right atrial appendage tissue sam- coronary artery bypass grafting, chronic ischemic ple. Whether this change was the consequence of the heart disease, and angina. Tere were 10,801 cases diferent oxygen levels or whether there could be possi- and 137,914 controls. ble single nucleotide variations (SNVs) in isoform genes responsible for the observed efect after oxygen exposure, eQTL analysis was carried out using the GTEx v7 data is not clear. Terefore, we decided to look for possible [34] from the GTEx Portal on 02/18/19 where lookup single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene regions was conducted manually for all available tissues. of humanin-like peptides. To study the possible association between coronary Description of analysis artery disease and genetic variation in humanin-like For analysis we identifed gene loci of 13 humanin-like nuclear isoform peptide coding genes, we performed nuclear isoform genes using the UCSC Genome Browser a lookup within all 13 humanin-like-peptide-coding GRCh37/hg19 assembly [36]. We then performed a Eltermaa et al. BMC Res Notes (2019) 12:759 Page 3 of 6 lookup for SNPs and eQTLs using the downloaded these gene regions after Bonferroni correction for the datasets. 73 variants found within the gene regions alone, nor for the 4909 variants found when these gene regions were 1. SNP analysis: searched with their added 50 kb fanking regions.
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