Simulation of Groundwater and Surface‑Water Flow in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon

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Simulation of Groundwater and Surface‑Water Flow in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon Water Resources Department Simulation of Groundwater and Surface-Water Flow in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5097 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Upper left: Irrigation diversion dam on the Deschutes River in Bend, Oregon, May, 2002. Upper right: Groundwater-fed wetland between Cultus Lake and Crane Prairie Reservoir, August 2012. Lower left: Headwater spring feeding Fall River, Oregon, May 2002. Lower right: Strata of the Deschutes Formation and overlying lavas exposed along the Crooked River, May 2002. All photographs by Marshall Gannett, U.S. Geological Survey. Simulation of Groundwater and Surface-Water Flow in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon By Marshall W. Gannett, Kenneth E. Lite, Jr., John C. Risley, Esther M. Pischel, and Jonathan L. La Marche Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon Water Resources Department Scientific-Investigations Report 2017–5097 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey William H. Werkheiser, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2017 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Gannett, M.W., Lite, K.E., Jr., Risley, J.C., Pischel, E.M., and La Marche, J.L., 2017, Simulation of groundwater and surface-water flow in the upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5097, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175097. ISSN 2328-0328 (online) iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................2 Study Area..............................................................................................................................................2 Background of Water-Resource Issues and Study Objectives ....................................................2 Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................5 Hydrogeology..................................................................................................................................................5 Geologic Framework and Hydrogeologic Units ...............................................................................5 Hydraulic Characteristics ....................................................................................................................8 Hydraulic Conductivity ................................................................................................................8 Vertical Anisotropy ......................................................................................................................8 Storage Coefficients ....................................................................................................................9 Groundwater Flow ................................................................................................................................9 Regional Head Distribution ........................................................................................................9 Groundwater Movement to and from Streams .......................................................................9 Temporal Variations in Head and Discharge .........................................................................12 Simulation Model .........................................................................................................................................13 GSFLOW Integrated Model ...............................................................................................................13 PRMS Model Description ..................................................................................................................15 PRMS Model Extent and Spatial Representation .................................................................16 Land-Surface Characteristics .................................................................................................16 Land Use ......................................................................................................................................16 Soils ..............................................................................................................................................16 Topography .................................................................................................................................16 Climate Input ...............................................................................................................................19 Daily Precipitation and Air Temperature .......................................................................19 MODFLOW Model Description .........................................................................................................19 Spatial Discretization ................................................................................................................20 Temporal Discretization ............................................................................................................20 Boundary Conditions .................................................................................................................20 Specified Flow Boundaries .............................................................................................23 Interbasin Flow .........................................................................................................23 Canal Leakage ..........................................................................................................23 Wells ..........................................................................................................................24 Head-Dependent Flow Boundaries ...............................................................................25 Geologic Zonation ......................................................................................................................25 Model Calibration ........................................................................................................................................28 PRMS Calibration ................................................................................................................................28 Modflow Calibration ...........................................................................................................................30 Head Data....................................................................................................................................30 Flow Data.....................................................................................................................................30 GSFLOW Calibration Process ..................................................................................................30 iv Contents—Continued Model Fit ........................................................................................................................................................32 Simulated Heads .................................................................................................................................32 La Pine Subbasin .......................................................................................................................36 Bend Area ...................................................................................................................................36 Redmond Area ............................................................................................................................37 Sisters/Black Butte Area ..........................................................................................................38 Upper Metolius River Area .......................................................................................................40 Northern Area.............................................................................................................................40 Powell Buttes/Prineville Area ..................................................................................................42 Simulated Groundwater Discharge and Streamflow ....................................................................43 Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Discharge ...................................................................43 Simulated Streamflow ...............................................................................................................45 Simulated Hydrologic Budget ...........................................................................................................55
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